Test

• Tournament: Sample Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sample Team | Judge: Sample Judge
  
  

• Use this second box for WYSIWYG editing, or pasting straight from Word.

  Click the Pencil to the right to edit entries.

  Click the Red X to delete this sample entry.

  
  

• Test Cite

  
  
  

GSU Aff

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  
• 
  

• Observation 1 is Inherency:

  The post-Saleh transition in Yemen is still uncertain- US assistance to Yemen is primarily security and economic
  Glaser 7-27
   [John, Assistant Editor at Antiwar.com and former Government Affairs, Foreign Policy Intern at Cato Institute, "Yemen’s Saleh Resilient as US Aid Flows Continue,”  http://news.antiwar.com/2011/07/27/saleh-resilient-as-us-aid-flows-continue/]

  Yemen’s embattled President Ali … doubt they were actually al-Qaeda. 

  The status quo guarantees extremist takeover at top levels of Yemen government- civil society reform has a net stabilizing effect for all aspects of regional stability
  Makovsky et al ‘11
  [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Yemen%20Final%20Report.pdf]

  As the government’s policies …and its extremist narrative. 

  Advantage 1 is Al-Qaeda- 

  Yemen has become the new center of al-Qaeda operations which controls global networks- solving extremist takeover in Yemen now prevents further spread
  Carafano 8-7
  [James Jay Carafano is a senior research fellow for national security at the Heritage Foundation, “Yemen looks like al Qaeda's new heartland,” http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2011/08/yemen-looks-al-qaedas-new-heartland] 

  When al Qaeda was just a startup terrorist enterprise, … the Moammar Gadhafi problem in Libya. 

  AQAP, or al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, influence in Yemen is the only venue for international attacks
  Brahimi 1-28
  [Alia, Research Fellow at LSE Global Governance and a Senior Research Associate of the Changing Character of War programme at the University of Oxford, “Al Qaeda’s renewed focus on inflicting terrorist atrocities on British soil reflects a pervasive weakness in their strategy as their legitimating logic threatens to unravel,” http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/31985/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Al_Qaedas_renewed_focus_on_inflicting_terrorist_atrocities_on_British_soil_reflects_a_pervasive_weakn-323718.pdf]
  
  In Yemen, Al-Qaeda in …himself has spoken out against. 

  Leaked classified documents prove that Al-Qaeda has advanced nuclear and CBW capabilities and are preparing for an attack- the impacts are devastating
  Blake and Hope 2-2-11 [Heidi Blake is a reporter for The Daily Telegraph. She was nominated for Young Journalist of the Year and Scoop of the Year in the 2010 British Press Awards and was named Journalist of the Year, Feature Writer of the Year and Diversity Writer of the Year in the 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards   and Christopher Hope is Business Correspondent, Industry Editor, Home Affairs Correspondent, Home Affairs Editor and is now Whitehall Editor at The Telegraph, “WikiLeaks: al-Qaeda 'is planning a dirty bomb',” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8296956/WikiLeaks-al-Qaeda-is-planning-a-dirty-bomb.html]
  
  A leading atomic regulator has privately …to cause "extraordinary loss of life". 

  Disregard their generic impact defense- AQAP is the only legitimate threat- they’re uniquely sophisticated and organized, can make WMDs and is the epicenter of global connections
  Cilluffo 6-24-11 [Frank J., the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University, and  Clinton Watts, a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute and a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI, 6/24/11, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity” http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm]

  AQAP is the only al Qaeda affiliate … goals with those of Al Qaeda’s.

  Bio-weapons represent the single greatest risk of extinction
  Ochs, 2
  [Richard, BS in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University, with honors, BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY ABOLISHED, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
  Of all the weapons of mass destruction, …EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
  A major attack draws in great powers and goes nuclear
  Ayson ‘10 [Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]

  A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons … chances of nuclear restraint.

  The strike causes extinction- several reasons
  Wright ‘07 [Robert, New America Foundation senior fellow, 4-28-07, “Planet Of The Apes,” http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html]

  (3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop … along with our mishandling of it.

  Yemen unrest magnifies the impact- even if terrorism is generally unlikely, risk of a state collapse uniquely risks broad global nuclear crises
  Makovsky et al ‘11 [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Yemen%20Final%20Report.pdf]

  A s the events of 9/11 horrifically demonstrated… a preventive civilian-led response might be. 

  Combating AQAP gives US diplomatic credibility to stop broader terrorism
  Smith et al ’11
  [Adam,  Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Advisor, along with Task Force members Alexander Bezovics Joseph Corigliano Gillian Frackelton Linn Gracey Jonathan Humphrey Joelle Jackson Alexander Jeffers Juliana Mendel Grasilda Mincin Peter Muller Arya Nazari Matthew Paulhus Vanja Radunovic Allison Stone Matthew Wright Kristen Zipperer, “Countering al-Qaeda’s Ideology: Re-Asessing U.S. Policy Ten Years After 9/11,” https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/16495/Task%20Force%20O%202011.pdf?sequence=1]

  Total U.S. economic aid has increased from $12 billion …policies that are implemented. 

  Broad international cooperation is the best solution to global terrorism- US-led efforts are key to mobilize support
  Millar and Rosand ‘07 [Alistair Millar is the director of the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation in Washington, DC and teaches graduate level courses on counterterrorism and foreign policy at The Johns Hopkins University and George Washington University. Eric Rosand is a senior fellow at the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation in New York and a non-resident fellow at New York University’s Center on International Cooperation, “Building Global Alliances in the Fight Against Terrorism,” http://www.cfr.org/content/thinktank/Building_Global_CT_Alliances.pdf]
  
  Today’s terror networks typically …must be maintained and enhanced. 

  The plan is key to cripple al-Qaeda- they’ve invested in Yemen as their site of recovery and will gain influence now
  Terrill ‘11
  [W. Andrew, Middle East specialist at the Strategic Studies Institute, former Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and retired U.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel and Foreign Area Officer (Middle East), “the Conflicts in Yemen and U.S. National Security,” January, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536229&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%5Djap]

  Additionally, Yemen’s government has waged … to an emerging insurgent movement. 

  Advantage 2 is Piracy:

  Yemen is the focal point of piracy- lack of a stable transition allows pirates to take over Socotra, which is a key base for Gulf of Aden control-
  Assl 7-8
  -11 [Nima Khorrami Assl, security analyst at Transnational Crisis Project, London. His areas of interest and expertise include the Middle East, Political Islam and De-radicalisation, China, Caucuses, Energy Security and Geopolitics, “The Out of Towner,” http://www.al-majalla.com/en/Blogs/The_Out_of_Towner/article468603.ece?service=print]
  
  That the current instability in Yemen can lead to a bloody …current crisis in Yemen is so puzzling. 

  Yemen is the last straw of regional shipping insecurity
  BMI 3-23
  -11 [Business Monitor International, “Yemen Crisis: The Issues At Stake,” http://www.riskwatchdog.com/2011/03/23/yemen-crisis-the-issues-at-stake/]

  Global shipping route: Much of Asia-Europe … probably increase. The stakes are high. 

  Unchecked piracy in the Gulf of Aden threatens Armageddon- disrupts global trade, economic stability, causes extremism and international conflict
  Hagilonian Investment ‘10
  [Limited liability company, “Danger on the High Seas,” http://www.eadestination.com/danger-on-the-high-seas]

  In the last decade piracy off the east …that they inflict on the world economy. 

  Global trade sustainability solves great power wars and collapse leads to more of them- empirical research is on our side
  Hillebrand ‘10 [Evan E., Senior Economist for the Central Intelligence Agency and Professor of Diplomacy at the University of Kentucky, Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?, Global Economy Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2]

  A long line of writers from Cruce (1623) to Kant (1797) …for interstate war rises. 

  They will go nuclear
  Friedberg and Schoenfeld ‘08 [Aaron, Professor of politics and international relations @ Princeton University & Visiting scholar @ Witherspoon Institute [AARON FRIEDBERG and GABRIEL SCHOENFELD, ?The Dangers of a Diminished America: In the 1930s, isolationism and protectionism spurred the rise of fascism.?, Wall Street Journal, ?The Dangers of a Diminished America?, OCTOBER 21, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html]

  In such a scenario there are shades …as the one we now face.

  Unchecked instability and piracy in Yemen risks militarization of the region- risks great power conflicts
  Gundun 7-7
  -11 [James Gundun is a political scientist and counterinsurgency analyst, editor of The Trench, and member of Octopus Mountain. The Trench proliferates foreign policy information, providing quick reaction and deep analysis to the latest conflicts, “US-Chinese Hegemony Chokes Yemen’s Revolution,” http://hadalzone.blogspot.com/2011/07/us-chinese-hegemony-chokes-yemens.html]

  Although America hasn’t learned many … willingness to exploit it internationally. 

  Guarantees US involvement- military interests in Yemen threaten to draw in major nuclear players
  Nazemroaya 1-10
  -11 [Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research on Globalization Centre for Research on Globalisation, an independent non-profit research and media organization based in Montreal “The Next World War: The “Great Game” and the Threat of Nuclear War,” http://www.thetotalcollapse.com/the-next-world-war-the-great-game-and-the-threat-of-nuclear-war/]

  According to the Christian Science Monitor… footsteps of Megiddo and Yathrib. 

  Thus the plan:

  The United States Federal Government should provide substantial civil society support for the purpose of political party development of the Yemen youth movement.

  Observation 3 is Solvency:

  Yes, we have a solvency advocate- US support for the youth movement enables a stable transition and self-sufficiency to combat regional threats
  Al-Shamahi 8-8
  [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html]

  The youth movement presents …for the country or the region. 

  A successful youth movement solves the Yemen economy, corruption and generates regional cooperation to solve resource crises
  Al-Shamahi 8-8
  -11 [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html]

  A Yemen without the endemic corruption …AQAP and extremist ideology in general. 

  The youth movement is verifiable and is the best hope for a stable transition- further support from outside actors is key to successful organization
  Omholt 7-21-11 [Mariann Markseth Omholt, London-based writer for The Institute for War & Peace Reporting, a nonprofit organization that trains journalists in areas of conflict, “Yemeni Youth Key To Real Change,” http://www.currentintelligence.net/news/2011/7/21/yemeni-youth-key-to-real-change.html]
  
  Emerging protest groups predicted to become political … too unstable, to take this next step. 

  US is key- perceived as the most flexible donor and has unique ties to civil society networks
  Burke ’10
  [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” www.fride.org/download/IP_WMD_Yemen_ENG_jul10.pdf]

  Reflecting international optimism, USAID introduced a new ‘… activists in Yemen than European donors. 

  Increasing political party development is key to youth mobilization
  Al-Akhali 7-7-11 [Rafat, co-founder of Resonate! Yemen initiative, “Youth in post-revolution Yemen: A view from the ground,” http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?SUB_ID=36304]

  Given these realities, there are several ways …advocacy and grassroots mobilization.[1] 

  Lack of productive channels for civic engagement will splinter youth organizations and make conflict inevitable- the plan is key to coordination and positive reform
  Haddad 2-2
  -11 [Salem, Yemen editor and a researcher and consultant on the Middle East and Horn of Africa for Muftah, an international affairs publication, holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Development Studies from Queen’s University in Canada and a Master’s of Science degree in Development Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, “Yemen’s Disaffected Youth & Vibrant Civil Society: Creating Avenues for Positive Social Change,” http://muftah.org/?p=718]

  Unlike many of its neighbours, … young populations of the Maghreb. 

  The post-Saleh transition makes now a key time- the signal of strong US support builds governmental legitimacy and solves the alliance and terrorism
  Green 4-18
  -11 [Daniel Green is a Soref fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, focusing on Yemen, al-Qaeda, counterinsurgency, and stability operations, “The American Moment in Yemen,” http://fikraforum.org/2011/04/the-american-moment-in-yemen/]
  
  It is becoming increasingly clear that the departure of … central government institutions and make them more representative. 

  Status quo political turmoil causes Saudi Arabian exploitation- Gulf states won’t stabilize Yemen themselves, outside influence is key
  Whitaker ’10
   [Brian, seven-year Middle East editor for The Guardian, “Can Gulf states really help Yemen?” 2-10-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/10/can-gulf-states-help-yemen]

  Following last month's international …rulers are weighted against it. 

