=====Death Cult

A. The 1AC’s introduction of death impacts into debate is bad. Death debating causes an aesthetic fascination with the spectacle of death. This turns debate into a death cult and denies the choice to avoid death impacts.

Jean Baudrillard, ROFLROFLROFL, ‘93 (Symbolic Exchange and Death trans Iain Grant, p. 185-7)

Pursued and censured everywhere, death  . . .  an end to political economy.

B. Vote neg because the aff introduced death impacts into the debate.

Austin Kutscher, President of the Foundation of Thanatology and Professor – Columbia University, ’80 (Death & Existence, p. Foreward)

Within the educational setting, interdisciplinary . . .  to humankind, collectively and individually.

=====Saudi DA

While overall strategic relations are resilient- cooperation on specific issues depends on transactional cooperation

Gause December ‘11

F. Gregory Gause, Professor of Political Science @ University of Vermont. "Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East". December, 2011. www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-new-middle-east/p26663

U.S. analysts tend to not . . . more than a common worldview.

Plan breaks cooperation with the Saudis.

Ottoway 11

Marina Ottaway, Senior associate for Carnegie Endowment  Bahrain: Between the United States and Saudi Arabia

http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/04/bahrain-between-united-states-and-saudi-arabia/t8#

Saudis believe their concerns in . . . siding with an autocratic regime.

Saudi Arabia is using its production capacity to control prices as a favor to the U.S. in return for U.S. not supporting democratic reform in Bahrain

Tristam 11

Pierre Tristam, About.com Guide   June 10, 2011

http://middleeast.about.com/b/2011/06/10/is-opec-still-relevant.htm

The oil cartel met in Vienna . . . a barrel on that news.

Oil shocks lead to food shocks

Economist 3-3

“The 2011 oil shock,” http://www.economist.com/node/18281774

By contrast, the biggest risk . . . propose such reforms right now.

Food crises lead to global instability – escalates quickly – status quo rises are insufficient to trigger the impact

Thier 11

David, Columnist, Are Record Food Prices Fueling Global Instability?, http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/04/are-record-food-prices-fueling-global-instability/

Food prices are rising, warns . . . "It could get grim pretty fast."

=====Politics - Cybersecurity

Cyber security will pass

IP Network Policy Report 3/26

REP. TERRY OPTIMISTIC ABOUT PROSPECTS FOR 'STREAMLINED' CYBERSECURITY BILL, Factiva

House Republicans hope to pass … vulnerable now to potential attack."

Political capital is key to compromise

Levin 2-8

Mintz Levin on 2/8/2012 “Legislative Update – Cybersecurity” http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=0a38a729-5e76-4261-8263-e371f4cbff87

As the 112th Congress gets … passing a cybersecurity bill this year.

The plan generates a massive controversy

Richter, LAT, ‘11

(Correspondent, LA Times. “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413, accessed 9-28-11, CMM)

Reporting from Washington — The Obama … blocked at almost every turn.

This is vital to secure critical infrastructure --- impact is heg, the economy, food prices, energy shocks, nuclear melt downs, and chemical industry

Sebastian 09

(Rohan,- research for the office of Virginia Senator Mark Warner  CS Computer Science from UVA, 6-24 “The Federal Government’s Role in Preserving Cybersecurity for Critical Infrastructure”)

The intersection of critical infrastructure … political feasibility and industry acceptance.

Meltdowns cause extinction

Lendman 11

Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (Stephen, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake … could be, literally, an apocalyptic event.

=====Neolib K

Civil society and NGOs de-politicize the economy and act as a rallying point for expansion of neoliberalism

Goonewardena & Rankin 04

Kanishka Goonewardena, Associate Professor and Director, Program in Planning University of Toronto, PhD Cornell University; Katharine N. Rankin, Associate Professor Univ of Toronto T H E D E S I R E C A L L E D C I V I L S O C I E T Y: A C O N T R I B U T I O N T O T H E C R I T I Q U E O F A B O U R G E O I S C AT E G O RY http://www.geog.utoronto.ca/people/faculty/rankin/Desire%20called%20civ%20soc.pdf

Intellectually, the undemanding American notion … , politicized phase in its development.

Globalization makes extinction inevitable- social and environmental factors build positive feedbacks create a cascade of destruction - only massive social reorganization of society can produce sustainable change and save the planet

Ehrenfeld ‘5,

(David, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources @ Rutgers University, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2 April 2005)

The known effects of globalization … the global environment we share.

Alternative Text: the judge should vote negative to refuse the aff’s neoliberal subjectivity

Refusing neoliberal subjectivity opens space for chains of equivalence with the Arab Spring and creates new movements against neoliberal politics

Hasso & Dolgan ‘11

(Frances, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies, International Comparative Studies and Sociology at Duke, “Arab Spring: An Interview with Frances Hasso on Revolutions in the Middle East”, Interview with Corey Dolgan in This Week in Sociology, March 21, 2001, http://www.thisweekinsociology.com/?p=84)

In a recent interview you suggest … interpersonal, institutional, and political lives.

You should evaluate pedagogy as a prior question- it determines available political possibilities and shapes politics- neoliberal pedagogy uniquely collapses the public sphere

Giroux ‘5,

(Henry, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics, College Literature 32.1 [Winter 2005])

Fortunately, the corporate capitalist fairytale … ) and the  global public sphere.

=====USFG CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support for civil society organizations through track two negotiations.

Solves

Kaye 7 – PhD in Political Science @ Cal, Political Scientist @ RAND

Dalia, “Talking to the Enemy,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG592.pdf

This monograph originated with a Smith … contacts, become the norm tomorrow.

Solves kiss of death

POMED 8

“Beyond Borders: An Egyptian-American Dialogue May 2 & 3, 2008 Cairo, Egypt,” http://www.pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/egypt-2008-conference-report.pdf

Despite this skepticism at some … a military assault on that nation.

=====Solvency

No way to solve Bahrain’s political conflict – it has been the same standoff since 2002.

Gengler 2/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Five Things the Past Year Has and Hasn't Taught Us about Bahrain, Part I”. February 8, 2012. http://bahrainipolitics.blogspot.com/2012/02/five-things-past-year-has-and-hasnt.html

That Bahrain's underlying political conflict … . This has not changed since 2002.

The U.S. fails – it is distrusted by the Royal family and its supporters.

Hokoyem ‘11

 Emile Hokayem, Senior Fellow for Regional Security, IISS-Middle East 19 October 2011 - - Atlantic - U.S. Has Options to Curb Crackdown in Bahrain, an Ally http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/us-has-options-to-curb-crackdown-in-bahrain-an-ally/

At this time, however, direct U.S. … Saudi Arabia intervened in March.

Any reforms will be cosmetic – reformers can’t displace the hard-liners in the government.

Carlstrom 2/14

Gregg Carlstrom. “One year later, Bahrain slow to reform”. February 14, 2012. Al Jazeera.  http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/bahrain/2012/02/2012213162552502770.html

The issue of the dismissed … little appetite for further reform."

The opposition is too fragmented for negotiations – their evidence only focuses on the formal opposition.

Gengler 2/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Five Things the Past Year Has and Hasn't Taught Us about Bahrain, Part I”. February 8, 2012. http://bahrainipolitics.blogspot.com/2012/02/five-things-past-year-has-and-hasnt.html

That Bahrain's opposition is fragmented … an uncompromising "Coalition for a Republic."

=====AT: Iran Advantage

No evidence for Iranian involvement.

