Augustana

Affirmative

INTERNET AFF

PLAN 

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase technical support for circumvention technologies used by democratic non-governmental organizations to access the internet in Bahrain.

Contention One – Movements

Although protestors are using the internet to organize more demonstrations, the government of Bahrain is now using social media to identify and punish activists.

Wellman 11 (Phillip, “Facebook Becomes Divisive in Bahrain,” Voice of America News, 8/17, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Facebook-Becomes-Divisive-in-Bahrain-127958073.html)

It has been…government of Bahrain

Control of information allows the Bahraini government to clamp down on oppositional activity once and for all – internet activism breaches this control, activating radical possibilities for democratic change.

Desmukh 10 (Fahad , Karachi-based journalist and former Bahraini blogger, “The Internet in Bahrain: breaking the monopoly of information,” Foreign Policy, 9/21, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/21/bahrain_government_vs_the_internet)

When there is…desire for change.

Unfortunately, US refusal to side with the protestors prevents us from actualizing this transformative potential.  Acquiescence sends a message in favor of violence that creates a time bomb of discontent throughout the region.

Jacobs 11 (Joshua, policy analyst at the Institute for Gulf Affairs, “Blunder in Bahrain”, http://www.gulfinstitute.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148:blunder-in-bahrain-&catid=26:articles&Itemid=23)

There is no country…negating Iranian propaganda.

Support for internet freedom activates effective social movements committed to resisting economic and political exploitation.

Hands 7 (Joss, professor of communication studies at Angila Ruskin University, writing in Radical Democracy and the Internet, pg. 91-92)

Given the commitment…approach seems promising.

Try or die – Social movement activism through NGOs solves multiple scenarios for extinction.

Sloboda 6 (John, Executive Director of the Oxford Research Group (ORG), “Saving Us And The Planet,” 7/19, http://www.ourfuture.org/progressive-opinion/saving-us-and-planet)

This is the…never been higher.

Contention Two – Imperialism 

Refusal to side with the protestors in Bahrain has reached the point where the US actively bankrolls violent repression and squelches democracy in the name of stability and security.

Winegard & Winegard 11 (Ben, graduate student studying evolutionary and developmental psychology at the University of Missouri, and Cortne Jai, Master’s Degree in community development and urban planning, “Understanding Bahrain: How Bahrain Shines a Light on US Imperial Policies,” Dissident Voice, 3/10, http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/understanding-bahrain-how-bahrain-shines-a-light-on-us-imperial-policies/)

After the government…is our responsibility.  

The situation in Bahrain is of paramount importance to the maintenance of American imperialism – its strategic location makes it a vital choke point for containing opposition groups who seek democracy through the internet.

Alencar 11 (Humberto, reporter for Pravda, “Imperialism acts to prevent escape of Bahrain domain”, http://english.pravda.ru/world/asia/27-03-2011/117348-Imperialism_acts_to_prevent_escape_of_Bahrain-0/)

The recent deployment…territories of Palestine.

Support for internet freedom through NGOs breaks down the 5000-year reign of imperialism – we have an unprecedented opportunity to take us off the collision course with extinction.

Goerner 3 (S.J. "Integral Science: rethinking civilization using the learning universe lens." Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 20.4, July-August)

Modernity, like all…the information age.

The structural violence of imperialism kills more people than war and risks of extinction.

Eckhardt 90 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory, Journal of Peace Research, 27.1, p. 15-6)

Wright looked at…upon our choice.

Contention Three – Internet Freedom 

The US will inevitably promote internet freedom – support for circumvention technology in Bahrain gives protestors the tools they need to escape torture and humiliation while reorienting the US relationship with digital activists.

Bennett 11 (Brian, “Where even cellphones aren’t safe,” Los Angeles Times, 4/9, http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/apr/09/world/la-fg-mideast-internet-20110409)

Mohammed Maskati's cellphone…they say online."

Technical support for internet freedom through NGOs mobilizes activism.

Posner 11 (Michael, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, US Department of State, “On the Release of the 2010 Human Rights Reports,” 4/8, http://www.humanrights.gov/2011/04/11/assistant-secretary-michael-h-posner-remarks-to-the-press-on-the-release-of-the-2010-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/)

The second subject…things we’re doing.

Technical support for circumvention technologies allows activists to stay ahead of government crackdowns – the plan creates an innovative opportunity to get more countries on board with internet freedom.

Posner 11 (Michael, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, US Department of State, “On the Release of the 2010 Human Rights Reports,” 4/8, http://www.humanrights.gov/2011/04/11/assistant-secretary-michael-h-posner-remarks-to-the-press-on-the-release-of-the-2010-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/)

QUESTION:  Can I…freedom funding initiative.

Failure to openly support the democratic opposition labels the US as the monarchy’s enabler – the plan reorients US strategic interests by endorsing a meaningful voice for all Bahrainis.

Colangelo-Bryan 11 (Joshua, Consultant to Human Rights Watch, “Back Human Rights in Bahrain,” Politico, 4/11, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52885.html)

The United States…their country’s future.

Material support for activists elevates democracy over realpolitik and American exceptionalism – the plan is key to uniting protestors while building a mutual respect that can overcome violence.

