//
////
////
//2NC
DA
Tentative agreement on foreign aid budget cuts proves no new aid now – plan ruptures agreement.
Fox News 12-16. [“Congress spending package restricts aid to Egypt, Pakistan” -- http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/12/16/congress-spending-package-restricts-aid-to-egypt-pakistan/]
Congress …. the accounts.
Election campaigning means no new aid for the Arab Spring – only risk of further cuts.
Robison 12-28. [Gordon, Prof of Poli Sci @ Vermont, Middle East jounrnalist, US political analyst, “Fearmongering over Arab Spring” Gulf News -- http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/fearmongering-over-arab-spring-1.957751]
As bellicose ,,,, an election year.
Future of foreign aid is up in the air – trends for cuts not increases now.
Cornwell 12-19. [Susan, Reuters journalist, “US foreign aid escapes slashing cuts in fiscal 2012” Daily Star -- http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Dec-19/157338-us-foreign-aid-escapes-slashing-cuts-in-fiscal-2012.ashx#axzz1i2XxSbjQ]
The 2012 …. U.S. foreign aid.
ADV 1
They don’t have card 1 that says the EU wants the plan – all they have are cards that speak normatively to why cooperation would be good, but none that say they want it.
We have two cards from their authors that conclude they would reject the plan – the Youngs ev indicates that the significant differences in the squo have made it impossible to cooperate – Europe will distance itself from the United States.
The second card is the Wittes ev – also their author – who says that Europe will perceive the plan as just an attempt at using the EU as a means for the US’ personal gains and thus they will reject it. Prefer it – only ev that speaks to perceptions.
They don’t like being associated with the US
YOUNGS ‘4 – this is their own author (Richard, Director of FRIDE, “Transatlantic Cooperation on Middle East Reform: A European Misjudgement?,” October, http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/transatlantic_cooperation_on_middle_east_reform_a_european_misjudgement/)
Europeans have …. European distinctiveness.
Lack of coordination prior to the plan means they say no.
YOUNGS ‘4 – this is their own author (Richard, Director of FRIDE, “Transatlantic Cooperation on Middle East Reform: A European Misjudgement?,” October, http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/transatlantic_cooperation_on_middle_east_reform_a_european_misjudgement/)
The most …. democracy strategy.
No impact to Balkans – previous conflicts only occurred due to great power meddling which no longer exists – ethnic strife alone is insufficient to cause armed conflict – that’s Schwarz and Layne.
Plan’s not key to Balkans – any reason the US would be forced to intervene is a reason why cooperation is inevitable.
Won’t escalate.
Bandow 99 [Doug, Senior Fellow of the CATO Institute, Mar 10, “The U.S. Role in Kosovo,” http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-db031099.html]
Most important… setting priorities.
Relations are resilient – mutual interests, shared heritage, economic ties – that’s McCormick.
No link between relations and cooperation.
Relations)
The existing social … superficial" one?
ADV 2
Democracy is inevitable – the fact that the Arab Spring happened has been enough to send positive signals globally – it’s all the rage – that’s Khalaf.
And no country can be a model – differences in government structure mean that no one country can make or break democracy elsewhere – that’s Hunt.
Zero internal link – tons of alt causes take out solvency
Layalina Review 11 – The Layalina Review On Public Diplomacy and Arab Media (Oct/Nov, “New Beginnings in Tunisia,” PDF)
Chrisafis also … of dictatorship.
No risk of Iran impact- US red lines and naval presence prevent miscalculation – that’s Rubin.
Deterrence checks.
Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International, 2/19/2010. “Don’t Scramble the Jets,” http://www.newsweek.com/id/233854
Can we live … strategy work.
No Saudi-Pakistan alliance – Pakistan is in upheaval and Saudi Arabia can’t use nukes for its troubles – that’s Lippman.