ICG ‘11

International Crisis Group, an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organization committed to preventing and resolving deadly conflict, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN “NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” [http:// www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iran-gulf/bahrain/105-popular-protests-in-north-africa-and-the-middle-east-iii-the-bahrain-revolt.aspx]/ April 6)

All in all, as Crisis … the other, prompting a rhetorical escalation.62

Iran expands influence in order to consolidate and increase their defensibility --- their interest is in stabilization, not conflict.

Frederic Wehrey et al, 2010. Senior Policy Analyst @ RAND, member of RAND’s Project Air Force, which coordinated this research project. “The Iraq Effect: the Middle East After the Iraq War,” RAND Monograph, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG892.pdf.

Although it is tempting to … of this monograph explores further.

Increased regional influence would spread the Iranian model of anti-Western resistance and enable more regional cooperation, improving stability.

Behzad Khoshandam, 4/18/2011. PhD Student in International Relations. “What Will Follow Iran’s Regional Influence?” Iran Review, http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/What_Will_Follow_Iran%E2%80%99s_Regional_Influence_.htm.

New developments in the Middle … and counteract network-based actors.

Stabilizes Lebanon

Edrisi 11 (1-14 Stability a Chimera in Lebanon Interview with Masoud Edrisi Masoud Edrisi is Iran’s former ambassador to Lebanon.http://www.irdiplomacy.ir/en/news/20/bodyView/9997/0/Stability.a.Chimera.in.Lebanon.html

ME: Iran supports stability in … be in favor of Israel.

Solves Israel strikes and instability

Totten, Michael J. 23 May 2011. Foreign policy analyst who has reported from the Middle East, the Balkans, and the Caucasus. Mr. Totten addressed the Middle East Forum in New York on May 23, concerning the situation in Lebanon amid the Arab uprisings. Summary written by MEF intern Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. “Why Lebanon Matters.” Middle East Forum. http://www.meforum.org/2973/totten-lebanon-matters //atw

Mr. Totten began his talk by . . .  in Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.

Israel retaliates—nuke war

Carol Moore, “U.S. and Israeli Threats … pre-emptive strikes cannot stop

Iran involvement in Iraq key to stability—mulitple warrants

Guzansky 11 “Made in Iran”: The … should its influence there wane.

Iran will not actually acquire a nuclear bomb, they just want the capability as a deterrent – actually militarizing would risk external regime change, would lose Russian and Chinese support which is critical to their economy, religious leaders are opposed to the bomb – if Iran wanted to have a nuclear weapon it would already have one.

Disney ‘11

Patrick Disney is currently a graduate student focusing on Iran and nuclear nonproliferation at Yale University. He previously served as the Assistant Policy Director for the National Iranian American Council. “Is Iran Really After a Nuclear Bomb?”. August 2, 2011. The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/is-iran-really-after-a-nuclear-bomb/242900/

One question has dominated the U.S. … cross the nuclear threshold. Yet.

Won’t lead to Armageddon—they would be rational and cautious

Schramm 10/12-- program associate at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Madison, Hey America, Iran still isn't threat No. 1, 2k11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/1012/Hey-America-Iran-still-isn-t-threat-No.-1

Iran's nuclear program is a strategic, … power to unilaterally dictate terms.

No Arms Race

Schramm 10/12-- program associate at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Madison, Hey America, Iran still isn't threat No. 1, 2k11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/1012/Hey-America-Iran-still-isn-t-threat-No.-1

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu … countries from joining the race.

Low risk of retaliation– the US would not indiscriminately lash out

Bleek ‘6

Philipp. doctoral candidate in international relations at Georgetown University. Would ‘Deterrence of Negligence’ Reduce the Risk of Catastrophic Terrorism?. August 2006. Online.

But it is not so … that further attacks were prevented.

Superpowers won’t go to war over the Middle East.

Gelb ’10 – President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations

Leslie, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was a senior official in the U.S. Defense Department from 1967 to 1969 and in the State Department from 1977 to 1979, November/December Foreign Affairs, Proquest

Also reducing the likelihood of … one another in explosive situations.

MAD prevents war between India and Pakistan.

Khan ‘11

A.Q. Khan, Doctor of Science, “Indo-Pak nuclear war unlikely”, 5/17/11, http://www.kashmirawareness.org/Article/View/6464 7/7/11

Khan has said that despite … France live today," he added.

The aff racially enframes Iran and the Middle East- drives escalation and creates nuclearism that is the root cause of prolif

Lal ‘9,

(Prarna, Masters in IR & … -is-not-a-threat-unveiling-hegemonic-discourses/)

(1) Race war discourse  While … states’ from going that route.

Opposition of Western civilization and Islam races populations, drawing lines for a war of civilizations that ends in genocide

Batur ‘7

Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Scociology @ Vassar, [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of the The Soiology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the … up with genocide, in Darfur.

=====AT: Sectarianism Advantage

There will only be low-level violence – any large-scale protests would result in security crackdowns.

Gengler 12/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Gulf apart - Bahrain faces political and sectarian divide”. Jane’s Intelligence Review. December 8, 2011.

The prospects for qualitative improvements … would then become increasingly likely.

Political stagnation would not result in escalation – security forces backed by Peninsula Shield forces check large scale demonstrations.

Gengler 12/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Gulf apart - Bahrain faces political and sectarian divide”. Jane’s Intelligence Review. December 8, 2011.

Scenario two: Continued political stagnation … scale of February and March.

Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts won’t spill-over – no one will be draw-in.

Fettweis ’11 – Professor of Political Science @ Tulane

Christopher Fettweis, Professor of Political Science @ Tulane. “Dangerous Times: The Futurist Interviews Christopher Fettweis”. World Future Society. 1/12/2011.  http://www.wfs.org/content/dangerous-times-futurist-interviews-christopher-fettweis

THE FUTURIST: In the next … into other countries? Probably not.

Iraq won’t escalate- tons of other civil wars disprove

Yglesias ‘7

Matthew Yglesias, a Fellow at the Center for American Progress Action Fund. He holds a BA in Philosophy from Harvard University. September 12, 2007. “Containing Iraq”. The Atlantic.  http://matthewyglesias.theatlantic.com/archives/2007/09/containing_iraq.php

Kevin Drum tries to … -century led to a regional conflagration."

Iraq instability won’t escalate to a broader regional conflict – leads to cooperation not war.

Fettweis ‘7 – Professor of Political Science @ Tulane.

Christopher J., assistant professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College, Survival, Volume 49, Issue 4, December, Informaworld.

The biggest risk of an … it is doing so again.

=====AT: Human Rights Advantage

A) US-Mexico border

CNN 3-28

Human rights group cites violations on U.S.-Mexico border. 3-28-12. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/28/us/amnesty-international-border-report/?hpt=hp_t3.

Latinos, immigrants and Native Americans … rights violations," Amnesty International said.

B) Syria

Reuters 3-29

http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/30/us-syria-justice-idUSBRE82T04F20120330.

U.N. officials have compiled a list … suppressing the year-long revolt.

C) War on terror

The Citizen 3-26

http://thecitizen.co.tz/editorial-analysis/20-analysis-opinions/20984-us-turns-blind-eye-on-own-violation-of-human-rights.html.

US media and political figures … well-documented human rights abuses.

Must evaluate consequences – the alternative is moral absolutism that generates evil

Isaac ‘2—Professor of Political Science at Indiana-Bloomington

Jeffery C., Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale  Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” p. Proquest.

As a result, the most important … . And it undermines political effectiveness.

Human rights rhetoric creates a universalization of the European doctrine – leads to a dichotomy of savages and saviors and demonizes the non-Western individual as a victim and enemy

Mutua 2

Makau, SUNY Distinguished Professor @ Buffalo Law, TERRORISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: POWER, CULTURE, AND SUBORDINATION, pg 1-12

The international law of human … rights corpus and its discourse.