Al-Amin 11 (Esam, “Bin Laden and the Spring of Arab Revolutions,” Counterpunch, May 13-15, http://www.counterpunch.org/amin05132011.html)

During his presidential…around the corner.

Cyberfeminism AFF

Contention One is Inherency:

Bahraini feminists are trying to use the internet to organize online, but internet restrictions undermine the movement

Radsch, 11 (Courtney, WeNews correspondent, “Bahrain's Young Women Keep the Revolution Aloud”, http://womensenews.org/story/leadership/110727/bahrains-young-women-keep-the-revolution-aloud?page=0,1

Ayat al-Gormez, Maryam.or other documentation.

Contention Two is Gender Equality:

Restrictions on internet use undermine gender equality in Bahrain

Heroy, 11 (Emily, writer for Gender Across Borders, “Women’s Access to the Internet”, http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2011/05/20/womens-access-to-the-internet/

Blogging sparks activism…make the money)?

Providing internet in MENA would allow for gender transgressions that have productive offline effects.

Wheeler 6 (Deborah L., Professor at the US Naval Academy, “Empowering Publics,” Oxford Internet Institute, Research Report No. 11, July)

One form of…their public voice.

Cyberfeminism is a vital tool for the destruction of patriarchy.

Stoerger 6 (Sharon, Professor at the School of Library and Informational Science at Indiana University, “Voices in Cyberspace: Women in the Middle East North African (MENA) Region,” http://www.web-miner.com/menavoice.htm)

According to Sadie…post-patriarchal future.( n10) 

Patriarchy privileges domination and violent decision-making - this makes nuclear war and extinction inevitable
 Reardon 93 (Betty, Director of the Peace Education Program at Teacher’s College Columbia University, Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, p. 30-1)

In an article…used. (Spretnak 1983)

Patriarchy is responsible for every impact and has replaced the productive, peaceful, matriarchal society

Werlhof 7 [Claudia von, Feminist philosopher, Toronto. “Women and the Gift Economy. A Radically Different World View is Possible,” in CAPITALIST PATRIARCHY AND THE NEGATION OF MATRIARCHY: THE STRUGGLE FOR A “DEEP” ALTERNATIVE 2007 (Inanna), pp. 139-153 http://emanzipationhumanum.de/downloads/capitalistpatriarchy.pdf ]

Patriarchal society as…never been recognized

Contention Three is Imperialism:

Refusal to side with the protestors in Bahrain has reached the point where the US actively bankrolls violent repression and squelches democracy in the name of stability and security.

Winegard & Winegard 11 (Ben, graduate student studying evolutionary and developmental psychology at the University of Missouri, and Cortne Jai, Master’s Degree in community development and urban planning, “Understanding Bahrain: How Bahrain Shines a Light on US Imperial Policies,” Dissident Voice, 3/10, http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/understanding-bahrain-how-bahrain-shines-a-light-on-us-imperial-policies/)

After the government…is our responsibility.

The situation in Bahrain is of paramount importance to the maintenance of American imperialism – its strategic location makes it a vital choke point for containing opposition groups who seek democracy through the internet

Alencar, 11 (Humberto, reporter for Pravda, “Imperialism acts to prevent escape of Bahrain domain”, http://english.pravda.ru/world/asia/27-03-2011/117348-Imperialism_acts_to_prevent_escape_of_Bahrain-0/)

The recent deployment…territories of Palestine.

The structural violence of imperialism kills more people than war and risks of extinction.

Eckhardt 90 (William Eckhardt, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory, Journal of Peace Research, 27.1, 1990 p. 15-6)

Wright looked at…upon our choice.

Plan - The United States Federal Government should substantially increase technical support for circumvention technologies used by the Bahrain Women’s Union to access the internet in Bahrain.

Contention Four is Solvency:

Support for the Bahrain Women's Union increases awareness of women's active participation in politics and is a critical first step towards empowerment

WIT, 08 (Women in technology is a organization that promotes increasing women involved in technology and the Internet, “Bahrain: Local Partners”, http://www.witmena.org/where_we_work/bahrain/profiles_bahrain_partners.html)

The Bahrain Women's Union…through civil societies.

Funding civil society and NGO projects is the most important way to assist activists hoping to network with one another.

Posner 11 (Michael, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, US Department of State, “On the Release of the 2010 Human Rights Reports,” 4/8, http://www.humanrights.gov/2011/04/11/assistant-secretary-michael-h-posner-remarks-to-the-press-on-the-release-of-the-2010-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/)

The second subject…things we’re doing.

Plan reorients US strategic interests to overcome the Bahraini people’s sense of abandonment – the US must do all it can to support the voice of the Bahraini people.

Colangelo-Bryan 11 (Joshua, Consultant to Human Rights Watch, “Back Human Rights in Bahrain,” Politico, 4/11, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52885.html)

The United States…their country’s future.