No Saudi prolif – not capable, destabilizing, controversial, weakens the kingdom, commitment to economy, NPT, official opposition
Lippman 11 – senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia. He is the author of “Arabian Knight: Colonel Bill Eddy USMC and the Rise of American Power in the Middle East,” “Inside the Mirage: America’s Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia,” ” Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy,” ” Understanding Islam, and Egypt After Nasser”. A writer and journalist specializing in U.S. foreign policy and Middle Eastern affairs (Thomas W., 08/05, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/)
It is highly … mass destruction.
No means, motive or time for nuclear terrorism- low probability
Mueller, 11 (JOHN MUELLER is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University. He is the author of Atomic Obsession and a co-author, with Mark Stewart, of the forthcoming book Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security. He is also editor of the webbook Terrorism Since 9/11: The American Cases, “The Turth About Al Quada,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda)
Bin Laden’s Files … from the Russians.
CP
The negative should get to test any logical opportunity cost to the plan
a. Advocacy skills---one conditional world means the aff only has to win the direction of the plan is good and not that the plan is optimal---when Obama had to defend his healthcare proposal he had to defend it from both the hard right and the hard left and could not “concede contradictions”
b. Neg flex---this topic is overwhelmingly aff biased---there are no topic DAs, “democracy assistance” doesn’t mean anything which prevents any stable limit on the topic, and the lit isnt’ developed enough to have specific counterplans---we need multiple advocacies
c. Education---analyzing the plan from multiple perspectives is key to a comprehensive understanding of democracy policy---more advocacies rewards more research
d. Any other interp is arbitrary---there’s no difference for aff ground between 1 and 5 conditional worlds b/c of internal NBs the aff can’t straight turn---dispo is condo b/c we’d add planks that force perms and it is illogical b/c you’d have to vote for a bad option just b/c another 1 is worse
e. Defense---2nr checks, loss of fairness inevitable, reject the arg not the team
CP sends a powerful signal of federal commitment to foreign assistance
Pozen 6. (David, JD Candidate – Yale Law School, “Remapping the Charitable Deduction”, Connecticut Law Review, December, 39 Conn. L. Rev. 531, Lexis)
For better and worse, … the revolution.
CP solves 100% of US Image.
Jenkins 7. [Gary, Assist. Prof. of Law @ Ohio State Univ. Moritz College of Law, former Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel of the Goldman Sachs foundation where he oversaw a $200 million int’l grantmaking program, “Soft Power, Strategic Security and International Philanthropy” North Carolina Law Review, 85 NCL Rev. 773 -- March -- lexis]
This Article details …. self-interest.
Solves your cooperation internal link.
Jenkins 7. [Gary, Assist. Prof. of Law @ Ohio State Univ. Moritz College of Law, former Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel of the Goldman Sachs foundation where he oversaw a $200 million int’l grantmaking program, “Soft Power, Strategic Security and International Philanthropy” North Carolina Law Review, 85 NCL Rev. 773 -- March -- lexis]
Although these … of soft power.
Leveraging contracts solves --- they’re massive
Stanberry 4 (Scott, Certified Public Accountant, More than a Decade of Experience Working in Government Contracting, Federal Contracting Made Easy, p. 4-6)
Our federal government (…. controls federal policy.
CP solves better --- increases total aid, and citizen involvement that independently creates strong civil society
Pozen 7. [David, JD Candidate @ Yale Law School, “Tax Expenditures as Foreign Aid”, Yale Law Journal, 116 Yale L.J. 869 -- January -- lexis]
Yet at the same time, ….. the nonprofit sector.
We solve the Mid East – comparative ev.
McInerny 11. (Stephen, Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED), director of Advocacy at POMED. He has more than six years experience in the Middle East, including graduate studies in Middle Eastern politics, history, and the Arabic language at the American University of Beirut and the American University in Cairo. His writing on Middle Eastern politics and U.S. foreign policy has been published by the Arab Reform Bulletin, The Daily Star, Foreign Policy, The New Republic, and The Washington Post. He has spoken on Middle East affairs with numerous media outlets including BBC, MSNBC, Al Jazeera, and CBS News. He received a Masters degree from Stanford University, “The Logic of the Donor Community: American Donors,” April 2011, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/EMHRF-paper-the-logic-of-the-donor-community-American-donors.pdf)
Private foundations … period of transition.
