T
A. Interpretation – Democracy assistance must be a quid pro quo – distinctive American approach***
Thomas Carothers is vice-president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is the author or editor of many books on democracy promotion, January 2009. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?” JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY, Volume 20, Number 1
Foreign assistance is issued on a quid pro quo basis to governments
Lael Brainard Brookings, Global Economy and Development Program director, 2007. A Unified Framework for U.S. Foreign Assistancehttp://www3.brookings.edu/press/books/chapter_1/securitybyothermeans.pdf
B. Violation – the plan is unconditional and provides assistance to the people
C. Standards
a MECHANISM-based limit is real-world – productive starting point for clash
David L. Phillips is a project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy and currently a visiting scholar at Columbia University’s Center for the Study of Human Rights. He has worked as a senior adviser to the U.S. Department of State and the United Nations Secretariat and Lincoln A. Mitchell is the Arnold A. Saltzman assistant professor in the Practice of International Politics at Columbia University’s School of International and Political Affairs. Dr. Mitchell is also a practitioner of democracy Assistance, 2008. “Enhancing Democracy Assistance,” AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY INSTERESTS, 30: 156-175
K
Plan’s security discourse is inherently gendered – these masculinized frameworks result in fail Middle Eastern policy formation
Shepherd 2007
[Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence,” BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256]
Gender Hierarchies are not inevitable—failure to solve guarantees extinction
Clark 4
Mary E., PhD and professor of biological studies @ Berkeley, "RHETORIC, PATRIARCHY & WAR: EXPLAINING THE DANGERS OF "LEADERSHIP" IN MASS CULTURE", http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4005307/Rhetoric-patriarchy-war-explaining-the.html
Alternative is to engage in a discoursive framing process questioning the gendered hierarchies apparent in the 1AC. As political agents we can change policy making to include avenues of gendered analysis
Beland 2009
Daniel Beland. “Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009
DA#1
A. Uniqueness – Iran perceives their influence growing through the Arab Spring.
Seyed Mohammad Marandi, assistant prof. of English at the University of Tehran, “The American Misreading of Iran,” 6/2/2011, http://www.veteranstoday.com/2011/06/02/the-american-misreading-of-iran/
B. Strengthening Middle East democracy isolates the Iranian regime.
Mehdi Khalaji, senior fellow at The Washington Institute, “Influence Curtailed: Democracy in the Arab World Stands to Strip Iran of Its Power,” 4/12/2011, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1609
C. Weakening Iran’s influence causes Iranian aggression.
Alexander Wilner, analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “U.S. AND IRANIAN STRATEGIC COMPETITION,” 5/17/2011, http://csis.org/files/publication/Internal%20Politics_Contents_Final.pdf
D. That causes war
Dreyfuss, 11 (Robert, investigative journalist whose work has appeared in The Nation, Rolling Stone, Mother Jones, The American Prospect, and other progressivepublications. His work also appears on line at TomPaine.com. Dreyfuss received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dreyfuss was Middle East Intelligence director of the Executive Intelligence Review, the flagship journal of the Lyndon LaRouche movement. His 1981 book,Hostage to Khomeini, was commissioned by Lyndon LaRouche and it was cowritten with Thierry LeMarc. The book was published by the LaRouche publishing house of the time, New Benjamin Franklin House. In the 1990s Dreyfuss wrote on intelligence issues and foreign affairs, and profiled a number of organizations and public figures, “Averting a Disaster in the Persian Gulf,” June 8, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/06/averting-a-disaster-in-the-persian-gulf.html)
CP
Turkey should do the plan – comparatively has more demo promo cred than Westerners – and their democratic model is more conducive to Arab countries
Negrón-Gonzales, New Hampshire University Politics and Society Lecturer, 5-2-11
[Dr. Melinda, "Building Civil Society after the Arab Spring: Lessons from Turkey by Melinda Negrón-Gonzales", Encompassing Crescent, http://encompassingcrescent.com/2011/05/building-civil-society-after-the-arab-spring-lessons-from-turkey/ ]
Solvency
No specific solvency evidence in the context of Bahrain. This goes conceded. They basically concede that they do not have spill over and that the US will not change their policies to model this one instance of the plan in Bahrain. Means that their impacts are inevitable.