===== Death Cult

*Death impacts decrease our fear of death.

Heather Anne Harder, Ph.D. in Education, 1993 (Exploring Life's Last Frontier, http://www.innerself.com/Miscellaneous/afraid_dying.htm)

One of the most important things to . . . better than fear or panic.

Talking about death decreases fear of death.

Tom Anderson, Ph.D. Psychotherapist , ’97 (Death Talk auth. Glenda Fredman, Intro p. xi)

When our series was conceived years . . . itself, bring about therapeutic change.

=====Neolib K

Uniqueness and link: State Centered Democracy has been disabled in favor of neoliberalism—only movements can reinvigorates democracy and justice

Dr. Simon Critchley, 3/23

Simon Critchley teaches philosophy at the New School in New York and is author of The Faith of the Faithless, March 23, 2012, Comment & Debate: The spirit of Occupy can't be put back in the bottle: Popular movements which have swept the world will continue to revitalise political protest. Where next - the Olympics?, The Guardian, LN

The Arab spring seems to … tiresome spectacle would be nice.

Human nature can be changed- its not set in advance and pedagogical transformation in this debate can change economic preference formation

Schor ‘10

(Julie, Prof. of Economics @ Boston College, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth, pgs. 11-12)

And we don't have to. What's … both. That’s what plenitude offers.

Local movements are successful – they build autonomous power outside of neoliberalism and create transformation of resource conditions

Starr ‘5

(Amory, is an activist, sociologist, anddocumentary film-maker, Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, http://www.scribd.com/doc/61777797/Amory-Starr-Global-Revolt-a-Guide-to-the-Movements-Against-Globalization, pgs. 255-258)

Dispersed movements are progressively more … the same fire.’ And you?

Consciousness transformation is occurring now- global movements against neoliberalism are part of a reorganization of social relations that has produced new methods of organizing space and governance

Harvey 10/27

(Ryan, writer, an organizer with the Civilian-Soldier Alliance, “Globalization” Is Coming Home: Protests Spread as Financial Institutions Target Global North”, Thursday 27 October 2011, http://www.truth-out.org/world-finally-fighting-infection-neoliberalism/1320164620?q=globalization-coming-home-protests-spread-financial-institutions-target-global-north/1319721791)

Though it reads like a mystical … whole world really is watching.

Collapse of neoliberalism is inevitable because of economic and environmental trends – multiple structural trends make resuscitation impossible, which means its try-or-die for the alt

Li ‘10

(Minqi, Chinese Political Economist, world-systems analyst, and historical social scientist, currently an associate professor of Economics at the University of Utah “The End of the “End of History”: The Structural Crisis of Capitalism and the Fate of Humanity”, Science and Society Vol. 74, No. 3, July 2010, 290–305)

In 2001, the U. S. stock market bubble … for any further environmental pollution.

=====Structural Violence DA

Their focus on catastrophic violence trades off with analysis of everyday slow violence and ensures error replication because it allows us to bracket on-going casualties from declared conflicts that have officially ended

Nixon ‘11

(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 12-14)

Over the past two decades, … routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.

Structural violence is the proximate cause of all war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4

(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)

(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

This large and at first … ; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Prioritizing everyday violence is key- responding to it later causes error replication and movement burn out, only re-orienting focus away from macro-level violence produces sustainable political coalitions

Cuomo ’96

(Chris, Prof. of Political Science @ U of Cincinnati, “War is not just an event: reflections on the significance of everyday violence”, Hypatia, vol. 11, no. 4 Fall (1994))

Theory that does not investigate … militaristic agents of the state.

=====AT: Sectarianism Advantage

***No Sunni-Shiite war – their impact is based off a flawed and orientalist reading of Muslim politics

Dabashi ‘11, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, (Hamid, "It's not a Shiite-Sunni divide," 3-2, articles.cnn.com/2011-03-02/opinion/dabashi.islamic.sectarianism_1_sunni-shiite-shiite-sunni-shiite-crescent?_s=PM:OPINION)

The roots of the sectarian … place and chart a new destiny.

===== Saudi DA

US push for reform in Bahrain will break US-Saudi relations

ICG ‘11

International Crisis Group, 7/28, Bahrain’s Rocky Road to Reform, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iran-gulf/bahrain.aspx)

Following on the heels of . . . Syria, but not in Bahrain.

Abrams 11/25

Elliott Abrams is former senior director for the Near East and deputy national security adviser handling Middle East affairs in the George W. Bush administration. He is now a senior fellow for Middle East studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. “Last chance for Bahrain”. CNN’s Global Public Square Blog. November 25, 2011. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/25/abrams-last-chance-for-bahrain/

If the King is the . . . hate transition to constitutional monarchy.

U.S. is supporting Saudi on Bahrain.

Cunningham 11/18

Finian Cunningham is Global Research’s Middle East and East Africa correspondent. “Bahrain: Nailing the Lie in Washington’s Rhetoric on "The Arab Spring". November 18, 2011. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=27575

Helping the Bahraini regime do its . . . align… that is just reality.”

Turns case

Al-Tamimi 10/19

Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a student at Brasenose College, Oxford University, and an intern at the Middle East Forum. “Assessing Bahrain”. October 19, 2011. The American Spectator. http://spectator.org/archives/2011/10/19/assessing-bahrain

Yet more at fault here . . . acting on its own interests.

Outweighs the aff.

Al-Tamimi ‘11

Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a student at Brasenose College, Oxford University, and has done work as an intern for the Middle East Forum.. “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?”. June 19, 2011. The American Thinker. http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/bahrain_can_the_us_do_anything.html

The result of the Bahraini government's . . . the Saudis and the GCC.

The impact is global war

Vatikiotis 8

Michael, Asia regional director of Geneva-based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, ‘A hungry world tests skills of peacemakers,’ May 23, pg. l/n

WAR and hunger are inseparable: Experience . . . to find grounds for compromise.

===== Solvency

Even if reforms are implemented it will not solve continued protests.

Gengler 12/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Gulf apart - Bahrain faces political and sectarian divide”. Jane’s Intelligence Review. December 8, 2011.

The prospects for qualitative improvements … force the government to negotiate.

Defense ties outweigh – the State Department has no clout with the Royal Family.

Ziezulewicz 2/13

Geoff Ziezulewicz, joined Stars and Stripes in 2005 and is based in Naples, Italy. He is a 2003 graduate of the University of Minnesota and previously covered the Marine Corps for South Carolina's Beaufort Gazette newspaper. He has covered the military in Iraq, Afghanistan and throughout Europe for Stars and Stripes.. “With Bahrain Home to 5th Fleet, US Faces Dilemma over Crackdown on Protests”. Stars and Stripes. February 13, 2012. http://www.cnas.org/node/7769

While the crackdown on protesters … as a threat to their existence.

The Saudis will back conservative members of the family and will block any reform.

That will outweigh U.S. action in Bahrain, and the U.S. cannot influence the Saudis on the issue.

Abrams 2/14

Elliott Abrams is former senior director for the Near East and deputy national security adviser handling Middle East affairs in the George W. Bush administration. He is now a senior fellow for Middle East studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. “Turning point in Bahrain”. February 14, 2012. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/14/abrams-turning-point-in-bahrain/

Bahrain’s internal situation is unquestionably … , and to seek a negotiated settlement.

And, opposition from Conservatives, ordinary Sunnis, and Saudis to constitutional changes cannot be overcome.

Gengler 12/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Gulf apart - Bahrain faces political and sectarian divide”. Jane’s Intelligence Review. December 8, 2011.

In this scenario, the regime … is unlikely to be overcome.

The PM has won the influence for power over the King and has extensive ties and backing.

