Round Reports

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• I've posted a summary of each of our neg debates here, and I posted the cites for each arg in it's own entry.  Email me at saraheweiner@gmail.com with questions, etc.
  
  
  
  GONZAGA
  
  Round 2 - Texas FF (Yemen, capacity building for disability research)
  1NC: T Elections, SKFTA, EU CP, Adv CP, Democracy Assitance K, Case
  
  Texts:
  - The United States Federal Government should change USAID’s mission for capacity building for research to Disability Organization to use a Social Model.
  - Text: The European Union should substantially increase capacity building for research to Disability Organizations in Yemen
  - The alternative is to de-center the United States from the Arab Spring
  
  Block:T, K, Politics, Case
  
  2NR: Case + Politics
  
  
  Round 3 - ASU DS (Egypt, assistance to NGOs to remove Article 2 from the constitution)
  1NC: T Elections, SKFTA, EU CP, Democracy Assistance K
  
  Texts:
  - Text: The European Union should substantially increase democracy assistance to civil society organizations for the purpose of rewriting the Egyptian constitution without Article 2.
  - Reject the aff’s discursive positioning of the U.S. as the expert on democracy with the correct prescription for it in lieu of a democratic dialogue that seeks to work with the people in question to develop the democracy they desire.
  
  Block: EU CP, Case, Kritik, SKFTA
  2NR: EU CP + Politics
  
  
  Round 5 - Texas BK (Yemen, Assistance to local councils)
  1NC: Democracy Assistance K, EU CP, Declaration CP, T Elections, SKFTA, Saudi DA
  
  Texts:
  - The United States federal government should officially endorse the peaceful transfer of power to a civil transitional government in Yemen.
  - Text: The European Union should substantially increase democracy assistance to Shaykhs and political opposition parties for Yemen to foster political reform.
  - Alternative- Reject the aff’s discursive positioning of the U.S. as the expert on democracy with the correct prescription for it in lieu of a democratic dialogue that seeks to work with the people in question to develop the democracy they desire.
  
  Block: EU CP, Saudi DA, Politics, Case
  2NR: Saudi DA + case
  
  
  Octos - Weber GO (kritik of DA, aff as a prerequisite to the topic)
  1NC: Framework, PIC out of "as a prerequisite to the topic", case
  
  Texts:
  - Our advocacy: Vote negative to embrace our rhetorical criticism of the Orientalist meta-narrative.
  
  Block: Framework, CP
  2NR: Framework
  
  
  Sems - KState HZ (inverse double consciousness)
  1NC: Framework, Chow k, case
  
  Texts:
  - You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your first obligation as an intellectual is to interrogate your own privilege and struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.
  
  Block: FW, Chow
  2NR: Chow
  
  
  Finals - UTSA EL
  1NC: Framework, Marxism K
  
  Texts:
  - Alt: Vote negative as an act of solidarity.
  
  Block: FW, Marxism
  2NR: Marxism
  
  
  
  
  

  GSU

  Round 1 - Minnesota FS (Tunisia)

  SKFTA (Asian leadership impact)
  Democracy assitance K
  Trade unions CP
  EU CP

  Texts:
  - C. Alternative- Reject the aff’s discursive positioning of the U.S. as the expert on democracy with the correct prescription for it in lieu of a democratic dialogue that seeks to work with the people in question to develop the democracy they desire.
  - Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for democratic institution building in Tunisia if and only if the Tunisian provisional government mandates independence of trade unions from government operation and state control.
  - Text: The European Union should substantially increase funding for democratic institution building in Tunisia.

  Block: EU CP, Politics, Case

  2NR: Case + Politics

  Round 4 - Georgia JS (Egypt - independent judiciary)

  Saudi DA
  SKFTA
  Elections T
  EU CP

  Texts:
  - Text: The European Union should substantially increase its assistance in legal education and civil society building for the Arab Republic of Egypt.

  Block: Saudi, T, SKFTA, case

  2NR: Politics + case

  Round 5 - Neg v. Wichita CS (Egypt)
  1NC: SKFTA, Israel DA, Saudi DA, EU CP
  Block: EU CP, Israel DA, case, Politics
  2NR: Politics + case

  Kentucky

  R2 - Iowa (Yemen)

  1NC: Saudi Arabia DA, SKFTA DA, EU CP, Democracy Assistance K
  Block: EU CP, Politics, case
  2NR: Politics + case

  R3 - Michigan HK

  1NC: Framework and Chow/Democracy Assistance K
  Block: see above
  2NR: Framework

  R6 - Neg v. Georgia BS (Egypt)
  1NC: Elections T, Saudi DA, SKFTA, EU CP, case
  Block: EU CP, SKFTA, case
  2NR: Politics + case

  R7 - Neg v. Georgia LL (Libya)
  1NC: Elections T, Its/for T, Demo K, SKFTA, EU adv CP

  EU text:
  The European Union should:
  - Advise the Transitional National Council to impose a curfew in the short term till Libya stabilizes.
  - Unfreeze Libyan assets and funnel the money to local projects after consultation with the Libyan people.
  - Advise the Libyans to integrate existing lower level bureaucrats and non-loyalist factions of Gaddafi’s military into the new Libyan government.
  - Initiate a buyback program of Libyan arms at above market value.
  - Provide technical support in the areas of rule of law, political dialogue, constitution-making and the electoral process for Libya.

  Block: T Its/For, case, politics
  2NR: T

  HARVARD

  R1 Neg v. West Georgia GR

  1nc: Framework, Chow, Cap

  Block: Framework, Cap

  2nr: Cap

  R4 Neg v. Minnesota CE

  1nc: Politics, EU CP, Israel DA, Democracy K

  Block: EU CP, case, Politics

  2nr: politics + EU CP

  R5 Neg v. MoState BR

  1nc: Elections T, democracy K, Politics DA, Eu CP

  Block: EU CP, K, case, Politics

  2NR: Case + politics

  R7 Neg v. Georgia GL

  1nc: Elections T, T- Third Party, EU CP, Politics DA, Dip Cap DA

  Block: Dip Cap, Politics, case

  2nr: Dip cap + case

  Neg: Cal GW

  Round #2  Tournament: Shirley

  Vs Team: Oklahoma BC

  Judge: Reed

   

   

  Off Case Args:

  Framework

  Critical Pedagogy K

   

   

  Case Args:

  Prioritization of experiences is bad

   

  Block Strategy:

  Framework

  K

   

  2nr Strategy:

  Framework

  Neg: CalGW

  Round # 3Tournament:

  Vs Team: Mary Washington MM

  Judge: Patrick Waldinger

   

   

  Off Case Args:

  *Topicality – democracy assistance is electoral assistance

  *Budget trade off DA – trades off with ESF funding

  *Payroll tax politics with an econ impact

  *Counterplan – lift restrictions on NGO’s to allow them to fund the plan

   

   

  Case Args:

  *defense

   

  Block Strategy:

  2NC = case and counterplan

  1NR = politics

   

   

  2nr Strategy:

  *counterplan

  *politics

  *econ impact on politics turns the aff

  Wake

  R2 - Neg v. Oklahoma  BC

  1NC: FW, Counter Education K (Gur'zev), case

  block: same as above

  2nr: FW

  R3 - Neg v. Mary Wash MM

  1nc: Pakistan aid tradeoff, elections T, payroll politics, irc cp, case

  block: CP, case, politics

  2nr: politics + case

  Neg: Cal GW

  Round # 8 Tournament:Shirley

  Vs Team: Northwestern BK

  Judge: Cram

   

   

  Off Case Args:

  Pressure CP

  Saudi DA

  Politics

   

  Case Args:

  Fleet defense

  Energy defense

   

  Block Strategy:

  2nc: Condo on CP, Saudi DA, Politics, Fleet, and Case

  1NR: Politics

   

  2nr Strategy:

  Politics

  Fleet

  Case

  USC

  ROUND 2 - Neg v. Harvard BS (Space Force)

  1NC: Framework/Democracy Assistance T, Coercion K, Interventionism Good, some other Case

  Block: Framework, Interventionism Good

  2NR: Framework

  ROUND 3: Neg v. Liberty BH (Yemen)

  1NC: T Elections, Democracy assistance K, Payroll tax DA (econ impact), IRC CP, Case

  Block: IRC CP, Payroll, case

  2NR: Politics, case

  ROUND 6 - Neg v. UNLV BV (Yemen)

  1NC: T Governance, Payroll, IRC, Yemen Condition CP

  Block: IRC, Politics, Case

  2NR: IRC, case

  Octos - Neg v. Wake MM (Egypt judicial exchanges)

  1NC: T elections, Payroll, China DA. Videoconference CP, 

  Block: Videoconference CP, Payroll, case

  2NR: Payroll, case

  QUARTERS v. NU LV (South Korea Libya)

  1NC: T Third Party, Payroll, Qatar DA, IRC CP, case

  Block: IRC, T, Payroll

  2NR: T

  SEMIS - Neg v. NU BK

  1NC: T Transfer, Pressure CP, Saudi DA, Payroll, Case

  Block: Saudi DA, Payroll, case

  2NR: Saudi DA, case

  FULLERTON

  Round 2 - Neg v. Mary Wash PS (Tunisia)

  1NC: Governance T, Payroll, Pakistan T/o DA, IRC CP, case

  Block: IRC, case, Politics

  2NR: Payroll, case

  Round 4 - Neg v. MoState FR

  1NC: T Third Party, Payroll, Pakistan DA, Syrian Coop Adv CP, case (including civil society bad turns)

  Block: CP, Civil society turns, payroll

  2NR: CP, civil society turns, payroll

  Round 6 - Neg v. Emporia WW

  1NC: Framework, Cap K, Critical Pedagogy K

  Block: Framework, Critical Pedagogy K

  2NR: Framework

  
  
• 
  
  

EU CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 1nc EU CP

  The EU has an effective infrastructure to assist democratic transitions through a variety of means - it’s based on equal partnership
  Tocci & Cassarino, 11 - *Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, AND  professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute (3/22/2011, Nathalie Tocci & Jean-Pierre Cassarino, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” , JMP)
  3.2 The way forward: The good news
  The Arab revolts do not … societies of the neighbouring countries too.

  The counterplan boosts EU global soft power
  Seilor, 5/15 (Julia, 5/15/11, “Arab Spring: what think tanks say,” , JMP)
  Restoring Europe’s credibility
  Scholars agree that the … helping its neighbors stabilize. 

  Strong EU solves multiple scenarios of extinction.
  Bruton 2001  (John, Former Irish Prime Minister, Report before the Joint Committee on European Affairs, Parliament of Ireland, October, , from Samford University Institute File)
  2.5 As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… that will otherwise overwhelm us.

  Block

  A2: US Key

  1. U.S. influence in the toilet now
     Tisdall, 11 (7/14/11, Simon, The Guardian, “Hillary Clinton circumnavigates a sphere of diminishing US influence; Clinton's round-the-world tour is likely only to highlight how impotent the United States has become,” , JMP)
     Hillary Clinton's 11-day A2: US Key – Influence
     2. The plan doesn’t correct this - Perceived Israel bias tanks U.S. regional influence
     Barghouti, 11 - independent Palestinian researcher, commentator, human rights activist and founding member of the Palestinian Civil Society Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel (5/23/2011, Omar, “Obama, the Arab Spring and irrelevance,”
     Solvency
  2. European  NED – EU can provide democracy assistance to support reforms
     Democracy Digest, 11 (6/6/2011, “EU ‘needs a Euro-NED’ to promote Arab democracy,” , JMP)
     The European Union must shift from a … be enhanced (borrowing from the precedent of the Balkans).
     RTWT

  2. Preference - Arab countries have a clear preference for Europe - U.S. has no credibility for 3 reasons
  Lowder, 11 (4/1/2011, J. Bryan, Slate, “Europhilia Arab countries don't like the United States much. Do they like Europe any better?” , JMP)
  A Reuters special report on  … In the United States, that number was 13 percent. 

  EU action empirically motivates the U.S. to act
  Dergham, 11 - Columnist and Senior Diplomatic Correspondent, Al Haya (7/22/2011, Raghida, “The European Role and the Aspirations of the Arab People,” , JMP)
  For Europe, both the declining … continue hesitating over strategic issues.

  A2: Perm

  1. Perceived relation to the U.S. – It will tank the effectiveness of EU policies in the Arab world and undermine its leadership
     Fakhro, 9 - Master of Law Student in International Human Rights Law at Harvard Law School (E.A., The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World, , JMP)
     In the light …partner of the Arab world.

  No disad to the counterplan is unique
  Elkhair & Rayman, 11 (7/14/2011, Zainab Abou Elkhair and Noah Rayman, Daily News Egypt, “European Commission pledges aid programs for democratic Egypt,”  , JMP)
  CAIRO: European Commission President … Africa and Europe.

  
  
• 
  
  

T Elections

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• TestElections 1NC 

  A. Interpretation –
  Democracy assistance must be targeted towards electoral laws, presses and institutions
  IFES (International Foundation for Electoral Systems), 2011,
  Topic In Brief:
  Democracy assistance can … electoral laws, processes and institutions.

  B. Violation – 

  C. Vote Neg 

  1. Limits – Elections directly tie assistance to the core democratic process of contestation – other targets of aid only indirectly improve democracy by changing the political environment – there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy” by improving governance or helping a civil society group
     Thomas Carothers- sr. associate at Carnegie- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East,
     INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY
     The second identifiable U.S. … U.S. policy more accurately.

  2. Topic focus - Including every aff tangentially related to democratic institutions scatters the topic in too many directions – Elections should be the focal point to ground education about “democracy”
  Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers –profs, sociology and law, U Wisconsin - July 2009, American Society: How It Really Works,
  Elections are at the very … electoral system and how it works.

  Block

  Plenty of affs
  POMED (Project on Middle East Democracy) - June 9, 2011, IFES Briefing Paper “Yemen in Transition” ,
  The International Foundation for … and new training and procedures for electoral officials.

  Your interp isn’t inconsistent with ours – some “civil society” assistance could be election-based
  ACE Electoral Knowledge Network- 2005 (last cite), Electoral Assistance,
  Electoral assistance can be defined as …to political parties.

  Civil society is underlimiting – here’s a sample:
  USAID - October 2009, A Guide to USAID’s Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA)/Office of Democracy and Governance (DG) Activities,
  CIVIL SOCIETY
  Increased development of a politically .. and human resource development.

  Many USAID DG programs aren’t actually democracy assistance
  National Research Council (Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs)- 2008, Improving Democracy Assistance: Building Knowledge Through Evaluations and Research,
  Yet the funding of DG efforts, …Pentagon spends on health care alone. 

  Anyone can find contextual ev for their aff
  Lappin, 10 University of Leuven (Belgium) Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies PhD candidate, [Richard, Central European Journal of International & Security, Studies, Volume 4 Issue 1, “What we talk about when we talk about , democracy assistance: the problem of definition in post-conflict , approaches to democratization,” , p.190 accessed 7-25-11
  Furthermore, as democracy …fashionable governance themes.

  Democracy assistance is distinct from economic and social aid programs - its primary purpose must be to foster democracy
  Huber, 8 - Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (March 2008, Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies,” Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62, JMP)
  The US and EU have quite similar concepts … different democracy promotion instruments. 

  DA is economic assistance but not all economic assistance is DA- development aid is not T
  Jeremy M. Sharp - Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs @ CRS- June 17, 2011, Egypt in Transition, CRS,
  As overall ESF aid to Egypt has decreased… (or 10% of total economic aid).

  Electoral institutions are bodies that carry out election functions
  Sara Staino et al – IDEA – 2006, Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook, (Alan Wall Andrew Ellis Ayman Ayoub Carl W. Dundas Joram Rukambe Sara Staino),

  • EMBs = electoral management bodies
    Functional Divisions between … institution’s functional responsibilities.

  At least our interpretation creates a bright line – anything else bleeds into governance and economic development programs
  Nigel D. White – Prof, International Organisations,  School of Law at Nottingham – 2000, The United Nations and Democracy Assistance: Developing Practice within a Constitutional Framework, in: Democracy assistance: international co-operation for democratization, ed. Peter J. Burnell, googlebooks
  The focus will then …with the primary constitutional principles.

  Civil society can undermine democracy
  Omar G. Encarnación – prof political studies Bard - Spring 2003, Beyond Civil Society: Promoting Democracy after September 11, Foreign Policy Research Institute,
  Before rushing to embrace … constitution and performance of the political system.

  
  
• 
  
  

Framework

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• eA – Interpretation

  Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution only through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.  

  B – Definitions

  Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
  American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)
  should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

  Federal government is the central government in Washington DC
  Encarta Online 2005,
  
  United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.

  Resolved implies a policy
  Louisiana House 3-8-2005,
  Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

  Democracy assistance is  the transfer funds, expertise, or material to foster democracy
  Richard Lappin- Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies @ U of Leuven- 2009 (last cite), What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation,
  Democracy assistance can be ... and political parties.

  C – Vote neg
  1 – Predictability-

  And, predictability is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate
  Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649,
  What happened in ... those key features.

  2 – Limits- the aff interpretation explodes the number of potential affirmatives to anything that has a loose relationship to democracy- They have functionally made their own resolution which at best turns debates into democracy or assistance good/bad.
  And, Limits are an inevitable part of living in society, but learning to exercise creativity within limits celebrates life- constant attempts to un-limit ourselves creante an unbearable burden and empties out the value to life
  Ramaekers 2001
  Stefan, Teaching to ... of Nietzsche's writings.

  3 – Education-
  Policy education solves the case better - Tying scholarly research to policy practice is necessary to combat the problematic viewpoints currently endemic to practices of democracy assistance
  Carothers, Vice President for Studies at Carnegie, 10
  (October, Vice President for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion,” American Political Science Association – Comparative Democracy, Vol. 8, No. 3)
  Us and them: Another problematic …policy practice not just advisable but imperative.

  A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy pros who know what they’re talking about
  McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ‘1 (David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy,
  Or we might take ... so-called "managerial class."  