No Solvency – won’t get online
Wellman 2011. (Facebook Becomes Divisive in Bahrain. Phillip Walter Wellman. August 17, 2011. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Facebook-Becomes-Divisive-in-Bahrain-127958073.html)
Impacts are overstated – society has existed for thousands of years pre internet
Turn – The interwebs cause sectarianism Turns Case
Wellman 2011. (Facebook Becomes Divisive in Bahrain. Phillip Walter Wellman. August 17, 2011. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Facebook-Becomes-Divisive-in-Bahrain-127958073.html)
Logic flows neg – they can still find ways to crackdown A). they will get counter intelligence B). use populations to self-monitor C). they can still look at what people are saying/tweeting. It’s bad when your solvency is predicated off of going to your privacy setting and putting it on high. D). No evidence that says they won’t just look at x rated websites.
Social media makes the situation worse
Wellman 2011. (Facebook Becomes Divisive in Bahrain. Phillip Walter Wellman. August 17, 2011. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Facebook-Becomes-Divisive-in-Bahrain-127958073.html)
US Dominance
Can’t solve the advantage –their impact is based off of how we approach democracy assistance to differnet countires. Their aff doesn’t change those political doctirnes
Turn – becoming involvd in Bahrain continues U.S domination more than the squo
Disads outweigh the case:
Extinction outweighs all - ethics demands you evaluate our impacts first.
Seeley, ‘86
(Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, The Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70)
As policymakers, we must prioritize the fate of humanity – any risk of extinction shatters the frame of existence and should be rejected as a decision rule
Schell 82, (Jonathan ,journalist, FATE OF THE EARTH, 1982, p. 184.)
The death of our species resembles the death of an individual in its boundlessness, its blankness, its removal beyond experience, and its tendency to baffle human thought and feeling, yet as soon as one mentions the hope of survival the similarities are clearly at an end. For while individual death is inevitable, extinction can be avoided; while every person must die, mankind can be saved.
Turn:
The plan is an attempt to hijack digital activism in the Arab World for the sake of US geopolitical interests – US politicization and support of Internet Freedom silences Arab grassroots movements
Gharbia, Global Voices Advocacy Director, 6-20-11
[Sami ben, Co-founder of nawaat.org, "The Internet Freedom Fallacy and Arab Digital Activism", http://futurechallenges.org/local/the-internet-freedom-fallacy-and-the-arab-digital-activism/]
Studies prove that an individual’s understanding of gender is critical in advocating peace in the Middle East – It isn’t about the sex of the person but concern for the status and role of gender in social and political circles
Tessler and Warriner in 1997
Mark Tessler and Ina Warriner. “Gender, Feminism and Attitudes Toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East” World Politics. 49.2 pp 250-281. 1997.
K Turns Case
Feminism is the only way to prevent great power wars- solves the root cause of masculine policies and unjust social hierarchies
Tickner 2001 [J. Ann is a feminist international relations (IR) theorist. She is a professor at the School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.[1] Her books include Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era (Columbia University, 2001), Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving International Security (Columbia University, 1992) “Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era” Mayhttp://www.ciaonet.org/book/tia01/index.html] AK
State
The ontology of the State as a unitary actor is heavily gendered, and excludes femininity from the actions of the State
Duncanson and Eschle 8 (Claire and Catherine, U of Edinburgh and U of Strathclyde, New Political Science 30(4), p. 557)
Perm
1. No perm – this is a question of methodologies. Plan’s methodological and epistemological approach to international relations is antithetical to that of feminist IR. (Fem IR begins in the analysis of the individuals embedded in the structures of society, the plan is based in the current infrastructure of IR theorists and cannot be combined with the alt)
Tickner 1
(J. Ann, prof at the School of International Relations, USC, Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era, p. 3-5)