Gengler 12/8

Justin Gengler is a Gulf politics scholar who carried out the first-ever mass political survey of Bahraini citizens, PhD in Political Science University of Michigan. “Gulf apart - Bahrain faces political and sectarian divide”. Jane’s Intelligence Review. December 8, 2011.

The uprising also reinforced lingering … serious attempts at political compromise.

===== AT: Iran Advantage

The aff racially enframes Iran and the Middle East- drives escalation and creates nuclearism that is the root cause of prolif

Lal ‘9,

(Prarna, Masters in IR & Senior Editor of International Relations Journal, San Francisco State University, North Korea is not a Threat—Unveiling Hegemonic Discourses, April 5, 2009, http://prernalal.com/2009/04/05/north-korea-is-not-a-threat-unveiling-hegemonic-discourses/)

(1) Race war discourse  While … states’ from going that route.

No Arms Race

Schramm 10/12-- program associate at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Madison, Hey America, Iran still isn't threat No. 1, 2k11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/1012/Hey-America-Iran-still-isn-t-threat-No.-1

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu … countries from joining the race.

Afghanistan instability does not lead to Indo-Pak – doesn’t make Pakistan aggressive and is stabilizing.

Finel ‘9

Bernard Finel, an Atlantic Council contributing editor, is a senior fellow at the American Security Project.. “Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nuclear War”. September 1, 2009. Atlantic Council. http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/afghanistan-pakistan-and-nuclear-war

Second, the argument relies on … South Asia rather than increasing it.

Sanctions and Stuxnet are hampering Iran’s nuclear program.

AFP 10/18

October 18, 2011. “Sanctions, flaws hobble Iran nuclear program: study”. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jw8nqzHHxj-eERF6GiNWR7pP1dMA?docId=CNG.a424fe79da127400bb16486ba77bbb61.131

Iran's nuclear program has been … centrifuge failure," the report said.

Won’t lead to Armageddon—they would be rational and cautious

Schramm 10/12-- program associate at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Madison, Hey America, Iran still isn't threat No. 1, 2k11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/1012/Hey-America-Iran-still-isn-t-threat-No.-1

Iran's nuclear program is a strategic, … power to unilaterally dictate terms.

***Neg

1NC ESF DA

Civilian aid to Pakistan is high now despite the chill in relations – public distrust puts it on the brink

Wright 3-29

Tom. U.S. Military Commanders Move to Mend Pakistan Rift. 3-29-12. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303404704577308922457428282.html?mod=googlenews_wsj.

A U.S. official … rhetoric," he said.

Civilian aid to Pakistan comes out of the Economic Support Fund

Daily Bhaskar 12-14-11

All is well for Pakistan! US to give $3000 million in aid in 2012. http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/WOR-TOP-pak-to-be-among-top-three-recipents-of-us-aid-in-2012-too-2639370.html .

Pakistan will continue … Fund-OCO (PCCF).

Plan trades off with ESF funds

POMED 11

POMED, 4-17-2011, “Summary and Highlights of FY11 Appropriations Act,” Project on Middle East Democracy, http://pomed.org/blog/2011/04/summary-and-highlights-of-fy11-appropriations-act.html/#.Tx3j0dUtB8E

Speaking on the … for other programming.

Civilian aid solves Indo-Pak nuclear war

Pande 11

Aparna Pande, Research Fellow at the Hudson Institute on ‘Reassessing American Grand Strategy in South Asia,’ 7-26-2011, “REASSESSING AMERICAN GRAND STRATEGY IN SOUTH ASIA,” Committee on Foreign Affairs, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/67601.pdf

While the Pakistani … immense human devastation.

1NC Cybersecurity

Cyber security will pass

IP Network Policy Report 3/26

REP. TERRY OPTIMISTIC ABOUT PROSPECTS FOR 'STREAMLINED' CYBERSECURITY BILL, Factiva

House Republicans hope … now to potential attack."

Political capital is key to compromise

Levin 2-8

Mintz Levin on 2/8/2012 “Legislative Update – Cybersecurity” http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=0a38a729-5e76-4261-8263-e371f4cbff87

As the 112th Congress … cybersecurity bill this year.

The plan generates a massive controversy

Richter, LAT, ‘11

(Correspondent, LA Times. “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413, accessed 9-28-11, CMM)

Reporting from Washington — The … at almost every turn.

This is vital to secure critical infrastructure --- impact is heg, the economy, food prices, energy shocks, nuclear melt downs, and chemical industry

Sebastian 09

(Rohan,- research for the office of Virginia Senator Mark Warner  CS Computer Science from UVA, 6-24 “The Federal Government’s Role in Preserving Cybersecurity for Critical Infrastructure”)

The intersection of critical … and industry acceptance.

Meltdowns cause extinction

Lendman 11

Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (Stephen, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)

Reuters said the …, literally, an apocalyptic event.

1NC T

Topical affirmatives must provide assistance to foster democratic institutions

Lappin 10 – University of Leuven (Belgium) Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies PhD candidate

Richard, participant in democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, and Carter Center, University of Belgrade political sciences visiting scholar, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Volume 4 Issue 1, ―What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance: the problem of definition in post-conflict approaches to democratization‖ http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/CEJISS-lappin.pdf]

By the end … society (De Zeeuw and Kumar 2006: 20)

It must be explicit and positive

Huber ‘8

Daniela Huber, Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”. Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62, March 2008. EbscoHost.

Democracy assistance is … than electoral assistance.

Democracy assistance is only transfer of funds, expertise and material related to institutions already working towards democracy

Lappin ‘10

Richard Lappin, a PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, He has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center, visiting Scholar  at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE programme. “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation”. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. Vol.4, No.1, May (2010). http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf

Democracy assistance can … groups and political parties.

Violation – the affirmative provides support for transparent governance – a topical affirmative would provide support for democratic governance

Err neg – our interpretation is most precise and preserves core DAs based on democracy

Voting issue – equitable division of ground and jurisdiction

1NC Neolib K

Neoliberal hegemony uses exceptionalism to render its violent side effects invisible, ensuring environmental destruction and global conflict- be suspicious of all their answers because their means of structuring the social field erases vast sectors of the global population from view

Nixon ‘11

(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 33-36)

There are signs that … with authoritarian regimes.

Globalization makes extinction inevitable- social and environmental factors build positive feedbacks create a cascade of destruction - only massive social reorganization of society can produce sustainable change and save the planet

Ehrenfeld ‘5,

(David, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources @ Rutgers University, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2 April 2005)

The known effects of … global environment we share.

Alternative:  Reject the affiramtive by refusing to participate in the acceptance of global institutions we can only affirm globalization from below by disengaging from international institutions

Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4

Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9

Many critics have …  pursue alternative visions?

You should frame your decision in terms of pedagogical impact- even if there is no alternative to neoliberalism, using the debate space to criticize it expands the boundaries of our consciousness and creates research practices that are more sensitive to slow, everyday violence- that’s a pre-requisite to effective use of science and empiricism

**K of try-or-die- creates a worst-case-scenario pedagogy that ignores the relationship between small-scale violence and broader structural effects

Nixon ‘11

(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 14-16)

How do we bring home-… the corporate media.

Case

This is a new link – neoliberalism has cloaked social injustice to undercut action based on shared responsibility

Giroux 3-20 

Professor @ McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department

Henry, “Gated Intellectuals and Ignorance in Political Life: Toward a Borderless Pedagogy in the Occupy Movement,” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/8009-gated-intellectuals-and-ignorance-in-political-life-toward-a-borderless-pedagogy-in-the-occupy-movement

Neoliberalism or market fundamentalism … of decency, justice and ethics.