  Block

  Resolved
  “Resolved” means “To change or convert by resolution or formal vote;  used only reflexively; as, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole,” that’s American Heritage Dictionary 2k

  Resolved is express a legislative determination  
  Words and Phrases ‘64  (Permanent Edition)
  Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.

  Limits are essential for equitable relations in society– They assume that limits are some infinite capacity to do whatever you want- this radical liberalism turns into the domination of the weak by the strong and is the same logic as Bush exceptionalism and Tea Partiers- freedom should be bounded by the limits of responsibility within a community
  Anthony Burke- School of Politics and International Relations, The University of New South Wales- 2005, Freedom’s Freedom: American Enlightenment and Permanent War, Social Identities Vol. 11, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 315/343,
  Freedom can no ... and organisational power.

  Role-playing is a form of defiant deliberative politics that reclaims agency
  Jessica Kulynych, Asst Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, Polity, Winter, 1997, n2 p315(32)
  When we look ...and participatory democracy.

  5- Dogmatism – Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism
  Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago
  (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
  John Dewey, the ... to the issue.

  Without this pre-round consideration, debates have nowhere to begin- destroys the valuable process of thinking though another’s arguments
  Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649,
  Certainly, ‘consideration’ necessarily ... more discursive sort.

  The best model of communication forces debaters to switch sides – staking our intellectual claims and refusing to suspend our beliefs means we talk past each other and never convince anyone outside our inner circle
  Haskell, Professor History Rice, 90
  (Professor of History at Rice, “Objectivity is not neutrality: Rhetoric vs. practice in Peter Novick’s That noble dream,” History and Theory 29, no. 2: 129–157)
  Detachment functions ... their perceived merits.

  2. Confirmation-bias
  Groupthink causes systemic policy failures- justifies militarism and conflict escalation to nuclear use
  Dr. Reginald Shareef- professor in the Political Science Department at Radford University- 2004, Defeating groupthink,
  The 9/11 Commission ... a fancier name.

  Fixating on epistemological questions eliminates all productive potential – accepting truth claims, even if they are not perfect, is necessary for politically instrumental action
  Cloud, Professor of Communication Studies at Texas, 2006
  December, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies
  Of necessity, attention ... structuralism and relativism.  

  Switch side debate breaks down us/them dichotomies and moderates extremism
  Mitchell Communications Pitt ‘7
  (“Debate as a W.M.D., Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies”, Vol. 4 #2)
  But this outcome... debate so threatening.

  Kentucky R 3 Framework v. Mich HK

  1NC same as above, plus:
  4- Groupthink
  They have functionally decided to write their own resolution instead of affirming the one we already have- even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
  Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 (in press)
  (Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications
  Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions … could be introduced in the group to defend an alternative opinion (e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, & Ragan, 1986).

  2NC

  Limits – The taboo on anything that might be “limiting” creates paralysis –their criticism of makes the perfect the enemy of the good.  The best we can do is fashion reasonable middle ground that fosters discussion
  John O. Beahrs- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University- Dec., 1992, Paradoxical Effects in Political Systems, Political Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 755-769, jstor
  New taboos have emerged that reflect new societal myths along with the pervasive aversion to the acceptance of limits and boundaries. ... that new scientific data must be continually scrutinized toward its clarification.

  Predictability – Without this pre-round consideration, debates have nowhere to begin- destroys the valuable process of thinking though another’s arguments
  Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf
  Certainly, ‘consideration’ necessarily ... attitudes than – formal group deliberations of the more discursive sort.

  A2: C/I Resolved
  Resolved
  “Resolved” means “To change or convert by resolution or formal vote;  used only reflexively; as, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole,” that’s American Heritage Dictionary 2k

  Resolved is express a legislative determination  
  Words and Phrases ‘64  (Permanent Edition)
  Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.

  Roleplaying is good:
  1- Dogmatism – Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism
  Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago
  (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
  John Dewey, the philosopher and ... reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.
  2- Otherization – Switch side debate breaks down us/them dichotomies and moderates extremism
  Mitchell Communications Pitt ‘7
  (“Debate as a W.M.D., Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies”, Vol. 4 #2)
  But this outcome seems paradoxical. How can an ...in the stability of such polar categories find debate so threatening.

  3- Agency – Role-playing is a form of defiant deliberative politics that reclaims agency
  Jessica Kulynych, Asst Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, Polity, Winter, 1997, n2 p315(32)
  When we look at the success of citizen ...of contemporary political actions and the possibilities for an actually diverse and participatory democracy.

  The best model of communication forces debaters to switch sides – staking our intellectual claims and refusing to suspend our beliefs means we talk past each other and never convince anyone outside our inner circle
  Haskell, Professor History Rice, 90
  (Professor of History at Rice, “Objectivity is not neutrality: Rhetoric vs. practice in Peter Novick’s That noble dream,” History and Theory 29, no. 2: 129–157)
  Detachment functions in this manner ...of a question, or editorially splitting the difference between them, irrespective of their perceived merits.

  Framework 1NC

  A – Interpretation:

  Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.

   

  B – Definitions

  Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

  American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)

  should. The will to do something or

  AND

  shall go out if I feel like it. 

   

  Federal government is the central government in Washington DC

  Encarta Online 2005,

  http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite

  United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.

   

  Resolved implies a policy

  Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm

  Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used

  AND

  6.8 , and 7.4)

  Democracy assistance is  the transfer funds, expertise, or material to foster democracy

  Richard Lappin- Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies @ U of Leuven- 2009 (last cite), What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation, http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf

  Democracy assistance can be most accurately defined as

  AND

  society groups, media groups and political parties.

   

  C – Vote neg – We have five net benefits

  First is Decisionmaking

  The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking abilities.

  Additionally, The best route to improving decision-making is through discussion about public policy

  a.     Mutually accessible information – There is a wide swath of literature on governmental policy topics – that ensures there will be informed, predictable, and in-depth debate over the aff’s decision.  Individual policymaking is highly variable depending on the person and inaccessible to outsiders.

  b.     Harder decisions make better decisionmakers – The problems facing public policymakers are a magnitude greater than private decisions.  We all know plans don’t actually happen, but practicing imagining the consequences of our decisions in the high-stakes games of public policymaking makes other decisionmaking easier.

   

   

  Second is Predictability- The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer.  Even if it is good to talk about their 1AC, they must prove we could have logically anticipated it.  This question comes prior to the merits of the aff because it implicates our ability to debate.

   

  And, predictability is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate

  Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

  What happened in this particular case, as

  AND

  doing that for each of those key features.

   

  Third is Limits – The aff interpretation explodes the number of potential affirmatives to anything that has a loose relationship to democracy, making it impossible for the negative to engage in crucial pre-deliberate research and provide robust in-debate clash

  And, Limits are an inevitable part of living in society, but learning to exercise creativity within limits celebrates life- constant attempts to un-limit ourselves creante an unbearable burden and empties out the value to life

  Ramaekers 2001

  Stefan, Teaching to lie and obey: Nietzsche and Education, Journal of Philosophy of Education 35.2

  The nature of morality inspires us … of Nietzsche's writings.

   

  Fourth is Education

  A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy professionalis who make the decisions that actually affect outcomes

  McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ‘1 (David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/)

  Or we might take Foucault who, at

  AND

  for the so-called "managerial class." 

   

  Policy education solves the case better - Tying scholarly research to policy practice is necessary to combat the problematic viewpoints currently endemic to practices of democracy assistance

  Carothers, Vice President for Studies at Carnegie, 10

  (October, Vice President for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion,” American Political Science Association – Comparative Democracy, Vol. 8, No. 3)

  Thoughtful research can help loosen the various strands

  AND

  and policy practice not just advisable but imperative.

  
  Fifth is Groupthink -

  They have functionally decided to write their own resolution instead of affirming the one we already have- even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink

  Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 (in press)

  (Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications

  Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions … to defend an alternative opinion (e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, & Ragan, 1986).

   

   

  2NC

   

  Dogmatism  creates a violent and unproductive model of communication – justifies war

  Foucault, ’84 (Michel, “Polemics, Politics and Problematizations” Interview by Paul Rabinow, http://foucault.info/foucault/interview.html)

  I like discussions, and when I am

  AND

  a polemic attitude whose effects ordinarily remain suspended.

   

  Without this pre-round consideration, debates have nowhere to begin- destroys the valuable process of thinking though another’s arguments

  Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

  Certainly, ‘consideration’ necessarily comes temporally prior

  AND

  formal group deliberations of the more discursive sort.

   

  The best model of communication forces debaters to switch sides – staking our intellectual claims and refusing to suspend our beliefs means we talk past each other and never convince anyone outside our inner circle

  Haskell, Professor History Rice, 90

  (Professor of History at Rice, “Objectivity is not neutrality: Rhetoric vs. practice in Peter Novick’s That noble dream,” History and Theory 29, no. 2: 129–157)

  Detachment functions in this manner not by draining

  AND

  between them, irrespective of their perceived merits.

  
  
• 
  
  

SKFTA DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• GSU

  1NC

  Passage of trade agreements likely - Obama is making an aggressive push and compromises are being forged now
  Palmer, 9/13 (Doug, 9/13/2011, “Momentum builds for U.S. action on trade deals,”
  (Reuters) - Senate Majority Leader Harry … with the trade pacts.

  No political support for the plan now - Congress will even fight to prevent budget reallocations
  Richter, 11 (4/12/2011, Paul LA Times, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition; U.S. lawmakers not only have shut the door on new spending to stabilize countries rocked by the so-called Arab Spring. They have resisted proposals to shift money from other foreign aid programs,”
  The Obama administration's efforts … appropriators in Congress, aides say.

  Obama’s capital is key
  McLarty & Cunningham, 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva)
   Much has been written about … Democratic base, but it is essential.

  SKFTA is key to the symbol of U.S. leadership in Asia
  Wharton School at U Penn, 1/12 (Knowledge at Wharton, “U.S.-South Korea Trade Pact: A Turning Point for American Exports?” 1/12/11,
  What's more, the fate … reputation on the line."

  Impact is global hegemony, instability in India-Pakistan and Korea, and Taiwan conflict
  Goh, 8 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database)
  The centrality of these mutual … so would appear to be much worse. 

  China will escalate the conflict – perception of rational escalation ensures US gets drawn into the nuclear arms race
  Glaser, PolSci Prof at George Washington, ’11 (Charles, March/April, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs, Vol 90 Issue 2, EbscoHost)
  ACCOMMODATION ON TAIWAN? THE PROSPECTS … a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations. 

  GSU - ROUND 4 vs Georgia
  Key to U.S. global U.S. foreign policy credibility
  Hormats, 9/13 - Under Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs (9/13/2011, Robert D., “U.S. Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific,”
  KORUS
  In line with these objectives, we seek
  AND
  country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence.
  Key to the global free trade agenda
  Goforth, 8/19 - teaches international political economy at Coastal Carolina University and blogs on Latin America for the Foreign Policy Association (Sean, 8/19/2011, “U.S. Set to Pass Trade Deals With Colombia, Panama and S. Korea,”
  At long last, Washington looks ready to
  AND
  will have one less issue to seize on.
  Alliance solves prolif
  Campbell, et al, 9 – Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Kurt M., Center for a New American Security, “Going global: the future of the U.S.-South Korea alliance.” Ed. by Campbell et al, “Going global: the future of the U.S.-South Korea alliance.” P. 60     

  Nonproliferation is one of the most obvious areas
  AND
  for a deepened and closer engagement on nonproliferation.
  A2: Won’t pass
  Geithner / SK visit
  Asia Pulse, 9/15 (“GEITHNER 'MORE CONFIDENT' ABOUT RATIFICATION OF U.S. FTAS,” 9/15/2011, Factiva)
  WASHINGTON, Sept 15 Asia Pulse - U
  AND
  AND
  summit agenda and joint message to the world.
  Talks with Congress yielding progress – USTR / parties
  Barkley, 9/15 (Tom, 9/15/2011, Dow Jones News Service, “US Trade Official: Very Encouraged By Progress In Trade Talks With Congress,” Factiva)
  WASHINGTON (Dow Jones)A senior U
  AND
  job retraining programs to ensure everything is passed.
  GOP will support TAA
  Chocola, 9/15 - former Indiana Congressman and the President of the Club for Growth (9/15/2011, Chris, “The big labor program that some Republicans might support,”
  Some Republicans in Congress may go along with
  AND
  submit them unless TAA is assured of passage.
  Dems won’t turn against TAA
  Inside U.S. Trade, 9/16 (“TIMING OF FTA SUBMISSION REMAINS UNCLEAR, BUT LEE VISIT MAY SPUR ACTION,” 9/16/2011, Factiva)
  However, a senior Democratic aide downplayed the
  AND
  the FTAs never come up for House consideration.
  A2: da Popular
  They only support current programs – not new ones
  Rogin, 8/4 (Josh, staff writer at Foreign Policy, 8/4/2011, “This Fight Ain't Over; Think the debt ceiling gridlock was ugly? Congress is just getting warmed up. Here are eight more foreign-policy battles right around the corner,”

  Foreign-aid Reform
  Everyone agrees that the foreign aid system is
  AND
  the country heads into the 2012 presidential season.
  No national constituency – perceived as sacred cow
  Patrick, 7/26 - Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program at CFR (7/26/2011, Stewart M., “How Does the Debt Debate Affect Foreign Aid?” Interviewed by Toni Johnson – Senior Staff Writer,

  The U.S. debt ceiling and
  AND
  S. military installation or a defense contractor.
  Republicans backlash against any aid that’s not conditional
  Karmi, 8/2 (Omar, 8/2/2011, The National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem,”
  WASHINGTON  With the same acrimony it has
  AND
  especially, how they view the Arab Spring.
  A2 Win Win

  Limited bargaining chips – Fighting for passage of the plan FORCES a trades off with other agenda priorities
  Bernstein, political scientist who writes about American politics, 8/20 (Jonathan, 8/20/2011, “The power that a president does  and doesn't  have A president has less power than Obama's liberal critics think  but they also have more power than they realize,”
  Moreover, the positions of the president and
  AND
  use the various bargaining chips that are available. 

  Legislative style – Obama gets too involved too publically – he has to trade away too much
  Galston 10 (William, Senior Fellow for Governance Studies – Brookings Institution, “President Barack Obama’s First Two Years: Policy Accomplishments, Political Difficulties”, 11-4, 4_obama_galston.aspx)
  Rather than doing this, President Obama allowed
  AND
  stiff challenges in both Congress and the states.)
  A2 Dickinson
  Presidential leadership shapes the agenda
  Kuttner 11 (Robert, Senior Fellow – Demos and Co-editor – American Prospect, “Barack Obama's Theory of Power,” The American Prospect, 5-16,

  As the political scientist Richard Neustadt observed in
  AND
  signals leadership that often moves the public agenda.
  
  DICKINSON CONCLUDES NEG – prefer this evidence because it’s from a peer reviewed journal and isn’t just a random blog post.
  Dickinson, poli sci prof middlebury, ‘9 (Matthew Dickinson, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70)
  Small wonder, then, that initial efforts
  AND
  opportunities,” Sullivan concludes (1991, 1188).

  GONZAGA

  Politics DA 1NC

  Obama will submit FTAs to Congress this month - votes are there but Obama must work to ensure continued support and prevent anti-trade measures
  Palmer, 9/2 (Doug, 9/2/2011, Reuters News,” ANALYSIS-Obama's trade legacy in a crucible this fall,” Factiva)
  WASHINGTON, Sept 2 (Reuters) - After a slow start that has … Institute for International Economics.

  No political support for the plan now - Congress will even fight to prevent budget reallocations
  Richter, 11 (4/12/2011, Paul LA Times, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition; U.S. lawmakers not only have shut the door on new spending to stabilize countries rocked by the so-called Arab Spring. They have resisted proposals to shift money from other foreign aid programs,”
  The Obama administration's efforts to …from appropriators in Congress, aides say.

  Obama’s capital is key
  McLarty & Cunningham, 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva)
   Much has been written about Bill Daley's … Democratic base, but it is essential.

  SKFTA key to boost the alliance, prevent Korean conflict and solidify U.S. leadership
  Hubbard, 4/7 – Senior Director for Asia, McLarty Associates and Former Ambassador to South Korea (4/7/11, Thomas, Congressional Documents and Publications, “House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade Hearing - Brady Announces Third in a Series of Three Hearings on the Pending, Job-Creating Trade Agreements: South Korea Trade Agreement,” Factiva)
  The United States-South Korea Free Trade … economic interests into the future.

  And, Korean conflict will escalate to global nuclear war
  STRATFOR, 10 (5/26/10, “North Korea, South Korea: The Military Balance on the Peninsula,”
  Managing Escalation
  But no one, of course, … situation escalates much further. 

  Block

  Key to global trade liberalization
  Hill, 7 – Asst Secretary for East Asian/Pacific Affairs @ State Dept (6/13/07, Christopher, "The United States-South Korea FTA: The Foreign Policy Implications,"
  Fourth, and finally, the KORUS FTA
  AND
  rapid progress on the multilateral trade liberalization front. 

  The impact is extinction
  Copley News Service, 99 (“Commentary,” 12-1-1999, Lexis)
  For decades, many children in America and
  AND
  world trade. They should be celebrating it. 

  SKFTA key to open market regionalism in Asia
  Cooper, et. al, 9 – Specialist in International Trade and Finance (3/24/09, William H. Cooper, Coordinator, Mark E. Manyin – Specialist in Asian Affairs, Remy Jurenas – Specialist in Agricultural Policy, Michaela D. Platzer – Specialist in Industrial Organization and Business, “The Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Provisions and Implications,”
  Implications for U.S. Trade Policy and U.S. Asia Policy
  The fate of the KORUS FTA could affect
  AND
  move to open market regionalism in East Asia. 

  Asian trade is key to prevent global war where the U.S. gets drawn in
  Auslin, 9 – resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (2/5/09, Michael “Averting Disaster; Preventing the worst case scenario in Asia,”
  AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy
  AND
  that have destroyed international systems in the past.