  
  
  

GSU Doubles

• Tournament: GSU | Round: D | Opponent: Towson | Judge:
  
  
• Kentucky 1ACDownload the original attachment

  1AC

  Jackson Katz wrote in The Macho Paradox

      When we ask men to reject sexism … we are not taking something away from them. In fact, we are giving them something very valuable — a vision of manhood that does not depend on putting down others in order to lift itself up.

  Plan: The United States Federal Government should provide substantial civil society support for the purpose of political party development of the Yemen youth movement and women’s participation and leadership.

  Advantage 1 is equality-

  The protests against Saleh create an opportunity to gain tribal and opposition support for greater women’s participation in politics

  Almasmari and Jamjoom 11 (Hakim Almasmari and Mohammed Jamjoom, “Yemeni women: President is degrading us”, CNN.com, April 16, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-16/world/yemen.women.protesters_1_amal-basha-yemeni-women-jawf?_s=PM:WORLD)

  "Saleh has finally shown the .. Yemeni revolution and men follow."

  US support for increased women’s representation in Yemeni government is necessary for any future reform.  Only acting now will prevent retrenchment.

  IFES 11 

  (International Foundation for Electoral Systems, “New Challenges, Opportunities for Women’s Political Participation in the Middle East”, August 16, http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/News-in-Brief/2011/August/New-Challenges-Opportunities-for-Womens-Political-Participation-in-the-Middle-East.aspx?p=1) 

  As popular movements across … in a successful democratic transition.

  US assistance is effective in promoting reform in Yemen.  We must increase assistance now for women to gain lasting improvements from the Arab Spring.

  Hudson and Leidl 11 

  (Valerie M. Hudson is professor of political science at BYU, and Patricia Leidl is an international communications consultant currently working in Afghanistan. “The Arab Intifada and Women's Rights”, World Politics Review, February 2,http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7749/the-arab-intifada-and-womens-rights) 

  The massive, exhilarating protests…the current dictatorships fall.

  Now is the key time, we need to support women’s involvement in Yemeni politics to keep larger social and political reforms moving forward

  Tholen 11 

  (Minjon Tholen is a Research Intern at the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, “Now is the Time to Raise Women’s Voices in Yemen”, Institute for Women’s Policy Research Blog, August 11, http://www.iwpr.org/blog/2011/08/11/now-is-the-time-to-raise-women%E2%80%99s-voices-in-yemen/ 

  Women have been instrumental to movements…ultimately ensuring true social change

  Democracy assistance is necessary to promote effective women candidates.  Only explicit focus on political processes can overcome patriarchal barriers to women’s participation.

  Sabbagh 5 

  (Amal Sabbagh is a former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/arab_world.pdf)  

  Patriarchal structures are entrenched… parties to nominate more women.

  Women’s political participation is the best way to challenge patriarchy

  Sabbagh 5 

  (Amal Sabbagh is a former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance,http://static0.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/Arab_World.pdf) 

  ‘The women’s movement… as the harbingers of a better future.

  Political process support and dedicated funding for increasing women’s participation in electoral politics challenges the institutional masculinity of traditional state structures.

  Karam 5 

  (Azza Karam is Senior Policy Research Advisor in the Arab Human Development Report Unit of the United Nations Development Programme, “Conclusions”, Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, http://www.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/WiP_inlay.pdf) 

  It is relatively easy to enumerate…and their efforts are assessed.

  Systemic discrimination against women leads to violence and the denial of legal personhood.  This denial of agency can only be overcome by political participation and involvement in policymaking.

  Hoveyda 2005 

  (Ambassador Fereydoun Hoveyda is the Middle East project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy “Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East”, American Foreign Policy Interests No. 27,  http://ipac.kacst.edu.sa/eDoc/2006/157373_1.pdf) 

  Another panelist began her remarks…integral and inseparable part of it.

  Now is a window of opportunity to promote lasting women’s rights improvements in Yemen.  Democracy assistance and electoral support now can create a stable transition and improvements in women’s political status.

  POMED 11 

  (Project on Middle East Democracy, “Women in the Middle East: Attitudes and Advocacy in an Opening Political Space” The International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Interaction Forum Notes, August 12, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Women_in_the_Middle_East_August_12_20111.pdf) 

  Next, Rana Jarhum discussed…secured by opposing groups.

  Debates about the implementation of policies and strategies to improve women’s participation in Yemeni politics offers a chance to examine our own political inequalities.

  Kennedy-Glans 6 

  (Donna Kennedy-Glans is the founder and executive director of Bridges Social Development, a Canadian registered charity providing capacity building in Yemen, “Gender Jihad: Enhancing Female Access in Politics”, Yemen Online, http://www.yemenonline.info/news-62.html)

  Of course, not everyone is happy with …strategies that have impact.  

   

  Observation 3 is Solvency:

  Specifically, advocating democracy assistance policy is key to create meaningful politics and prevent ceding the process to elites

  Walt 7-21-11 [Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, July 21, 2011, “International Affairs and the Public Sphere,” online: http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/walt-international-affairs-and-the-public-sphere/] 

  Academics can make at least three distinct contributions … the scholars who produce it might wish.

  The youth movement bolsters efforts at gender equality

  Jaffer 4-29-11 [Mehru, InterPress Service, “Yemen: Youth Ready to Confront Gender Roles,” http://www.globalissues.org/news/2011/04/29/9457] 

  Despite being at the forefront…plays a strong role in their decisions.

  Their kritiks don’t apply to our AFF—demanding women’s equality is not cultural imperialism and an imposition of Western values on other nations:

    Johannes Jütting, October 2005 (Culture, Gender and Growth, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/50/35636812.pdf) 

  Finding options to address unfavourable…Development Goal Three).

  As individuals, rejecting sexism is critical to cracking patriarchial thinking:

  bell hooks,  September 1998, “When Men Were Men” http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=2298 

  By bell hooks

   As a nation we have experienced…sexist thinking alive, do.

  Culture is no excuse for sexism

  Ted Bunch, 05 (Educator, Activist and Lecturer Ted Bunch, Co-Founder of A CALL TO MEN: The National Association of Men and Women Committed to Ending Violence Against Women, formerly the Senior Director and Co-creator of the largest program for domestic violence offenders in America, Ted is an Advisory Board Member to the New York State Integrated Domestic Violence Court, http://www.acalltomen.com/downloads/Ending_Violence_Against_Women.pdf) 

  Men Value Women Less… exceptions are to be made for men. 

  The post-Saleh transition makes now a key time- the signal of strong US support builds governmental legitimacy and solves the alliance and terrorism

  Green 4-18

  -11 [Daniel Green is a Soref fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, focusing on Yemen, al-Qaeda, counterinsurgency, and stability operations, “The American Moment in Yemen,” http://fikraforum.org/2011/04/the-american-moment-in-yemen/]

   

  It is becoming increasingly clear … institutions and make them more representative.

  Our hypothesizing about the complex inner working of government is key to creating space for radical politics

  David McClean 2001 “The cultural left and the limits of Social Hope,” AM Phil Conf, www. American philosophy.org/archives/pass conference programs/ pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm 

  Yet for some reason… for the so-called "managerial class.

  Attempting to change the word is crucial to celebrating life- refusing to try causes other oppressive agents to fill the void

  May ‘05 [Todd, prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy & Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531 http://www.jcu.edu/education/dshutkin/fys/ChangeWorldBody.pdf] 

  If we are to celebrate our lives… willing to take your world up for you.

  Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence

  Monbiot ‘04 [George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, 2004, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13 http://www.coldtype.net/Assets/pdfs/Monbook.pdf] 

  The quest for global …conditions it requires for its survival.

  The only way to change disciplinary power is through the state

  Walzer ‘88 [The Company of Critics. Michael, Social Science professor at Princeton. Pg. 207-9] 

  Foucault is certianly right to …political theory and his social criticism. 

   

   

  Download the original attachment

  Case

  The Saleh transition is leaving thousands of Yemeni women excluded from the political process- US democracy assistance is key to bridge the gap between the disempowered and the political process which is key to transformative politics- the Karam evidence says that the plan is a critical challenge to institutional masculinity that we should align ourselves against

   

  Hovedaya evidence says that this discrimination robs women of agency and justifies infinite violence and prescribes a value to their lives

  Here’s the woman on the ground narrative that they’re asking for- Tawakkol Karman, an aspiring member of the youth movement, specifically outlines her reasons why the US must engage in political party support for the youth movement

  Karman 6-20-11 [Tawakkol, prominent Yemeni youth leader responsible for many staged protests and organizational efforts, “Yemen's unfinished revolution,” lexis] 

  U.S. policy makers must understand 

  AND 

  Riyadh to help us build a democratic future.  

  Challenging gender inequality is a prior question- it permeates the fabric of societal institutions and shapes the way we engage with politics and

  Their advocacy doesn’t solve our arguments- their representational shift won’t alter real world policy- looking to structures and politics is more vital to bring about reform:

  Tuathail ‘96 [Gearoid, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 ]

  While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important 

  AND 

  contexts within which particular discursive strategies become significant.  

  F bomb

  The use of the word “fuck” perpetuates a notion of violence that should be considered before anything else 

  Cambell, family court philosopher, ‘7 (Glenn, “A Linguistic Analysis of "Fuck"”, http://www.familycourtchronicles.com/philosophy/fuck/) 

  As a general rule, people who use 

  AND 

  arsenal, and physical aggression could be next.

  “Fuck” is a term used to exhibit patriarchial control over women—it is used to dominate and control women viewed as too emotional by society:

  Allan G. Johnson, The Gender Knot, 2005 accessed at:  (http://books.google.com/books?id=3nnxlqbN-IEC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=%22fuck%22+%22patriarchal%22&source=web&ots=EhfXrw7QS2&sig=S1_2JUr7Gc2R7ErnRitmDe6HQU0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPR7,M1) 

  In other words, the Wild Man represents 

  AND 

  hairy, carnal juiciness that defies male control.

   

  Language systematically shapes the way we understand the world – it must be evaluated

  Veronica Vasterling, 1999 Associate Professor in Philosophy at U of Nijimegen, Butler's Sophisticated Constructivism:

  A Critical Assessment, Hypatia 14.3, 1999, pg. 17-38 

  Whereas everything that is intelligible to us is 

  AND 

  awareness of and contact with reality. 

   

  2AC

  Permutation- do the affirmative and

  Solves best- there is nothing in the 1NC that directly refutes the affirmative, we are not incompatible with their advocacy

  The permutation would act intersectionally—this method addresses multiple sites of oppression:

       Association for Women’s Rights in Development,  August 2004, “ Intersectionality: A Tool for

     Gender and Economic Justice,” http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/wpp/flf/pdf/AWID_intersectionality.pdf

  Intersectionality is a feminist theory, a methodology 

  AND 

  the coming together of different types of identity.

  More evidence, intersectional approaches are needed to work from the grassroots to the global level:

     Association for Women’s Rights in Development,  August 2004, “ Intersectionality: A Tool for

     Gender and Economic Justice,” http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/wpp/flf/pdf/AWID_intersectionality.pdf

  As a theoretical paradigm, …. global level.

  Don’t make the perfect the enemy of the good- they shouldn’t posit one effort to solve discrimination as oppositional to another method:

     Association for Women’s Rights in Development,  August 2004, “ Intersectionality: A Tool for

     Gender and Economic Justice,” http://www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/wpp/flf/pdf/AWID_intersectionality.pdf

  Intersectional analysis is characterized by an analytical shift 

  AND 

  and lesbians, just to name a few.

  I’m gonna pre-empt some framing stuff here- we should hold the negative to explain their argument on-face and answer our arguments specifically- don’t allow them to do work backwards and make broad and sweeping claims to refute ALL of our arguments- we’re trying to legitimately engage in their argument directly, overly broad grouping

  Here’s another clarification bit- they should have a reason why the affirmative is net bad, not just a reason why the negative is good- key to prevent the neg from getting up and just advocating that children going hungry is bad which would be both impossible to answer on the affirmative and wouldn’t test the affirmative which negates all the potential education or quality of the debate, because we have to have a meaningful dialogue based on reason and comparison

  US democracy assistance has been reformed and is a welcome and effective partnership tool in the Middle East- the criticism is the same theory that bin-Laden used to rally support

  Wieseltier 3-24-11 [Leon, literary editor of the New Republic, “Post-Post-Imperialism,” New Republic, 242(4), 36, EBSCO] 

  OBAMA'S ANXIETY is groundless: obviously they did 

  AND 

  conspiracy theories, in a grand historical rebuttal.