Inequality high

Weinger 12-5

Politico Reporter Mackenzie, “Wealth gap widening in U.S., globally, report says,” http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/69803.html#ixzz1qTqJ62Q6

The gap between the rich and the poor isn’t just widening in the United States - it has hit its highest level in more than 30 years in the world’s wealthiest countries.

According to an …, the OECD found.

Wars increasing

Hadley 11         

Editor of History Today Kathryn, “Alarming increase in wars,” July, http://www.historytoday.com/blog/2011/07/alarming-increase-wars

New research by … settle disputes by force.

Pinker’s analysis is useless- entirely ignores role of population growth, which accounts for all of the change he cites

Flynn 12/7

Julian Flynn, Financial Times, “Angel thesis hangs on overpopulation,” December 7, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/30bf527c-1cfb-11e1-a134-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1h1lHx8gS

Sir, Gideon Rachman’s … hanging over our planet.

Russia and China don’t care about Libya- doesn’t prove anything

Trenin ‘11

Dmitri Trenin is director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. His new book, Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story, has recently been published by the Carnegie Endowment. “The Axis of No”. November 23, 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/23/the_axis_of_no?page=full

To begin with, … the rule of law.

The plan is seen as an existential threat to Russia, China and Iran- causes freak out

Grygiel 11 (Jakub, Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 3 , “Great Powers and Democracy Promotion”, http://www.cepa.org/ced/view.aspx?record_id=319)

In Africa and Asia, … of their regimes.

Chinese fears of regime collapse causes extinction

Renxing 5

The CCP’s Last-ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War. San Renxing Aug 08, 2005. http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-8/30931.html.

Since the Party’s … with their lives.

Test case theory and obsession with hard power prevent multilat and exacerbate conflict

Fettweis 10

Christopher J. Fettweis, professor of Political Science at Tulane Univ Survival Volume 52, Issue 2, 2010 Taylor Francis

For individuals as …other disasters to come.

Their claim that credibility is the apriori impact that must be pursued is a bad methodology for making decisions.   Privileging credibility creates a mode of politics that requires us to chase hegemony in every perceived crisis

Lebow 11

 [Richard Ned, IR at Dartmouth, “Aggressive Democracies,” St Antony’s International Review 6, no. 2 (2011): 120–33]

Unlike other parvenu …and renewed constraints.

First- peaceful transition away from dominance possible now- Obama is the perfect president.

Quinn 11 – Professor of Political Science and Int’l Studies

Adam, “The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power,” International Affairs, Volume 87, Issue 4, Wiley Online

As noted in … who fits the bill.

The Heg debate is OVER- U.S. decline is not only inevitable, it has arrived. The U.S. must accept China’s ascendancy.

Christopher Layne 2012 (is Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University; ISQ* peer reviewed: ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: International Relations: 10 / 73; Political Science: 18 / 139 Impact Factor: 1.523) “This Time It's Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana” International Studies Quarterly, 1-11

The Cold War's … to fifteen years.

Their credibility internal link is based on a false theory- no spillover between issues

Fettweis 7—Professor of Political Science @ Tulane

Christopher J., Credibility and the War on Terror Political Science Quarterly. New York: Winter 2007/2008. Vol. 122, Iss. 4; pg. 607, 27 pgs

Since Vietnam, scholars …it almost inevitably failed.40

Foreign assistance doesn’t generate credibility it can only harm

Adelman ‘11

Ken Adelman, former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and arms control director in the Reagan Ronald's administration, “Not-So-Smart Power,” 4/18/2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/18/not_so_smart_power?page=full

Huge recipients of … Quite the contrary.

Hege doesn’t check power wars

Layne 6

Professor of Political Science, Christopher Layne, 2006, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present

A second contention … intervention in Eurasia.

Peace theory has no statistical backing

Montiero 12--Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University

Nuno, Unrest Assured, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/12), http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Unrest_Assured.pdf

In contrast, the …monopolized our attention.

U.S. hegemonic decline does not cause conflict or result in a power vacuum – empirically proven.

Fettweis 10--assistant professor of political science @ Tulane

Christopher, Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2, April

One potential explanation …expenditure are unrelated.

Moore’s incentive theory is an overly restrictive view of why states go to war – strict adherence to their theory of deterrence creates violence

Goodman ‘5

RYAN GOODMAN, Harvard Law School, The American Society of International Law, American Journal of International Law, “”REVIEW ESSAY: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE MECHANISMS OF WAR: Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace. By John Norton Moore,” 2005, Lexis

John Norton Moore's … prospects of peace.

Incentive theory cannot divorce itself from questions of epistemology – our criticism is a precursor to understanding how actors respond to stimuli such as incentives
 Mercer ‘5

Jonathan Mercer,  International Organization (2005), 59 : pp 77-106  2005 The IO Foundation and Cambridge University Press, Jstor

Behaviorists thought they … as an incentive.

2NC K

Ontology comes first—We must begin by questioning the foundations of our knowledge and understanding of reality. The criticism is a gateway to the affirmative We have to rethink our relationship with the economy and humanity if there is any cahnce of solving the destruction caused by economic rationality

Murphy 4

John W, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 11-13

The process of …and general improvement.

Collapse of neoliberalism is inevitable because of economic and environmental trends – multiple structural trends make resuscitation impossible, which means its try-or-die for the alt

Li ‘10

(Minqi, Chinese Political Economist, world-systems analyst, and historical social scientist, currently an associate professor of Economics at the University of Utah “The End of the “End of History”: The Structural Crisis of Capitalism and the Fate of Humanity”, Science and Society Vol. 74, No. 3, July 2010, 290–305)

In 2001, the … further environmental pollution.

Environmental resilience theory gets co-opted by corporate elites and is wrong- justifies regulatory rollback and liability limitation while ignoring the timescape clash between fast extraction and slow recovery

Nixon ‘11

(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 21-22)

That said, we … corporate short-termism.47

Current energy consumption rates cause extinction – alternative energy technologies fail and produce their own negative feedbacks, only reduction in consumption can solve

Ehrenfeld ‘5,

(David, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources @ Rutgers University, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2 April 2005)

Among the environmental … energy and materials.

Neoliberalism creates a shift to internal warfare – their data ignores hunger as a modality of warfare and is excessively macropolitical

Hristov ‘5,

(Jasmin, M.A. candidate in Sociology at York University, Toronto, Freedom and Democracy or Hunger and Terror: Neoliberalism and Militarization in Latin America, Social Justice, Vol. 32, 2005, questia)

IN LATIN AMERICA, … include military dimensions.

Social invisibility causes extinction – produces background of structural violence that makes conflict and environmental collapse inevitable

Szentes ‘8

Tamás Szentes, a Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest. “Globalisation and prospects of the world society” 4/22/08 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf

It’ s a common place … in natural environment.

We control the scale of violence – structural violence is necessary to psychologically prime people for macro-level conflict

**Answers no root cause- because there is no root cause we must be attentative to structural inequality of all kinds because it primes people for broader violence- our impact is about the scale of violence and the disproportionate relationship between that scale and warfare, not that one form of social exclusion comes first

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4

(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)

(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

This large and … feelings of victimization).

Human nature can be changed- its not set in advance and pedagogical transformation in this debate can change economic preference formation

Schor ‘10

(Julie, Prof. of Economics @ Boston College, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth, pgs. 11-12)

And we don't … what plenitude offers.

1NC Third Party

Interpretation: “Its democracy assistance” means aid is must be provided to recipients directly or through intermediaries under the control of the United States.

“Its” denotes possession or ownership

Glossary of English ‘5 

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Possession means control over

Oxford Dictionaries ‘11

 http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/possession

Possession Pronunciation:/pəˈzɛʃ(ə)n

AND

of having , owning, or controlling something:

For has a limited and specific meaning in the context of the resolution – it means the assistance is to be to the country.