  Ratification will boost the economy and U.S. competitiveness and leadership
  Donohue, 11 – president and CEO of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (1/6/11, Thomas J., “Korean trade pact is a welcome shot in the arm for U.S. economy,”
  WASHINGTON  A funny thing happened in the
  AND
  and get something done for the American people.

  Economic collapse causes fascism
  Hope, Common Dreams, ‘9 (Christopher, February 10, “UK Minister Fears Rise of Fascism Amid Economic Gloom”
  Ed Balls, the Children's
  AND
  are latching onto the movement for their own racist agenda." 

  A. Vote counts – business groups have the data
  Reuters, 9/8 (“U.S. group says confident of trade deals approval,” 9/8/2011, , JMP)
   (Reuters) - A top U
  AND
  key members of the House and the Senate.
  B. Job agenda – Obama pushing and businesses are confident it will pass
  Nasdaq, 9/1 (“US Business Groups Optimistic About Trade Pacts,” 9/1/2011,
  WASHINGTON  U.S. business groups
  AND
  the window closed at all," he said.
  Obama pushing and process of ratification will begin quickly
  Dong-A Ilbo Daily, 9/10 (“Penny wise and pound foolish,” 9/10/2011, Factiva, JMP)
  The U.S. Congress has begun
  AND
  take effect as early as January next year.
  Though Congress has accelerated efforts to ratify the
  AND
  however, including the passage of additional bills.

  South Korea will proceed at the same time as the U.S. - GNP won’t let it be renegotiated
  Swire, 9/6 (Mary, “Tentative Agreement On KORUS FTA In Seoul,”
  While not resolving their continuing differences, South
  AND
  matched to its subsequent progress in the US.

  Obama is still more popular than Republicans or Democrats in Congress
  CNN, 9/9 (John Avlon, 9/9/2011, CNN Wire, “Can Obama overcome D.C.'s partisan poison?” Factiva, JMP)
  The current atmosphere is so poisonous and polarized
  AND
  popular than either Republicans or Democrats in Congress.

  Limited bargaining chips – Fighting for passage of the plan FORCES a trades off with other agenda priorities
  Bernstein, political scientist who writes about American politics, 8/20 (Jonathan, 8/20/2011, “The power that a president does  and doesn't  have A president has less power than Obama's liberal critics think  but they also have more power than they realize,”
  Moreover, the positions of the president and
  AND
  use the various bargaining chips that are available. 

  Democracy assistance unpopular – Bush alienated Democratic support
  Lappin, PhD Candidate at U of Leuven, ’10 (Richard, February 1, “Obama and Democracy Assistance: Challenges and Responses” Carnegie Council,
  Unfortunately though, the Bush rhetoric is difficult
  AND
  preserve of U.S. foreign policy.

  Republican opposition increasing foreign assistance
  Warrick, 11 (7/21/2011, Joby Warrick and Mary Beth Sheridan, “House subcommittee approves foreign-aid cuts,”
  Legislation that would sharply cut U.S
  AND
  governments that undermine U.S. interests.”

  Olive branches harden GOP opposition - the link runs one direction
  Ornstein, 8/15 - resident scholar at AEI (Norman J., 8/15/2011, “How to Win When You're Unpopular: What Obama Can Learn From Truman,”
  But, unlike Truman, Obama has constantly
  AND
  Diverge anytime soon.

  Presidential leadership shapes the agenda
  Kuttner 11 (Robert, Senior Fellow – Demos and Co-editor – American Prospect, “Barack Obama's Theory of Power,” The American Prospect, 5-16,
  As the political scientist Richard Neustadt observed in
  AND
  signals leadership that often moves the public agenda.
  
  No political support to fund new programs or expand assistance
  Rogin, 8/4 (Josh, staff writer at Foreign Policy, 8/4/2011, “This Fight Ain't Over; Think the debt ceiling gridlock was ugly? Congress is just getting warmed up. Here are eight more foreign-policy battles right around the corner,”
  Foreign-aid Reform
  Everyone agrees that the foreign aid system is
  AND
  the country heads into the 2012 presidential season. 

  Independently, the plan is a sacred cow - guarantees a backlash an there is no national constituency
  Patrick, 7/26 - Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program at CFR (7/26/2011, Stewart M., “How Does the Debt Debate Affect Foreign Aid?” Interviewed by Toni Johnson – Senior Staff Writer,
  The U.S. debt ceiling and
  AND
  S. military installation or a defense contractor.

  Republican opposition increasing foreign assistance
  Warrick, 11 (7/21/2011, Joby Warrick and Mary Beth Sheridan, “House subcommittee approves foreign-aid cuts,”
  Legislation that would sharply cut U.S
  AND
  governments that undermine U.S. interests.”

  Bipartisan opposition to the plan - no pro-democracy constituency
  Hamid 11 (1/26, Director of research at the Brookings Doha Center and a fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, Tunisia, Egypt, Arab World Need Bold U.S. Support for Democracy, Not Mixed Messages,
  Considering the amount of resources invested in the
  AND
  ,
  AND
  , neoconservatives are still influential within Republican ranks.
  Last few months prove that the plan will be contentious - Republicans are demanding cuts and conditioned aid
  Karmi, 8/2 (Omar, 8/2/2011, The National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem,”
  WASHINGTON  With the same acrimony it has
  AND
  especially, how they view the Arab Spring.

  
  
• 
  
  

Saudi Arabia DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• GSU

  Egypt 1nc Link:

  Saudi Arabia will oppose Egyptian reform in particular for fear that success in Egypt will create questions about the Saudi political model – turns solvency because they have the leverage to block any changes
  Strasser, News Editor for Al Masry Al Youm, 11
  (8/5, Will Saudi Arabia lead Egypt's counter-revolution?,
  With Hosni Mubarak’s 30-year …than the Saudi Islamism.”

  2NC

  Turns Case:

  Saudi Arabia is a powerful countervailing power who will repress any change induced by the plan
  Democracy Digest 11
  (6/15, Saudis the countervailing force to democratic momentum,
  Viewing the Arab Spring … Iran reversed the Arab Spring of 2005.

  Strong US Saudi alliance key to Middle East democracy
  Lazazzero, Law Clerk at Liberty Mutual Group, 08
  (The U.S.-Saudi Alliance: A Necessary Shift toward Peace, www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Lazazzero.pdf)
  Connected with the United States’ … reforms having success.

  GONZAGA

  1NC (Yemen)

  Saudi 1NC – Yemen
  The Saudis fear democratic progress in Yemen and want to manage the transition themselves – the US is leaving the situation alone
  Reuters 11
  (6/18, Analysis: Yemen crisis puts Saudi in powerbroker's bind,
  Fearing both civil war and …, really don't like al Qaeda."

  Pushing for democratic reform in Yemen will spark a Saudi backlash that effectively blocks any change
  Democracy Digest 11
  (6/6, Saudi Arabia: countervailing power or ‘midwives of change’ in Yemen?,
  With Yemen finely poised … Sarah Phillips, a Yemen expert at the University of Sydney.

  The Saudi’s will break off cooperation with the US and undermine the aff
  Nasr, Professor of International Politics at Tufts, 11
  (5/23, Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?,
  The kingdom has …which qualify on neither count. Mollifying Protesters

  Saudi cooperation key to Pakistani stability, fighting terrorism, and containing Iran
  Levine, Contributing editor at Foreign Policy, 11
  (Jan/Feb, Frenemies Forever, ,0)
  The verdict: Guilty. But so what? …can play this role. 

  Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear conflict – draws in China, India and Russia
  Pitt, Managing Editor of truthout.org, 9
  “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” NYT and internationally bestselling author www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article&cat=commentary&article=2183)
  But a suicide bomber in Pakistan … with unimaginable disaster.

  Block

  US/Saudi cooperation now
  CSM 11
  (8/31, How Saudi Arabia can contain Iran – and other benefits from Syria's turmoil, www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/0831/How-Saudi-Arabia-can-contain-Iran-and-other-benefits-from-Syria-s-turmoil)
  The regional status of the …it from becoming a nuclear power state.

  No US/Saudi relations crisis now
  Gause, Professor Poli Sci Vermont, 11
  (8/9, Professor of political science at Vermont, “Is Saudi Arabia really counter-revolutionary?” The Saudi Counter-Revolution, POMEPS Briefing 5)
  While the sectarian issue …and changing, but it is hardly on the brink of divorce

  1. Regional security concerns – Saudi Arabia fears a transition in Yemen would set AQAP loose and create instability in its backyard
     AMEC 11 [African Middle East Centre]
     (August, Yemen on the brink: The implications of the uprising, Briefing No. 11)
     With Saudi paranoia …with regards to AQAP’s operations.

  2. Stable transition – Saudi Arabia wants to manage the Yemeni transition to ensure stability – they will not tolerate actual democratic progress
  Knickmeyer, Former Associated Press bureau chief in Africa, 11
  (7/5, Trouble Down South, “Is Saudi Arabia really counter-revolutionary?” The Saudi Counter-Revolution, POMEPS Briefing 5)
  For Yemenis, suffering … in Saudi Arabia, many doubt it.

  Turns the case - Saudi’s will use a fear of Iran to justify intervening to undermine the plan – creates the conditions for Saudi/Iran conflict
  Jones, Professor History Rutgers, 11
  (3/23, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, “The Saudi Counter-Revolution,” POMEPS Briefing 5)
  Beyond the kingdom, … such an outcome might become true.

  Strong US Saudi alliance key to Middle East democracy
  Lazazzero, Law Clerk at Liberty Mutual Group, 08
  (The U.S.-Saudi Alliance: A Necessary Shift toward Peace, www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Lazazzero.pdf)
  Connected with the United States’ …the chances of these reforms having success.

  US/Saudi split pushes them towards China
  Levinson, Junior Fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11
  (Spring/Summer, Staying the Course,
  Kinzer erroneously argues …promote its regional interests.

  The US will see Chinese intrusion into Saudi Arabia as a challenge to our sphere of influence – insures conflict
  Salameh, International oil economist and consultant to the World Bank, 10
  (Technical expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Director of the Oil Market Consultancy Service, member of both the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, “China’s Global Oil Diplomacy: Benign or Hostile?”)
  Saudi Arabia, holder of the …even global peace depend on the answers.

  China will escalate the conflict – perception of rational escalation ensures US gets drawn into the nuclear arms race
  Glaser, PolSci Prof at Goerge Washington, ’11 (Charles, March/April, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs, Vol 90 Issue 2, EbscoHost)
  ACCOMMODATION ON TAIWAN? THE PROSPECTS …and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations. 

  
  
• 
  
  

Democracy Assistance K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 1NC

  Links (one or both)

  A. Their attempt to assist Arab democracy sows the seeds for a resurgence of neoliberal imperialism - a U.S. prescribed solution re-enforces imperial power relations and civil society assistance opens the door for economic exploitation which will leave the people worse off.
  Dixon ‘11
  (Marion-, Sociology Cornell University, June, Review of African Political Economy, “An Arab spring”, Vol. 18 #128)
  Monopoly of expertise The imperial … measures throughout Europe and in US states.

  Democracy assistance is tied to a particular understanding of a liberal democratic regime and a procedural agenda to bring it about- this conception of the political environment in emerging democracies legitimizes coercive interventions
  Hobson ‘9
  (Christopher-, Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, Alternatives, “The Limits of Liberal-Democracy Promotion”, #34)
  Key actors seeking ... either the political 

  Impacts (one or  both)

  The impact is global warfare- because this form of economic domination is the flipside of open military domination the ideology of the affirmative is always prepared to execute the latter when deemed necessary
  FOUCAULT 1976 – PROF PHILOSOPHY COLLEGE DE FRANCE
  POWER/KNOWLEDGE: SELECTED INTERVIEWS, ED. GORDON, PAGE 90-91
  Then again, there is a second reply we … of power as continual war.

  Alternatives 

  C. Alternative- Reject the aff’s discursive positioning of the U.S. as the expert on democracy with the correct prescription for it in lieu of a democratic dialogue that seeks to work with the people in question to develop the democracy they desire.
  Our alt doesn’t forsake policy approaches, it engages in a process of dialogue that transforms and improves them. The aff forecloses this opportunity by placing the U.S. in the role of the teacher, using the language of “assistance”, and focusing on “liberal” methods of transformation.
  Kurki ‘10
  (Milja, Aberystwyth University, International Studies Review, “Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy
  Promotion,” p. 380-381)
  However, another far more serious line of attack … con- testation that currently exists.

  C. The alternative is to de-center the United States from the Arab Spring
  Shifting away from a focus on blanket rejection of U.S. domination is critical to recognize Arab agency and ensure a vibrant political future
  Cox ’11
  (Raymond, Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies, University of Akron, “To Thine Own Self Be True: Conflicting Interpretations of the Cultural and Social Implications of the ‘Arab Spring’,” The Arab World Geographer, Vol 14, no 2)
  As an “outsider” to ... is the chal- lenge.

  Block

  The kritik outweighs and turns the aff
  1) Violent epistemologies –
  The aff forecloses this opportunity by placing the U.S. in the role of the teacher, using the language of “assistance”, and focusing on “liberal” methods of transformation.
  Kurki ‘10
  (Milja, Aberystwyth University, International Studies Review, “Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy
  Promotion,” p. 380-381)
  However, another far more serious … deal with the con- testation that currently exists.

  2) Neoliberalist invasion - ev says aid is a cover for neoliberal invasion –
  The attempt to promote Western expertise on and democracy assistance for the Arab spring expands its imperial reach enabling imperial domination and expanding the neoliberal agenda of privatization that caused the regions problems in the first place
  Dixon ‘11
  (Marion-, Sociology Cornell University, June, Review of African Political Economy, “An Arab spring”, Vol. 18 #128)
  The ‘imperial reach’ represents a … in social and economic justice.

  Trying to promote “equality” by assistance governance reinforces the state as the arbiter of all social relations and promotes a mechanical method of improving democratic processes that authorizes violent action to naturalize political forces it cannot integrate
  Zanotti ‘5
  (Laura-, Fellow European University Institute, Staff United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Alternatives, “Govemmentalizing the Post-Cold War International Regime: The UN Debate on Democratization and Good Governance”, #30, JSTOR)
  The role of institutional ... visible and predictable.

  
  
• 
  
  

Chow K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 1NC

  The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist—their veneration of the oppressed constructs an ideal subaltern with whom they can engage in parasitic solidarity—this is virulent form of colonialism which turns the academy into a site for the consumption of Otherness for personal gain.
  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
  Writing Diaspora, p. 10-13
  The Orientalist has a ... our consciousnesses "raised."

  Their attempt to raise the question of who is able to speak on the part of the oppressed only reduces the oppressed to tools in the quest for rhetorical victory—reinscribes the privilege which enables them to speak in the first place.
  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
  Writing Diaspora, p.145-146
  But while it effectively ...gainst which it is aimed. Obviously, it is those who have power who speak‚—this is the answer this question is meant to provoke.

  This oppressive solidarity locks in cycles of exclusionary violence—making their impacts inevitable.  You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your first obligation as an intellectual is to interrogate your own privilege and struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.
  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
  Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17
  Why are "tactics" ... the academic sense?

  Block

  The strategy of inverted double-consciousness is epistemologically flawed and represents a colonial attempt to know and manipulate the Other – The aff ultimately reinforces whiteness by essentializing subjects, placing themselves in the center, and using a method that was conceived within a Eurocentric paradigm.
  Brown 10 – Associate Professor at Texas A&M (Kimberly Nichele, Writing the Black Revolutionary Diva: Women's Subjectivity and the Decolonizing Text, September 2010, pg. 32-35)
  Saunders Redding explains ... audiences in such high esteem. 

  Their criticism of the west is ethnocentric—ensures otherness is only portrayed as indistinguishable, agencyless mass which merely has instrumental value in their self-serving intellectual America bashing.
  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993
  Writing Diaspora, p. 19-20
  To give one example, ... continue to have names.

  
  
• 
  
  

Marxism K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• T

  
  

• For some reason the Wiki won't let me post these.  They are attached as a word doc below.

  
  
  

Tunisia Trade Unions CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for democratic institution building in Tunisia if and only if the Tunisian provisional government mandates independence of trade unions from government operation and state control.

  We have a solvency advocate – independent trade unions are key to effective democratic transition.

  Cranton 11 (Timothy Cranton, Cornell University, intern at the American Enterprise Institute, "Arab Trade Unions: A New Force," March 15, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/262096/arab-trade-unions-new-force-timothy-cramton)

  The revolutions that have swept … engine of dictatorship for another.

  trade union independence is key to co-opt the influence of security apparatuses – failure to consolidate revolutionary opposition through independent organizations drives the working class to terrorism

  Taafe 11 (Peter Taaffe, General Secretary, Socialist Party (CWI in England & Wales), "Challenges to rule of kings and dictators continue," August 3, www.socialistworld.net/doc/4916)

  Nor was it Al-Qaeda or the methods … union organisations are completely independent of the state.

  
  
• 
  
  

GSU Doubles

• Tournament: GSU | Round: D | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

•  0If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed.  Download the original attachment

  1NC

  T 1NC

  A. Interpretation – 

  Topic In Brief:

  Democracy assistance can be defined as the legal

  AND

  provided to electoral laws, processes and institutions.

  IFES (International Foundation for Electoral Systems), 2011, http://www.ifes.org/Content/Topics/Democracy-Assistance.aspx

  B. Violation – the aff is support for civil law enforcement, not elections

  C. Vote Neg

  1. Limits – Elections directly tie assistance to the core democratic process of contestation – other targets of aid only indirectly improve democracy by changing the political environment – there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy”  by improving governance or helping a civil society group

  Thomas Carothers- sr. associate at Carnegie- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf

  INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY

  … understand U.S. policy more accurately.

  2. Topic focus - Including every aff tangentially related to democratic institutions scatters the topic in too many directions – Elections should be the focal point to ground education about “democracy”

  Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers –profs, sociology and law, U Wisconsin - July 2009, American Society: How It Really Works, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/ContemporaryAmericanSociety/Chapter%2017%20--%20Voting%20--%20FINAL.pdf

  Elections are at the very core of democracy

  AND

  of its electoral system and how it works.