Competes --- “U.S. assistance” is only direct, governmental aid
Adelman 3 (Carol, Former Assistant Administrator – USAID and Senior Fellow – Hudson Institute, “Foreign Aid in the National Interest”, Chapter 6—The Full Measure of Foreign Aid, http://www.usaid.gov/fani/ch06/)
United States aid … aid to foreign countries.
They sever certainty – the counterplan creates an incentive for private organizations to act – we don’t fiat implementation of the aff.
Here’s our evidentiary support:
(A) Resolved means determined
Dictionary.com 06
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, verb)
to come to a definite or earnest decision about; determine (to do something): I have resolved that I shall live to the full.
(B) Should requires certainty and immediacy
SUMMER ‘94 (Justice, Oklahoma City Supreme Court, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CIteID= 20287#marker3fn14)
The legal question … See Van Wyck v. Knevals, 106 U.S. 360, 365, 1 S.Ct. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).
The plan has to spend money – “increasing democracy assistance” requires new resources
Bread for the World, Christian NGO, 11
(“What is Foreign Assistance?” http://www.bread.org/hunger/foreign-aid/)
Foreign assistance or foreign aid refers to funding the United States provides to other countries. Sometimes foreign assistance is given directly to a country’s government either in cash or “in-kind,” meaning physical items such as tents, food, or weapons. But U.S. development assistance is mainly delivered by nongovernmental organizations directly to local communities to address their needs and support their development efforts.
Severance is a voting issue: denies stable neg ground for DAs and CPs and justifies aff conditionality, which is uniquely abusive.
2. Textual competition is bad –
A. Results in word PICs which jack aff ground.
B. Makes ban the plan uncompetitive which is the core of neg ground.
C. Results in generic plan writing which kills more specific plan discussion.
D. Moots discussion over functionality, turning debate into word games.
3. Our interpretation is the counterplan must be either textually or functionally competitive:
A. Requiring both is arbitrary and makes neg research impossible because they can change plan texts every round to eliminate our PICs entirely.
B. Comparatively greater and more focused aff research means the neg needs the flexibility to read PICs of varying competition in order to make debate more fair.
C. Requiring either forces the aff to do more research which makes them better debaters.
CP is popular—addresses the criticism of aid from both sides of the aisle
Werker 8 (Eric, Professor of Economics – Harvard Business School, and Justin Muzinich, JD – Yale University, MBA – Harvard Business School, and Investment Manager – Muzinich & Co., “A Better Approach to Foreign Aid”, Policy Review, 149, 6-2, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5767)
Frustration with …. of the aisle.
Fear of waste and corruption causes GOP backlash --- CP avoids
Werker 8. [Eric, Professor of Economics @ Harvard Business School, “Foreign Assistance in the Americas”, CQ Congressional Testimony -- Sept. 16 -- lexis]
Foreign aid …are reduced.
Tax expenditures are shielded from foreign aid debate.
Pozen 7. [David, JD Candidate @ Yale Law School, “Hidden Foreign Aid” 8 Fla. Tax Rev. 641 -- lexis]
Critics have … no right to sue.
Foreign assistance is government coercion and snowballs
DILORENZO ’5 (Thomas, Professor of Economics – Loyola, “A Foreign Aid Disaster in the Making”, 1-6, http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1715)
In the wake of … all forms of "foreign aid.
Harry Browne, former Libertarian presidential candidate, executive director of public policy at American Liberty Foundation, editor of Liberty Magazine, financial advisor and economist, 1995, Why Government Doesn’t Work, p. 66-7
The reformers of … before.
Negates the value to existence
Raz, Philosopher, 1986
(Joseph, The Morality of Freedom, page 307)
One …that life.
