Framework

Framework

All 1NC cards ever read on framework

Resolved WITH A “D” is in the past tense and implies a committee decided on the resolution.

Words and Phrases 1964 Permanent Edition

Definition of the word “resolve,” ...meaning “to establish by law”.

The subject of the resolution is the United States Federal Government, not the individual

Random House 2009 (retreived from Dictionary.com, 10-29-09)

should aux.v. Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note.

The Colon separates the resolved from the subject – the focus of the resolution should be on USFG action

Webster’s 2000 (Guide to Grammar and Writing, http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)

Use of a colon before a...clause after the colon with a capital letter.

The United States federal government is the government in Washington DC

Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 [http://encarta.msn.com]

“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.”

The word “its” assumes the plan has to increase the United States federal government’s democracy assistance

American Heritage 2006 (dictionary.com)

adj.   The possessive form of it.  Used as a modifier before a noun: The airline canceled its early flight to New York. 

There are an infinite number of competing frameworks to evaluate a debate 

Mearsheimer 1995 (John, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, International Security, Winter 94/95)

In fact, change is always possible...and world politics will be more peaceful.

We need closure to engage in the substance of the aff

Ruth Lesl Shively, Professor of Politics at Texas A&M, 2K [Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2

In most cases, however,...contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Beginning with a common starting point is key to middle ground politics

Hamlett, Associate Professor of Science, Technology & Society @ NC State, and Cobb, Asst Prof of Political Science in School of Public and International Affairs @ NC State, 2006 (Patrick and Michael; Policy Studies Journal, Nov. 1, ln)

Drawing on philosophical developments...open-minded exchange of language."

Switch Side debate and policy simulation key to activism training

Joyner  ‘99 – Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University (Christopher C., Spring, 199, 5 ILSA J Int'l & Comp L 377)

Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical ...policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.

Attempts to confront white supremacy within debate forces us to oppose their movement – attempts to build movements instead of forcing individuals to oppose equality is key to solving

Wise ‘8 (Tim Wise is the Director of the newly-formed Association for White Anti-Racist Education (AWARE) and the author of: White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son, “Some Cyanide to Go With That Whine? Obama's Victory and the Rage of the Barbiturate Left,” http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/19756)

Now, in the wake of Barack Obama's ...diet of wheatgrass, bean curd and tempeh.

Contrary to popular belief this debate round is, in fact, not key.  It’s not key to social change or as a statement of whatever for whomever in any way at all.  Neither the neg, the aff nor the judge will exit this debate and raze everything to the ground.  A debate round is what it is – a span of time in which argumentation occurs.  Consider that before you attribute any magical powers to your ballot.  The debate space is particularly unusable as a point for revolution because of structures inherent to debate.

Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. “Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future”; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 27)

 The first problem that we isolate is the difficulty...dialogue that is recorded and/or transcribed

The implication: attempting to create change via debate rounds fractures coalitions in favor of change, turns the case.

Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. “Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future”; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 28)

The final problem with an individual debate round ...in the name of community change.

Plan focused debate is the only way to preserve reflective analysis

Roger Solt, “What is Debate Theory” Passed out at the MNDI, 1994

It could be argued that we are a society...by the affirmative is part of the optimal policy package.

An activity without rules is not creative, but rather orgiastic and un-navigable.  Instead, vote negative to affirm the bounded, and more worthwhile, creativity that happens within debate.

Hatab, 2002 (Lawrence J., professor of philosophy at Old Dominion University, “Prospects for a democratic Agon,” The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 24)

Those who read Nietzsche as resisting "normalization" ...energies in less savage and more productive directions.  

Only logical meta framework for debate to operate – researching both sides of a point of contention is the only logical way to resolve the question of the resolution.  

Muir 1993 (Star A. PHILOSOPHY AND RHETORIC, "A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate," v26,

n4, p.288)

The role of switch-side debate ...impressionable soul that we insist on their utility.

An experiment was done at a tournament where there was no topic – it was incredibly aff biased

Preston 2003. Thomas C. Preston summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions.” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf

The study involved forty-three students ... debate gave an advantage to the Opposition.

The experiment empirically proves our argument - people do actually quit debate because of a lack of rules, causing the activity to degenerate into chaos

Preston 2003. Thomas C. Preston summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions.” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf

For the overall student data...perceived lack of educational value.

Debates about foreign aid solve misperceptions that save millions of lives

NYT 2k (7/19, http://www.pkarchive.org/column/71900.html) 

Some background facts: The foreign aid budget ... of foreign lives for American votes.