  DA 1NC

  Passage of trade agreements likely --- Obama is making an aggressive push and compromises are being forged now

  Palmer, 9/13 (Doug, 9/13/2011, “Momentum builds for U.S. action on trade deals,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/13/us-usa-trade-deals-idUSTRE78C7QW20110913?feedType=RSS&feedName=domesticNews)

  (Reuters) - Senate Majority Leader Harry

  AND

  be passed in tandem with the trade pacts.

  No political support for the plan now --- Congress will even fight to prevent budget reallocations

  Richter, 11 (4/12/2011, Paul LA Times, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition; U.S. lawmakers not only have shut the door on new spending to stabilize countries rocked by the so-called Arab Spring. They have resisted proposals to shift money from other foreign aid programs,” http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413)

  The Obama administration's efforts to use foreign aid

  AND

  resistance from appropriators in Congress, aides say.

  Obama’s capital is key

  McLarty & Cunningham, 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND **Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva) 

  Much has been written about Bill Daley's

  AND

  the Democratic base, but it is essential.

  SKFTA is key to the symbol of U.S. leadership in Asia

  Wharton School at U Penn, 1/12 (Knowledge at Wharton, “U.S.-South Korea Trade Pact: A Turning Point for American Exports?” 1/12/11, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2671)

  What's more, the fate of the pact

  AND

  President has put his reputation on the line."

  Impact is global hegemony, instability in India-Pakistan and Korea, and Taiwan conflict

  Goh, 8 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database) 

  The centrality of these mutual processes of …. doing so would appear to be much worse.

  China will escalate the conflict – perception of rational escalation ensures US gets drawn into the nuclear arms race

  Glaser, PolSci Prof at Goerge Washington, ’11 (Charles, March/April, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs, Vol 90 Issue 2, EbscoHost)

  ACCOMMODATION ON TAIWAN? THE PROSPECTS for avoiding

  AND

  poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

  1NC – Yemen

  The Saudis fear democratic progress in Yemen and want to manage the transition themselves – the US is leaving the situation alone

  Reuters 11

  (6/18, Analysis: Yemen crisis puts Saudi in powerbroker's bind, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/18/us-saudi-yemen-idUSTRE75H16T20110618)

  Fearing both civil war and sweeping political reform

  AND

  we really, really don't like al Qaeda."

  Pushing for democratic reform in Yemen will spark a Saudi backlash that effectively blocks any change

  Democracy Digest 11

  (6/6, Saudi Arabia: countervailing power or ‘midwives of change’  in Yemen?, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/06/saudi-arabia-countervailing-power-or-midwives-of-change-in-yemen/)

  With Yemen finely poised between transition and regression

  AND

  a Yemen expert at the University of Sydney.

  The Saudi’s will break off cooperation with the US and undermine the aff

  Nasr, Professor of International Politics at Tufts, 11

  (5/23, Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-23/will-the-saudis-kill-the-arab-spring-.html)

  The kingdom has emerged as the leader of

  AND

  , which qualify on neither count. Mollifying Protesters

  Saudi cooperation key to Pakistani stability, fighting terrorism, and containing Iran

  Levine, Contributing editor at Foreign Policy, 11

  (Jan/Feb, Frenemies Forever, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/opening_gambit_frenemies_forever?page=0,0)

  The verdict: Guilty. But so what

  AND

  not trust Washington, can play this role.

  Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear conflict –  draws in China, India and Russia

  Pitt, Managing Editor of truthout.org, 9

  “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” NYT and internationally bestselling author www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article&cat=commentary&article=2183)

  But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a

  AND

  world on a collision course with unimaginable disaster.

  1nc CP

  The European Union should substantially increase its support for civil law enforcement in Yemen.

  The EU has an effective infrastructure to assist democratic transitions through a variety of means --- it’s based on equal partnership

  Tocci & Cassarino, 11 --- *Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, AND ** professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute (3/22/2011, Nathalie Tocci & Jean-Pierre Cassarino, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” http://www.iai.it/pdf/DocIAI/iaiwp1106.pdf, JMP)

  ***ENP = European Neighborhood Policy

  3.2 The way forward: The

  AND

  the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.

  EU assistance can boost civil law enforcement capabilities – assistance to Palestine proves

  EUEA, 5 (European Union External Action, “HR Solana to attend London Meeting on Supporting the Palestinian Authority, Quartet meeting,” http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/fr/article_4461_fr.htm)

  Annexe 3 EU COUNCIL SECRETARIAT ~FACTSHEET~

  AND

  in different regions (such as the Balkans).

  The counterplan boosts EU global soft power

  Seilor, 5/15 (Julia, 5/15/11, “Arab Spring: what think tanks say,” http://www.thinktankdirectory.org/blog/2011/05/15/arab-spring-what-think-tanks-say/, JMP)

  Restoring Europe’s credibility Scholars agree that the developments

  AND

  and swift support in helping its neighbors stabilize.

  Strong EU solves multiple scenarios of extinction.

  Bruton 2001  (John, Former Irish Prime Minister, Report before the Joint Committee on European Affairs, Parliament of Ireland, October, http://www.irlgov.ie/committees-02/c-europeanaffairs/future/page1.htm, from Samford University Institute File)

  2.5 As the Laeken Declaration put

  AND

  blind global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.

  1NC

  Text:

  Plank 1: The United States Federal Government should increase Light-footprint drone and special operations force missions in Yemen specifically focused on short-term tactical counterterrorism objectives.

  Plank 2: The United States Federal Government should ratify the Rome Statute and submit to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.  The United States Federal Government should submit a proposal to extend the mandate of the ICC to include catastrophic terrorism.

  Your author says Drones and SOF are the ONLY way to solve Yemeni terrorism

  Cilluffo and Watts 2011 [1AC author]

  [Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm]

  Drones and SOF: Our Best and Only Option

  Light-footprint drone and special operations force

  AND

  unencumbered by the immediate terrorist threat of AQAP.

  Your author says ICC ratification solves terrorism, credibility, and multilateral cooperation

  Boyle, Professor – Terrorism – St. Andrews, 09

  (A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009)

  The framework for such a new structure has

  AND

  years could be regained by such a move.

  Case

  AQAP

  AQAP is weak – unrest in Yemen will create further problems for them

  Lindo, Researcher – CSIS, 11

  (July, Al Qaeda in the Arabian Penninsula, Case Study Number 3)

  Even though most assessments point to the contrary

  AND

  it could diminish the impact of extremist activities.

  Aff doesn’t cause information-sharing – no mechanism for further cooperation

  Threat overblown and the trainees won’t be used for CT

  Ibrahim Mothana - 30 Jun 2011, Yemen: Thinking outside the AQAP box, al-Jazeera, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011629161825121566.html

  In reality, however, the Yemeni regime

  AND

  Sadaa and, more recently, in Sanaa.

  Al Qaeda is on the run everywhere – Yemen is no exception

  CTV News 11

  (9/1, U.S. counterterror chief: Al Qaeda on 'steady slide', http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/World/20110901/john-brennan-al-qaeda-110901/)

  White House counterterrorism chief John Brennan said al

  AND

  tenth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.

  The head of AQAP just got killed

  Roggio, Managing Editor of The Long War Journal, 11

  (8/28, AQAP Chief Nasir Al Wyhayshi Reported Killed in Southern Yemen, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/08/aqap_chief_nasir_al.php)

  Yemeni military officials claimed that Nasir al Wuhayshi

  AND

  army" to a military hospital in Aden.

  Terrorism

  Obama won’t retaliate

  Crowley ‘10 (Michael, Senior Editor the New Republic, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263)

  Others argue that the United States should promise

  AND

  that matter--would go through with it.

  Terrorism is at an all time low – no support in the Muslim world

  Kurzman, Professor Sociology at UNC, ’11

  [Charles Kurzman, Professor of sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “Why Is It So Hard to Find a Suicide Bomber These Days?,” Sept/Oct 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/why_is_it_so_hard_to_find_a_suicide_bomber_these_days?page=full]

  If terrorists like Taheri-Azar can be

  AND

  -ins are proving to be more effective?

  Nuclear Terrorism

  Can’t buy or steal a loose nuke

  Felipe Umana - Foreign Policy In Focus - August 17, 2011, Loose Nukes: Real Threat?, http://www.fpif.org/articles/loose_nukes_real_threat?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+FPIF+%28Foreign+Policy+In+Focus+%28All+News%29%29

  Yet, a nuclear attack by a belligerent

  AND

  with fewer than 100 reported instances in 2009.

  CBW Terrorism

  No bioweapon could kill off humanity – natural resistance and technology check a superbug

  Easterbrook (Gregg, The New Republic Editor) 2003 [Wired, "We're All Gonna Die!" 11/7, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html]

  3. Germ warfare!  Like chemical agents

  AND

  it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

  Multilat

  2) Other barriers preclude multilateral terrorism cooperation – lack of common definition, public good, and security perogative

  Boyle, Professor – Terrorism – St. Andrews, 09

  (A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009)

  Additionally, while terrorism … problems particularly difficult.

  Oil Shocks

  Price shocks won’t harm the economy – newest macroeconomic models prove

  Killian, Professer – Econ – Michigan, 09

  (http://www.atypon-link.com/AEAP/doi/pdf/10.1257/aer.99.3.1053?cookieSet=1)

  A recurring question in theoretical, empirical,

  AND

  . Erceg, and Luca Guerrieri (2007).

  India-Pakistan

  No escalation- crises resolve conflicts through negotiations

  Alagappa, Distinguished Senior Fellow at the East-West Center, PhD in International Affairs from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2009 (Muthiah, “Nuclear Weapons Reinforce Security and Stability in 21st Century Asia”, Vol 4 No 1)

  The stabilizing effect of nuclear weapons may be

  AND

  Mumbai has begun to characterize the bilateral relationship.

  2NC

  ADV cp

  Agroterrorism unlikely

  Chalk, Rand, ‘7 (Peter, “Agroterrorism What Is the Threat and What Can Be Done About It?” http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB7565/index1.html)

  Despite the ease and implications of a successful

  AND

  to groups faced with overcoming significant power asymmetries.

  US nuclear security measures have been overwhelmingly successful – terrorists can’t get fissile material

  Tobey Sr Fellow Belfer Center for International Affairs Harvard Winter ‘11

  (William H.-, Fmr. Deputy Administrator National Nuclear Security Administration, City Journal,  “Doomsday Deferred”, Vol. 21 #1)

  Experts warn that the proliferation … missiles that once targeted them.

  No risk of cyberterrorism

  Green, Editor of the Washington Monthly, ‘2 (Joshua, November, “The Myth of Cyberterrorism” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0211.green.html)

  There's just one problem: … sensitive military systems."

  No cyberterrorism- need the resources of a state

  Charles G. Billo and Welton Chang (Senior Research Associate, ISTS, and research intern)- November 2004, CYBER WARFARE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS AND MOTIVATIONS OF SELECTED NATION STATES, INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY TECHNOLOGY STUDIES AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, http://www.ists.dartmouth.edu/docs/cyberwarfare.pdf

  According to the U.S. intelligence

  AND

  largest (e.g., physical attacks).

  Saudi DA

  US/Saudi relations are strong – status quo Arab Spring disputes have only been minor because it wasn’t US initiated change

  AFP 9/16

  (US, Saudi relationship in good shape: top US official)

  The key diplomatic relationship between Saudi Arabia and

  AND

  good relationship" between Obama and King Abdullah.

  Saudi’s are bluffing – they don’t actually care about the UN Palestine vote

  Tobin, Senior Online Editor of Commentary, 9/12

  (Saudi Bluff on Palestinians Fools No One, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/09/12/saudis-obama-bluff-veto/)

  As to Al-Faisal’s threat the Saudis

  AND

  that failure in New York will set off.

  No US veto – public statements prove

  Whitbeck, International Lawyer, 9/9

  (Will the US Declare Independence at the UN?, http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/09/09/will-the-us-declare-independence-at-the-un/)

  Since few people alive can remember the last

  AND

  Israeli government and abstain when the time comes.

  Palestine won’t submit the UN proposal

  Ha'aretz 11

  (9/6, Palestinian leadership divided over plan to seek UN recognition, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/palestinian-leadership-divided-over-plan-to-seek-un-recognition-1.366679)

  The Palestinian leadership is sharply divided over the

  AND

  Israel, but it won't help the Palestinians."

  Stable transition – Saudi Arabia wants to manage the Yemeni transition to ensure stability – they will not tolerate actual democratic progress

  Knickmeyer, Former Associated Press bureau chief in Africa, 11

  (7/5, Trouble Down South, “Is Saudi Arabia really counter-revolutionary?” The Saudi Counter-Revolution, POMEPS Briefing 5)

  For Yemenis, suffering under worsening shortages of

  AND

  Even in Saudi Arabia, many doubt it.

  US/Saudi split pushes them towards China

  Levinson, Junior Fellow at the American Foreign Policy Council, 11

  (Spring/Summer, Staying the Course, http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2011/20/levinson.php)

  Kinzer erroneously argues that the “greatest service

  AND

  partnerships that can best promote its regional interests.

  The US will see Chinese intrusion into Saudi Arabia as a challenge to our sphere of influence – insures conflict

  Salameh, International oil economist and consultant to the World Bank, 10

  (Technical expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Director of the Oil Market Consultancy Service, member of both the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, “China’s Global Oil Diplomacy: Benign or Hostile?”)

  Saudi Arabia, holder of the world’s largest

  AND

  and even global peace depend on the answers.

  US/Saudi alliance key to winning the war on terror

  Lazazzero, Law Clerk at Liberty Mutual Group, 08

  (The U.S.-Saudi Alliance: A Necessary Shift toward Peace, www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Lazazzero.pdf)

  Perhaps no other time in contemporary history has

  AND

  within the United States currently criticize the Saudis.

  US/Saudi alliance key to successfully unifying the global fight against terrorism

  Lazazzero, Law Clerk at Liberty Mutual Group, 08

  (The U.S.-Saudi Alliance: A Necessary Shift toward Peace, www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2008/Lazazzero.pdf)

  Saudi Arabia is a vital ally in the

  AND

  world stage (Cordesman, 28-42). 

  Case

  Nuclear Taboo

  No nuclear taboo exists

  Kuthy, PhD Candidate at Georgia State, and Rulska, President of the Graduate Society for International Studies, '7 (Daniel and Anna, March, "From Unthinkable to Potential: Changing Nuclear Postures and the Possibility of Breaking the 'Nuclear Taboo'")

  Despite the general consensus among politicians and academics

  AND

  , because great damage has already been suffered. 

  Solvency

  1AC author concludes the aff can’t solve

  Frank J. Cilluffo and, Clinton Watts - June 24, 2011, Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity, HSPI, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm

  Surprisingly, Yemeni unrest provides U.S

  AND

  terrorist threat of AQAP.

  No Extinction

  Terrorism is not an existential threat

  Fettweis, ’10

  [Christopher J. Fettweis, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, 52:2, 59-82, March 25th 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396331003764603]

  Even terrorists equipped with nuclear, biological or

  AND

  through their own overreaction, can accomplish that.

  Russia

  Peace negotiations check US-Russian escalation

  Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 “WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIA”. Defense and Security, No 78. LN 

  Ivashov: Numerous scenarios and options are possible

  AND

  stop the war and put negotiations into motion.

  No CBW

  Multiple barriers mean bioterror is extremely unlikely

  Schneidmiller, Global Security Newswire, 1-13-09 (Chris, “Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism,” http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)

  Panel moderator Benjamin Friedman, a research fellow

  AND

  and what it would make is just garbage."

  1NR

  Overview

  Key to U.S. global U.S. foreign policy credibility

  Hormats, 9/13 --- Under Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs (9/13/2011, Robert D., “U.S. Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific,” http://www.state.gov/e/rls/rmk/2011/172307.htm)

  KORUS

  In line with these objectives, we seek urgent Congressional passage of the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS).

  Passage will be an important signal of our

  AND

  country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence.

  Relations solve terrorism

  Campbell et al, 9 – Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Kurt M., Center for a New American Security, “Going global: the future of the U.S.-South Korea alliance.” Ed. by Campbell et al, “Going global: the future of the U.S.-South Korea alliance.” P. 72-73  http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatel_Going%20Global_February09_0.pdf)    

  America will not be able to neutralize terrorists

  AND

  , trade agreements, and civil society partnerships.

  Link takes out solvency – Perception of Partisanship outweighs Democracy Assistance

  Adesnik & McFaul, 6 --- *member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses, AND **director of the Center for Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford (Spring 2006, David Adesnik and Michael McFaul, Washington Quarterly, “Engaging Autocratic Allies to Promote Democracy,” http://www.twq.com/06spring/docs/06spring_adesnik.pdf)

  Second, words mattered, especially when they

  AND

  superiors’ credibility, including that of the president.

  A2: No Asia War

  Geographic proximity and complicated alliance ties

  Cimbala, PolSci Professor at UPenn, ‘8 (Stephen, March, “Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia” Comparative Strategy, Vol 27 No 2, p 113-132, InformaWorld)

  The spread of ballistic missiles and other nuclear

  AND

  war outside of Europe.19

  A2 Dickinson

  Presidential leadership shapes the agenda

  Kuttner 11 (Robert, Senior Fellow – Demos and Co-editor – American Prospect, “Barack Obama's Theory of Power,” The American Prospect, 5-16, http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=barack_obamas_theory_of_power) 

  As the political scientist Richard Neustadt observed in

  AND

  signals leadership that often moves the public agenda.

   

  DICKINSON CONCLUDES NEG – prefer this evidence because it’s from a peer reviewed journal and isn’t just a random blog post.

  Dickinson, poli sci prof middlebury, ‘9 (Matthew Dickinson, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70)

  Small wonder, then, that initial efforts

  AND

  opportunities,” Sullivan concludes (1991, 1188).