Support for the NGO structure makes women active participants in social change and challenges imperialism

Tickner 1 (J. Ann. Associate Professor of International Relations at University of Southern California, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, pp. 118-119)

Women's NGOs and…by governmental conferences.72

Contention Five is the Underview:

We must shift away from disinterested decision-making to account for the way gender conditions our reality - this debate is a key forum for recognizing the limits of gender neutral policymaking

Bensimon and Marshall 3 (Estela, professor at the University of Southern California, and Catherine, professor at the University of North Carolina, “Like It Or Not Feminist Critical Policy Analysis Matters”, The Journal of Higher Education, 74(3))

Earlier we said…center to listen.

Arguments which fail to consider the role of gender in constructing our worldview are epistemologically bankrupt and must be rejected for creating a flawed interpretation of reality

Enloe 2k [Cynthia, PhD in Political Science @ UC-Berkeley, Professor of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, RCB]

It's true that…remaking the world.

Seeing war as an event neglects the omnipresent conditions that make the outbreak of large-scale violence inevitable – we must attend to the ways in which patriarchy generates impulses that make war possible in the first place.

Cuomo 96 (Chris J., Associate Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Cincinnati. Hypatia, Vol. 11, No. 4, Women and Violence, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence)

Philosophical attention to…war and militarism.

Tunisia Affirmative

Contention One – Credibility

US is sending democracy assistance to Tunisia now but none focuses on governance

Carothers 12 (Thomas,Vice President of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace vice president, “Democracy Policy under Obama: Revitalization or Retreat?” 1/13, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/democracy_under_obama.pdf)

The result of…Islamist Ennahda party.

Aid was enough to trigger the links but not solve the aff – new commitments key

Carothers 12 (Thomas,Vice President of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace vice president, “Democracy Policy under Obama: Revitalization or Retreat?” 1/13, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/democracy_under_obama.pdf)

President Obama appears…where dictatorship persists.

No kiss of death – now is the key to time to rebuild cred – failure to provide aid causes backlash.

Weiss12 (Margaret, Research Associate at Washington Institute research associate, “George W. Bush, Disliked but Appreciated” 1/31, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1807)

The foreign policy…is not materializing.

Tunisia is key – no alt cause

Carpenter, Washington Institute Keston family fellow, 2011

[J. Scott, “Help Tunisia First” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/24/help_tunisia_first?page=full, accessed 12-24-11, TAP]

Tunisians took back…of American support.

Credibility deters Iranian aggression.

Alterman 11 (Jon, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Fierce or Feeble: Persian Gulf assessments of U.S. power,” in Capacity and Resolve: Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power, http://csis.org/files/publication/110613_Cohen_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf)

Whatever the actual…actions and statement.

Only cred solves – containment fails

Lynch 11 (Mark, Non-Resident Scholar at Center for New American Security, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf)

America’s interest in…Iran ever did.

Iran will miscalculate

Lynch 11 (Mark, Non-Resident Scholar at Center for New American Security, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf)

As it struggles…game-changing war.

Middle East war escalates to involve great powers.

RUSSELL 9 (James, Senior Lecturer at Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East,” Spring)

Strategic stability in…the entire world.

Contention Two – Democracy

Corruption continues – assistance is key.

AFP 1/12 (“Tunisia battles economic problems” http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Tunisia-battles-economic-problems-20120112)

A year after…executive in Tunis.

US governance assistance solves Tunisian democracy

Cordesman 11 (Anthony, Burke Strategy Chair at Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Next Steps in Libya (Egypt, Tunisia, and Other States with New Regimes),” 8/22, http://csis.org/publication/next-steps-libya-egypt-tunisia-and-other-states-new-regimes)

No US or…real security concerns.

Successful Tunisian transition is key to global democracy.

Mitchell 11 (Lincoln, former Chief of Party for the NDI in Georgia, “Arab Spring tests ‘relevance and impact’ of democracy assistance,” 10/4, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/arab-spring-tests-relevance-and-impact-of-democracy-assistance/)

It is difficult…and its value.

Reverse global trend towards authoritarianism

Puddington 11 (Arch, director of research at Freedom House,

“Can Arab Spring check new authoritarians’ momentum?,” 10/7, Democracy Digest, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/can-arab-spring-check-new-authoritarians-momentum/)

The role of…freedom everywhere else.

Global democracy prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.

Diamond 95 (Larry, Professor of Political Science at Stanford University, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm)

Nuclear, chemical, and…can be built.

Contention Three – Solvency

Transparency reform key.

Sullivan, 11 (John, Executive Director of the Center for International Private Enterprise, “Rethinking Development Assistance in the Middle East,” Project on Middle East Democracy, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/policy-brief-series_sullivan.pdf)

In a section…in public procurement

Tunisia prefers US action

Allen 11 (Michael, “Tunisia: home-grown revolution needs foreign support,” Democracy Digest, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/01/home-grown-revolution-needs-foreign-support-say-tunisians/)

There are promising…abroad,” he contends.

US is key – unique anti-corruption expertise

Diamond 95 (Larry, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php)

But these new…to send money

Tunisia says yes – prefers close relations with the US.

Prince 11 (Rob, Lecturer in School of International Studies at University of Denver, “The Amilcar Notes (Part 2): Tunisia -- Emerging Democracy or Just a Facade?” 12/13, http://www.fpif.org/blog/the_amilcar_notes_part_2_tunisia_-_emerging_democracy_or_just_a_facade)

From the point…past thirty years.