1NR
AT: Econ Defense
A) Decline magnifies the severity of other conflicts – WWII proves
Miller 8 . [G. Robert M., journalist for Digital Journal, 10-25, 2008, “Guns vs. Shovels – The Central Question Behind Our Next Economy,” http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/261595 ]
But before …western nations.
b) Crisis makes diversionary theory true – states will start wars to head off domestic discontent – and use force to settle old disputes with rivals
Rothkopf 9 [David, Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3-11, 2009, “Security and the Financial Crisis,” Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis ]
--Destabilizing … common concern.
Econ – Turns – Middle East Instability
Turns heg, Europe and every impact
Pape 9 – professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago (Robert, 3/8. Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-perspec0308diplomacymar08,0,4785661.story)
For nearly …the status quo.
Paciello
If Tunisia’s … problems
Turns Iran
Iran becomes emboldened in times of economic crisis
Green and Schrage ‘9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University, and CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office (Michael J and Steven P, 3/26. State Department and Ways & Means Committee, “It’s Not Just the Economy,” Asia Times, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)
Dangerous states …international system.
Politics Links
Cooperation on EU foreign aid involves Congress
ARCHICK AND MORELLI ’11 (Kristin Archick, Specialist in European Affairs, AND*** Vincent Morelli, Section Research Manager, June 7, 2011, “The U.S. Congress and the European Parliament: Evolving Transatlantic Legislative Cooperation”, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41552.pdf)
The United States ….known as the SWIFT accord).
Plan’s spending costs capital – backlash.
Kevin Derby, An Emergent Vern Buchanan Pushes To Slow Foreign Aid, May 21, 2011, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/emergent-vern-buchanan-pushes-slow-foreign-aid
While U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio ….,” he said.
at: intrinsicness
Any interpretation of fiat that moots the politics DA isn’t real world – you should reject it – kills all DA links based off international response, political process, and funding – those are key to neg ground, promote in-depth and timely research, and increase education on current events. And there’s no brightline to what’s intrinsic, meaning the aff can create ways to spike out of every DA – that’s a voting issue, the aff destroys neg ground
And, our link evidence proves germanity to the plan – it’s a necessary outcome
And, you can’t vote aff on this – the plan proves the resolution is a good idea, the permutation proves the resolution alone is insufficient
AT: Reappropriation
Even if they win they’re not new aid they cause backlash -- Egypt and Tunisia aid prove.
Andrea Stone, “Obama Middle East Speech: President Will Announce Billions In Economic Aid to Egypt, Tunisia” 5/18/11, Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/18/obama-middle-east-speech-billions-aid_n_863927.html
WASHINGTON -- ….to erasing Egypt's
2NC- Key to Econ
Extend- Washington Post- payroll tax cut extension vital to growth
Extension prevents double dip- sufficient to solve Europe crisis
Stewart 12-28. [Heather, economics editor, “Extending Obama's tax cuts should be new year's resolution for Republicans” The Guardian -- http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2011/dec/28/obama-tax-cuts-new-year-resolution?newsfeed=true]
Republicans… that suffers.
And- most qualified economist conclude EXPIRATION jack the economy- even if it’s not a short-term boost it prevents shock that causes recession
Marr and Highsmith 11. [Chuck, Director of Federal Tax Policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities., Brian, joined the Center’s Federal Fiscal Policy division in January 2011 as a research assistant. Prior to joining the Center, Highsmith had interned at the National Economic Council and House Budget Committee. He holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Furman University. 9-7-2011 http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3572]
Failure by Congress …economic measures.
And we control every internal to the econ --
Failure reduces growth by half
Reuters, 12-20-2011 http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/20/us-usa-tax-payroll-blip-idUSTRE7BJ2B320111220
Economists … jobless benefits.
Yes Payroll
Extend 1NC Politico evidence- state of the union and momentum make passage likely
Will pass – disputes over payment mean capital is key.