  A2 Jobs

  It’s a top priority and there is sufficient support for TAA and the trade agreements but partisan wrangling could still prevent passage

  Bingham, 9/8 (Amy, 9/8/2011, “Commerce Confident Trade Agreements Will Pass,” http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/commerce-confident-trade-agreements-will-pass/)

  As the battle of the job plans reaches

  AND

  of votes in support of Trade Adjustment Systems.”

  *****Trade pacts are a top priority and passage is likely

  Needham, 8/14 (Vicki, 8/14/2011, “White House pushes Congress to prioritize passing free trade deals,” http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/176781-white-house-pushes-congress-to-prioritize-passing-free-trade-deals)

  Passing three pending free-trade deals remains

  AND

  Senate Republicans and some Democrats couldn't agree more.

  Won’t be a vote for a while – trade is a higher priority

  Carey, 9/14 (Amanda, 9/14/2011, Daily Caller, “Reid in no rush to pass Obama jobs bill,” http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/14/reid-in-no-rush-to-pass-obama-jobs-bill/)

  Despite President Barack … on an all-or-nothing basis.

  A2 Plan Popular

  No political support to fund new programs or expand assistance

  Rogin, 8/4 (Josh, staff writer at Foreign Policy, 8/4/2011, “This Fight Ain't Over; Think the debt ceiling gridlock was ugly? Congress is just getting warmed up. Here are eight more foreign-policy battles right around the corner,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/04/this_fight_aint_over) 

  Foreign-aid Reform

  .. heads into the 2012 presidential season.

  Last few months prove that the plan will be contentious --- Republicans are demanding cuts and conditioned aid

  Karmi, 8/2 (Omar, 8/2/2011, The National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem,” http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/us-argues-over-foreign-aid-policy-along-with-its-debt-problem)

  WASHINGTON // With the same acrimony … view the Arab Spring.

  A2 Win Win

  Limited bargaining chips – Fighting for passage of the plan FORCES a trades off with other agenda priorities

  Bernstein, political scientist who writes about American politics, 8/20 (Jonathan, 8/20/2011, “The power that a president does -- and doesn't -- have A president has less power than Obama's liberal critics think -- but they also have more power than they realize,” http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/08/20/bernstein_presidential_power/index.html)

  Moreover, the positions of .. that are available.

  Legislative style – Obama gets too involved too publically – he has to trade away too much

  Galston 10 (William, Senior Fellow for Governance Studies – Brookings Institution, “President Barack Obama’s First Two Years: Policy Accomplishments, Political Difficulties”, 11-4, http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/110 4_obama_galston.aspx)

  Rather than doing this, … in both Congress and the states.)

  Public focus - Obama could only get a win on economic issues 

  Nicholas and Hook, 10 (Peter Nicholas and Janet Hook, 7/30/10, LA Times, “Obama the Velcro president,” http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730)

  If Ronald Reagan was … dinner table conversations."

  
  
• 
  
  

Israel DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 1NC

  Israel is pushing for an Iran strike but the US has successfully persuaded them to hold back

  Roshandel, Professor - Security Studies - ECU, 11

  (June, Iran… particularly its dealings with Iran.

  Engaging the MB rewards existing hostility against Israel – turns the case by emboldening future action and heightens Israeli feelings of isolation and insecurity

  Gaffney, President - Center for Security Policy, 11

  (7/7, President of the Center for Security Policy and columnist for The Washington Times, The Washington Times, Lexis)

  By engaging the …Shariah-adherent Islamist stronghold.

  The affirmatives indifference to Israeli concerns about the direction of the Arab Spring inflates fears that America will be unable to effectively stand up for Israel against Iran

  Koppel 11

  (4/29, Former anchor and managing editor of Nightline, currently contributing analyst for BBC NPR, The Arab Spring and U.S. Policy: The View From Jerusalem, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704330404576291063679488964.html)

  The canary in the coal … keeps getting shorter.

  Engaging the MB will be the triggering incident for an Israeli strike against Iranian nuclear facilities by creating profound questions about the US commitment to Israeli security

  Roshandel, Professor - Security Studies - ECU, 11

  (June, Iran, Israel and the United States: Regime Security vs. Political Legitimacy, pg. 86)

  According to some within the Israeli government, … become more realistic.

  Israeli attack causes great power war and crushes the global economy

  Trabanco 09

  (Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs, “The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at Anytime,” globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=11762)

  In case of an Israeli … middle of a powder keg.

   

  2NC

   

  Now is key – escalation of rhetoric has exacerbated tensions – US prioritization of Israeli concerns is the only way to prevent a strike

  Schramm, Program Associate at Council on Foreign Relations, 9/2

  (9/2/11, Iran's Nuclear Program -- Deal With It, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/madison-schramm/irans-nuclear-program-deal_b_941718.html)

  The United States … this needs to be a priority.

   

  *Israel opposes the enhancement of democracy in Egypt for fear that it will provoke confrontation

  Sharp, CRS specialist, 11

  (2/11, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs at CRS, Egypt: The January 25 Revolution and

  Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy, fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/157112.pdf

  For more than 30 years, … declined in recent years.

   

  Israel is pressuring the US to limit democracy reforms in Egypt

  Hoover, Fellow - IR - London School Economics, 11

  (Egypt and the Failure of Realism, Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, Issue 4)

  Perhaps no issue is … certainly cannot ignore. (Black, 2011)

   

  Israeli security planners start with worst-case thinking – they won’t listen to the potential “benefits” of engagement

  Byman – Professor Security Georgetown - 11  

  (Summer, Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, Washington Quarterly, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”)

  Americans took heart … benefit from the Arab Spring.

   

  Israel’s overriding security concern is preventing Iran from exploiting the Arab Spring and it is already doubting Obama’s intentions -  the plan is a trigger

  Stratfor 11
  (5/25, In Arab Spring, Disagreement Blossoms Between Israel, U.S., http://www.stratfor.com/geopolitical_diary/20110525-arab-spring-disagreement-blossoms-between-israel-us)

  Netanyahu’s speech before … interests (and thus security).

   

  No Israeli isolation now

  LA Times 9/10

  (Israel's determination unshaken by rifts with allies, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-isolation-20110911%2C0%2C2255970.story)

  Others say Israel's isolation … than it was a year ago.

  The attack on the Israeli embassy in Cairo has smoothed over tensions between US and Israel

  Miller, Pulitzer Prize Winning Journalist, 9/16

  (Could Embassy Attack Ease US-Israeli Tensions?, http://www.newsmax.com/Miller/Embassy-attack-Israel-tensions/2011/09/16/id/411275)

  Egyptian police and military …embassy employees out alive.

   

  The Arab Spring has changed the nature of Israeli threat perception – traditional concessions like arms sales don’t matter any more – US approach to regional balance of power is key

  Setrakian, Middle East Reporter ABC, 11

  (5/23, After Arab Spring, Israel's Season of Insecurity, http://blogs.abcnews.com/mideastmemo/2011/05/after-arab-spring-israels-season-of-insecurity.html)

  In the troubling novelty … America to defend its interests.”

   

  Israeli strike on Iran will cause World War 3

  Ivashov, Vice-president of the Academy on geopolitical affairs, 07

  (4/9/07, General Leonid, and former chief of the department for General affairs in the Soviet Union’s ministry of Defense “Iran: the Threat of a Nuclear War,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5309)

  What might cause the force ... much more nightmarish than WWII.

   

  Escalates and draws in the U.S.

  Pletka, VP at AEI, 09

  (12/16, vice president of foreign and defense policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute “Why Iran can’t be contained,” http://businessmirror.com.ph/home/perspective/19804-why-iran-cant-be-contained.html)

  Advocates of a containment … United States would be drawn.

   

  Collapses the NPT

  Gaffney 03

  (Mark; Researcher, Writer, Anti-Nuclear Activist, “Will Iran Be Next?” Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Affairs Summer Vol. 2 #2 http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume2/number2/gaffney.pdf )

  It is very possible--some … Bushehr first, then the other suspect sites.

   

  Strikes will spur international terrorism

  Leiber, Professor – Government – Georgetown, 09

   (12/22/, “Containment Breach; Preventing nuclear war between Iran and Israel would be more difficult than it ever was to avoid a nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Here's why.” www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/22/containment_breach?page=full)

  If diplomacy and … nobody can accurately predict, much less contain.

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Unintelligibility Kritik

• Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: JV Reed
  
  

• 1NC Kritik

  The affirmative’s utilization of the Third World as a site for knowledge-gathering is inseparable from the militaristic logic which views everything in terms of its usefulness to the US – the affirmative’s assistance can only show us a target to be destroyed by US bombs—nuclear genocide is inevitable in the world of the affirmative.

  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 2006 

  The Age of the World Target, p. 40-42  Often under the modest … identity and its construction."57 

  They’ll say experimentation resolves this – but that’s impossible

  Hobson ‘9 

  (Christopher-, Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, Alternatives, “The Limits of Liberal-Democracy Promotion”, #34) 

  A certain pretense is maintained that the version 

   AND 

   the fundamental assumptions and beliefs underwriting these practices. 

  Their analysis which is premised on a west/east binary and intervening against the west can only re-produce power relations elsewhere

  Hutchings, 2011 (Kimberly, Professor of International Relations in the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics, “Dialogue between Whom? The Role of the West/ Non-West Distinction in Promoting Global Dialogue in IR,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies p. 644-647) 

  In contemporary debates about the possibility of ‘ 

  AND 

  provisional nature of the insights that they generate. 

  This oppressive solidarity locks in cycles of exclusionary violence—making their impacts inevitable. You should reject the affirmative because of their failure to question the indebtedness of their intellectual project to institutions mired in the very privilege they sanctimoniously criticize—your first obligation as an intellectual is to interrogate your own privilege and struggle against becoming the object and instrument of power.

  Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 

  Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17  Why are "tactics" useful …less than in the academic sense? 

  The solidarity they claim to create is just a new form of colonialism. They only seek out those places that conform to our predetermined wants and needs. Examining the West’s actions through the colonial lens, like they do, eliminates the history and uniqueness of the “Other”

  Bruckner, Philospher, author, & Master Lecturer at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, 86 (Pascal, Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt) 

  What looked like an opening to the outside 

   AND 

   of a new dawn for mankind.(sic) 

  B. Impacts – The impact is global warfare- because this form of economic domination is the flipside of open military domination the ideology of the affirmative is always prepared to execute the latter when deemed necessary

  FOUCAULT 1976 – PROF PHILOSOPHY COLLEGE DE FRANCE 

  POWER/KNOWLEDGE: SELECTED INTERVIEWS, ED. GORDON, PAGE 90-91 

   Then again, there is … as continual war. 

  C. The alternative is to de-center the United States from the Arab Spring

  Shifting away from a focus on blanket rejection of U.S. domination is critical to recognize Arab agency and ensure a vibrant political future

  Cox ’11 

  (Raymond, Department of Public Administration and Urban Studies, University of Akron, “To Thine Own Self Be True: Conflicting Interpretations of the Cultural and Social Implications of the ‘Arab Spring’,” The Arab World Geographer, Vol 14, no 2) 

  As an “outsider” to …the future. That is the chal- lenge. 

  1NR Kritik

  Exporting radical democracy treats the third world as an object from which to extract information resources – their knowledge production is indistinguishable from colonialism in form

  Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 46-47) 

  Universities have tended to pride themselves as institutions 

  AND 

  as tourist (1988b: 134-53). 

  They use the Arab Spring simply to help us unravel our own corrupt knowledge – Arab nations become pawns on the chess board as we play the game of reconfiguring our own knowledge

  Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 71-72) 

  A final implication is that PD perpetuates the 

  AND 

  First World”’ (1990b: 96). 

  Exporting radical democracy treats the third world as an object from which to extract information resources – their knowledge production is indistinguishable from colonialism in form

  Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 46-47) 

  Universities have tended to pride themselves as institutions 

  AND 

  as tourist (1988b: 134-53). 

  Perm is the strongest link – opening knowledge about the Arab Spring as a site for radical contestation is critical to cement elite hegemonic practices and buy off criticism

  Guilhot, 2005 (Nicolas, Research fellow – Social Science Research Council, prof sociology – LSE, The Democracy Makers, p. 9-10) 

  The trend toward professionalization has most definitely transformed 

  AND 

  or conversion. Other models are required indeed.

  
  
• 
  
  

T its/for

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• T ThiTopical affirmatives must have the United States increase its democracy assistance by directly providing democracy assistance to the recipient. The affirmative has the US provide democracy assistance through the UN Definitions: 

  Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.) 

  Glossary of English 05 

  (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html) 2) For implies immediate effect – Can’t go through the UN 

  Feinberg, Professor – Philosophy and Law – Arizona, 95 

  (37 Ariz. L. Rev. 117, Lexis) 

  The preposition "for" brings to mind the standard case of producing results, and suggests to the unwary that in ordinary action we stand in a relation to our own actions analogous to the relation between an action and its consequences, or between those immediate consequences and more remote results or effects. The preposition "for" suggests a causal relation, leading philosophers in earlier times to say that when we are responsible for our acts, our contribution to their coming about must have been to do something in our heads that caused our body to move in a certain manner. But in that case, either we should use a different prepositional construction, and speak say of being guilty of an act of disobedience, or being guilty by doing or in doing something prohibited, or else we should stipulate that we are using the preposition "for" in a sense different from its customary (causal) one in which it stands for some linkage between act and consequence. When you say that you are guilty for some state of affairs you suggest that criminal guilt is determined as tort liability for harm sometimes is, by measuring the extent of the harms to be compensated, so that the more the harm, the more the liability. When people talk of being guilty for their actions they inadvertently invite even greater confusion. Since the preposition "for" often stands for a causal relation, it seems that when we are responsible for a result, we must have done something to produce it. Thus, when a person is said to be guilty for his actions, the implication is that she did something first, (something prohibited) in her head to produce a "volition," or in her body to produce a "muscle contraction" in her trigger finger, in order to cause her action to come about. After that her contribution to the whole sequence blends with contributions from the outer world to produce the effects of her minimal action, some harmful, some not. (Sometimes the whole sequence of linked phases is itself called an actionher actionperhaps because it began in her head and was initially under her control. In that case no distinction is made explicitly between acting, doing, and causing, and instead of saying she pulled the trigger and thereby propelled a bullet irretrievably in the direction of the victim, people say simply "she killed him" or "she did it." Vote negative because US direct provision of assistance is the only way to provide the negative with predictable ground. Even if there are lot’s of different aff’s - if they are all US implementation of democracy assistance than we will have something to say. Going through a third party changes how the assistance is implemented which the negative cannot be prepared for.

  
  
• 
  
  

Libya EU Adv CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• YTrCP: The European Union should: 

  - Advise the Transitional National Council to impose a curfew in the short term till Libya stabilizes. 

  - Unfreeze Libyan assets and funnel the money to local projects after consultation with the Libyan people. 

  - Advise the Libyans to integrate existing lower level bureaucrats and non-loyalist factions of Gaddafi’s military into the new Libyan government. 

  - Initiate a buyback program of Libyan arms at above market value. 

  - Provide technical support in the areas of rule of law, political dialogue, constitution-making and the electoral process for Libya. 

  Imposing a curfew, funding infrastructure development and unfreezing assets will prevent conflict

  Kaplan, Fellow at New America Foundation, ’11 

  [Fred Kaplan, Schwartz senior fellow at the New America Foundation, “Apply the Lessons of Iraq to Libya,” August 22nd 2011, http://www.slate.com/id/2302124/pagenum/all/#p2] 

  Impose law and order immediately.... (and let's include the Arab allies in this too) see their wishes come true. 

  Allowing bureaucrats to resume their lives and buying back the weapons will prevent violence

  Fishman, Fellow at New America Foundation, ’11 

  [Brian Fishman, Counterterrorism Research Fellow at the New America Foundation, Research Fellow with the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Masters in International Affairs (MIA) From Columbia University, “Stopping the Fifth Column,” August 24th 2011, net/publications/articles/2011/stopping_the_fifth_column_56736>&] 

  Put people to work, especially soldiers ...2012 does not go the way of Iraq in 2004. 

  The EU can give political, military and basic assistance to Libya

  Haass, President of CFR, 8-22 

  [Richard Haass, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, “Libya now needs boots on the ground,” August 22nd 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/559804f8-cc7f-11e0-b923-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Vo3wd8tK] 

  International assistance, probably including an ... is unlikely to make the options any easier or more appealing.

  
  
• 
  
  

Payroll Tax

• Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota | Judge:
  
  

• 2nc Uniqueness

   

  Republican opposition has slowed

  Ohlemacher, 10/24 (Stephen, 10/24/2011, “Yes, parts of the jobs bill will pass,” php?id=1740983>&) 

  Congress will almost certainly approve the parts of 

  AND 

  unemployment is higher than when he took office. 

  Breaking up jobs into pieces makes payroll passage likely

  Boles, 10/12 (Corey, 10/12/2011, Dow Jones, “US Sen Schumer: Will Break Up Obama Jobs Plan And Move It In Pieces,” Factiva) 

  WASHINGTON -(Dow Jones)- Senate Democrats will 

  AND 

  between Democrats and Republicans on job creation efforts. 

  It’s the only thing he can pass

   Luce, 10/23 (Edward, 10/23/2011, “Security trump cards won’t be enough to rescue the president,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/674ce352-fb56-11e0-8df6-00144feab49a.html#axzz1blGFtztg) 

  Nor is that chill any longer confined to 

  AND 

  will be no sustainable recovery in US demand. 

  Enough support to overcome a filibuster

  Yakabuski, 10/12 (Konrad, 10/12/2011, “Out-of-work Americans are the real losers in jobs bill spat,” com/news/world/americas/out-of-work-americans-are-the-real-losers-in-jobs-bill-spat/article2198835/>&) 

  As long as the bill contains the millionaires’ 

  AND 

  . But even that is no slam dunk. 