  The plan is effective, but the alternative lumps it in with interventionism- this causes paralysis and violence

  Wieseltier 3-24-11 [Leon, literary editor of the New Republic, “Post-Post-Imperialism,” New Republic, 242(4), 36, Retrieved from EBSCOhost] 

  THE UNITED STATES AND its president should also 

  AND 

  own, but we must have their backs.

  Our method is justified and our impacts are true- Middle Eastern states will inevitably act in a realist and revolutionary manner

  Hinnebusch ’02 [Raymond, phd + Professor of International Relations and Middle East Politics at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland and Director of the Centre for Syrian Studies there, “the Foreign Policies of Middle East States,” https://www.rienner.com/uploads/47d59f4f705ef.pdf] 

  This book takes a modified form of realist 

  AND 

  the latter is a key to regional order. 

  The plan doesn’t cause imperialism- it balances out authoritarianism which is key to

  Fukuyama and Mcfaul ‘07 [Francis, professor of international political economy @ John Hopkins University, Michael, professor of political science @ Stanford University, Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted? The Washington Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 1, Winter 2007-08, pp. 23-45]

   

  Yet, democracy promotion does not imply the 

  AND 

  for good governance and economic growth.  

   

  Turn:  Material Conditions

  A. Focus on performance blocks to the struggle to change material conditions – causes activists to divert their focus

  Murphy in 1995 (John, professor of communication studies @ Georgia, Argumentation and Advocacy)

  Cloud (1994) has commented upon the 

  AND 

  to use a restroom at a bust stop.

  B) Changes in material conditions are essential for liberation

  Murphy, 1992.  (john, Communication Monographs) 

  This problem plagues Condit's (1987b) analysis 

  AND 

  social life that reveal rhetors fighting for change.

  Donor intervention is justified to challenge sexism—this is not a form of cultural imperialism:

    Johannes Jütting, October 2005 (Culture, Gender and Growth, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/50/35636812.pdf)

  Donor intervention in social institutions is particularly difficult

  AND 

  from developing countries to study in western universities.

  Turn: Demobilization –Stressing discourse as the site of oppositional struggle demobilizes revolutionary activism

  Lewis, Indiana University, 2001 (Camille Kaminski, southern Communication Journal, Summer 2001 pg. 346)

  While Laclau and Mouffe still blame capitalism for 

  AND 

  conscious, and too relativistic to be revolutionary. 

  The inherent essentialism of identity politics pits groups against one another, trapping them in an identity prison in which they will be exploited.

  Petras ’97, professor of sociology at Binghampton University [James, A Marxist Critique Of Post-Marxists, in Links, #9, November 1997 - February 1998,http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/154.html] 

  Identity politics in the sense of consciousness of 

  AND 

  the institutions that sustain class and other inequalities.

  Politicizing identity forces radical movements to retreat or fragment into competing supplicants.

  Petras ’97, professor of sociology at Binghampton University [James, A Marxist Critique Of Post-Marxists, in Links, #9, November 1997 - February 1998,http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/154.html] 

  The post-Marxists, as managers of 

  AND 

  promotes the latter; the Marxists the former.

  They embrace anti-politics—this dooms their project, creates atrocity and creates a vacuum filled by the right:

        Carl Boggs, 1997 (National University, Los Angeles,

        The Great Retreat: Decline of the Public Sphere in Late Twentieth-Century

        America, http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/international.olde/mias/readings07/10.pdf.)

  The false sense of empowerment that comes with 

  AND 

  interests that had vanished from civil society.75

  B) Privileging representations and the micro-political encourages anti-politics—this is especially true in the manner in which they’ve deployed it:

        Carl Boggs, 1997 (National University, Los Angeles,

        The Great Retreat: Decline of the Public Sphere in Late Twentieth-Century

        America, http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/international.olde/mias/readings07/10.pdf.) 

  Postmodernism and its offshoots (poststructuralism, semiotics

  AND 

  that replicates the logic of a profoundlydepoliticized culture.

  C) Moving away from anti-politics is vital to check extinction:

  Jonathan Small & Meg Buckley, 2006 (former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition, “Moving Forward,” http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.pdf) 

  What will be the challenges of the new 

  AND 

  a project that seeks to do just that. 

  We’re not an isolated event- the plan sets the stage for future victories

  Wilson ‘00 [John K., Editor and Publisher of Illinois Academe, “How the Left can Win Arguments and Influence People” p. 121- 123] 

  Progressives need to be pragmatic in order to 

  AND 

  its political assumptions about smaller, specific is.

  Turn:  the ivory tower:  academic Leftist discourse diverts attention from real world solutions:

  Rorty, 1998. (Richard, prof. at University of Virginia, Achieving Our Country:  Leftist Thought in Twentienth Century America pg. 76-78)

  With this partial substitution of Freud for Marx 

  AND 

  practically everything except what needs to be done.

  Competition

  The affirmative chooses to engage in personalized politics in a competitive debate round by claiming to use their own personal form of labor to create social change.

  This is counterproductive for 3 reasons

  1. Alliance splitting- personalizing debate risks splitting alliances and fracturing solutions, causing backlash and resistance:

  Zompetti ’04 [Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State

  University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate”]

  The purpose of this essay is to outline 

  AND 

  with frustrations, anxiety, resistance and backlash.

  2. Structural solutions- personalized debating blocks structural solutions

  Zompetti ’04 [Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate”]

  To be sure, many have embraced the 

  AND 

  more important structural problems within the debate community.

  3. Debate rounds are bad forums- lack of time, moving advocacy target, and they deflect from community-wide discussions- turns the case

  Zompetti ’04 [Joe, Assistant Professor, School of Communication, Illinois State University, “Contemporary Argumentation and Debate”]  

  The second major problem with this turn in 

  AND 

  of more important factors such as resource disparity.

  Framework

  Our interpretation for the debate is that we get a topical plan and the negative gets either the status quo or a competitive policy-based CP- this is key to check unpredictable frameworks and productive education- allowing them to endorse any non-mutually exclusive ideology is impossible to prepare against

  Aff choice outweighs- otherwise they moot the entire 1AC and bring us back to square one- they’d always pick a different framework and run from there

  Ground- they’ll always win that their plan is good in the abstract, but we can only debate the merits of their framework if debate is confined to consequences of political action

    Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2k4 Lesser Evils p. 20-1 

  As for moral perfectionism, this would be 

  AND 

  one right might lead us to betray another.

  Exploding predictable limits neutralizes the discursive benefits to debate and renders their advocacy meaningless—only our interpretation preserves the revolutionary potential of a deliberative activity

  Shively, Prof Politics at Tx A&M, 2k4 (Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 180) 

  'Thus far, I have argued that if 

  AND 

  or exclude those who reject civility and democracy.

  Fairness is a prerequisite to debating their advocacy- otherwise contestation is meaningless

  Shively, Prof Politics at Tx A&M, ‘04 (Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 180) 

  The ambiguists must say "no" to

  AND 

  contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

  
  
• 
  
  

Kentucky 1AC

• Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: R. Stevenson
  
  

• 1AC

  Observation 1 is Inherency:

   

   

  The recent Awlaki drone strike killing backfired and has created anti-American resentment and will guarantee more terrorism- increased emphasis on rule of law is reverse-causal

  Husain 9-30-11 [Ed, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S. shouldn't have killed al-Awlaki,” ]

   

  President Obama authorized the killing of an American citizen … creates martyrs out of al Qaeda's murderers.

   

   

   

   

   

  The status quo guarantees extremist takeover at top levels of Yemen government- civil society reform has a net stabilizing effect for all aspects of regional stability

  Makovsky et al ‘11

  [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, ]

   

  As the government’s policies and weaknesses … and legitimacy in rural governorates creates a wedge for al-Qaida and its extremist narrative.

   

  Advantage 1 is Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula - AQAP

   

   

  Yemen has become the new center of al-Qaeda operations which controls global networks- solving extremist takeover in Yemen now is key to prevent further spread

  Carafano 8-7

  [James Jay Carafano is a senior research fellow for national security at the Heritage Foundation, “Yemen looks like al Qaeda's new heartland,” ]

   

  When al Qaeda was just a startup terrorist enterprise, the …  drone strikes from afar. That's even less promising than the air-power "solution" to the Moammar Gadhafi problem in Libya.

   

  AQAP influence in Yemen is the only venue for international attacks

  Brahimi 1-28

  [Alia, Research Fellow at LSE Global Governance and a Senior Research Associate of the Changing Character of War programme at the University of Oxford, “Al Qaeda’s renewed focus on inflicting terrorist atrocities on British soil reflects a pervasive weakness in their strategy as their legitimating logic threatens to unravel,” ]

   

  In Yemen, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) have internalised … extremism bin Laden himself has spoken out against.

   

  Leaked classified documents prove that Al-Qaeda has advanced nuclear and CBW capabilities and are preparing for an attack- the impacts are devastating

  Blake and Hope 2-2-11 [Heidi Blake is a reporter for The Daily Telegraph. She was nominated for Young Journalist of the Year and Scoop of the Year in the 2010 British Press Awards and was named Journalist of the Year, Feature Writer of the Year and Diversity Writer of the Year in the 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards   and Christopher Hope is Business Correspondent, Industry Editor, Home Affairs Correspondent, Home Affairs Editor and is now Whitehall Editor at The Telegraph, “WikiLeaks: al-Qaeda 'is planning a dirty bomb',” ]

   

  A leading atomic regulator has privately …  with the potential to cause "extraordinary loss of life".

   

  Disregard their generic impact defense- AQAP is the only legitimate threat- they’re uniquely sophisticated and organized, can make WMDs and is the epicenter of global connections

  Cilluffo 6-24-11 [Frank J., the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University, and  Clinton Watts, a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute and a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI, 6/24/11, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity” ]

   

  AQAP is the only al Qaeda affiliate to attempt …  alignment of their goals with those of Al Qaeda’s.

   

  Bio-weapons represent the single greatest risk of extinction

  Ochs, 2

  [Richard, BS in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University, with honors, BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY ABOLISHED,

  Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically … HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

  A major attack draws in great powers and goes nuclear

  Ayson ‘10 [Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]

   

  A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of … support for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

   

  The strike causes extinction- several reasons

  Wright ‘07 [Robert, New America Foundation senior fellow, 4-28-07, “Planet Of The Apes,” ]

   

  (3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop …  would be terrorism, along with our mishandling of it.

   

  Yemeni-based AQAP will attack India

  Roychowdhury 9-6-11 [Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, September 6, 2011, Deccan Chronicle, ]

   

  It is clear that notwithstanding the numerous peace … exercise the requisite caution.

   

  Al Qaeda attacks in India will spark an Indo-pak war

  Dreazen ’10 [Yochi J. Dreazen, “Gates Warns of Militants in South Asia”, Wall Street Journal January 21, 2010, ]

   

  U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said al Qaeda is working …  be limited were there to be further attacks.''

   

  That goes nuclear and causes extinction

  Zarate ’11 [Juan C. Zarate, Sunday, February 20, 2011, “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, ]

   

  In 1914, a terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz …  crises may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism.

   

  Yemen unrest magnifies the impact- even if terrorism is generally unlikely, risk of a state collapse uniquely risks broad global nuclear crises

  Makovsky et al ‘11 [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, ]

   

  A s the events of 9/11 horrifically demonstrated…  and less effective than a preventive civilian-led response might be.

   

  Combating AQAP gives US diplomatic credibility to stop broader terrorism

  Smith et al ’11

  [Adam,  Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Advisor, along with Task Force members Alexander Bezovics Joseph Corigliano Gillian Frackelton Linn Gracey Jonathan Humphrey Joelle Jackson Alexander Jeffers Juliana Mendel Grasilda Mincin Peter Muller Arya Nazari Matthew Paulhus Vanja Radunovic Allison Stone Matthew Wright Kristen Zipperer, “Countering al-Qaeda’s Ideology: Re-Asessing U.S. Policy Ten Years After 9/11,” ]

   

  Total U.S. economic aid has increased from $12 …  values within the policies that are implemented.