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should provide necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Tunisia.

Negative

Gender Kritik (vs. Critical AFFs)

Democracy is the wrong starting point for fostering empowerment.  Regardless of the affirmative’s reconceptualization, democracy take the masculine subject as the focal point for political action – the theory and practice of democracy elevates the position of men and oppresses women.

Smookler 2k (Jennifer, University of Leeds, “Feminism, Liberal Democracy, and the Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion,” Paper for the Political Studies Association-UK 50th Annual Conference 10-13 April 2000, London http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/2000/Smookler%20Jennifer.pdf)

At the other end…conditions of political office.

The kritik takesout solvency and turns the case – patriarchy is the root cause of war and oppression.

Werlhof 7 (Claudia von, Feminist philosopher, Toronto. “Women and the Gift Economy. A Radically Different World View is Possible,” in CAPITALIST PATRIARCHY AND THE NEGATION OF MATRIARCHY: THE STRUGGLE FOR A “DEEP” ALTERNATIVE 2007 (Inanna), pp. 139-153 http://emanzipationhumanum.de/downloads/capitalistpatriarchy.pdf )

Patriarchal society as…never been recognized

The alternative is to refuse democracy completely, instead recognizing gender as an embodied experience that shapes both the theory and practice of political action.

The kritik indicts the entire epistemology of the affirmative – reformism perpetuates the tradition of democratic debate that has historically excluded women.  We must reconceptualize political thought and practice in its entirety – anything short of complete transformation reproduces masculine bias deeply embedded within the theory and practice of democracy.

Phillips 91 (Anne, Professor of Political and Gender Theory at the London School of Economics, Engendering Democracy, pp. 2-6)

But there is…has been done.

Gender Kritik (vs. Policy AFFs)

A. Link – Democracy assistance reproduces the marginalization of women by replicating western gender discrimination within the theory of democracy itself and reinforcing the patriarchal systems of governance within the target country.

Handrahan 2 (Lori, Professorial Lecturer, School of International Service, London School of Economics' Sociology and Gender Institute, Gendering Ethnicity: Implications for Democracy Assistance. Issues in Globalization Series, ed. Stuart Bruchey, pp. 73-74)

Moreover, feminists have…men (Zairash 1998).

B. Impact – Patriarchy is neither natural nor inevitable – acting on the basis of patriarchal assumptions deeply embedded within the very structure of democracy guarantees global instability and leaves us on a collision course with extinction.

Clark 4 (Mary E., professor of biological studies @ Berkeley, "Rhetoric, Patriarchy & War: Explaining the Dangers of ‘Leadership’ in Mass Culture,” http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4005307/Rhetoric-patriarchy-war-explaining-the.html)

I begin by…constant, real possibility.

C. Alternative – Vote Negative – Rejection of the affirmative opens up space for a new form of democratic politics that respects diversity and contingency – instead of trying to fit women into the existing framework of international relations, we should tolerate uncertainty to avoid reproducing the totalizing power of patriarchy.

Tickner 99 (J. Ann, Associate Professor of International Relations at University of Southern California, “Searching for the Princess?” Harvard International Review, 21(4)

By way of…socially constructed boundaries.

Egypt Link

Whether the affirmative takes a liberal or conservative orientation towards change in Egypt, they still reproduce the gendered nature of the Egyptian political system –political parties all militate in favor of preserving women’s marginalization.

Awad 11 (Hoda Ragheb, PhD in Economics and Political Science at Cairo University, Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Agents of Change, ed. Sadiqi & Ennaji, pp. 144-145)

A number of…necessary institutional equipment.

Egypt / Muslim Brotherhood Link 

The affirmative feeds directly into the democratic deficit – politics in MENA countries are controlled by men – democratic participation under the political party system SPECIFICALLY MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD favors established fundamentalist parties which maintain women’s subordination.

Moghadam 11 (Valentine, Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies at Purdue University, “Engendering Democracy: Women and the Mass Social Protests in the Middle East and North Africa,” Delivered at Boston University, March 5, http://www.nidemocracy.org/en/publications/engendering-democracy-women-and-the-mass-social-protests-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/)

Women’s parliamentary participation…a political democracy.

Egypt / Economy Link

Post-revolutionary reforms will always privilege the interests of society and development over women’s particular interests – even if the affirmative makes an attempt to include women, redefinition of gender roles will never rise to the level of primacy – claims to equal economic participation reinforce the cultural value system that views women’s economic participation as abnormal.

Awad 11 (Hoda Ragheb, PhD in Economics and Political Science at Cairo University, Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Agents of Change, ed. Sadiqi & Ennaji, pp. 138-140)

As has been…to our suggestions.

Tunisia Link 

Discursive appeals for democratization generate linguistic hostility towards Tunisian women – focusing reforms on the public sphere ensures that women’s autonomy will be limited and constrained by cultural practices that privilege violent masculinity.

Kammoun 11 (Raoudha, Department of English at University of Manouba, Tunis, Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Agents of Change, ed. Sadiqi & Ennaji, pp. 206-207)

The linguistic behavior…autonomy) will be realized.