   

  A2: Bipart

  Any additional aid is politically unpopular – deficit concerns

  Jeremy M. Sharp - Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs @ CRS- June 17, 2011, Egypt in Transition, CRS, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/167872.pdf 

  Although the Egyptian government has expressed its gratitude 

  AND 

  the private sector in Egypt and Tunisia).5 

  A2: XO for Jobs

  Obama is not giving up on pushing Congress to pass his jobs agenda - some steps require Congress to act 

  UPI, 10/24 (“WH: Obama to use executive authority more,” 10/24/2011, com/Top_News/US/2011/10/24/WH-Obama-to-use-executive-authority-more/UPI-86551319491041/>&) 

  ABOARD AIR FORCE ONE, Oct. 24 

  AND 

  commitment to growing the economy and creating jobs." 

  Still needs Congress for his jobs agenda

  Northington, 10/26 (Brad, Washington Correspondent, 10/26/2011, The Australian, “Obama vows to bypass congress,” Factiva) 

  Mr Obama said executive orders such as this 

  AND 

  of his executive powers would make a difference. 

  Key to Economy

  Try or die – failure to extend payroll tax cuts guarantees economic collapse

  Plumer, 9/8 (Brad, 9/8/2011, “Just how effective is the payroll tax cut?” html>&) 

  President Obama is expected to call for an 

  AND 

  , it will at least avert further degradation. 

  Critical to boost consumer demand

  Daytona Beach News Journal, 10/25 (N-J Editorials, 10/25/2011, “Congress should extend payroll tax cut,” http://www.news-journalonline.com/opinion/editorials/n-j-editorials/2011/10/25/congress-should-extend-payroll-tax-cut.html) 

  Economists have been stroking their chins lately, 

  AND 

  forge compromise  with workers' wallets in mind. 

  Adds 750,000 jobs

  Robb, 10/18 - senior reporter for MarketWatch in Washington (10/18/2011, Greg, “Judging impact of ‘piece-by-piece’ jobs plan,” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/judging-impact-of-piece-by-piece-jobs-plan-2011-10-18) 

  WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) — As President Barack 

  AND 

  half percentage point to GDP growth next year. 

  Cooperation on economy is key boost business confidence and investments to stimulate the economy

   McClure, 10/22 - Cal Poly Pomona Finance Prof (Interview, Andrew Edwards, staff writer, “Q&A: Political gridlock hinders economic recovery,” com/business/ci_19174428>&) 

  Q: Is the seeming inability of the 

  AND 

  would see renewed confidence and a stronger economy. 

  DA Turns case

  Economic crisis makes Russian aggression inevitable

  Ferguson, History Professor at Harvard, ‘9 (Niall, “Niall Ferguson joins Lateline” ABC Australia, http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2008/s2502602.htm) 

   I think it's almost … another turn for the worse. 

  Economic collapse causes terrorism and collapses Pakistan

  Warrick, Washington Post, ‘8 (Joby, November 15, “Experts See Security Risks in Downturn, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/14/AR2008111403864.html) 

   Intelligence officials are warning that the deepening global 

   AND 

   ability to anticipate and defend against new threats. 

  Turns Iraq, Middle East, and Eastern Europe

  Morgan, British Labour Party Executive Committee, 

  AND 

  /display.aspx?id=639) 

   Strong centrifugal forces have always bedevilled the stability 

   AND 

   Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan! 

  
  
• 
  
  

Dip Cap DA

• Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia GL | Judge: Brovero
  
  

• md1NC – Dip Cap

  US investing diplomatic capital to ensure that there aren’t enough yes votes for the Palestinian UN bid to succeed – avoids US veto

  Klein, UN Correspondent for Canada Free Press, 10/26  (New Pro-Palestinian UN Security Council Members, canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/41712) 

  Since the day that Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas 

  AND 

  into Abbas’s scheme and buy some more time. 

  US diplomacy is stretched thin – Middle East democracy assistance creates zero-sum trade offs

  Kelemen, Diplomacy Correspondent - NPR, 11  (8/16, Hillary Clinton: U.S. Diplomacy Is Stretched Thin, www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139678323/hillary-clinton-u-s-diplomacy-is-stretched-thin) 

  Hillary Clinton: U.S. Diplomacy 

  AND 

  wisely where we intervene and what we do." 

  Every bit of diplomatic capital matters – the vote is November 11^th - only one more yes vote causes a veto that triggers Middle East war and Israeli strike against Iran

  Evans, Award-winning journalist, 10/21 

  (Security Council Palestinian statehood vote set for November 11, www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2796054/posts 

  The United Nations Security Council has scheduled a 

  AND 

  must stand with the Jewish people right now. 

  Causes great power war and crushes the global economy

  Trabanco 09  (Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs, “The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at Anytime,” php?context=va&aid=11762>&) 

  In case of an Israeli and/or 

  AND 

  right in the middle of a powder keg. 

  2NC

  The US will get enough votes to avoid a veto because of intense diplomatic efforts

  ABC News 9/19  (US and allies scramble to prevent Palestinian bid for UN recognition, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/us-and-allies-scramble-to-prevent-palestinian-bid-for-un-recognition/) 

  US and European diplomats are scrambling to stave 

  AND 

  have enough votes to force a US veto. 

  Pushing democracy assistance depletes diplomatic capital and focus from other efforts

  Singh, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 11 

  (4/2, Democratic Change in the Arab Region: State Policy and the Dynamics of Civil Society, http://www.scribd.com/doc/59127297/Seminar-English-Report) 

  While top-down pressure on governments for 

  AND 

  speeches – that democracy promotion policy truly resides. 

   

  Diplomatic capital is finite - the plan forces tradeoffs

  Anderson, Executive Director of the Environment Research Center, 2k 

  (The Greening of Foreign Policy, http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps20.pdf) 

  Greater international environmental regulation can increase international tension 

  AND 

  resources, and ensuring access to foreign economies.” 

  The vote will be close - diplomatic capital matters – 3 countries could go either way

  Reuters 9/30 

  (UN panel holds first meeting on Palestinian statehood bid, http://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/un-panel-holds-first-meeting-on-palestinian-statehood-bid-1.387455?trailingPath=2.169%2C2.246%2C2.247%2C) 

  Security Council resolutions need nine votes in favor 

   AND 

   over the United States, UN diplomats say. 

  Israel is legitimately considering a strike on Iran – next few months key

  Fiore, Fellow – War Studies – Kings College, 11 

  (July, Israel and Iran’s Nuclear Weapon Programme: Roll Back or Containment?, IAI WORKING PAPERS) 

  The IAEA’s report, the limited impact of 

  AND 

  most likely do in the case of Iran. 

  Turns the aff – Palestinians are the most important issue for US credibility

   Strenger, Professor of Psychology at Tel Aviv  AND  even though this is not yet quite clear. 

  Veto causes war throughout the Middle East

  NYT 9/21  (France Breaks With Obama on Palestinian Statehood Issue, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/world/middleeast/france-breaks-with-obama-on-palestinian-statehood-issue.html?_r=1&scp=10&sq=palestine state&st=cse) 

  In the meantime, if the Palestinian effort 

  AND 

  state of immobility that favors only the extremists.”

  
  
• 
  
  

T - Third Party

• Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia GL | Judge: Brovero
  
  

• 4 

  A. Interpretation: “Its democracy assistance” means aid is must be provided to recipients directly or through intermediaries under the control of the United States.

  “Its” denotes possession

  Glossary of English 05 

  (http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html) 

  Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.) 

  Possession means control over

  Oxford Dictionaries ‘11, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/possession 

   Possession 

   Pronunciation:/pəˈzɛʃ(ə)n/ 

   noun 

   1 [mass noun] the state of having , owning, or controlling something: 

   she had taken possession of the sofa 

   the book came into my possession 

   he remains in full possession of his sanity  

  B. Violation – The US does not have control over aid routed through multilateral organizations – once it becomes multilateral assistance it is no longer “offered by” the United States

  Martin A. Weiss - Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade @ CRS – 4/1/08, The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA), http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/3225.pdf 

   On the other hand, some analysts 

  AND 

  offered by the United States for domestic political reasons 

  Vote negative

   

  A. Ground – The best neg args like backlash and “USAID bad” are based on the US-implemented democracy assistance – Even if there are lots of different aff’s, US implementation guarantees the neg will have something to say

   

  B. Predictable limits – Going through a third party changes how the assistance is implemented which the negative cannot be prepared for and introduces 200 new unpredictable advantage areas based on relations.

  
  
• 
  
  

Critical Pedagogy K

• Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: UO BC | Judge: Reed, JV
  
  

• Critical Pedagogy K - 1NC

  Their framework for debate is mired in totalitarian ideology—the privileging of “oppressed” voices over and against that of “oppressors” buys into a dangerously homogenizing world view which authorizes genocidal violence against all world views that are not sufficiently “liberatory.”

  Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998 “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/ilangz/Critpe39.html) 

  Freire’s Critical Pedagogy did not grow out of 

  AND 

  be successful in the present order of things. 

  Vote to negate their strategically oriented praxis. Your ballot can be used as form of counter-education which is able to challenge their dangerous utopianism while mounting a more effective challenge to dominant knowledge production regimes precisely because it refuses to ascribe normative standards for what makes a strategy “emancipatory.”

  Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998 “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/ilangz/Critpe39.html) 

   Critical Theory is committed to universal emancipation, 

  AND 

  of hope possible in such an educational project. 

  K - 1NR

  Our links straight turn this argument and only the alternative can solve—our strategy of counter-education employs an emancipatory ignorance which is able to destabilize dominant ideology without devolving into dogmatic authoritarianism

  Biesta 98 (Gert J. J. Biesta, Educational Sciences—Utrecht, 1998 

  “SAY YOU WANT A REVOLUTION…SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPOSSIBLE FUTURE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY,” Educational Theory 48:4) 

  If it is the case … an emancipatory ignorance. 

  Their elevation of personal experience as intrinsically valid is a dangerous political gesture – their notion of liberation is an illusion which works to stave of real change

  Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998 “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/ilangz/Critpe39.html) 

  From this perspective, the consensus reached by 

  AND 

   and the present realm of self-evidence. 

  Our alternative is a distinct strategy which solves all of their offense – out negative critique is able to challenge oppressions precisely because it refuses all collectivism, dogmatisms, and ethnocentrisms – we avoid the methodological Puritanism which taints their project – proves why the permutation is impossible

  Gur-Ze’ev 02 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Education—Haifa University, 2002 

  Bildung and Critical Theory facing Post-modern Education, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36:3, 391-408) 

  Critical Theory through its pessimist … what she currently is. 

  Engaging in open-ended dialogue is our methodology which is the only way normative epistemologies are altered

  Gurzev et al 01 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Haifa—Education, Jan Masschelein, Psychology and Educational Sciences—KU Leuven, and Nigel Blake, Educational Technology—Open University, 2001 

  “Reflectivity, Reflection, and Counter-Education,” Studies in Philosophy and Education 20: 93–106) 

  Recognition of the Other as totally different and 

  AND 

  altered and room is made for an alternative. 

  Their pedagogy is totalitarian – its easy for optimism for the erasure of oppression is the flip side of a logic that is willing to eliminate opposition

  Biesta 98 (Gert J, Educational Sciences – Utrecht, “Say You Want a Revolution…Suggestions For the Impossible Future of Critical Pedagogy”, Educational Theory 48:4) 

   Gur-Ze’ev’s evaluation of the current state 

   AND 

   in the patriarchal character of Giroux’s own theorizing.

  
  
• 
  
  

IRC CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• este1NC 

  CP Text: The United States Federal Government should remove Internal Revenue Code lobbying restrictions on charities and foundations that offer assistance to foreign NGO’s to provide necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Egypt.

  Removing IRC lobbying restrictions ensures direct funding by charities and foundations of foreign NGO’s that solve the aff

  Crimm, Professor - Law - St. John's, 05 

  (Democratization, Global Grant-Making, and the Internal Revenue Code Lobbying Restrictions, 79 Tul. L. Rev. 587) 

  This Article focuses on the latter group of 

  AND 

  outweighs the risks of refraining from cautious experimentation. 

  Donations from foundations and charities to foreign NGO’s are more effective than the USFG in providing democracy assistance to the Arab world

  Jenkins, Professor - Law - Ohio State, 07 

  (SOFT POWER, STRATEGIC SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY, 85 N.C.L. Rev. 773) 

  International aid is a powerful weapon in promoting 

  AND 

  governance advance U.S. security interests. 

  The counterplan provides the greatest boost to US credibility – philanthropic assistance is identified with the government yet garners greater legitimacy because it’s distanced from the government

  Jenkins, Professor - Law - Ohio State, 07 

  (SOFT POWER, STRATEGIC SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY, 85 N.C.L. Rev. 773) 

  Nye primarily views international nonprofit organizations as attracting 

  AND 

  - that inures to the state writ large. 

  Turns solvency – The Federal Government will dominate every step of the democracy assistance project – undermines legitimacy and prevents the establishment of indigenous capacity

  Carothers, Director – Democracy Program – Carnegie, 09 

  (Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID) 

  A second key problem for USAID’s democracy and 

  AND 

  the legitimacy of such efforts will be questioned. 2NC 

  A2: Perm – Government involvement crowds out donations from charities and foundations

  Desai, Fellow at Brookings, 10 

  (Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Wolfensohn Center for Development at the Brookings Institution, and Associate Professor of International Development in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 42 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 1111, Summer) 

  The public economics literature suggests that collective action 

  AND 

  percent of the observed crowding-out effect. 

  Direct US endorsement generates backlash – takes out solvency – private foundations avoid – they are the best mechanism to enhance our standing* 

  Yacoubian, Special adviser - United States Institute of Peace, 05 

  (Promoting Middle East Democracy II: Arab Initiatives) 

  Bolstering U.S. credibility in the 

  AND 

  beyond the purview of the traditional policymaking apparatus. 

  International philanthropy is a powerful tool for enhancing credibility of the US government

  Jenkins, Professor - Law - Ohio State, 07 

  (SOFT POWER, STRATEGIC SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY, 85 N.C.L. Rev. 773) 

  This Article details how international philanthropy advances U 

  AND 

  but also out of enlightened self-interest. 

  The counterplan solves the aff’s provision of assistance

  a) Quality - Non profits are better equipped to provide training and expertise

  Wethington, Former US Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Int Affairs, 10/11  (NGOs best placed to aid Egypt’s transition?, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/ngos-best-placed-to-aid-egypt’s-transition/) 

  While Egypt’s transition will necessarily 

  AND 

  democratic governments is to provide the resources that can make delivery of this aid possible. 

  b) Quantity - Private aid provides 50 percent more assistance than government aid

  Desai, Fellow at Brookings, 10 

  (Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Wolfensohn Center for Development at the Brookings Institution, and Associate Professor of International Development in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, 42 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 1111, Summer) 

  Warren Buffett made headlines in 2006 by announcing 

  AND 

  aid is 50 percent larger than official aid. 

  USAID is the agency that delivers democracy assistance to MENA

  McInerney, POMED's Executive Director, 11 

  (THE LOGIC OF THE DONOR COMMUNITY: AMERICAN DONORS) 

   The United States Agency for International Development ( 

  AND 

   support democracy and governance programming. 

  Dysfunctions of USAID also apply to the other democracy assistance agencies

  Carothers, Director – Democracy Program – Carnegie, 09 

  (Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID) 

  An additional core issue hurting USAID’s democracy and 

  AND 

  governments to carry out their socioeconomic assistance work.  

  USFG democracy assistance fails:

  a) Micromanagement – USAID oversight prevents implementing partners from successfully providing assistance 

  Carothers, Director – Democracy Program – Carnegie, 09 

  (Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID) 

   The procedures relating to the implementation of programs 

  AND 

  doing what is necessary to produce meaningful results. 

  b) Branding – Official assistance requires it

  Carothers, Director – Democracy Program – Carnegie, 09 

  (Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID) 

  Adding a dispiriting accent to the externality of 

   AND 

   unsuccessful, and the requirement remains in place. 

    

  Branding turns aid providers into targets for militants – undermines assistance

  Worthington, President of InterAction, 10 

  (Why American aid workers in Pakistan need to keep a low profile, html>&) 

  Overtly branding our efforts as sponsored by the 

  AND 

  , according to security conditions on the ground. 

   

  The counterplan ensures change in official policy by funding NGO’s that effectively lobby the government

  Crimm, Professor - Law - St. John's, 05 

  (Democratization, Global Grant-Making, and the Internal Revenue Code Lobbying Restrictions, 79 Tul. L. Rev. 587) 

  In democratic and democratizing nations, civil society's 

  AND 

  periods of governmental transition is of particular importance. 

  IRC lobbying restrictions are holding back large numbers of charities interested in funding foreign NGO’s – the CP will have a significant effect

  Crimm, Professor - Law - St. John's, 05 

  (Democratization, Global Grant-Making, and the Internal Revenue Code Lobbying Restrictions, 79 Tul. L. Rev. 587) 

  Second, it was well known that after 

  AND 

  a chilling effect and ward off potential electors. 

  Huge interest exists for philanthropy to the Middle East – encouraging giving to support democracy will generate participation

  Katulis, Senior Fellow – Center for American Progress, 9 

  (“Democracy Promotion in the Middle East and the Obama Administration”, 

  http://tcf.org/publications/pdfs/pb681/Katulis.pdf) 

  The new administration should increase its efforts to 

  AND 

  reliance on U.S. taxpayer support. 

   

  
  
• 
  
  

PLEASE READ!!!!! - The caselist won't let me post any more cites. They are attached as documents below

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 
  

  
  
• 
  
  

China DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Chinese economic cooperation with Egypt growing but still modest

  Telegraph 11 (2-15, China's Economic Presence in Egypt, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/egypt-wikileaks-cables/8326847/Chinas-Economic-Presence-in-Egypt.html)

  Despite recent growth in bilateral trade and pledges

  AND

  . --------------------------------------- ...Overall Chinese Investment is Modest ---------------------------------------

  SCAF will perceive the plan as the US meddling in its internal affairs – causes a shift in relations towards China

  Levine, Professor of History - UC Irvine, 1/3

  (SCAF's Chinese surprise in 2012, www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121283259906802.html)

  Internally, from Revolutionary Socialists to Salafis,

  AND

  US empire's most strategically central and prized possessions.