   

  Broad international cooperation is the best solution to global terrorism- US-led efforts are key to mobilize support

  Millar and Rosand ‘07 [Alistair Millar is the director of the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation in Washington, DC and teaches graduate level courses on counterterrorism and foreign policy at The Johns Hopkins University and George Washington University. Eric Rosand is a senior fellow at the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation in New York and a non-resident fellow at New York University’s Center on International Cooperation, “Building Global Alliances in the Fight Against Terrorism,” ]

   

  Today’s terror networks typically have no …  countries they are of critical importance and must be maintained and enhanced.

   

  The plan is key to cripple al-Qaeda- they’ve invested in Yemen as their site of recovery and will gain influence now

  Terrill ‘11

  [W. Andrew, Middle East specialist at the Strategic Studies Institute, former Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and retired U.S. Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel and Foreign Area Officer (Middle East), “the Conflicts in Yemen and U.S. National Security,” January, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536229&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%5Djap]

   

  Additionally, Yemen’s government has waged a struggle against al-Qaeda with vacillating levels of intensity since at least 2001 when its leadership chose to cooperate with the United States on counterterrorism concerns in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, strikes. More recently, Yemen has emerged as one of the most important theaters for the struggle against alQaeda, as many members of this organization attempt to regroup and reorganize themselves in Yemen after suffering crippling setbacks in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The loss of Yemen to al-Qaeda would be particularly damaging to Western interests due to its strategic location and a population which is expected to exceed half of that of the entire Arabian Peninsula within the next 20 years. Moreover, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), headquartered in Yemen, appears to be strengthening and showing signs of transitioning from a terrorist group with limited capabilities to an emerging insurgent movement.

   

   

   

   

  Advantage 2 is Piracy:

   

   

  Yemen is the focal point of piracy- lack of a stable transition allows pirates to take over Socotra, which is a key base for Gulf of Aden control-

  Assl 7-8

  -11 [Nima Khorrami Assl, security analyst at Transnational Crisis Project, London. His areas of interest and expertise include the Middle East, Political Islam and De-radicalisation, China, Caucuses, Energy Security and Geopolitics, “The Out of Towner,” ]

   

  That the current instability in Yemen can lead to a bloody …  the current crisis in Yemen is so puzzling.

   

  Yemen is the last straw of regional shipping insecurity

  BMI 3-23

  -11 [Business Monitor International, “Yemen Crisis: The Issues At Stake,” ]

   

  Global shipping route: Much of Asia-Europe … increase. The stakes are high.

   

  Unchecked piracy in the Gulf of Aden threatens Armageddon- disrupts global trade, economic stability, causes extremism and international conflict

  Hagilonian Investment ‘10

  [Limited liability company, “Danger on the High Seas,” ]

   

  In the last decade piracy off the east coast of …  proportion of the cost that they inflict on the world economy.

   

  Global trade sustainability solves great power wars and collapse leads to more of them- empirical research is on our side

  Hillebrand ‘10 [Evan E., Senior Economist for the Central Intelligence Agency and Professor of Diplomacy at the University of Kentucky, Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?, Global Economy Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2]
  
  A long line of writers from Cruce (1623) to Kant (1797) to Angell … states and the probability for interstate war rises. 

  They will go nuclear
   Friedberg and Schoenfeld ‘08 [Aaron, Professor of politics and international relations @ Princeton University & Visiting scholar @ Witherspoon Institute [AARON FRIEDBERG and GABRIEL SCHOENFELD, ?The Dangers of a Diminished America: In the 1930s, isolationism and protectionism spurred the rise of fascism.?, Wall Street Journal, ?The Dangers of a Diminished America?, OCTOBER 21, 2008, ]
  
  In such a scenario there are shades of … is most likely to rise to an occasion as grave as the one we now face.

   

  Unchecked instability and piracy in Yemen risks militarization of the region- risks great power conflicts

  Gundun 7-7

  -11 [James Gundun is a political scientist and counterinsurgency analyst, editor of The Trench, and member of Octopus Mountain. The Trench proliferates foreign policy information, providing quick reaction and deep analysis to the latest conflicts, “US-Chinese Hegemony Chokes Yemen’s Revolution,” ]

   

  Although America hasn’t learned many …  match its private willingness to exploit it internationally.

   

  Guarantees US involvement- military interests in Yemen threaten to draw in major nuclear players

  Nazemroaya 1-10

  -11 [Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research on Globalization Centre for Research on Globalisation, an independent non-profit research and media organization based in Montreal “The Next World War: The “Great Game” and the Threat of Nuclear War,” ]

   

  According to the Christian Science Monitor, …  to the footsteps of Megiddo and Yathrib.

   

   

  Thus the plan:

  The United States Federal Government should provide substantial civil society support for the purpose of political party development of the Yemen youth movement.

   

   

  Observation 3 is Solvency:

   

   

  Yes, we have a solvency advocate- US support for the youth movement enables a stable transition and self-sufficiency to combat regional threats

  Al-Shamahi 8-8

  [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” ]

   

  The youth movement presents the perfect … bode well for the country or the region.

   

  A successful youth movement solves the Yemen economy, corruption and generates regional cooperation to solve resource crises

  Al-Shamahi 8-8

  -11 [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” ]

   

  A Yemen without the endemic corruption …limit support for AQAP and extremist ideology in general.

   

  The youth movement is verifiable and is the best hope for a stable transition- further support from outside actors is key to successful organization

  Omholt 7-21-11 [Mariann Markseth Omholt, London-based writer for The Institute for War & Peace Reporting, a nonprofit organization that trains journalists in areas of conflict, “Yemeni Youth Key To Real Change,” ]

   

  Emerging protest groups predicted to become political …  and the security situation still too unstable, to take this next step.

   

  US is key- perceived as the most flexible donor and has unique ties to civil society networks

  Burke ’10

  [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” ]

   

  Reflecting international optimism, USAID introduced a … civil society activists in Yemen than European donors.

   

  Increasing political party development is key to youth mobilization

  Al-Akhali 7-7-11 [Rafat, co-founder of Resonate! Yemen initiative, “Youth in post-revolution Yemen: A view from the ground,” ]

   

  Given these realities, there are several ways … advocacy and grassroots mobilization.[1]

   

   

   

  Lack of productive channels for civic engagement will splinter youth organizations and make conflict inevitable- the plan is key to coordination and positive reform

  Haddad 2-2

  -11 [Salem, Yemen editor and a researcher and consultant on the Middle East and Horn of Africa for Muftah, an international affairs publication, holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Development Studies from Queen’s University in Canada and a Master’s of Science degree in Development Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, “Yemen’s Disaffected Youth & Vibrant Civil Society: Creating Avenues for Positive Social Change,” ]

   

  Unlike many of its neighbours, Yemen has a strong and … have amongst the young populations of the Maghreb.

   

  The post-Saleh transition makes now a key time- the signal of strong US support builds governmental legitimacy and solves the alliance and terrorism

  Green 4-18

  -11 [Daniel Green is a Soref fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, focusing on Yemen, al-Qaeda, counterinsurgency, and stability operations, “The American Moment in Yemen,” ]

   

  It is becoming increasingly clear that the departure of …  government institutions and make them more representative.

   

  Status quo political turmoil causes Saudi Arabian exploitation- Gulf states won’t stabilize Yemen themselves, outside influence is key

  Whitaker ’10

   [Brian, seven-year Middle East editor for The Guardian, “Can Gulf states really help Yemen?” 2-10-11, ]

   

  Following last month's international meeting aimed …  In the short term, though, the interests of their rulers are weighted against it.

   

  No Disads

  Libyan aid triggers their disad links

  AFP 8-22-11 [Agence-France Presse,  “US seeks to boost aid to Libya rebel council,” ]

   

  The United States and its global partners… to provide for the humanitarian and security needs of its people."

   

  Congress has 53 bills and 700 billion in spending to debate by the end of the month

  Business week 9-8-11 [“This Congress's Work Is Never Done,” http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/this-congresss-work-is-never-done-09082011.html]

   

  As they traded swipes for much of the year over tax hikes …  touch off the next big showdown.

   

  250 million in Democracy assistance for Egypt in the defense appropriations bill.

  Young 8-15-11 [Lindsay, Egypt's transitional government lobbies on seeking funds, debt reduction,” ]

   

  Lobbying records filed by the Livingston Group show …  Rep Gary Ackerman, D-N.Y. and Rep. Ed Royce, R-Calif.

   

   

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Harvard - Child Soldiers Aff

• Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson EM | Judge: B. Mendenhall
  
  

• 
  

  
  

• The post-Saleh transition in Yemen is still uncertain- US assistance to Yemen is primarily security and economic
  Glaser 7-27
   [John, Assistant Editor at Antiwar.com and former Government Affairs, Foreign Policy Intern at Cato Institute, "Yemen’s Saleh Resilient as US Aid Flows Continue,”  http://news.antiwar.com/2011/07/27/saleh-resilient-as-us-aid-flows-continue/]

  Yemen’s embattled President Ali Abdullah ... experts doubt they were actually al-Qaeda. 

  The status quo guarantees extremist takeover at top levels of Yemen government- civil society reform has a net stabilizing effect for all aspects of regional stability
  Makovsky et al ‘11
  [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Yemen%20Final%20Report.pdf]

  As the government’s policies and ... for al-Qaida and its extremist narrative. 

  Contention 2 is Child Exploitation

  “There was one incident that we were supposed to be the one to conduct a raid, but instead we were the ones who were almost caught by enemy troops. They came right after we left the area. We had just left when the enemies arrived. I fired my rifle but I had not killed anyone yet. I’m even afraid of looking at the dead, how much more in killing someone? I saw a comrade dying, but I never had the chance of killing anyone. But I feel so sorry. I have gone through such grave experiences. Imagine the stories I’ll tell my children. If it’s only possible I would like to go back to my tasks in the movement. I really don’t know. I just want to forget everything because I really feel like dying inside when I remember my experiences in the movement. So when I just don’t want to remember the experiences, I take a breather and go outside. I just want to forget... or else I’d go crazy.” – Aida became a solder at the age of 15. Her narrative was recorded in 2002 by staff working for the Quaker United Nations Office [Word Document, accessed 10/29/11, at http://antislavery.eserver.org/narratives/contemporary/]

  Yemeni infighting and political instability is skyrocketing recruitment of child soldiers- they’ve become embedded in regional conflict
  UPI ’10 [United Press International, “Yemen's child soldiers go to war,” 1-6-10, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/01/06/Yemens-child-soldiers-go-to-war/UPI-89571262808410/]

  As Yemen's beleaguered government ... seeking control of the country's vast mineral resources. 

  Child soldiers are the most vulnerable group in the world and represent the ultimate in repressive control- demanding specific policy proposals is key to combat this exploitation at every turn
  Hanson ’04 [Kirk, executive director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, “The Plight of Children: Are We Meeting Our Responsibility to Children?” Interaction Council, Session II, 22nd Annual Meeting, July 22, 2004, http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/global_ethics/iac-children.html]

  In addressing this failure, we must confront ... do we meet our responsibility to children. 

  Recruitment of child soldiers creates a cycle of violence and expendability- it’s uniquely the most exploitative form of violence
  War Child UK ’11 [“CHILD SOLDIERS,” http://www.warchild.org.uk/issues/child-soldiers?_kk=child%20soldiers&_kt=34d0a30a-ab2f-4c8a-9b0b-6e877056c4e3&gclid=COLG3O_TmKsCFYt25QodLXoJzg]

  Children are used as soldiers... simply no other way of feeding themselves. 

  Taking resolute action against child soldiers is key to combat overall power structures that make systemic violence inevitable- the plan is key to delegitimize oppressive regimes
  Hall ‘09 [Mitch Hall works for a non-profit agency in Richmond, California as a clinical therapist for disadvantaged, ethnically diverse children and youth and a member of Psychologists for Social Responsibility (PsySR), an independent, non-profit organization that applies psychological knowledge and skills to build cultures of peace with justice, “Children, Structural Violence, and the UNCRC: Reflections for Children’s Advocates,” http://psysr.wordpress.com/2009/04/10/children-structural-violence-and-the-uncrc-reflections-for-childrens-advocates/]

  Compared with structural violence, direct ... to develop policies that are consistent with its enforcement must be a priority. 