Orientalism Kritik

Conceptualizing the recent revolutions as an 'Arab Spring' minimizes the revolutionary nature of these developments construing participants as passive to obscure our own moral complicacy in supporting the dictatorial regimes

Khouri 11 (Rami G., The Daily Star, "Drop the Orientalist term 'Arab Spring'", August 17, 2011 12:32 AM, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Columnist/2011/Aug-17/Drop-the-Orientalist-term-Arab-Spring.ashx#axzz1Xx2XZGNa)

A fascinating aspect…suggested starting point.

On the basis of our supposedly benign intentions and inherent superiority we allow Western policymakers to shape the world as they please, ignoring the continuous militaristic violence produced from this approach

Richman 11 (Sheldon, senior fellow at The Future of Freedom Foundation, “After Bin Laden,” Counterpunch, May 20-22, http://www.counterpunch.org/richman05202011.html)

American foreign policy…coincidence? Not likely.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s Orientialist relationship with Arab peoples

Unless we rethink Orientialism we will continue to accept Western domination as inevitable, perpetually recreating the violence of empire

Said, A.B. Princeton University; M.A. and Ph.D. Harvard University, 93(Edward W., “Culture and Imperialism”, p. 9-11) KZ

Neither imperialism nor…emotions, and traditions.

Spanos Kritik

Contemporary American foreign policy is still guided the ideology of America’s singular and exceptional role in history, which has lead to extreme violence in the form of US imperialism

Cook 11 (William, Professor of History at University of La Verne (in southern California), “Obama's Singularities,” Counterpunch, June 24, http://www.counterpunch.com/cook06242011.html)

If George W….unacceptable and destructive.

The problem with most assessments of this state of affairs is that they fail to recognize how the imbalance of power relations between the occident and the orient structurally means that negotiated decisions will lead to the conclusion that imperialism is good, effective politics requires a monolithic critique of imperial ontology

Spanos 2k (William V, Professor of English at Binghamton University, America’s Shadow, xx-xxi)

Pressed to the…apparently irresistible power.

Their solvency claims are grounded in a representation of US interests as potentially neutral, but unsurprisingly such a perspective cannot deal effectively with problems in the Middle East, and only ensures their replication

Spanos 3 (William V, Professor of English at Binghamton University, A Rumor of War: 9/11 and the Forgetting of the Vietnam War, p.64-65) PJ

As Caputo and…the American people

The ontology of exceptionalism is at the heart of all mass, military atrocities and justifies killing in the name of saving

Spanos 3 (William V, Professor of English at Binghamton University, A Rumor of War: 9/11 and the Forgetting of the Vietnam War, p. 33-34) PJ

This extraordinarily reductive…only one example.

Alternative is a thinking of the paradox of Vietnam by rejecting the affirmatives imperial ontology

Radical critiques which demonstrate the paradox of imperialist thought can be a politically effective form of building cultural opposition

Jensen 11 (Robert, Professor of Journalism at University of Texas at Austin, “The Anguish in the American Dream,” Counterpunch, June 24-6, http://www.counterpunch.com/jensen06242011.html)

A few years…the organizers' toolkit.

Israel DA

US-Isreali relations are stable now due to security commitments, but Netanyahu is on the fence.

AFP 7/28

(Agence France Press, “US voices commitment to Israel in defense talks”, accessed online p. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5geTNCvh7ob5Fjg1JK3gIkxvubSWg?docId=CNG.257ca886195e82c183202f64ad9ed6e5.1071)

WASHINGTON — The United…Middle East peace.

History has established ideological barriers – Israel can never accept democratization of Arabic countries as anything *but* a threat to their security.

Waxman ‘11

(Dov, associate professor in political science at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York “Israel’s Demophobia”, Foreign Policy, Februrary 18, accessed online http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/18/israel_s_demophobia)

Israeli antipathy towards…them that chance.

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.

Byman ‘11

(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

These apocalyptic predictions…that democratization succeeds.

Stable US-Israel relations key to Middle East stability.

Kramer ‘6

(Dr. Martin, fellow at The Washington Institute and senior fellow at the Olin Institute @ Harvard, “The American Interest,” Fall 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=980)

My answer, to…West’s sworn enemies.

These wars escalate globally – culminate in extinction.

Moore ‘9

(Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, “Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/)

Israel is especially…movement can stop it.

Saudi Arabia DA

Unique Link - pushing democracy assistance will collapse US-Saudi relations

Tarpley 2011 (Press TV interview with Webster Griffin Tarpley, author, journalist and lecturer from Washington, June 18, "Saudi Arabia alarmed by US intentions" http://www.presstv.com/detail/189582.html, SRM)

Webster Griffin Tarpley… destabilize the kingdom.

Relations decline over the Arab Spring will drive the Saudis to proliferate

Guzansky July 1st, 2011 (Yoel Guzansky is a research fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University. He joined INSS after serving at Israel's National Security Council; "TEHRAN TESTS SAUDIS' NERVE ON NUKES", LEXIS, SRM)

UNTIL recently it…than $US300 billion.