Richardson ‘94

Eli J. Richardson, Associate, Rogers & Hardin, Atlanta, Georgia; J.D., 1992, Vanderbilt University. “Eliminating Double-Talk from the Law of Double Jeapordy”. Florida State University Law Review. Summer, 1994. Lexis.

In certain other contexts, "for" carries a limited specific meaning. For example, imagine a birthday present labeled, "For Mother." The word "for" means that the package is to be opened and/or owned by Mother, not that the package is concerning or relating to Mother

Vote negative.

Ground – The best neg args like backlash and “USAID bad” are based on the US-implemented democracy assistance – Even if there are lots of different aff’s, US implementation guarantees the neg will have something to say

Predictable limits – Going through a third party changes how the assistance is implemented which the negative cannot be prepared for and introduces 200 new unpredictable advantage areas based on relations.

1NC T Dialogue

Assistance for democracy is distinct from promoting a dialogue

Stahn & Ullen 07

Andreas Stahn and Vera van Hüllen Free University Berlin Paper prepared for the European Union Studies Association (EUSA) Tenth Biennial International Conference, May 17-19, 2007 Different actors, different tools? Approaching EU and US democracy promotion in the Mediterranean and the Newly Independent States http://aei.pitt.edu/7911/1/hullen-v-03e.pdf

In our view, the crucial step is

AND

design of the tools (see Table 1).

Table 1: Democracy Promotion Tool Box

Instruments                                                     Influence Mechanisms                                    Actor

Diplomacy                                                                                                                                                               State

- Political Dialogue & Negotiations          Social Learning & External Incentives

(Bargaining)

-Unilateral Declarations                                           Naming & Shaming

-Positive & Negative Conditionality         External Incentives 

(on diplomatic relations and aid)                             (Reducing or Imposing Costs)

Foreign Aid                                                                                                                                                             State and

non-state

Democracy Assistance (TA/FA)                              Capacity Building and Socialization

Vote Negative

Limits—explodes limits of the topic to include all elements of democracy promotion—makes it impossible to be negative because of the research burden

Also makes disad uniqueness impossible- Obama has already made declaratory statements about most of the Arab Spring countries

Even if they provide assistance the plan is still extra T because it is for the purpose of a dialogue—voting issue because of artificial solvency boosters and its not predictable.

***1NC

Cyber security will pass

IP Network Policy Report 3/26

REP. TERRY OPTIMISTIC ABOUT PROSPECTS FOR 'STREAMLINED' CYBERSECURITY BILL, Factiva

House Republicans hope to pass cybersecurity legislation this

AND

because we're too vulnerable now to potential attack."

Political capital is key to compromise

Levin 2-8

Mintz Levin on 2/8/2012 “Legislative Update – Cybersecurity” http://www.jdsupra.com/post/documentViewer.aspx?fid=0a38a729-5e76-4261-8263-e371f4cbff87

As the 112th Congress gets underway, many continue …between Administration officials and Senators took place last week to discuss the urgency of passing a cybersecurity bill this year.

The plan generates a massive controversy

Richter, LAT, ‘11

(Correspondent, LA Times. “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413, accessed 9-28-11, CMM)

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's e… has been blocked at almost every turn.

This is vital to secure critical infrastructure --- impact is heg, the economy, food prices, energy shocks, nuclear melt downs, and chemical industry

Sebastian 09

(Rohan,- research for the office of

AND

Government’s Role in Preserving Cybersecurity for Critical Infrastructure”)

The intersection of critical infrastructure and cyberspace has

AND

directly tied  to political feasibility and industry acceptance.

Meltdowns cause extinction

Lendman 11

Research Associate of the Centre for Research on

AND

/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in …the entire region. "It could be, literally, an apocalyptic event.

1NC Executive CP

The United States Congress should provide technical support to Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government to mediate for the purpose of facilitating a democratic transition in Syria between the Syrian opposition and minority groups in Syria and should revise the Case-Zablocki Act to require genuine consultation from the executive before changes to aid policy that are not explicitly granted by Congress.

The first part of the counterplan solves the case – provides assistance, but starts with Congress instead of executive agencies

The second plank prevents runaway presidential power

Presidential powers unlimited now

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

AND

article=1860&context=fss_papers

Today nearly all of U.S.

AND

lawmaking can lead to more effective international law.

The plan is unfettered presidential rule-making – the counterplan is key to reign in a runaway executive

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

AND

article=1860&context=fss_papers

As detailed above, the President is an

AND

has the constitutional power “to declare war.”

Power of the purse is key

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

AND

article=1860&context=fss_papers

In the election of 1960, President Kennedy

AND

in charge of the foreign aid program. 149

Unlimited executive power leads to extinction

Forrester 89 – Professor of Law @ Hastings

AND

Wash. L. Rev. 1636, Lexis

A basic theory--if not the basic

AND

general, probably would be unable to survive.

1NC

Their framing of Turkey as a bridge between Islam and the West reinforces Turkey’s liminal status outside the policy community

Yanik ‘9 (Lerna K., Prof

AND

, Vol. 14, 531–549)

No foreign policy activity can develop in a

AND

spin Turkey’s foreign policy makers put on it.

This form of liminality devolves to permanent war and destroys value to life

Szakolczai ’10 (Arpad, Prof. in

AND

, Cambridge, pp. 16-17)

The motto for this concluding section could not

AND

get back to the patient work of understanding.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject the aff’s framing of the Middle East

Alternative pedagogical engagement with the Arab world is key- only changing our knowledge practices to create hospitality towards Islam creates effective Middle East policymaking

Said ‘3

(Edward, Prof. of Comparative Literature and English @ Columbia, Orientalism, “Preface (2003)”, pgs. xiv-xxiii)

I should say again that I have no "real" Orient to argue for. I do, however, have a very high reg…has had a place in the long and often interrupted road to human freedom.

1NC Aid Now

No Syrian aid- Obama is hesitant to get involved and hasn’t decided on his strategy yet

It’s just moral support so far

Hasn’t even unveiled the actual aid yet

Ryan 3-29-12 [Missy, Reuters, “Amid fresh diplomacy, US still wary of direct Syria role,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/29/usa-syria-clinton-idUSL2E8ET2SG20120329]

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary

AND

questions about how much diplomacy alone can accomplish.

1NC Transition

PKK radicalization will subside post-Assad.

Schenker 12/14

David Schenker is the Aufzien fellow and director of the Program on Arab Politics at The Washington Institute. “Bashar Assad in the Balance”. Las Angeles Times. December 14, 2011. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1775

The actions of the Islamist government in Turkey would …would subside with the end of the Assad regime, an event that will be accelerated by supporting the FSA.

Turkey can’t intervene- it’d alienate its regional allies and lead to Assad supporting Kurdish rebels and there’d be no international support

Kennedy 3/11

J. Michael Kennedy, Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2012, “Turkey struggles in the role of Mideast power during Syria crisis,” http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-turkey-syria-20120312,0,6083487.story

Turkey envisions itself as a Middle East power, a …between Ankara and Damascus in recent years.

No spillover now – Iraq proves

Clawson 12

Patrick Clawson, s Director of Research at

AND

Indeed, chaos in Syria would create a

AND

little impact on the stability of its neighbors.

Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts won’t spill-over – no one will be draw-in.