  Further political instability causes rampant child labor- trades off with education and exposes children to dangerous pesticides
  IRIN 10-6-11 [Non-profit award-winning humanitarian news and analysis service, “YEMEN: Political upheaval likely to increase child labour,” http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93901] 

  More parents are likely to put their ... have been delayed, reduced or cancelled. 

  We must individually and unconditionally align ourselves against child labor:
  Osaretin ‘11 [Nigerian political activist, “Child Labour- a Dehumanizing Slave Master,” http://www.tigweb.org/youth-media/panorama/article.html?ContentID=31473]

  Child labour is something common in ...slavery of child labour caused by poverty. 

  Rejecting child exploitation is an a priori issue- it’s a magnifier for all other types of violence and creates generations of militancy that make all other atrocities worse
  Miebaka ‘08 [Marshall, activist, former victim of child abuse, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, “Child Abuse: Dehumanization of the Human Mind,” http://www.child-abuse-effects.com/child-abuse-dehumanization-of-the-human-mind.html]

  It is imperative to avoid abusing the ... on against this destructive attitude of child labour and abuse. 

  Observation 3 is Solvency:

  US support for the youth movement enables a stable transition and self-sufficiency to combat regional threats
  Al-Shamahi 8-8
  [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html]

  The youth movement presents the ... does not bode well for the country or the region. 

  A successful youth movement solves the Yemen economy, corruption and generates regional cooperation to solve resource crises
  Al-Shamahi 8-8
  -11 [Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East commentmideast.com, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html]

  A Yemen without the endemic corruption ... for AQAP and extremist ideology in general. 

  US is key- perceived as the most flexible donor and has unique ties to civil society networks
  Burke ’10
  [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” www.fride.org/download/IP_WMD_Yemen_ENG_jul10.pdf]

  Reflecting international optimism, ...society activists in Yemen than European donors. 

  Specifically, advocating democracy assistance policy is key to create meaningful politics and prevent ceding the process to elites
  Walt 7-21-11 [Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, July 21, 2011, “International Affairs and the Public Sphere,” online: http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/walt-international-affairs-and-the-public-sphere/]

  Academics can make at least three ... than the scholars who produce it might wish. 

  The 1ac is an act of awareness-raising that, in itself, is a part of the larger goal of living by, not simply having, laws against child soldiering.
  Wilkinson ‘02,Senior Vice President of International Programs,World Vision [Bruce, The proceedings of Children in the Crossfire: Prevention and Rehabilitation of Child Soldiers,http://www.dol.gov/ilab/programs/iclp/childsoldiers/event_overview.htm#d02]

  Our studies and years of field ...of child soldiers into policies and practice. 

  
  
  

Harvard - Small Arms Advantage

• Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Concordia | Judge: J. Polin
  
  
• 
  

• Political turbulence in Yemen causes rampant small arms proliferation
  Makovsky et al ‘11 [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January, http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Yemen%20Final%20Report.pdf]

  Another security problem … the open [on] street corners.” 125 

  Yemen instability is a massive contributor to small arms proliferation throughout the region- combating youth grievances is key to curb circulation
  Atarodi ’10 [Alexander, analyst at the Swedish Defense Research Agency, “Yemen in Crisis – Consequences for the Horn of Africa,” http://www.nai.uu.se/research/nai-foi%20lectures/YemenIn-Crisis_AlexanderAtarodi.pdf]

  Yemen’s extensive boundaries … Yemen to Somalia would be a step in that direction. 

  Curbing arms spread at the local level is key to resolve conflict and cause a positive spillover effect- this has empirical support in Morocco and Lebanon
  Martin ’05 [Josh, staff writer at The Middle East, a monthly magazine providing news, opinion and commentary on Middle Eastern politics and government, business and finance, and social and cultural affairs,  “Small arms trigger alarms: guns kill more Arabs every year than all terrorist bombs, air raids and military incursions combined. Can the cycle of tribal or insurgent violence be ended? A new report suggests it can,” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2742/is_360/ai_n25116864/]

  According to the recently released … and the United Arab Emirates. 

  Yemen arms circulation creates a culture of violence that is the only scenario for escalation
  Zein ‘07 [Ahmed, Journalist, Al-Hayat Newspaper; Yemen, “Armed and Dangerous Arms Proliferation Inside Yemen,” online]

  The proliferation of small …  not reportedly been used in Yemeni organized crime. 

  Small arms are the greatest threat to global peace- we control the internal link to all the greatest international problems
  Mackie et al ’10 [James Mackie, Henrike Klavert and Faten Aggad, researchers at the European Centre for Development Policy Management, “Bridging the credibility gap Challenges for ACP-EU relations in 2011,” December, http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Download.nsf/0/852D7E20CC4B4627C12577FA004C2629/$FILE/10-PMI2-challenges%202011.pdf] 

  The great availability of …  regulate responsible possession of arms by civilians. 

  The global effects of small arms outweigh any other impact- systemic cause of most global conflict
  Shah ‘06 [Anup Shah, Small Arms—they cause 90% of civilian casualties, Global Issues, Updated: January 21]

  The growing availability of small … legally held by civilians.

  Yemen is a unique focal network for arms spread- leaked intelligence shows it’s supplying the most dangerous groups in the region and governmental cooperation is key to stop it
  The Telegraph 2-3-11 [Classified Wikileaks documents from Clinton passed on to The Telegraph, “(S) Eliciting Yemeni Cooperation for Arms Smuggling Interdiction Effortshttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/somalia-wikileaks/8302245/S-ELICITING-YEMENI-COOPERATION-FOR-ARMS-SMUGGLING-INTERDICTION-EFFORTS.html]

  9.(S/REL ROYG) Points for Oral … possibly elsewhere. End Text. CLINTON 

  
  
  

2AC China Bashing Politics

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• EU can’t solve- perceived as biased

  Burke ’10 [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” ]

   

  EU funding for democracy and civil society…for democratic standards.

   

  Here’s comparative evidence- the EU doesn’t solve

  Nakhleh ’10 [Emile, Director of Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program at CIA, October, “U.S.–EU Partnership and the Muslim World: How Transatlantic Cooperation Will Enhance Engagement” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, ]

   

  Religious communities have emerged … Indonesia and Turkey- and possibly Morocco.

   

  No money for the counterplan

  Hill 5-26-11 [Fiona Hill, Senior Fellow and Director, Center on the United States and Europe  The Brookings Institution, “Europe’s Future In A Turbulent World 2011 Cuse Annual Conference, Panel 2: Europe’s Power in the World,” Brookings Institute, ]

   

  So I wanted an initial question to …major assistance package.

   

  Lack of military might constrains EU soft power

  Gross ’08 [Dr. Eva, Institute for European Studies Research Fellow, she heads the research cluster 'EU foreign and security policy'. She also coordinates the University of Southern California (USC) Brussels Program 'Contemporary Issues in European Foreign and Security Policy'.,  "The limits of european soft power," online]

   

  When it comes to the growing profile …political will to use them.

   

   

  The plan is key to global alliances

  Boyle and Scmid ‘09 [A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009]

   

  One of the greatest challenges currently…counter-terrorism cooperation thus far.

   

  Alliances prevent nuclear war

  Ross ’98 [Douglas, Winter 1998/1999,– professor of political science at Simon Fraser University, Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction, International Journal, lexis]

   

  Thus, an easily accessible tax base has long been…warfare involving nuclear or other WMD.

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Saudi Relations DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Relations are low- Egypt

  Amos 8-6-11 [Deborah, member of the Council on Foreign Relations and Middle East correspondent for NPR.  In 2009, Amos won the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting from Georgetown University and in 2010 was awarded the Edward R. Murrow Life Time Achievement Award by Washington State University, “Response To Arab Uprisings Causes U.S.-Saudi Rift,” ]

   

  Defense Secretary Robert … any contagion in the region."

   

  The link is non-unique- already tensions over US democracy assistance

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  We have seen the emergence … pursue its own interests.

   

  Relations are resilient- multiple common interests

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  Tensions between the United States and Saudi Arabia…Saudi Arabia on areas of mutual interest.

   

  Turn- Saudi Arabia wants the plan

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  For all of the tensions now… serving as a global competitor.

   

  Lack of knowledge and technical capacity checks Saudi proliferation

  Feldman ’11 [Yana, FirstWatch International, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, accessed 8-23-11, “Saudi Arabia,” ]

   

  Open sources suggest that… in the United States. 

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC EU CP

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• EU can’t solve- perceived as biased

  Burke ’10 [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” ]

   

  EU funding for democracy and civil society…for democratic standards.

   

  Here’s comparative evidence- the EU doesn’t solve

  Nakhleh ’10 [Emile, Director of Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program at CIA, October, “U.S.–EU Partnership and the Muslim World: How Transatlantic Cooperation Will Enhance Engagement” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, ]

   

  Religious communities have emerged … Indonesia and Turkey- and possibly Morocco.

   

  No money for the counterplan

  Hill 5-26-11 [Fiona Hill, Senior Fellow and Director, Center on the United States and Europe  The Brookings Institution, “Europe’s Future In A Turbulent World 2011 Cuse Annual Conference, Panel 2: Europe’s Power in the World,” Brookings Institute, ]

   

  So I wanted an initial question to …major assistance package.

   

  Lack of military might constrains EU soft power

  Gross ’08 [Dr. Eva, Institute for European Studies Research Fellow, she heads the research cluster 'EU foreign and security policy'. She also coordinates the University of Southern California (USC) Brussels Program 'Contemporary Issues in European Foreign and Security Policy'.,  "The limits of european soft power," online]

   

  When it comes to the growing profile …political will to use them.

   

   

  The plan is key to global alliances

  Boyle and Scmid ‘09 [A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009]

   

  One of the greatest challenges currently…counter-terrorism cooperation thus far.

   

  Alliances prevent nuclear war

  Ross ’98 [Douglas, Winter 1998/1999,– professor of political science at Simon Fraser University, Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction, International Journal, lexis]

   

  Thus, an easily accessible tax base has long been…warfare involving nuclear or other WMD.

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Imperialism K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• US democracy assistance has been reformed and is a welcome and effective partnership tool in the Middle East- the criticism is the same theory that bin-Laden used to rally support

  Wieseltier 3-24-11 [Leon, literary editor of the New Republic, “Post-Post-Imperialism,” New Republic, 242(4), 36, EBSCO]

   

  OBAMA'S ANXIETY is groundless: obviously they… grand historical rebuttal.

   

   

  Even if they win their impacts, the plan is still preferable to any alternative- history proves that alternatives risk violence

  Ferguson ’04 [Niall, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School, “In “Imperial Denial.” With Nonna Gorilovskaya,” ]

   

  NF: Well, it could be for a very short-time … for the people of the Middle East.

   

   

  Policy analysis trumps discourse- they breed more violence

  Tuathail ‘96 [Gearoid, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, “The patterned mess of history and the writing of critical geopolitics: a reply to Dalby,” Political Geography, 15(6-7)]

   

  While theoretical debates at academic…strategies become significant.

   

  The alternative can’t solve and kills mobilization

  Richard Rorty, Professor of Comparative Literature and Philosophy at Stanford University, 1998, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Though in Twentieth-Century America, p. 91-94

   

  It is often said that we Americans…produces theoretical hallucinations.

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Queer Theory

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• The alternative plays into the hands of the white elites

  Ryan ‘07, PhD, University of Florida, Maura, "Queer Internal Colonialism: Aiding Conquest Through Borderless Discourse" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, TBA, New York, New York City Online <PDF>. 2010-06-04 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p183033_index.html

   

  According to Armstrong (2002)… day in San Francisco, California.

   

  Specific policy analysis trumps discourse- they breed more violence

  Tuathail ‘96 [Gearoid, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, “The patterned mess of history and the writing of critical geopolitics: a reply to Dalby,” Political Geography, 15(6-7)]

   

  While theoretical debates at academic conferences are…particular discursive strategies become significant.