  China will use cooperation with Egypt to challenge US oil interests

  Stakelbeck, Senior Asia Fellow - Center for Security Policy, 06

  (The Sino-Egyptian Alliance?, archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=3549

  Lastly, any discussion of China’s regional influence

  AND

  the U.S. and its allies. 

  Micalculated US/China war

  Salameh, International oil economist and consultant to the World Bank, 10

  (Technical expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Director of the Oil Market Consultancy Service, member of both the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, “China’s Global Oil Diplomacy: Benign or Hostile?”)

  The scope for miscalculation by either the United

  AND

  and even global peace depend on the answers.

   

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Yemen Condition CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• The United States federal government ought to not substantially increase local governance assistance for democratic capacity-building to Shaykhs and the Yemeni Youth Movement in the Republic of Yemen unless they adequately cooperate with anti-terrorism initiatives, by the central government and the United States, including the sharing of counter-terror information. The United States federal government should advocate this position in negotiations.

  Only the CP solves terrorism

  Knoetgne ’11

  (Peter Knoetgne, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, “Chaos and Terrorism: How to Fight al-Qaeda in Yemen Amid Political Turmoil”, May 16, 2011, http://www.cejiss.org/columns/chaos-and-terrorism-how-fight-al-qaeda-yemen-amid-political-turmoil)

  For security forces to establish a presence in

  AND

  role of a strategic weapon against Yemeni terrorism.

  QPQ to opposition groups is key

  Terrill National Security Affairs Army War College ’11 (W. Andrew-, August 2, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/ The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2)

  There are also special problems regarding terrorism.

  AND

  most Americans. Their efforts will be indispensible.

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Bahrain Pressure CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• The United States federal government should notify the government of Bahrain that it will terminate its status as a Major non-NATO ally if it does not release jailed opposition leaders and engage in a genuinely inclusive dialogue with them and the groups they represent.

  CP solves --- U.S. can leverage reforms

  Hiltermann, 9/8 --- Deputy Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group (9/8/2011, Joost R., “Obama's Bahrain backpedalling,” http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/08/washingtons-leverage-over-bahrain/)

  How Washington should now proceed is an open

  AND

  supporters and the opposition to show the way.

  The counterplan solves U.S. hypocrisy, boosts leadership and encourages Bahrain moderation --- doesn’t link to politics, Bahrain won’t kick us out and no risk of Saudi and GCC backlash

  Dietz, 11 (4/21/2011, David, “SHOULD THE US RECONSIDER ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BAHRAIN?” http://www.transterramedia.com/should-us-reconsider-its-relationship-bahrain?page=0,3)

  Nevertheless America must exert pressure on Bahrain to

  AND

  island is in for more unrest and violence.

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Coercion K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Coercion K

  National Service Programs use a servant/master rhetoric to justify individual responsibility to the State

  Winter, 04  (Bill, Libertarian Party

  AND

  )

  The United States was founded on a radical

  AND

  private lives at the disposal of the government."

  Voluntary service will slide into compulsory service- all supporters of voluntary service wont stop until they get to compulsion

  Grigg, 97 (William, “Service

  AND

  )

  In similar fashion, the Clinton Administration's relatively

  AND

  their rights when the government says it's necessary."

  Individual liberty is paramount – every intrusion must be resisted

  Petro – Professor of Law at Wake Forest University – 1974 (Sylvester, University of Toledo Law Review, Spring, p.480)

  However, one may still insist, echoing

  AND

  be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Governance T

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• == 1NC == === A. Interpretation – === === Democracy assistance is the __transfer__ of __funds, expertise, or material__ for the primary purpose of fostering democracy === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Richard (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Lappin(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)- Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies @ U of Leuven- (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)2009(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (last cite), What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation, http:~/~/www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)Democracy assistance can be most accurately defined as (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)precise instrument within a broader democracy promotion paradigm. === B. Violation – “Governance” assistance is not democracy assistance === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Phillips, (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Director of National Committee on American Foreign Policy, and Mitchell, International Politics Prof at Columbia,(% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) ‘8(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (David and Lincoln, May, “Enhancing Democracy Assistance” American Foreign Policy Interests, Vol 30 Issue 3, p 156-175, InformaWorld) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Support Elections (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Because support for elections has become (% class="MsoNormal" %) AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) such as participation, contestation, and accountability. === C. Vote Neg === === 1. Limits –Anything that has to do with a target country’s government could be “governance” assistance –there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy” by improving governance === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Thomas (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Carothers(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)- sr. associate at Carnegie- June (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)2003(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, http:~/~/www.carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" %)//INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY// (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:~"Calibri~",~"sans-serif~";mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:~"Times New Roman~"" %)•(% style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)underwriting(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) formal and informal (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)efforts to advance democratic civic education. === 2. Ground – The aff slides into development assistance – explodes aff ground with unpredictable advantages and changes the nature of negative DA links and germane counterplans === (% class="MsoNormal" %)

  
  
• 
  
  

Interventionism Good

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• == Interventionism Good == === 1NC === === Making war seem clean is key to hege- otherwise the public won’t sustain it- their criticism of interventionism causes U.S. withdrawal which sparks arms races and nuclear conflict === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Rosen(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), Professor National Security Harvard, ‘(% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)3(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Stephen Peter, Spring, “An Empire, If You Can Keep It” The National Interest, lexis) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)The other unique aspect of(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: lime; mso-highlight: lime" %)American empire(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) today (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)that the alternatives are that much more attractive(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). === US hegemony plays an overwhelmingly stabilizing role – democratic constrains on hegemonic excess mean that even if there are some examples of US intervention the longer term trend is peace === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %)Ikenberry – IR, Princeton - ‘1 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)G. John, Getting Hegemony Right, http:~/~/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2001_Spring/ai_72345245/ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)A critical ingredient in stabilizing international relations(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) in a world of radical power disparities (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)is(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) the character of (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)America(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) itself. (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)The United States is indeed a global hegemon, but (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" %)because of(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) its (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)democratic institutions(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) and political traditions (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)it(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) is~-~-or (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)can be(% style="font-size: 6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)~-~-a (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)relatively (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)benign(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) one. Joseph Nye's arguments on "soft power" of course come to mind here, and there is much to his point. But, in fact, there are other, more significant aspects of the American way in foreign policy that protect the United States from the consequences of its own greatness. When (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)other major states consider whether to work with the U(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)nited (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)S(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)tates (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)or resist (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)it, (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %)the fact that it is an open, stable democracy matters. The outside world can see American policymaking at work and can even find opportunities to(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) enter the process and help (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)shape how the overall order operates(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). Paris, London, Berlin, Moscow, Tokyo and even Beijing~-~-in each of these capitals officials can readily find reasons to conclude that an engagement policy toward the United States will be more effective than balancing against U.S. power. America in large part stumbled into this open, institutionalized order in the 1940s, as it sought to rebuild the postwar world and to counter Soviet communism. In the late 1940s, in a pre-echo of today's situation, the United States was the world's dominant state~-~-constituting 45 percent of world GNP, leading in military power, technology, finance and industry, and brimming with natural resources. But America nonetheless found itself building world order around stable and binding partnerships. Its calling card was its offer of Cold War security protection. But the intensity of political and economic cooperation between the United States and its partners went well beyond what was necessary to counter the Soviet threat. As the historian Geir Lundestad has observed, the expanding American political order in the half century after World War II was in important respects an "empire by invitation." [5] (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %)The(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) remarkable (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)global reach of American postwar hegemony has been(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) at least in part (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)driven by (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)the efforts of (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Europe(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) an and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Asian governments to harness U.S. power, render that power more predictable, and use it to overcome their own regional insecurities. The result has been a vast system of America-centered economic and security partnerships.(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) Even though (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)the U(% style="font-size: 6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)nited (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" %)S(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)tates looks like a wayward power to many around the world today, it nonetheless (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)has an unusual ability to(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)co-opt and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)reassure(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). Three elements matter most in making U.S. power more stable, engaged and restrained. First, (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)America's mature political institutions organized around the rule of law(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) have (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)made it(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) a (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)relatively predictable and cooperative(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) hegemon. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)The pluralistic(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) and regularized (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)way(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) in which (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)U.S. foreign(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) and security (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)policy is made reduces surprises(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) and allows other states to build longterm, mutually beneficial relations. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)The governmental (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)separation of powers creates(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) a (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)shared decision-making(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) system that opens up the process (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)and reduces the ability of any one leader to make(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) abrupt or (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)aggressive moves(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) toward other states. An active press and competitive party system also provide a service to outside states by generating information (% style="font-size: 6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)about U.S. policy and determining its seriousness of purpose. The messiness of a democracy can, indeed, frustrate American diplomats and confuse foreign observers. But (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)over the long term, (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)democratic institutions produce(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) more consistent and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)credible policies(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)~-~-policies (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)that do not reflect(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) the capricious and idiosyncratic (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)whims of an autocrat(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %). Think of the United States as a giant corporation that seeks foreign investors. It is more likely to attract investors if it can demonstrate that it operates according to accepted accounting and fiduciary principles. The rule of law and the institutions of policymaking in a democracy are the political equivalent of corporate transparency and accountability (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Sharp shifts in policy must ultimately be vetted within the policy process and pass muster by an array of investigatory and decision-making bodies(% style="font-size: 6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). Because it is a constitutional, rule-based democracy, outside states are more willing to work with the United States~-~-or, to return to the corporate metaphor, to invest in ongoing partnerships. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)This open and decentralized political process(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %) works in a second way to reduce foreign worries about American power. It (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)creates(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) what might be called "voice opportunities"~-~-that is, opportunities for political access and, with it, the (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)means for foreign governments and groups to influence the way Washington's power is exercised.(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) In 1990 the political analyst Pat Choate wrote a bestseller entitled Agents of Influence, detailing the supposedly scandalous ways in which Japanese ministries and corporations were manipulating the American political process. High-priced lobbyists were advancing Tokyo's commercial interests within the hallowed halls of the American capital and undermining the pursuit of the U.S. national interest. Today Washington is even more inundated by foreign diplomats and revolving-door lobbyists working to ensure that the interests of America's partners are not overlooked. Looked at from the perspective of the stable functioning of America's hegemonic order, Choate was actually describing one of the brilliant aspects of the United States as a global power. By providing other states opportunities to play the game in Washington, they are drawn into active, ongoing partnerships that serve the long-term strategic interests of the United States. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)A third and final element of the American order that reduces worry about power asymmetries is the web of (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)multilateral institutions(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) that mark the postwar world(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). After World War II, the United States launched history's most ambitious era of institution-building. The UN, IMF, World Bank, NATO, GATT and other institutions that emerged provided a more extensive rule-based structure for political and economic relations than anything seen before. The United States had been deeply ambivalent about making permanent security commitments to other states and about allowing its political and economic policies to be dictated by intergovernmental bodies. The Soviet menace was critical in overcoming these doubts. Networks and political relationships were built that~-~-paradoxically~-~-made U.S. power both more far-reaching and durable but also more predictable and malleable. In effect, the United States spun a web of institutions that connected other states to an emerging American-dominated economic and security order. But in doing so, (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)these institutions(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) also (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)bound the U(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)nited (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)S(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)tates (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)to (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)other states and reduced(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)~-~-at least to some extent~-~-(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)Washington's(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) ability to engage in the (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)arbitrary and indiscriminate(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) exercise of (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)power(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %). Call it an institutional bargain. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)The price(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) for the United States was a reduction in Washington's policy autonomy, in that institutional rules and joint decision-making (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" %)reduced U.S. unilateralist capacities(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). But what Washington got in return was worth the price. (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)America's partners(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) also had their autonomy constrained, but in return (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)were able to operate in a world where U.S. power was more restrained and reliable(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). Secretary of State Dean Rusk spelled out the terms of the bargain in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1965: We are every day, in one sense, accepting limitations upon our complete freedom of .... We have more than 4,300 treaties and international agreements, two-thirds of which have been entered into in the past 25 years.... Each one of which at least limits our freedom of action. We exercise our sovereignty going into these agreements. But Rusk argued that these agreements also create a more stable environment within which the United States can pursue its interests. "Law is a process by which we increase our range of freedom" and "we are constantly enlarging our freedom by being able to predict what others are going to do." [6] The United States gets a more predictable environment and more willing partners. There have been many moments when Asian and European allies have complained about the heavy-handedness of U.S. foreign policy, but (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)the(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) open and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)institutionalized character of the American order(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) has (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)minimized(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) the possibilities of (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)hegemonic excess(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) over the long term. The untoward implications of sharp power asymmetries are reduced, cooperation and reciprocity are regularized, and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)the overall hegemonic order is rendered more(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) legitimate and (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)stable(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). The bargain~-~-on both sides~-~-remains intact. === Hegemony is sustainable if the U.S. holds onto its allies === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Kagan Sr. Assoc. Carnegie 10-30-‘8 (Robert-, Washington Post, “Still No. 1”, [[(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)http:~~/~~/www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/10/30/ST2008103002048 .html>>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/10/30/ST2008103002048%20.html]](%%)) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)One hopes that whoever wins next week will (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)would take a dim view if he tried. === (% class="StyleDate" %)Focus on security through deterrence is inherently reflexive- learning to understand our enemies helps us broaden our world view(%%) === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Lupovici 8(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) – Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto (Amir, “Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse,” [[(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)http:~~/~~/www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf>>http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf||target="_blank"]](%%) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Since (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)deterrence(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) can become part of the (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)and created more stable expectations of avoiding violence(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). === Global violence decreasing – civilization has become more moral === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Pinker(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), Johnstone Family Professor at Harvard University, ‘(% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)7(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Steven, March 19, “A History of Violence” The New Republic, lexis) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)In sixteenth-century Paris, a popular (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)to know what, exactly, it is. === Opposing all military intervention on the basis of peace is an illusion – the US is not the only regime that kills but it is the only regime with the ability to stop killing === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)Willis(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), Professor of (% style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" %)Journalism(%%) & Director of Concentration in Cultural Reporting and Criticism (% style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" %)at NYU, ‘(% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)2(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Ellen, “Why I'm not for peace,” Radical Society, April) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)DURING THE WAR IN BOSNIA, IN AN (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)facile temptation to declare peace and go home(% style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). === Perceptions of weakness causes enemies to miscalc- they’ll be overly aggressive and the U.S. will crackdown harder than it would otherwise === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Heisbourg ’00(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Francois-, Chairmen of the Geneva Center for Security Policy, fmr. Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies Winter (99-00), Survival, “American Hegemony? Perceptions of the US Abroad”, Vol. 41 #4; Jacob) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)The(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) last (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)perception(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) is that (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" %)of the US (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)one cannot be too sanguine on this score. === No mindless intervention === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Mandelbaum 11(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy,” Jan 2011) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)MANDELBAUM: I think it is, Richard (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %), unwanted and expensive task of nation building. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)Nation building has never been popular. The (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)And (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)that unit has come to an end. (% class="MsoNormal" %) === Realism inevitable – structure of the international system === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Mearsheimer ‘1(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (John J., Prof. of Poli. Sci. @ U. Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, P. 1-4) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Many in the West seem to believe that (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)democratic China to promote peace around the globe. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %)** ** === 1NR === (% class="MsoNormal" %) === The public supports military engagement abroad === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)World Public Opinion, ‘7(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (August 3, “US Role on the World” http:~/~/www.americans-world.org/digest/overview/us_role/general_principles.cfm) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Americans show strong support for the US maintaining (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)it as having a negative effect.[14b] === Public ignorance __decreases opposition__ to aggressive foreign policy === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Astore 10 (William J. Astore, a retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), taught for six years at the Air Force Academy, a TomDispatch regular, he currently teaches at the Pennsylvania College of Technology, "The New American Isolationism: The Cost of Turning Away From War's Horrific Realities," November 1, [[(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)http:~~/~~/www.huffingtonpost.com/william-j-astore/the-new-american-isolatio_b_777149.html>>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-j-astore/the-new-american-isolatio_b_777149.html]](%%)) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)A new isolationism is metastasizing(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) in the American (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)our troops,” but otherwise to look away. === Media coverage doesn’t mobilize antiwar movements – it __shields__ war’s costs === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Astore 10 (William J. Astore, a retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), taught for six years at the Air Force Academy, a TomDispatch regular, he currently teaches at the Pennsylvania College of Technology, "The New American Isolationism: The Cost of Turning Away From War's Horrific Realities," November 1, http:~/~/www.huffingtonpost.com/william-j-astore/the-new-american-isolatio_b_777149.html) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Mainstream (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" %)media coverage(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) of our wars (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10pt; background: lime; mso-highlight: lime" %)has (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)and eroding our country’s standing in the world(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). === War short-circuits the transition to new forms of politics === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Linklater ’89(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Andrew-, Beyond Realism and Marxism, P. 32; Jacob) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)These theoretical disagreements with Marxism generate major differences (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)of emancipation through the extension of human community. === Decline of US military primacy provokes global nuclear conflict === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Zhang(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), Researcher Carnegie, (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)and Shi(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %), Consultant for Eurasia Group and World Bank, (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)’11(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Yuhan and Lin, January 22, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” East Asia Forum, http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" %)Over (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %)the past (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" %)two decades(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" %), (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" %)no(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) other (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy(% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %). === Economics and past interventions limit US imperialism === (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleDate" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Ben Ami, VP of Toledo International Centre for Peace, ’11(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %) (Shlomo, July 1, “Arab Spring, Western Fall” Project Syndicate, http:~/~/www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/benami55/English) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)The old vocation of what Rudyard Kipling called (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)AND (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)guerrillas, build schools, or sip tea.” (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %)

  
  
• 
  
  

Round 1 Pitt RR

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Eric Morris
  
  

• 1NC

  1NC - PAYROLL TAX CUT

  Payroll tax extension is Obama’s only focus --- passage is likely and he sees it as key to his overall political strategy

  Lee, 12/30 (Carol E., WSJ Online, 12/30/2011, “White House Looks to Shrunken 2012 Legislative Agenda,” Factiva)

  HONOLULU—President Barack Obama heads into 2012 with a legislative

  AND

  the actions we take in the months ahead will help determine what kind of country we want to be, and what kind of world we want our children and grandchildren to grow up in."