Fettweis ’11 – Professor of Political Science @ Tulane

Christopher Fettweis, Professor of Political Science @ Tulane. “Dangerous Times: The Futurist Interviews Christopher Fettweis”. World Future Society. 1/12/2011.  http://www.wfs.org/content/dangerous-times-futurist-interviews-christopher-fettweis

THE FUTURIST: In the next few years, the United States will end its military oversight of Afghanistan and Iraq. We can hope that the two fledgling democracies’ civil governments will prove strong enough to withstand their armed insurgent enemies, but it’s obvious that they might possibly not. In that case, Afghanistan and/or Iraq could fall back … having their own civil war. But will it spill over into other countries? Probably not.

U.S.-Russia cooperation is on the brink – new action to overthrow Assad will collapse the reset.

Meyer 10/5

Henry Meyer. “Russia to Resist Western

AND

change-after-syria-veto.html

Russia, which blocked a United Nations resolution

AND

Heritage Foundation, a Washington think-tank.

***No Sunni-Shiite war – their impact is based off a flawed and orientalist reading of Muslim politics

Dabashi ‘11, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, (Hamid, "It's not a Shiite-Sunni divide," 3-2, articles.cnn.com/2011-03-02/opinion/dabashi.islamic.sectarianism_1_sunni-shiite-shiite-sunni-shiite-crescent?_s=PM:OPINION)

The roots of the sectarian division between Sunni

AND

pride of place and chart a new destiny.

Terrorism is not an existential threat – at most it will kill a few hundred people a year – the fear of WMD terrorism is overblown.

Mueller ‘11

John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession. “The truth about al Qaeda”. August 5, 2011. CNN’s Global Public Square. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/05/the-truth-about-al-qaeda/

Outside of war zones, the amount of killing …WMD terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

Even if the Gulf States do pursue nuclearization, it would be slow because they’re so far behind.  Because it takes years, our stablizing arguments are true

Madson in ‘6

[Peter, Naval Postgraduate School, “

AND

not Falling”, March, p. online]

If the Gulf States were to embark on

AND

, it would take years to produce results.

No Russia threat – rapprochement coming now

Laqueur ’10 – Director of the Wiener Library Institute of Contemporary History

Waliter, Director of the Wiener Library Institute of Contemporary History, in London, and Chair of the International Research Council at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Moscow's Modernization Dilemma: Is Russia Charting a New Foreign Policy?, Nov/Dec Foreign Affairs, Proquest

It seems gradually to have dawned on at least some Russian stra…. If so, then how far can the changes in Russia's foreign policy be expected to go?

US solves EU energy dependence

Russia Energy ‘11

“U.S. Shale Boom Reduces

AND

#state=NewsDetail&id=4181)

The U.S. shale gas boom

AND

significant implications for environmental objectives," said Medlock.

Action on Syria kills Turkeys role as a mediator and its influence in the region.

Afrasiabi 10/12

Kaveh L Afrasiabi, PhD, is the author of After Khomeini: New Directions in Iran's Foreign Policy. “Misstep in Turkey's neighborly ties”. Asia Times. October 12, 2011. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MJ12Ak03.html

Already, Turkey's embrace of the bid by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization … has underestimated the severity of forces opposed to Turkey's quest for gaining a new strategic foothold in the Middle East.

Kills their mediator role

Mert 10/9

Nuray Mert, Turkish journalist and political scientists

AND

8216mission-impossible8217-2011-10-09

U.S. President Barack Obama thanked

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foreign policy and it may cost Turkey dearly.

1NC Turkey

Despite multiple flashpoints – Asian war unlikely

Bitzinger and Desker ‘8 – Senior Fellow @ International Studies Perspectives

Richard and Barry, PhD from UCLA and Senior Fellow @ International Studies Perspectives, Dean of the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Why East Asian War is Unlikely, Survival, Volume 50, Issue 6 December 2008 , pages 105 – 128

The Asia-Pacific region can be … that war in Asia - while not inconceivable - is unlikely.

Korean war won’t escalate.

Kang, prof of IR @ USC, ‘10

David, 12/31/2010.

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koreas-new-cold-war-4653

However, despite dueling artillery barrages and the

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—keep smaller incidents in their proper perspective.

No risk of Chinese expansion sparking global war, prolif, or conflict over regional flashpoints-economic interdependence and US military superiority check

Bremmer 10

Ian, president of Eurasia Group and author of The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War between States and Corporations? “Gathering the Storm: America and China in 2020” August http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/gathering-storm-america-and-china-2020

China’s determination to defend its territorial integrity,… most powerful governments, including China’s, considerable amounts of money.

US-Turkey relations and cooperation are high.

Dunman 12/31

İsmail Duman, World Bulletin. “Turkey's

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net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=83682

When we talk about Turkey's Middle East agenda

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which is for the benefit of Western interests.

U.S and Turkey already coordinating on Syria.

Katulis 12/9

Brian Katulis, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress. “Straight Talk with Iraq About Syria”. Center for American Progress. December 9, 2011. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/12/iraq_us_talks.html

The biggest shift on Syria has come from Turkey, …, and Turkey will remain a pivotal actor on Syria in the weeks to come.

US-Turkish frictions inevitable and ineffective.

Mead ‘11

Walter Russell Mead is the James Clark Chase

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fat-turkish-idea-2011-8

Turkey will also need outside partners to take

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new era of Turkish leadership in the Levant.

Turkey’s strategy is to exploit conflicts in the Middle East, not solve them – their influence is used to balance U.S. influence in the region.

Badran 8/17

Tony Badran is a research fellow at the

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-s-cant-trust-turkey/

"Syria ... is engaging in horrific,

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exploit, not solve, Middle East's conflicts.\

K 2NC

Wrong starting point- framing critique in terms of policy relevance collapses the public sphere and ensures colonization by elites- only criticism that focuses on affect and the power relations it produces can effectively de-mobilize American exceptionalism

Biswas ‘7

Shampa, Politics @ Whitman “Empire and

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36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire

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fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

Military academic-complex ensures extinction- restricts debates to questions of geopolitical strategy

Lichterman ‘4

(Andrew, Program Director of the Western

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.org/docs/juggernaut.html)

Hannah Arendt noted that with imperialism there … (and not for law’s) sake turns into a destructive principle that will not stop until there is nothing left to violate.”14

Opposition of Western civilization and Islam races populations, drawing lines for a war of civilizations that ends in genocide

Batur ‘7

Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin –

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and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century,

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century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

PKK Adv

Won’t escalate – peace negotiations

Ivashov ‘7

Colonel General Leonid Ivashov. President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007. "Will America Fight Russia." Defense and Security. No 78. Lexis.

Ivashov: Numerous scenarios and options are possible. … all weapons in nuclear arsenals. It will stop the war and put negotiations into motion.

Russophobia turns Middle East impacts

Lieven ‘1 (Anatol, Senior Associate for Foreign and Security policy at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Against Russophobia,” World Policy Journal, Winter, http://www.worldpolicy.newschool.edu/journal/lieven.html)

Ever since the Cold War ended, Western

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are classed as irrationally, irredeemably savage and wicked

Their rhetoric of “moderating” Turkey and the PKK treats Islam as inherently violent- that institutionalizes Islamophobia

Khalid ‘7

(Asma, pursuing her master's degree in

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-coop.html?s=hns)

Last month, three Muslim men were arrested

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to counter Islam's violent reputation with factual scholarship.

Islamophobia leads to extinction- produces patterns of institutionalized hatred that generate confirmation bias and create racial impetus for warfare

Munjid ‘11

(3/27, Achmad, president

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+%28Hodgman-Pramanik%29+Aff)

Remember, as institutionalized hatred, Islamophobia has

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, all “others” become the enemy.

The war on terrorism is a product of an American race war – the only risk of escalation is created through a series of increasingly apocalyptic claims

Lifton ‘3

(Robert Jay, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of

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Superpower Syndrome, pgs. 8-11)

More than that, 9/11 is

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come up against the irredeemable stubbornness of reality.