   

  The term “queer” is demobilizing and is Ivory Tower elitism

  McNulty '03, head of Brooklyn College's MFA program in dramaturgy and theater criticism

  Charles, “Queer Misgivings,” Theater 33.3 (2003) 112-117 AJM

   

  When I wrote "The Queer As Drama Critic" for … protection and relative material comforts.'"

   

  They destabilize identity and causes lesbian erasure- “gay” movement proves

  Yep, Lovaas, and Elia, Professors @ San Francisco University, 2003.(Gust, Karen, and John, Journal of Homosexual Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2/3/4,, pp. 42-43, JCE)

   

  Gender Trouble. As a non-gender-specific … the lived experiences and the subjectivities of transgendered people.

   

  The alternative can’t solve and cedes politics to the right

  Gitlin ‘05 [Todd, formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/16/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_02.pdf]

   

  This might, on the face of it…self-serving noisemakers. 

  
  
• 
  
  

Socotra Advantage

• Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Nwestern LV | Judge: Frap
  
  

•  

  Further political instability in Yemen will trade off with conservation efforts in Socotra- causes investor withdrawal

  Yahia 3-22-11 [Mohammed, editor at Nature Middle East- for over three years, Mohammed has worked on raising the profile of science and science journalism in the Middle East. He graduated from Cairo University with a bachelor degree in Pharmacy and Pharmacology, “Foreign researchers flee Yemen leaving conservation programmes in trouble,” ]

   

  Public protests in …  ecosystems could quickly follow, he warns.

   

  Socotran biodiversity has global importance- has vast amounts of endemic species and unique bird populations- further conservation is key to prevent an ecological disaster

  World Heritage Marine Programme ‘11 [Accessed 8-21-11, “Socotra Archipelago,” ]

   

  Socotra is globally important…zones and the Socotra Biosphere Reserve.

   

  More specifically, we’re at a global biodiversity crossroads- protecting island-based ecosystems is uniquely key to prevent negative spillover effects- Socotra is a key area

  Van Damme and Banfield ’11 [Kay Van Damme is a hydrobiologist at Ghent University in Belgium, has extensively explored the freshwater and cave ecosystems of Socotra and Lisa Banfield works at the Centre for Middle Eastern Plants, Royal Botanical Gardens Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, “Past and present human impacts on the biodiversity of Socotra Island (Yemen): implications for future conservation,” ]

   

  The United Nations declared .... The island is continental, not oceanic.

   

  Strong conservation efforts in the region set the stage for a positive spillover effect- breeds coordination to stabilize other environmental crises

  Talhouk and Abboud ‘09 [Salma N. Talhouk is an Associate professor at the Department of Plant Sciences at the American University of Beirut since 1999 and Maya Abboud is UNDP Project Director and expert in Ecosystem Management, “Impact of Climate Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation,” ]

   

  Last but not least, the Arab … for effective and sustainable results.

   

  Socotran ecosystems are not resilient and are facing several pressing challenges in the short term- failure to act soon guarantees rapid ecosystem collapse that threatens global spread

  Van Damme 5-25-11 [Kay, hydrobiologist at Ghent University in Belgium, has extensively explored the freshwater and cave ecosystems of Socotra, “Insular biodiversity in a changing world,” ]

   

  How long a species has … biodiversity in a rapidly changing world?

   

  Ecosystem collapse risks extinction – loss of agriculture, water and oceans

  Coyne and Hoekstra ‘07 [Jerry and Hopi, professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago and Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, ]

   

  But it isn't just the destruction… greatest dying of them all.

   

  Biodiversity in the Gulf of Aden is uniquely important- collapse threatens key coral reef and turtle populations

  UNEP ’04 [“Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region,” ]

   

  The Red Sea and Gulf …  turtles, sea birds and marine mammals.

   

  Healthy coral reefs are key to human survival:

  U.S. Department of State, cached 6/23/2008 ()

   

  In Reef Research, Dr. Patrick Colin … be an urgent issue in the 21st century.

   

  Sea turtles are keystone species- they perform unique ecosystem services

  Sea Turtle Survival League 2k [December 22 Sea Turtle Survival League is a conservation group of marine biologists.]

   

  Why should humans care if …  would be negatively affected.

   

  Their impact defense won’t apply- we’re at the brink- it’s try or die to prevent extinction

  Black ’10 [Richard, environmental correspondent at BBC News, 10/18/10, 'Ten years' to solve nature crisis, UN meeting hears,” ]

   

  The two-week gathering aims to set new targets for …  trying to do here, and why it matters."

  
  
• 
  
  

Round Reports

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Aff: Samford BL~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Round # 8 Tournament: Shirley~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)vs: Whitman HZ~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Judge: Brett Bricker~(%%) ===== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)Plan Text~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Same as wiki ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)1ac Advantages~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)AQAP ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %) -CBWs ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %) -Retaliation (Ayson) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %) -Indo-Pak War ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Socotra ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %) -Bio-Diversity ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %) -Ecosystem collapse ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Solvency ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Solves global cooperation ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)2ac Offense~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Plan popular GOP McCain likes the plan ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)McCain key ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Da Intrinsic ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Winners win ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)International fiat ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)1ar Strategy~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Kicked out of Socotra adv means EU CP doesn’t solve anything ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)2ar Strategy~(%%) ====== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Politics:~(%%) ===== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) -Impact D ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) -Link turn plan is popular because spun as anti-terrorist ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Aff: Samford BL~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Round # 5 Tournament: Shirley~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)vs:Emporia WW~(%%) ===== ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Judge: Jadon Marianetti~(%%) ===== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)Plan Text:~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)The USFG should provide substantial civil society support for the purpose of political party development of the Yemen youth movement. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)1ac Advantages:~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Contention I: Child Expliotation: ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) Narrative about a child soldier and their terrible experiences; about being afraid of looking @ the dead, of killing, of wanting to forget or they’ll go crazy. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Yemeni Child Soldiers oppressed (card says 5-600 killed each year) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Child soldiers are the most vulnerable population; moral obligation. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Repetition of child soldiers creates a cycle of violence & is the worst form of violence. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Taking action is key to combat overall power structures; the plan is key to address domination. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Political Instability ~(% class="Underline" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %)à~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) Rampant child labor ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Must unequivocally align ourselves against child soldiers. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Rejection of child soldiers is key to address dehumanization. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Contention 2: Solvency: ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Us presence = a chance to combat child soldiers in Yemen. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Successful movement solves. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Us is key because of perception and ties to civil society. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Advocating DA is key to prevent elite power. ~(% class="Underline" %)Walt~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) card. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-1AC is an act of awareness; reading it alone solves. ~(% class="Underline" %)Wilkinson ‘01 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-This uniquely bolsters efforts to solve for gender inequality. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Conflict is inevitable; coordination is key. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-We ensure their voices are heard. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Contention 3-Underview~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %): ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Our hypothesis is key to create space in the underground ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Community change could ~(% class="Underline" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family:Georgia;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %)à~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) global efforts ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Relying on global strategies guarantee global politics. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)2ac Offense~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Case Extensions~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %): ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-UPI ev-child soldiers are the most exploited population in the world. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Xt Rorshach-We delegate oppression in the SQ. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Child labor trades off with education. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-We engage with the topic. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Our narrative was from a former child soldier. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Narratives don’t have to be from Yemen. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Aff isn’t exclusive with their forms of combating oppression. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-The aff is key to change the world; alternative is nihilism. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-U.S. key—Role of the Ballot should be individual rejection plus USFG action. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)2AC on the K~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %): ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Utopian advocacy inevitably fails* (* denotes card was read) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Child soldier distinction is irrelevant; don’t need to know all the details but know that we care. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-This is just a link of omission; we can’t talk about ALL oppression because of time constraints. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-XT Us is key to solve gender from the 1AC. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-No warrant for why the patriarchal norms in debate are a reason to vote neg. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-PERM: Vote Aff & Recognize intersectional oppression.* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-No link-They silence voices about U.S. policy presences. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Can’t address the oppression of child soldiers w/o the 1AC. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Role Playing good/key. ~(% class="Underline" %)Muir~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) ‘90 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-State bad doesn’t mean you should reject the USFG. ~(% class="Underline" %)Grossberg~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) ‘92 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Must act within system; the Perm solves Walt ‘99 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-State is merely the production of citizens choices; we can solve back.* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-US DA is welcome in the Middle East. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-We solve the impact to the worst form of violence; the alternative is Mideast violence.* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-They don’t solve our aff; the alternative cannot solve.* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Efforts to focus on the state vis-à-vis violence is the best way to change. ~(% class="Underline" %)Whit~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) ‘99 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Chomsky card about need to work within the state; right wing takeover. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-In the context of the aff, we = an uprising against elites. ~(% class="Underline" %)Walt~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %) ‘91 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Must speak for others or violence is inevitable. ~(% class="Underline" %)Alcoff ~(% style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none" %)‘92 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)1ar Strategy~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)-Case Extensions: ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Goes for arguments about how the neg links are just broad generalizations. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-XT Walt & Hanson. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-XT Wilking ev—must solve within context of rule of law. This is an AT: Error Replication. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-XT McClean-We ~(% class="Underline" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:Georgia;mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none" %)à~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;text-underline:none" %) open space. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)-1AR K- ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Their only warrant for their K is that we use the USFG. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Can offer recognition; look @ 2Nc advocacy statement; it’s probably fake. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-Xtended all their PERM/USFG key cards. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none; text-underline:none" %)-AT: “You guys is sexist language”—(1) It’s a neutral term (dictionary.com), (2) 2NC says “f*ck;” that’s probably worse. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ====== ~(% class="Underline" %)2ar Strategy~(%%) ====== ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) -Perm, USFG good/solves, “You guys” is inclusive; “f*ck” is worse because it refers to womyn as “fcks.” ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) -You should vote for a suggestion that helps a lot of people; rather than the 2NR claim that you should vote for people, not suggestions. ===== ~(% class="Underline" %)Aff: Samford BL~(%%) ===== == ~(% class="Underline" %)Round # 3 Tournament: Shirley~(%%) == == ~(% class="Underline" %)vs: Northwestern LV~(%%) == == ~(% class="Underline" %)Judge: Frappier~(%%) == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) === ~(% class="Underline" %)Plan Text~(%%) === ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) === ~(% class="Underline" %)1ac Advantages~(%%) === ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Terror (CBW) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Sectarian Biodiversity on wiki ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) === ~(% class="Underline" %)2ac Offense~(%%) === ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Link turn on politics ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) === ~(% class="Underline" %)1ar Strategy~(%%) === ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) === ~(% class="Underline" %)2ar Strategy~(%%) === == ~(% class="Underline" %)Perm do the CP~(%%) == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) Solvency deficits

  
  
• 
  
  