Weisman 1-17. [Jonathan, congressional reporter, “Parties confident of extending payroll tax cut” New York Times -- http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/us/politics/congress-sees-few-barriers-to-extending-payroll-tax-cut.html?_r=1]
With both …the winter break.
It’ll pass –
Recent agreements and momentum
Politico, 1-16-2012 http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71509_Page2.html
The one-year … during a political year.”
at: vote no
1. There’s still a link – our evidence indicates there’d be backlash that drains further capital and kills the agenda
2. This is arbitrary – our interpretation is that the judge is an independent, neutral analyst deciding whether the plan is better than the status quo or a competitive policy option, NOT a Congressperson – creates the most objective lens for viewing the debate
3. Politics DAs are good – they increase timely research on current events and the Congressional docket, and increase education on the political process, which their interpretation moots
Not real world – their interpretation ignores lobbies, party allegiance, and state constituencies
AT: Winners Win
Foreign policy wins don’t translate domestically
CNN Wire 10-20-11 (“Will the end of Gadhafi sway U.S. politics?,” Lexis)
Defense Secretary Bob …. domestic Cabinet.
Big fights don't regenerate capital fast enough - health care proves.
Cohn 10. [Jonathan, senior editor, "How They Did It" The New Republic -- June 10 -- lexis]
After the ….r, alternative course.
Winners win not true for Obama – must be large, popular and on economic issue
Kuttner, 11 (Robert, co-founder and co-editor of The American Prospect, as well as a distinguished senior fellow of the think tank Demos, 5/16, http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=barack_obamas_theory_of_power)
Obama won …n page A1.)
Suddenly forcing bills doesn’t help. The aff overstretches and even Ornstein agrees
Ornstein 9. [Norm, resident scholar at AEI, “Is Obama Too Weak In Dealing with Congress?” American Enterprise Institute -- July 8 -- http://www.aei.org/article/100731]
But even in a …. nowhere.
Spending too much corrupts the win
Youngman 9. [Sam, White House correspondent, “Analysis: July has been disaster for Obama, Hill Dems” The Hill 7/27]
Despite a …his benefit.
at: fiat is immediate – no backlash
Any interpretation of fiat that moots the politics DA isn’t real world – you should reject it – kills all DA links based off international response, political process, and funding – those are key to neg ground, promote in-depth and timely research, and increase education on current events
And, there’s still a link – if the plan happens out of nowhere the members of Congress will freak out and blame the President as the only actor who could independently cause it to happen – that costs even more capital than just pushing the plan in the first place
AT: Pol Cap Not Key
Capital is key – it’s finite - presidential relationship to congress is relevant
Marshall and Prins 11. [Bryan w. Marshall Miami University BRANDON C. PRINS University of Tennessee & Howard H. Baker, Jr Center for Public Policy "Power or Posuring? Policy Availibility and Congression Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force"]
We argue …with Congress.
AT: Keystone Pipeline Thumper
Timing of the decision limits any fallout.
Business Week 1-19-12. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-01-19/obama-s-rejection-of-keystone-pipeline-sets-up-campaign-battle.html
Jared Bernstein, … Union on jobs.”
Obama still has PC despite Keystone decision
NPR, 1-18-2012 http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/01/18/145410841/keystone-dead-pipeline-lives-on-as-election-year-issue
Now that President … surprise.
at: fiat takes out/solves the link
1. Any interpretation of fiat that moots the politics DA isn’t real world – you should reject it – kills all DA links based off international response, political process, and funding – those are key to neg ground, promote in-depth and timely research, and increase education on current events. AND, the politics DA is the real reason most affs haven’t already been done – means they rob us of the most germane negative ground and literature
2. There’s no reason fiat would take out the link – our evidence indicates the plan would affect other items on the docket – they have no evidence to the contrary
3. Mindset fiat is illegitimate – justifies utopia CP’s and is unpredictable in the literature