Saudi prolif leads to fast regional prolif

Center for Contemporary Conflict 2004  (“Conference on WMD Proliferation in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/si/si_3_8/si_3_8_ruj01.pdf)

James Russell from…ensure U.S. engagement?

Rapid prolif causes pre-emptive nuclear war.

Heurlin 2005 (Jean Monnet Professor of European Security and Integration at the Department of Political Science of the University of Copenhagen, and Sten Rynning, "Missile defence", p 162-3)

Arms control and…cost-enhancing MD project.

Iran DA

Iran is leveraging the Arab street to advance its hegemony in the region - they believe regime survival depends on exploiting the populist sentiment

Parsi and Marashi in 2011(Trita, founder and president of the National Iranian American Council, Reza, research director for the National Iranian Council and Previous served in the U.S. State Department in the Office of Iranian Affairs, “Arab Spring Seen From Tehran”, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=62)

While Iran has…most likely scenario.

Iran perceives US democracy assistance as a threat to its ability to influence the Arab Spring and regional hegemony

Allen 11  Michael Allen, editor Democracy Digest  May 17, 2011   Regime insecurity drives Iran’s repression and ‘soft war’ obsessions, says new report  http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/05/regime-insecurity-drives-irans-repression-and-soft-war-obsessions-says-new-report/

The Islamic Republic’s…National Security Adviser.

A perceived decrease of Iran’s influence over the Arab spring causes Iranian aggression

Alexander Wilner, analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “U.S. AND IRANIAN STRATEGIC COMPETITION,” 5/17/2011, http://csis.org/files/publication/Internal%20Politics_Contents_Final.pdf

These statements seem…to feign strength.

That starts a US-Iran hot war

Dreyfuss, 11 (Robert, investigative journalist whose work has appeared in The Nation, Rolling Stone, Mother Jones, The American Prospect, and other progressive publications. His work also appears on line at TomPaine.com. Dreyfuss received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dreyfuss was Middle East Intelligence director of the Executive Intelligence Review, the flagship journal of the Lyndon LaRouche movement. His 1981 book, Hostage to Khomeini, was commissioned by Lyndon LaRouche and it was cowritten with Thierry LeMarc. The book was published by the LaRouche publishing house of the time, New Benjamin Franklin House. In the 1990s Dreyfuss wrote on intelligence issues and foreign affairs, and profiled a number of organizations and public figures, “Averting a Disaster in the Persian Gulf,” June 8, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/06/averting-a-disaster-in-the-persian-gulf.html)

Both warned that…Iran's security concerns."

And draws in Russia and China – nuclear war

AbidUllah Jan 2006 “Why American will Reap in Iran What It Doesn’t Expect”, Posted February 20, http://mathaba.net/0_index.shtml?x=528456

Many analysts believe…"World War 3" can convey

Politics DA – Jackson-Vanik

A. Uniqueness - Jackson Vanik repeal will pass

NASDAQ 1/19 (Tom Barkley, Dow Jones Newswires, “US Seen Lifting Trade Restrictions On Russia,” http://www.nasdaq.com/article/us-seen-lifting-trade-restrictions-on-russia-20120119-01370)

A senior World…back the move.

B. Link - MENA democracy aid costs capital.

Richter 11 [Paul, staff writer, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition” LA Times -- April 12]

The Obama administration's…in foreign countries."

C. Internal Link - JV repeal key to relations – capital key to overcome Congressional opposition.

Miller 11 (Jacqueline McLaren, senior associate at the EastWest Institute, “The WTO and the Reset,” 4/7, http://www.ewi.info/wto-and-reset)

It took Barack…beyond pure economics.

D. Impact – US-Russian prevents nuclear war, terrorism and preserves US global power projection

Cohen 11 – Ph.D., professor of Russian studies at New York University and Professor of Politics Emeritus at Princeton University (Stephen, “Obama's Russia 'Reset': Another Lost Opportunity?” http://www.thenation.com/article/161063/obamas-russia-reset-another-lost-opportunity?page=full)

An enduring existential…better or worse.

Qatar CP

TEXT - The United States federal government should privately ask Qatar to...

Quiet US support for Qatari leadership is key to maximizing the emirate’s comparative advantages.

O’Sullivan 11 (Professor-Harvard Kennedy School of Government & Former National Security Adviser, 10/4, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-04/tiny-qatar-s-big-plans-may-change-u-s-mideast-policy-meghan-o-sullivan.html)

Qatar, a country…of the bill.

Only the power vacuum created by a limited US role allows Qatar to seize leadership and bolster their regional credibility.

Economist 11 (The rise of Qatar: Pygmy with the punch of a giant, 11/5, http://www.economist.com/node/21536659)

In any event…such a success.

Qatari leadership key to stabilize Afghanistan

Hughes 11 (Foreign Policy Strategist, New World Strategies Coalition, 11/3,

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-hughes/qatar-west-relations_b_1073374.html)

I came to…and sectarian mosaic.

Afghan instability spreads throughout the region, causing nuclear war.

Morgan 7 (Stephen John, former National Executive Officer of the British Labour Party, http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)

Although disliked and…Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!