Shirley 2AC vs. Emporia WW

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~= ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration:none;text-underline: none" %)2AC~(%%) = == Don’t make the perfect the enemy of the good- they shouldn’t posit one effort to solve oppression as oppositional to another method: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Association for Women’s Rights in Development,~(%%) August 20~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)04, ~(%%)“ Intersectionality: A Tool for ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Gender and Economic Justice,” http:~~/~~/www.hhh.umn.edu/centers/wpp/flf/pdf/AWID_intersectionality.pdf ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)Intersectional analysis is ~(% class="Underline" %)…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) and of gays and lesbians, just to name a few. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == (~~-~~-) No link: no reason that talking about federal policies silences personal understandings—we allow personal voices to be heard about challenges to USFG policy—a perspective that their viewpoint ignores. == == == == (~~-~~-) We do heed the perspective of oppressed people—the child soldiers voice which would not be heard in this space but for our AFF. == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Our form of switch-side role playing is key to develop tolerance and empathy- otherwise it risks egocentrism and intolerance == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Must debate about people that are more oppressed than us- otherwise we only care about ourselves ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none" %) ~*~*~_~_Muir,~_~_~*~* Department of Communication, George Mason University, ~*~*~_~_93~_~_~*~* [Star, Philosophy & Rhetoric, 26.4] ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt" %)The first response to the charge of relativism is that~(%%) ~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)~_~_switch-side … effort to gain such insight~_~_~(%%)~_~_.~_~_ ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Their “state bad” arguments are not reason to reject debates about the USFG- rather they’re justifications for reforming the state, which is the best way to combat its structural flaws == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Grossberg 1992~(%%) (Lawrence, Professor of Communication Studies @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservativsm and Postmodern Culture, p. 390-391) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) But this would mean that ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)the Left could ~(% class="Underline" %)… as the moral responsibility) to fight them. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Focusing on the state doesn’t block potential for change- means permutation solves == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Wendt 1999~(%%) (Alexander, Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago. Social Theory of International Politics, p. 10) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)This state-centric focus is not politically innocent~(% class="Underline" %). Critics might …~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %) in structural transformation~(%%). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) == (~~-~~-) We don’t rely exclusively on the perspectives of think tanks and the university—we open the debate space to the perspectives of oppressed child soldiers. == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == The state is merely the product of choices by citizens- transformative measures such as the perm solve back all offense == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Heading3Char" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %)Bensaid ‘05~(%%) [Daniel professor at the University of Paris VIII and leading member of the Ligue Commiuniste Revolutionnaire, "Change the World without taking power?…or… Take Power to change the world?," online: ~(% class="MsoHyperlink" %)http:~~/~~/www.internationalviewpoint.org/IMG/pdf/ChangeTheWorld.pdf~(%%) CS] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:~~"Times New Roman~~"" %)Yet ~(% class="Underline" %)this way of taking sides by crying out …~(% style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:~~"Times New Roman~~"" %) time from the collapse of the illusion of power. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == US democracy assistance has been reformed and is a welcome and effective partnership tool in the Middle East- the criticism is the same theory that bin-Laden used to rally support == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Wieseltier 3-24~*~*-11 [Leon, literary editor of the New Republic, “Post-Post-Imperialism,” New Republic, 242(4), 36, EBSCO] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)OBAMA'S ANXIETY is groundless: obviously …~(%%)~*~*~_~_, in a grand historical rebuttal~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Speaking for others is necessary when the other needs representation- retreat makes violence inevitable~*~* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Alcoff, 92~*~*~(% style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) (Linda, ~/~/Cultural Critique~/~/, Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32, Professor of Philosophy, Women's Studies and Political Science and currently the Director of Women's Studies at Syracuse University, http:~~/~~/www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~_~_However, ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)while there is much ~(%%)…~_~_~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt" %) practiced by many activists and theorists. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Even if they win their impacts, the plan is still preferable to any alternative- history proves that alternatives risk violence == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Ferguson ’04 ~*~*[Niall, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School, “In “Imperial Denial.” With Nonna Gorilovskaya,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/motherjones.com/politics/2004/05/imperial-denial>>http:~/~/motherjones.com/politics/2004/05/imperial-denial]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)NF: Well, it could be for a very short-time indeed. …~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_ of the Middle East~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Their advocacy doesn’t solve our arguments- their representational shift won’t alter real world policy- looking to structures and politics is more vital to bring about reform- alt can’t solve == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)~*~*Tuathail 96~*~* (Gearoid, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664) ~(% class="card" %) ~(% class="underline0" style="font-family:Georgia" %)While theoretical debates at …~(% class="underline0" style="font-family: Georgia; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" %) strategies become significant~(% class="underline0" style="font-family: Georgia; " %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Efforts to end violence should focus on state action- best way to create meaningful change == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Wendt 1999~(%%) (Alexander, Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago. Social Theory of International Politics, p. 9) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)It should be emphasized that “state-centrism” in this …~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %) of forests for being “tree-centric~(% class="Underline" %).” ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) == Reforming the state is a strategic necessity – non-state alternatives will either be crushed by the state or result in less accountable tyrannies == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Chomsky 1998~(%%) (Noam, Professor of Linguistics at MIT. The Common Good: Noam Chomsky Interviewed by David Barsamian, p. 84-85) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)So Argentina is “minimizing the state”—cutting down public expenditures, the way our government is doing, but much more extremely. Of course, when you minimize the state, you maximize something else—and it isn’t popular control. What gets maximized is private power, domestic and foreign.~(%%) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~_~_I met with ~_~_~(%%)~_~_…~_~_matter, to ourselves. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) = 1AR = == We are not the same sort of imperialist policy that their arguments assume- we are a response to members of the Yemeni youth movement who are asking for the plan- == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Karman 6-20~*~*-11 [Tawakkol, prominent Yemeni youth leader responsible for many staged protests and organizational efforts, “Yemen's unfinished revolution,” lexis] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ..~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_ a democratic future~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %)

  
  
• 
  
  

USC Aid now

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~== Clinton just announced a huge civil society package for Myanmar == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Than ’11~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) [Zaw Win Than, staff writer for the Myanmar Times, “US to increase assistance to civil society groups,” December 5-11, ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/604/news3160406.html>>http:~/~/www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/604/news3160406.html]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_THE U~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)nited ~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_S~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %)tates ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_will beef up funding...~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) the people for a better future.” ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == New Moroccan democracy package triggers their links- Obama was involved == == == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*PR Newswire 12-23~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)-11 [“Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.marketwatch.com/story/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-2011-12-23>>http:~/~/www.marketwatch.com/story/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-2011-12-23]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)For first time, directs that U.S. aid to Morocco...~(% style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)security across the region." == Palestine aid triggers the link == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)JTA, 12/30/2011~(%%) (“U.S. releases $40 million to PA” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.jta.org/news/article/2011/12/30/3090961/us-releases-40-million-to-pa>>http:~/~/www.jta.org/news/article/2011/12/30/3090961/us-releases-40-million-to-pa]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)WASHINGTON (JTA) ~~-~~-~(%%) ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)The U~(%%)nited ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)S~(%%)tates ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)transferred $40 million~(% class="Underline" %)…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)actions at the United Nations. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == (~~-~~-) Foreign aid for gay rights now == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Anja ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Niedringhaus, 12/7/2011~(%%) (staff writer, “U.S. to Aid Gay Rights Abroad, Obama and Clinton Say,” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/united-states-to-use-aid-to-promote-gay-rights-abroad.html>>http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/united-states-to-use-aid-to-promote-gay-rights-abroad.html]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) GENEVA — ~(% class="Underline" %)The ~(% style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)Obama ~(%%)administration ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)announced ~(%%)on Tuesday…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ignore abuse against them. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == (~~-~~-) Gay rights initiative is angering conservatives now: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) David ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Gollust, 12/9/2011~(%%) (staff writer, “US Policy on Gays Draws Strong, Mixed, Reactions,” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Policy-on-Gays-Draws-Strong-Mixed-Reactions-135348253.html>>http:~/~/www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Policy-on-Gays-Draws-Strong-Mixed-Reactions-135348253.html]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)The ~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)Obama~(%%) administration~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)’s announcement…~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" %)issue in U.S. presidential politics~(%%).

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Spending DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~== The plan doesn’t cause runaway spending- it’s not large enough to effect fiscal discipline == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Marhsall and Arkedis 2-23~*~*-11 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) Will and Jim, “Small Spending Cuts’ Big Impact on America in the Middle East,” http:~~/~~/progressivepolicy.org/tag/republicans/page/2 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)House ~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)Republicans~(%%), however, are …~(% style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)federal government over $1 trillion a year~(%%). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == These types of democracy assistance are incredibly cost effective and cheap == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Democracy Digest 4-15~(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt; " %)-11 [~(%%)“Civil society a buttress against backsliding on Arab democracy?” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/04/civil-society-a-buttress-against-backsliding-on-arab-democracy/>>http:~/~/www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/04/civil-society-a-buttress-against-backsliding-on-arab-democracy/]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*The pro-democratic Arab awakening~*~*~(% class="Underline" %)~*~*…~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %) National Endowment for Democracy. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Innovation lead makes hege inevitable == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background-image~: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %)~*~*Khanna 9-5~*~* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) [Parag Khanna is a senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, “America’s Non-Grand Strategy,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/americas-non-grand-strategy/244367/>>http:~/~/www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/americas-non-grand-strategy/244367/]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)In a time of global economic upheaval and convulsions…process worth getting right. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="cite" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %) == Heg doesn’t solve war == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %)~*~*Mastanduno ‘09~*~* ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)[Michael, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, World Politics 61, No. 1, Ebsco] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~_~_During the cold war the United States…~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)on getting its own way~(%%)~_~_~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %). == == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Prophecies of the decline of US leadership are always wrong—despite decades of false warnings the US is still the world hegemon~*~* ~(% style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in; margin-bottom:.0001pt" %) ~(% style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background- initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %)~*~*JOFFE, 2009~*~* ~(% style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt" %) ~(% style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" %)(JOSEF ~(% class="citeChar" style="font-size: 8pt; " %)(Senior Fellow at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Foreign Affairs, Sept-October 2009, accessed via Academic One File) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; text-decoration: none" %)~_~_ ~_~_ ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~_~_EVERY TEN years, it is decline… since the Great Depression~_~_~(%%).

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Elections DA

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~== Too early to determine the election: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in" %) Frank ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Newport, 12/21/2011~(%%) (Gallup, “Many Americans Dissatisfied With All Presidential Candidates,” http:~~/~~/www.gallup.com/poll/151682/Americans-Dissatisfied-Presidential-Candidates.aspx) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) All in all, ~(% style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_Americans'~_~_~*~*~(%%)~*~*~_~_…~_~_~*~* the incumbent president. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Europe’s economic crisis overshadows other issues in the 2012 election: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Gerald ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Seib, 12/27/2011~(%%) (staff writer, “For Obama, Merkel Holds a Key,” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204296804577122442071520040.html>>http:~/~/online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204296804577122442071520040.html]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) As the election year beckons…that crisis is Ms. Merkel's. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == US-Russia tensions are just saber-rattling- best experts ~_~_inside Moscow~_~_ agree- no risk of war == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)Young~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), Boston Globe and Reason staff writer, April 200~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)9 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)[Cathy, "Unclenching the First," Reason, http:~~/~~/www.reason.com/news/show/131970.html, accessed June 2009, mss] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)It could be that the~(% class="Underline" %)…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Gen. Vladimir ~(% class="Underline" %)Dvorkin~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == No risk of war == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)Grant~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Centre for European Reform director~(% style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), November 200~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" %)8 ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)[Charles, "How to Handle the New Russia," CER, http:~~/~~/www.cer.org.uk/articles/62_grant.html, accessed June 2009, mss] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)But ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)despite the bluster and rhetoric~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)…~(% class="Underline" %)Moscow are far from warm.