  Obama’s consistent focus on the middle class economy is reinvigorating his political strength --- key to yearlong extension of payroll tax cut

  Calmes, 12/24 (Jackie, 12/24/2011, International Herald Tribune, “Big gains in a small victory for Obama; President offers a lesson on how and when to pick the right political battle,” Factiva)

  President Barack Obama did not win much substantively

  AND

  the fight over a full-year extension.

  No political support for the plan now --- Congress will even fight to prevent budget reallocations

  Richter, 11 (4/12/2011, Paul LA Times, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition; U.S. lawmakers not only have shut the door on new spending to stabilize countries rocked by the so-called Arab Spring. They have resisted proposals to shift money from other foreign aid programs,” )

  The Obama administration's efforts to use foreign aid

  AND

  resistance from appropriators in Congress, aides say.

  Full extension key to prevent a double dip recession

  Stewart, 12/28 --- Observer's economics editor (Heather,12/28/2011, “Extending Obama's tax cuts should be new year's resolution for Republicans,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2011/dec/28/obama-tax-cuts-new-year-resolution?newsfeed=true)

  Republicans caved in at the last minute last

  AND

  won't just be the Republicans' reputation that suffers.

  This will trigger a depression

  Isidore, 8/10 (Chris, 8/10/2011, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)

  And while economists disagree on just how likely

  AND

  have virtually no policy effort to counteract it. 

  US key to global economy – collapse causes global stagnation

  Caploe ‘9 (David-, CEO American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia, April 7, Straits Times, “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”)

  IN THE aftermath of the G-20

  AND

  going to have to be solved there too.

  Global economic collapse causes nuclear war

  Mead 09 Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, Only Makes You Stronger, The New Republic,

  The greatest danger both to U.S

  AND

  track, we may still have to fight.

  1NC - PAKISTAN AID DA

  Bilateral aid to Pakistan survived pressure for budget cuts for 2012- but conditions were attached to counter insurgency programs and civilian assistance was given enough funding enough to tread water

  Lobe Chief Washington Bureau IPS 12-17

  (Jim-, Inter Press Service, “U.S.: Foreign Aid Spared Drastic Cuts for 2012”, )

  Despite the budget cutting and anti-U

  AND

  water with regard to our civilian international engagement."

  U.S. Pakistani relations are at the breaking point and the state is failing- continuing KLB assistance is key but it’s on the chopping block

  Hathaway Director Asia Program Wilson Center 1-13

  (Robert M.-, The Daily Star, “The U.S. can’t walk away from Pakistan”, )

  The whispers in Washington are growing louder:

  AND

  failing to act could be infinitely more costly.

  KLB aid comes out of the ESF- Congress and Obama have to allocate scare funds between recipient countries

  Cornwell ‘11

  (Susan-, April 21, Reuters, “U.S. has allocated $20 billion for Pakistan”, )

  Leading lawmakers said in 2009 they wanted to

  AND

  in Economic Support Funds, the CRS says.

  Any funds for democracy assistance in MENA have to come from the ESF budget

  Bockenfeld Director of Advocacy Project on Middle East Democracy ’11 (Cole-, Editor POMED Wire blog, April 17, Project on Middle East Democracy, “Summary and Highlights of FY11 Appropriations Act”, summary-and-highlights-of-fy11-appropriations-act.html/)

  Speaking on the wave of democratic protests in

  AND

  from Economic Support Funds intended for other programming.

  U.S. civilian assistance strengthens Pakistan as a bulwark against terrorism- cutting it risks attacks against India and undermines U.S. mediation causing nuclear conflict

  Pande Fellow Hudson ’11 (Aparna-, July 26, Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Hearing, “Reassessing American Grand Strategy in South Asia”, )

  While the Pakistani security establishment’s world view does

  AND

  nature - which would cause immense human devastation.

  1NC - CP: PRIVATE AID

  CP Text: The United States Federal Government should remove Internal Revenue Code lobbying restrictions and treasury ATF guidelines on charities and foundations that offer assistance to foreign NGO’s to substantially increase democratic advisory support for Libya.

  Removing IRC lobbying restrictions ensures direct funding by charities and foundations of foreign NGO’s that solve the aff

  Crimm, Professor - Law - St. John's, 05 (Democratization, Global Grant-Making, and the Internal Revenue Code Lobbying Restrictions, 79 Tul. L. Rev. 587)

  This Article focuses on the latter group of

  AND

  outweighs the risks of refraining from cautious experimentation.

  The counterplan provides the greatest boost to US credibility – philanthropic assistance is identified with the government yet garners greater legitimacy because it’s distanced from the government

  Jenkins, Professor - Law - Ohio State, 07 (SOFT POWER, STRATEGIC SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL PHILANTHROPY, 85 N.C.L. Rev. 773)

  Nye primarily views international nonprofit organizations as attracting

  AND

  - that inures to the state writ large.

  1NC - MEDICAL ASSITANCE CP

  Text: The United States Federal Government should increase medical assistance to Libya including the deployment of a U.S. Navy hospital ship offshore in Libya to help care for wounded Libyans and opening U.S. military medical facilities in Europe to injured Libyans who require more advanced care.

  The counterplan strengthens the NTC and sends a strong signal of US leadership and support without costing any money

  McCain et al, Senators, 11

  (10/12, Lieberman, Graham

  AND

  -assistance-to-wounded-libyans-)

  As you know, thousands of Libyans have

  AND

  to provide adequate care for the war wounded.

  Stability Advantage 1NC

  1) Libyan led transition effective now - stability will emerge despite some skirmishes and tension

  Macdonald, Specialist Desk Editor - Reuters, 12/16

  (Special Report: Libya - divided it stands, www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/16/us-libya-future-idUSTRE7BF0MG20111216)

  Yet despite those real tensions, Libyans are also drawn together by the

  AND

  optimistic. As one Western diplomat put it: "You have to respect the slow-motion Libyan way."

  2) Status quo solves – Economy

  a) Newly unfrozen assets ensures strong economic growth

  Middle East Online 12/18

  (11, Libya hopes lifting of sanctions will ease post-Gathafi cash crunch, www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=49564)

  The governor of Libya's central bank said on

  AND

  social and macroeconomic stability in the new Libya."

   

  b) Economic growth solves – ensures stability and political reform

  Alberts, PhD candidate at the School of Oriental and African Studies, 12/3

  (Oil Sector Reform in Libya, The Tripoli Post, Lexis)

  Before the conflict, Libya produced 1.6 million barrels of oil per day (bpd), generating some 80-85 per cent of Libya's GDP. During the conflict, production was slashed by 90 per cent, hence 2011's dismal figures. With fighting now over and political stability returning, Libya's

  AND

  bites, efficiencies improve, and opportunities are leveraged via private sector investment.

   

  3) Governance assistance fails –the “technical” fixes offered by the aff can’t affect background political conditions and incentive structures that doom reform

  Thomas Carothers and Diane de Gramont – VP, Carnegie – NOVEMBER 2011, Aiding Governance in Developing Countries: Progress Amid Uncertainties, Carnegie, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/aiding_governance.pdf

  Recognize That Governance Deficiencies Are Primarily Political

  Governance assistance was initially shaped by what can

  AND

  factors constrain opportunities for far-reaching reform.

   

  ****

  Draw a line – here are the turns:

  Brain drain and clientellism – governance aid projects make governments more accountable to donors than citizens and lure the best and brightest away from government jobs

  Seppälä, Ruohomäki, Gould – 2001 (last cite)

  (Dr. Pekka Seppälä and Dr. Olli Ruohomäki, advisors with the Unit for Sector Policy, Department for International Development Co-operation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland and Dr. Jeremy Gould, affiliated with the Institute for Developing Studies, University of Helsinki), THINKING STRATEGICALLY ABOUT DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE, MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND

  6.3. The risks of democratic governance intervention

  6.3.1. Ineffective programmes

  AND

   difficult to find trained people to fill basic public sector positions such as those of local government magistrates, schoolteachers, nurses, sanitation engineers and accountants.

   

  Renteirism – Governance funds decrease the government’s reliance on public approval for money – decreases accountability and increases corruption

  Richard Nielson and Daniel Nielson – 2/1/10, Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid, http://aiddata.s3.amazonaws.com/Nielson_2010.pdf

  (Daniel: Director of the Political Economy and Development Lab at Brigham Young University, where he is also Associate Professor of Political Science. He is a founder and principal investigator of AidData, the most comprehensive source for foreign aid information)

  In contrast to the generally positive expectations of the effects of aid

  AND

  correlation. However, as noted above, Finkel et al. (2007) and Kalyvitis and Vlachaki (2007) find that democracy aid increases democracy.

   

  Integration – Governance aid strengthens the current political status quo – prevents opposition integration

  Pop-Eleches and Robertson – profs, Princeton and UNC Chapel Hill – 2011 (last cite)

  Grigore Pop-Eleches and Graeme B. Robertson – Assistant Professor of Politics and Public and International Affairs@ Princeton / Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science @ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – 2011 (last cite), International Aid: Projects, Purposes and Political Impacts in Authoritarian Regimes, http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/patel/psac/Pop-Eleches_PSAC_11_04.pdf

  More relevant to short-term aid is a second mechanism discussed by Finkel

  AND

  deliberalization less likely too. Hence, while democracy aid channeled through governments should not have a big effect on the likelihood of increased political liberalization, it should help to insulate recipient states against deteriorations in the quality of democracy.

   

  Credibility

  US cannot re-build cred in the Middle East – Israel, social issues, economics

  F. GREGORY GAUSE III - professor of political science at the University of Vermont – 12/21/11, Don't Just Do Something, Stand There!, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/21/america_arab_spring_do_nothing?page=full

  Not only should the United States not make

  AND

  America just cannot win their hearts and minds.

   

  Can’t build credibility on the Arab Spring without taking a stand on Bahrain

  Human Rights First – 9/23/11, United States Government Urged to Break the Silence on Bahrain Abuses, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2011/09/23/united-states-government-urged-to-break-the-silence-on-bahrain-abuses/

  The United States Government must break its silence

  AND

  on the right side of history in Bahrain.”

   

  Russia

  Central Asia war won’t escalate

  Weitz 6 (Richard, Washington Quarterly, Summer, senior fellow and associate director of the Center for Future Security Strategies at the Hudson Institute, Lexis)

  Central Asian security affairs have become much more

  AND

  a region where bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.

  Russia doesn’t need Libya – they will use Turkey to increase EU dependence

  WSJ 12/29

  (Turkey Approves Russian Gas Plan , online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204632204577126220469891132.html)

  Russia secured approval from Turkey on Wednesday to build the

  AND

   pipelines, especially the European Union-backed Nabucco project, and increases pressure on Ukraine to give Moscow control of its pipeline system.

  Libya can’t replace Russia – not much natural gas

  Walt, Professor International Affairs at Harvard, 11

  (8/24, Why the Libyan revolution may not matter very much,  walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/23/why_the_libyan_revolution_may_not_matter_very_much)

  Nonetheless, I feel compelled to remind everybody that Libya is not

  AND

   who had little choice but to pretend to embrace it.

  Libya can’t solve EU dependence – even before the war when they were importing natural gas they were still dependent on Russia!

  Cohen, Senior Reserach Fellow, 07

  (Europe's Strategic Dependence on Russian Energy, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/11/europes-strategic-dependence-on-russian-energy)

  EU energy security already depends heavily on Russia.

  AND

  Table 1 shows the major European recipients of Russian natural gas exports, ranked from most dependent to least dependent.

   

  Block

   

   

  *Medical Assistance CP – Solvency – Cred

  The counterplan solves the credibility advantage – sends a high profile signal of support for democracy

  HRF 11

  (11/22, HRF = Human Rights First, “Promoting Reform in Egypt”)

  Separate from government-to-government assistance

  AND

  debt-swap” legislation to fund them.

  Medical assistance key to build good will towards the US

  LA Times 11

  (10/2, John McCain urges

  AND

  -pn-mccain-libya-20111002)

  Sen. John McCain, who visited Libya

  AND

  our relations with the Libyan government and people.”

   

  *Russia

   

  Italy importing natural gas now

  Platts News Service 1/11

  (Italy gas imports from Libya, storage withdrawals up in Nov, www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/NaturalGas/8785068)

  Italian imports of Libyan gas in November increased

  AND

  m imported in October through the undersea link.

   

  US winning the influence battle – Libya is working with countries who helped bomb in the war – reconstruction irrelvent

  RT News 12/29

  (From shelling to selling: The scramble for Libyan contracts, (rt.com/news/lybia-infrastructure-reconstruction-nato-873/)

  While Libya is going through a tough period

  AND

  Libya – a stance that has already backfired.

   

   

  *Stability

   

  Ext#1: Squo Solves

   

  Libya stabilizing now – board of trustees and UN status of mission agreement prove increased NTC governance capacity

  Democracy Digest 1/11

  (Libya’s transition: two steps forward, one step back?, www.demdigest.net/blog/2012/01/libyas-transition-two-steps-forward-one-step-back/)

  Libya’s transition process took two significant steps

  AND

  capacity to reintegrate former regime elements.

  Militias will be successfully integrated into central government systems

  Mahmud, Reporter for Al-Shart Al-Awsat, 1/1

  (Libyan revolutionaries opt for political action; reject terrorism, Lexis)

  Abdallah Ahmad Nakir, chairman of the council of Tripoli's

  AND

   Libya will accommodate all those who desire to engage in political and national action in the forthcoming stage.

  Ext#2: Growth Solves – AT: Democracy Before Economy

  Economic growth comes first – raising the standard of living key to state building

  Ghanmi, Reporter for Magharebia, 12/20

  (Libyan bloggers discuss democratic transition , www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/blog/2011/12/20/feature-05)

  At the blog "I'm a Libyan immigrant," Salim Elragihe wrote

  AND

   democracy out of their belief that it's a West-made thing or kufr that contradicts Islam and threatens our national unity."

   

  Pref our Ev 2NC

  Prefer our ev

  a.     Statistics - Our evidence uses a detailed analysis of governance assistance that take into account multiple countries with a variety of variables

  Richard Nielson and Daniel Nielson – 2/1/10, Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid, http://aiddata.s3.amazonaws.com/Nielson_2010.pdf

  (Daniel: Director of the Political Economy and Development Lab at Brigham Young University, where he is also Associate Professor of Political Science. He is a founder and principal investigator of AidData, the most comprehensive source for foreign aid information),

  Foreign aid for improving governance may promote democracy because monitoring

  AND

  democracy scores only in the subset of observations most likely to receive the governance aid in the first place.

   

  Brain Drain/Clientelism 2NC

  Empirics prove – aff is net worse for governance

  Bharat Pokharel - Executive Director of Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA), Tribhuvan University – May 2011, Alliance FOR AID MONITOR NEPAL, “Making AID Better,” http://www.aidmonitor.org.np/publication/pub6.pdf

  Some donors choose to “by-pass

  AND

  erodes the quality and effectiveness of government institutions.

  Turns the aff – Undermines every aspect of good governance – transparency, accountability, corruption

  John Mackinnon – 2003, (Mackinnon is an independent researcher and advisor on development issues), report commissioned by the World Bank, How does aid affect the quality of public expenditure? What we know and what we do not know, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2003/10/31/000112742_20031031171530/Rendered/PDF/269600Mackinno1d0public0expenditure.pdf

  Government officials find themselves accountable to donors as

  AND

  into the hands of the corrupt or misguided.

  UQ / Turns Case

  Aid is flowing to Libya now on their terms now – Local control and local talent are essential

  Stephen Flanagan – Chair in Diplomacy and National Security @ CSIS – 11/1/11, International Assistance to the New Libya, http://csis.org/publication/international-assistance-new-libya

  With the death of Muammar el-Qaddafi

  AND

  in military operations to protect the Libyan people.

  Good governance and talented technocrats will be essential – NTC has to show gains in the short term or it will lose credibility

  Armstrong and Gurung – The Governance Network and Mercy Corps – August 11,

  Dr. Jim Armstrong, President of The Governance Network, and Dr. Sanjay Gurung, Mercy Corps Senior Program Officer for Governance, Beyond Gaddafi: http://www.governancenet.com/Capacity%20to%20Govern-Libya_26%20Aug%202011.pdfLibya’s Governance Context

  Based on input from assessment participants themselves,

  AND

   their credibility in the eyes of the citizenry.

   

  (From the 1nr)

  b) Libya can purchase assistance under it’s own schedule and control in the status quo – increasing external control derails the state building process

  Lacher, Associate - German Institute for International and Security Affairs,11

  (The International Role in Post-Qadhafi Libya? Withdraw, www.mepc.org/articles-commentary/commentary/international-role-post-qadhafi-libya-withdraw)

  Planning is ongoing in Western capitals for a prominent international role in the state-building process that is to follow the demise of Qadhafi’s regime. But neither an international police force nor a UN-led state-building mission would help Libya master the daunting challenges to come.

  AND

  advice and technical assistance, but they should refrain from seeking to directly influence the political process to come.

   

  *Cred

  Obama has a strong, strategic foreign policy – their ev from political hacks

  Andrew Sullivan – former editor of The New Republic, weekly columnist for the Sunday Times of London -1/16/12, Andrew Sullivan: How Obama's Long Game Will Outsmart His Critics, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/01/15/andrew-sullivan-how-obama-s-long-game-will-outsmart-his-critics.html

  You hear it everywhere. Democrats are disappointed

  AND

  he has done already and make it irreversible.

  1) Obama’s foreign policy is a resounding success – it’s been effective in securing hotspots across the globe

  Mitchell, Professor - International Politics - Columbia, 12/25

  (The Sum of Obama's Foreign Policy Parts

  AND

  -obamas-foreign-policy-parts/)

  The end of the war in Iraq demonstrates

  AND

  audiences, but often lead to better outcomes.

   

   

   

  
  
• 
  
  

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  
• 
  
• 
  
  

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  
• 
  
•