European Union CP

TEXT – The European Union should…

The EU solves democracy promotion in the Arab world

Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf, SRM)

It is only…catalyst or teacher.

The EU is comparatively more effective than the US at democracy promotion - Arab perception

Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf, SRM)

Finally, the Arab…diversity and justice.

‘Assistance’ = Dirty Word PIC

TEXT – [REPLACE THE TERM ‘assistance’ IN THE PLAN WITH ‘cooperation’]

The term ‘assistance’ denotes a top-down process that renders recipients passive – ‘cooperation’ is key to avoid this patronizing tone of engagement.
  Tandon 7 (“The Reality of Trade: The WTO and Developing Countries,” The North- South Institute, http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/Reality_of_Trade.pdf)
  Oddly, years after…the developing countries.

Ideologies which promote power over others results allow the unrestrained use of violence as a means of preserving collective existence.

Coviello 2k (Peter, Assistant Professor of English @ Bowdon College, Queer Frontiers)

Perhaps. But to…be done without.

‘Egypt’ = Dirty Word PIC

TEXT – [REPLACE THE TERM ‘Egypt’ IN THE PLAN TEXT WITH ‘Misr’ OR REPLACE ‘Arab Republic of Egypt’ WITH ‘Junhuriyaht Misr al-Arabiyah’]

The term “Egypt” was historically defined oppositional to Greece, allowing for the imposition of a relationship of racial inferiority – even attempts to dissociate Egypt from this history reinscribe Egyptian identity as one which is governed by racial overtones.

Fields 2k (Darell, Associate Professor of Architecture at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Architecture in Black, pp. pp. 69-71)

Although this negative…definition of architecture.

Racism makes war, violence and genocide inevitable.

Mendieta 2 (Eduardo, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, San Francisco, “To make live and to Let Die p- Foucault on Racism,” APA Central Division Meeting – Chicago, 4/25, http://www.sunysb.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf)

I have thus…biological in nature.

The counterplan’s use of the official term Misr to refer to Egypt solves without using the Greek’s imposed vocabulary.

Canli 8 (“Misir, Egypt...Where did those names come from?” 11/22, http://theegyptiancorner.blogspot.com/2008/11/misiregyptwhere-did-those-names-come.html)

Over the millinenniums…word Aigyptos (Αίγυπτος).

‘Syria’ = Dirty Word PIC

TEXT – [REPLACE THE TERM ‘Syria’ IN THE PLAN WITH ‘Bilad al-Sham whose capital and largest city is Damascus.’]

The name 'Syria' furthers the western colonial imaginary for constant expansion - Bilad al-Sham respects the cultural value and indeterminacy of the region.
Rooke 6 (Tetz, professor of arabic, stockholm university, tracing the boundaries: from colonial dream to national propaganda, state frontiers: borders and boundaries in the middle east, ed. brandell, p 123-6)
The main purpose…dating from 1910.

Colonialism is genocidal and results in extinction

Porter 98 (Robert, Associate Professor of Law at University of Kansas, 31 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 899, L/N)

I do not…point of extinction.

Election Monitoring PIC

TEXT – [REPLACE THE TERM ‘monitor’ IN THE PLAN TEXT WITH ‘observe’]

The term election ‘monitoring’ gives observers too much authority to intervene in electoral processes, ultimately undermining democracy – we should use the term election ‘observers’ instead.

Dissanayake 11 (Dayananda, Commissioner of Elections, Sri Lanka, “ELECTION OBSERVATION BY FOREIGN & LOCAL OBSERVERS TO STRENTHEN DEMOCRACIC PRACTICES,” January, http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/dj/internationalconf/Srilanka.pdf)

It is already…definition of Observation.

The institutionalization of authoritarian language enables all forms of violence.
Bosmajian 84 (Dr. Haig Bosmajian, Professor of Speech Communication at University of Washington, 12/5/1984 “Dehumanizing People and Euphemizing War,” http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1442)
Our nation has…defending the indefensible.

Egypt Negative – Polling Data PIC

(SAMPLE) TEXT – The United States federal government should substantially increase political party support to the Egyptian Freedom and Justice Party for drafting party by-laws and codes of conduct; building local party chapters; increasing and broadening membership; developing messages and platforms; communicating with members and the public; and enhancing internal party democracy through the Middle East Partnership Initiative. 

The counterplan competes - The program statement issued by USAID calls for political party assistance includes training in polling, survey and focus groups – we do all of the AFF minus training political parties in the use of these techniques.

USAID/Egypt 11 (“Egyptian Transition Support,” Annual Program Statement, USAID-Egypt-263-11-006-APS, http://egypt.usaid.gov/en/procurement/Documents/APS%20Announcement-March%208.pdf)

Within the limitations…internal party democracy.

USAID political party support to Egypt includes using Washington-based NGOs to train Egyptians in the use of polling data – this involvement is seen as meddling and interference.

Strasser 11 (Max, Journalist and Writer based in Cairo, Can USAID Be a Force For Good In Egypt?” Middle East Online, 7/26, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=47350)

Cairo, Egypt – Five…of foreign provocateurs.