The NPT and anti-prolif discourse treat

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truth claims because they’re self-serving and polarizing

Gusterson ’99, (Hugh, Anthropologist @

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1999 pp. 111-143, JSTOR)

According to the literature on risk in anthropology

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declining (Klare 1995).
    Thus in Western discourse

***Starts Here

nuclear weapons are represented so that "theirs

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in U.S. national security discourse.

Alliance Adv

Their exceptionalist framing ensures China policy failure- treats US motivations as universal and uses confrontation with China to maintain the stability of the American self

Pan ’4,

(Chengxin, Department of Poli Sci &

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Issue: 3. Publication Year: 2004)

The United States has since been construed as

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and Saddam's Iraq in particular. (38)

Threatening framings of China rise are self-fulfilling - they spur Chinese nationalism and ensure confrontation

Gries ‘7

(Peter Hayes, the Harold J.

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August 2007, Vol. 81.5.)

Chinese Occidentalism—Chinese uses of the “

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nationalist assertions about China’s great-power status.

1NR Exec CP

AT: Perm Do CP

The perm doesn’t fiat any executive action.

No executive action is taken – and no aid is increased.

Severance is a voting issue – allows the aff to jettison all negative offense, stacks the deck too far in their favor

AT: Perm Do Both

***These cards will also be useful for the link argument to the DA***

Perm doesn’t solve the net-benefit

a) Power of the purse – Executive spending devastates key Congressional powers – prevents any recourse for Congress to assert authority – that’s Hathaway

b) The permutation ignores the Congressional request for prior and genuine consultation.  This sets a precedent for future violations of Congressional oversight

Mayer 1 – Professor of Political Science

Kenneth Mayer, Associate Professor of Political Science

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Presidential Power, 2001, p. 56.

The relative institutional capabilities of the presidency and

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originated in Midwest Oil, in which the Court

Each additional delegation prevents Congress from re-asserting authority

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

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article=1860&context=fss_papers

Why did Congress delegate so much of its

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already had been ceded to the executive branch.

Double-bind

a) Congress vetoes the plan – this is severance – allows the affirmative to not defend an increase or add external conditions to the plan.  Voting issue

b) Congress acquiesces to the permutation – this doesn’t solve the net-benefit

AT Perm Do Plan and Change Act

Counterplans in uq- plan is a unique instance of violation- eliminates the credibility of power of the purse- makes it a unique scenario for conflict

Status quo is ineffective – prior and genuine consultation is key

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

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article=1860&context=fss_papers

In addition to the formal rules of the

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reject or modify agreements with which it disagrees.

Agent CP’s

Key to test the agent of the plan- they specified it- means it’s a predictable strategy

IT TESTS THE AGENT IN THE RESOLUTION AND THAT’S NEGATIVE GROUND—THEY SHOULD HAVE TO DEFEND THEIR ACTOR

IT INCREASES EDUCATION BECAUSE WE LEARN ABOUT HOW THE GOVERNMENT CAN AND SHOULD CREATE POLICY

MOST COUNTERPLANS ARE AGENT COUNTERPLANS, THE ALTERNATIVE

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AFFIRMATIVE BECAUSE IT’S HARDER FOR THEM TO GARNER OFFENSE

It’s based in the literature

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

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article=1860&context=fss_papers

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, for

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the prohibitions established by the Chadha opinion.” 201

AT Obama Key Cred

Solely executive international agreements undermine credibility

Hathaway 9 – Professor of International Law @ Yale

Oona, “Presidential Power over International Law

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article=1860&context=fss_papers

If they are right, the implications of

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lead the President to walk away from the agreement

***MAREKD***

(or retaliate in other ways). This

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an agreement that is best for the nation.

1AR C/I

C/I – Civil Society support, rendering electoral assistance, and mediation

Youngs 11

[Richard Youngs, Director General of Fundación

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/110509_UNDEF.doc.htm]

However, he added, some aid recipients

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”, and codifying best practices for democracy assistance.

The part about dialogue is about how we evaluate democracy- it just says it can’t be against the will of the government- independent violation since they only aid opposition

Huber 8 - DANIELA HUBER Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies, Mediterranean Politics Volume 13, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 43 – 62

Promoting democracy against the will of a … discussing democracy or human rights related questions or  indirectly through the strengthening of networks.

What is it though? Its support for capacity building, which is not dialogue

Huber 8 - DANIELA HUBER Department of International

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Issue 1, 2008, Pages 43 – 62

What is Democracy Assistance?  The term democracy

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institutions that are responsive and accountable  to citizens.

They also lead to conditions because the result of the dialogue could be anything—allows for bidirectional affs

And, their we-meet evidence says PROMOTING democracy includes dialogue

Huber, 8 - Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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Comparison of US and EU Policies”, ebsco) 

Secondly, this section will also cover an

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questions or indirectly through the strengthening of networks.

Democracy assistance is part of democracy promotion, but democracy promotion includes much more.

Lappin ‘10

Richard Lappin, a PhD candidate at the

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sites/default/files/8.pdf

In defining democracy assistance, it is paramount

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, economic sanctions applied, and embargoes enforced.

Topicality should be based on competing interprations—anything could be considered reasonably reasonable and it begs the question of whether or not their interpretation is reasonable.  Comepting interpretations is the only non arbitrary decision in the debate

The function of the phrase “democracy assistance” in the resolution is to identify a uniform mechanism that creates the capacity for stable and predictable negative ground.  The best topics are those that have a stable mechanism.  Our argument is that the affirmative conflates the mechanism of democracy assistance with the mechanism of international diplomacy.  Allowing that conflation destroys the topic.  If affirmatives can do diplomacy there is no negative ground.  It wipes out the links to politics, the links to kiss of death, destroys uniqueness to any disad since we are actively engaged diplomatically in each of the topic countries and massively expands the topic because you could schedule any meeting or dialogue with  any political or civil group in any of the six countries.

The U.S. categorizes mediation as diplomacy

IDRC 2000

http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-28495-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

The 1994 National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement emphasized preventive diplomacy via support for democracy, development aid, overseas military presence, and diplomatic mediation "in order to help resolve problems, reduce tensions, and defuse conflicts before they become crises."10 This position informed the decision to assist the African Crisis Response Initiative and the Greater Horn of Africa Initiative and led to the establishment of the Secretary of State’s Preventive Action Initiative.

Seriously, mediation is international diplomacy

Wisegeek 11

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mediation.htm

Diplomatic mediation is also known as peace brokering or simply as international diplomacy. In diplomatic mediation, mediators attempt to come to a meeting point in the views of two or more nations. Diplomatic mediation is most often used to settle violent conflicts, through agreements and resolutions collectively known as the peace process. Diplomatic mediation may also be used as a way of settling land and property disputes before they escalate into a violent situation.

Mediation dialogus is explicitly a distinct foreign policy tool and not part of foreign aid

Damien HELLY 03

CERI - Sciences po, Paris

Rethinking the West: Convergence and Divergence between EU and US Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus

http://aei.pitt.edu/6502/

American and EU foreign policies  policy have both

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continuously covered civil society and human rights dimensions .

Diplomatic mediation is the third channel commonly used

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that could conciliate contradictory interests about regional conflicts.

***MARKED***

The US and some EU Member States take

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of negotiation adapted to such an independent context.

Dialogue is a different mechanism and is not part of democracy assistance

Stahn & Ullen 07

Andreas Stahn and Vera van Hüllen Free University

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1/hullen-v-03e.pdf

For identifying different mechanisms of influence, we

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through providing expertise, financial and material resources.