Use of data from polls, surveys and focus groups gives the US the ability to manipulate public opinion.

Deliso 2 (Christopher, travel writer, journalist, author and consultant originally from the United States and  involved with the Balkans and Mediterranean Europe since 1997,  Master’s with Distinction in Byzantine Studies from Oxford University, “How to Take Down a Government, Part Four,” 7/29, http://www.antiwar.com/orig/deliso53.html)

One of the…from the truth.

Manipulation of public opinion is a primary way for the US to justify military aggression under the banner of democracy – such manipulation must be challenged by educators, intellectuals and other concerned citizens.

Giroux 5 (Henry Giroux, Global Television Network Chair, Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, 11/1/2k5 AfterImage, "Representations of the unreal: Bush's Orwellian newspeak," 33, 3)

While all governments…and empire-driven.

Egypt Negative - NGOs CP

TEXT – The United States federal government should substantially increase its civil society support to non governmental organizations for Egypt.

Observation One – Competition – the plan funds political parties, the CP funds NGOs - this is the key distinction – the political party structure fosters a politics of competition, the NGO structure fosters a politics of cooperation.  The net-benefit is Gender.

Tickner 1 (J. Ann. Associate Professor of International Relations at University of Southern California, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era, pp. 118-119)

Women's NGOs and…by governmental conferences.72

Observation Two – Solvency –

Only the counterplan solves Egyptian confidence in the transition

Schenker 11 (David Schenker is the Aufzien fellow and director of the Program on Arab Politics at The Washington Institute, from where this monograph, of which this is part 6, is adapted. Previously, he served as Levant country director, the Pentagon’s top policy aide on the Arab countries of the Levant, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense; in that capacity he was responsible for advising the secretary and other senior Pentagon leadership on the military and political affairs of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Palestinian territories.7/25, 

http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=52459)

As Egypt approaches…a democratic system. 

Independently, strong civil society empowers moderates within the Brotherhood

Russell 11 (Kevin, PhD student in Political Science at Yale University. He previously worked in the Office of the Secretary of Defense primarily in the Middle East office for the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. From 2008 to 2009 he was detailed to the State Dept as a governance advisor to a US Army Brigade in Taji, Iraq. Russell graduated with an MA from Johns Hopkins SAIS in 2004 and a BA in astrophysics and philosophy from Williams College in 2000, “The fight over democratic norms in Egypt”, 8/22, http://www.opendemocracy.net/kevin-russell/fight-over-democratic-norms-in-egypt)

However, the Tahrir…every traffic light.

Civil Society Negative – Media PIC

(SAMPLE) TEXT – The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support to non-media civil society organizations in Bahrain.

The counterplan competes – Civil society, by definition, includes media organizations – the plan gives democracy assistance to these organizations, the counterplan does not.

McMahon 2 (Edward, Dean’s Prof. Applied Politics at SUNY Binghamton, “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study.” acsd 5/23/11, Aug 29-Sept 1, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf

U.S. Democracy Assistance…in this domain.

Seeing the media as part of democratization creates the illusion of change by excluding women’s voices.

Walsh 11 (Denise, Assistant Professor of Politics and Studies in Women and Gender at University of Virginia, Women’s Rights in Democratizing States: Just Debate and Gender Justice in the Public Sphere, pp. 50-52)

If the media…even other employees.

[CLARK PATRIARCHY IMPACT]

Disengagement CP (vs. Policy AFFs)

Text: The United States federal government should eliminate military and economic aid to Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen.

Removal of democracy assistance causes regional actors to fill in – solves the aff better due to their demographic and economic ties

Hadar 11’ (Leon T., former research fellow in foreign policy studies, specializing in foreign policy, international trade, the Middle East, and South and East Asia  taught at American University and Mount Vernon College-where he served as director of international studies-at the Institute on East-West Security Studies in New York, and at the Center for International Development and Conflict Management at the University of Maryland, College Park. Graduate of Hebrew University in Jerusalem. MA Journalism and International Affairs and the Middle East Institute at Columbia University, Ph.D. International Relations from American University.) “Saving U.S. Mideast Policy”, CATO Institute, July 1, 2011, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=13259

To some extent…the Middle East

Offshore balancing solves Middle Eastern instability

Mearsheimer 8 (John J., R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science and the co-director of the Program on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, B.A. from West Point, Ph.D. from Cornell University, Newsweek, “Middle East: Know the Limits of U.S. Power,” November 29th, http://www.newsweek.com/id/171261)

The United States…dominate the others.

US assistance in the Middle East causes blowback and larger Middle East War

Hadar, 05’ (Leon T., former research fellow in foreign policy studies, specializing in foreign policy, international trade, the Middle East, and South and East Asia, taught at American University and Mount Vernon College-where he served as director of international studies-at the Institute on East-West Security Studies in New York, and at the Center for International Development and Conflict Management at the University of Maryland, College Park, graduate of Hebrew University in Jerusalem. MA Journalism and International Affairs and the Middle East Institute at Columbia University, Ph.D. International Relations from American University, “Sandstorm: Policy Failure in the Middle East”, p. 30-31)

That the U.S….in the region. 24