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC Payroll Taxes

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~== Won’t pass- the committee nominees are too stubborn == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Mark ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Thoma, 12/31/2011~(%%) (staff writer, “Will the Payroll Tax Cut be Extended Through the End of 2012?” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/wallstreetpit.com/88228-will-the-payroll-tax-cut-be-extended-through-the-end-of-2012>>http:~/~/wallstreetpit.com/88228-will-the-payroll-tax-cut-be-extended-through-the-end-of-2012]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) Steve ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)Benen~(% class="Underline" %) doesn’t think…~(% style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Democrats are willing to make… ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Payroll fight is a month away: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Washington Post, 1/3/2012 (“Happening today,” Lexis Nexis) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)leftcenter21.98%Morning leftcenter78.02% ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)Israel and Palestinian negotiators will meet in Jordan for …~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)and the Senate on Jan. 23~(%%). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Year-long payroll tax cut won’t pass—key issues will divide the Congress: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) Gail Russell ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Chaddock, 12/27/2011~(%%) (staff writer, “‘Payroll Tax, The Sequel’: Did either side learn any lessons from Part 1?” ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.25in" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1227/Payroll-Tax-The-Sequel-Did-either-side-learn-any-lessons-from-Part-1>>http:~/~/www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/1227/Payroll-Tax-The-Sequel-Did-either-side-learn-any-lessons-from-Part-1]]) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)The deal that broke the impasse…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)nonstarter for House Republicans. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Cutting the payroll tax won’t fuel the recovery: == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Kmele~(%%) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)Foster, 10/24/2011 ~(%%)(~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt" %)co-founder and vice president of TelcoIQ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), “Instead of more stimulus, we need tax reform, energy investment,” ~[~[~(% style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt" %)http:~~~~/~~~~/articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-24/news/bs-ed-obama-jobs-20111024-6_1_jobs-bill-tax-reform-tax-cuts>>http:~/~/articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-24/news/bs-ed-obama-jobs-20111024-6_1_jobs-bill-tax-reform-tax-cuts]]~(%%)) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" %)This piecemeal approach might be …Americans are so desperate for~(%%). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)Econ is resilient ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="cite" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)Hamilton, ~(% class="cite" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)CEO, Sageworks Inc., ~(% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" %)9~(% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt; " %) (~(%%)Brian, January, Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants, “The United States Will be Just Fine”, http:~~/~~/www.tscpa.org/Currents/EconomyCommentary.asp) ~(% class="card" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt" %) ~(% style="font-family: ~~"Georgia~~",~~"serif~~"" %) ~(% class="card" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt" %) ~(% style="font-family: ~~"Georgia~~",~~"serif~~"" %)There is probably something … the country will be just fine. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == (~~-~~-)Winners Win == == == ~(% class="card" style="margin-left:.25in" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="font-size:11.0pt" %)~*~*Singer ‘09~*~*~(% style="font-size:11.0pt" %) [Jonathan, senior writer and editor for MyDD. My Direct Democracy, March 3, “By Expending Capital, Obama Grows His Capital” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.mydd.com/story/2009/3/3/191825/0428>>http:~/~/www.mydd.com/story/2009/3/3/191825/0428]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="card" style="margin-left:0in" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" %)"~(% class="underline0" %)What is amazing~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %) here~(% class="underline0" %)…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt" %)ending the war in Iraq. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) == Zero backlash to the plan- terrorism spin offsets the link == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1" %) ~(% style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia" %)-~(% style="font-size: 7pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; font: 7pt ~~"Times New Roman~~"" %) ~(% style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %)They’ll accept any method of combating AQAP ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*Christian Science Monitor ’11~*~* [Howard LaFranchi, Staff writer, Christian Science Monitor, “US covert attacks in Yemen: A better template for the war on terror?” June 15, 2011, ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/news.yahoo.com/us-covert-attacks-yemen-better-template-war-terror-230543423.html>>http:~/~/news.yahoo.com/us-covert-attacks-yemen-better-template-war-terror-230543423.html]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)The new campaign relies … Libya would suddenly be quite different.” ~(% class="MsoNormal" %)

  
  
• 
  
  

USC LNG Advantage

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• ~== We’re on the brink of a major LNG crisis == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*Research and Markets ’11~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) [December, “Global LNG Market Short and Long Term Outlook: Trends, Drivers and Forecasts of Supply, Demand, Capacity, Trade and Contracts to 2020,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7894c7/global_lng_market>>http:~/~/www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7894c7/global_lng_market]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*~_~_LNGReports~_~_~*~*~(%%)~*~*~_~_ new report on…~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)merger and acquisition decisions. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Yemen LNG production has come to a halt because of the political crisis == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*Reuters 3-22~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)-11 [“UPDATE 4-Yemen unrest may hit LNG export, no impact yet-Total,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/22/lng-yemen-unrest-idUSN2215973720110322>>http:~/~/www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/22/lng-yemen-unrest-idUSN2215973720110322]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*~_~_Widespread ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)civil unrest in…attacks on the line last year~(%%)~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Yemen sits at a key LNG access point in the Indian Ocean == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background-image~: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %)~*~*Total ’11~*~*~(% style="font-size: 8pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %) [~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)French multinational oil company and one of the six "Supermajor" oil companies in the world, “Yemen LNG, driving the country’s development,” ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.total.com/en/our-energies/natural-gas-/processing/projects-and-achievements/yemen-lng-940894.html>>http:~/~/www.total.com/en/our-energies/natural-gas-/processing/projects-and-achievements/yemen-lng-940894.html]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*~_~_A strategically important project…~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)one-sixth of our oil and gas sales. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == Yemen is positioned to satisfy global LNG demand- tons of capacity and accesses every major market == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; background- initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " %)~*~*Kurmanaev ‘10~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) [Anatoly Kurmanaev, National Yemen, “Decrypting Yemen’s LNG Future,” 10-17-10, ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/nationalyemen.com/2010/10/17/decrypting-yemen%E2%80%99s-lng-future/>>http:~/~/nationalyemen.com/2010/10/17/decrypting-yemen%E2%80%99s-lng-future/]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*~_~_A year ago ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)Yemen joined the~(%%)…~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)well-positioned to exploit this demand~(%%)~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %). ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == LNG shortages cause massive investment in methane-hydrate gases == ~(% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in" %) ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" %)National Energy Technology Laboratory~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), Last modified ~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)12/20~(% class="BoldUnderline" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)/2011~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/FutureSupply/MethaneHydrates/about->>http:~/~/www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/FutureSupply/MethaneHydrates/about-]]hydrates/hydrateResearch.htm ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% class="Underline" %)By 1999, the growing recognition…~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)projects within this program. ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) == That’s the most probable scenario for extinction == ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" %)~*~*Sassoon ’10~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) [David, Guardian Environment Network, “Did Deepwater methane hydrates cause the BP Gulf explosion?” May 20, ~[~[http:~~~~/~~~~/www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/20/deepwater-methane-hydrates-bp-gulf>>http:~/~/www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/20/deepwater-methane-hydrates-bp-gulf]]] ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) ~(% class="MsoNormal" %) ~*~*~_~_The vast deepwater methane…still just getting to know~_~_~*~*~(% style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %).

  
  
• 
  
  

Yemen Aff v. Liberty GW- Rnd. 4 -Pitt RR

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Observation 1 is Inherency:

  Saleh is stepping down in Yemen, but Al-Qaeda is still a threat- now is key for the US to reorient its relationship with the Yemeni people to solve terrorism

  Levine 11-25-11 [Adam, security writer for CNN, “Will Yemen still help U.S. in terror fight?”  http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/25/will-yemen-still-help-u-s-in-terror-fight/ ]          

  The Yemeni terror group still poses a…challenges," Bodine said in a phone interview.       

   

  The recent Awlaki drone strike killing backfired and has created anti-American resentment and will guarantee more terrorism- increased emphasis on rule of law is reverse-causal

  Husain 9-30-11 [Ed, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S. shouldn't have killed al-Awlaki,”  http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/30/opinion/husain-awlaki-killing/ ]       

  President Obama authorized the killing of an…creates martyrs out of al Qaeda's murderers.    

   

  Advantage 1

   

  Yemen has become the new center of al-Qaeda operations which controls global networks- solving extremist takeover in Yemen now is key to prevent further spread

  Carafano 8-7 [James Jay Carafano is a senior research fellow for national security at the Heritage Foundation, “Yemen looks like al Qaeda's new heartland,”  http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2011/08/yemen-looks-al-qaedas-new-heartland ]       

  When al Qaeda was just a startup terrorist enterprise, … air-power "solution" to the Moammar Gadhafi problem in Libya.    

   

  AQAP influence in Yemen is the only venue for international attacks

  Brahimi 1-28 [Alia, Research Fellow at LSE Global Governance and a Senior Research Associate of the Changing Character of War programme at the University of Oxford, “Al Qaeda’s renewed focus on inflicting terrorist atrocities on British soil reflects a pervasive weakness in their strategy as their legitimating logic threatens to unravel,”  http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/31985/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Al_Qaedas_renewed_focus_on_inflicting_terrorist_atrocities_on_British_soil_reflects_a_pervasive_weakn-323718.pdf ]      

  In Yemen, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula…Much of this extremism bin Laden himself has spoken out against.    

   

  Leaked classified documents prove that Al-Qaeda has advanced nuclear and CBW capabilities and are preparing for an attack- the impacts are devastating  Blake and Hope 2-2  -11 [Heidi Blake is a reporter for The Daily Telegraph. She was nominated for Young Journalist of the Year and Scoop of the Year in the 2010 British Press Awards and was named Journalist of the Year, Feature Writer of the Year and Diversity Writer of the Year in the 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards and Christopher Hope is Business Correspondent, Industry Editor, Home Affairs Correspondent, Home Affairs Editor and is now Whitehall Editor at The Telegraph, “WikiLeaks: al-Qaeda 'is planning a dirty bomb',”  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8296956/WikiLeaks-al-Qaeda-is-planning-a-dirty-bomb.html ]     

  A leading atomic regulator has…potential to cause "extraordinary loss of life".    

   

  Disregard their generic impact defense- AQAP is the only legitimate threat- they’re uniquely sophisticated and organized, can make WMDs and is the epicenter of global connections  

  Cilluffo 6-24-11 [Frank J., the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University, and Clinton Watts, a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute and a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI, 6/24/11, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity” http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm ]       

  AQAP is the only al Qaeda affiliate to attempt…alignment of their goals with those of Al Qaeda’s.        There’s fissile material in

   

  Yemen- leaked intel proves    

  McVeigh ‘10 [Karen, "WikiLeaks cables: Yemen radioactive stocks' were easy al-Qaida target," The Guardian, December 19 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/19/wikileaks-cables-yemen-al-qaida] 

  A senior government official in Yemen warned…clean is clean, how will people go back there", he said.

   

  Bio-weapons represent the single greatest risk of extinction  

  Ochs, 2 [Richard, BS in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University, with honors, BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY ABOLISHED, http: / /www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html ]

  Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically…EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE   

   

  Bioweapons are comparatively the biggest risk of extinction- our author is the most qualified     

  Matheny ’07   [Jason, research associate with the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, where his work focuses on technology forecasting and risk assessment - particularly of global catastrophic risks and existential risks.[1] He previously worked for the World Bank, the Center for Biosecurity, the Center for Global Development, and on national security projects for the US government. He is a Sommer Scholar and PhD candidate in Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University. He holds an MPH from Johns Hopkins, an MBA from Duke University, and a BA from the University of Chicago, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,”  http://www.physics.harvard.edu/  wilson/pmpmta/Mahoney_extinction.pdf ]     

  Of current extinction risks, the most…the benefits do not seem to be worth the risks.    

   

  The impact is worse than ever- new aerosol and gene manipulation makes weaponized biological agents harder to contain and more lethal   

  Nixdorf '10  [Katheryn, Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Genetics at Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, she serves on the Board of Directors of the BioWeapons Prevention Project as a representative of the International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES), January/February, “Advances in targeted delivery and the future of bioweapons,”]

  What aerosols tell us about bioweapons. Concerns…as weapons in the not too distant future   

   

  And, put away your generic CBW defense- recent developments prove they’re proliferating quickly and easy to make and the impacts would be devastating- just because they haven’t been used doesn’t mean we’re safe

  Utgoff ’07  [Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses, “The Role of Nuclear Weapons in Deterring Chemical and Biological Attacks (long)” http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/544343/posts ]  

  Over the last decade, the United States and its allies have…highly contagious agents could do even more damage.    

   

  A major attack draws in great powers and goes nuclear     

  Ayson ‘10   [Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]       

  A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear … form of sympathy or support for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.    

   

  The strike causes extinction- several reasons

  Wright ‘07 [Robert, New America Foundation senior fellow, 4-28-07, “Planet Of The Apes,” http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html ]        (3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop…would be terrorism, along with our mishandling of it.    

   

  Yemeni-based AQAP will attack India     

  Roychowdhury 9-6-11 [Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, September 6, 2011, Deccan Chronicle,  http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360%C2%B0-terror-appraisal-659 ]      It is clear that notwithstanding the numerous peace conferences … with the threat of corruption to ensure good governance,   India must take due note of other threats as well and exercise the requisite caution.    

   

  Al Qaeda attacks in India will spark an Indo-pak war     

  Dreazen ’10   [Yochi J. Dreazen, “Gates Warns of Militants in South Asia”, Wall Street Journal January 21, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704320104575014752587809016.html ]     

  U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said al Qaeda is working…patience would be limited were there to be further attacks.''  

   

  That goes nuclear and causes extinction     

  Zarate ’11 [Juan C. Zarate, Sunday, February 20, 2011, “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html ]      

  In 1914, a terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo…crises may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism.    

   

  We can’t count on deterrence checking Indo-Pak war- they’ll attempt to dominate the other, collapses rationality      

  Zeenat ’11  [Rida, Research Fellow at the South Asian Strategic Stability Institute (SASSI). She holds M.Sc. degree in Defence and Diplomatic Studies from Fatima Jinnah Women University, Pakistan. Her M.Sc. dissertation was based on “Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine of Credible Minimum Deterrence”, “India – Pakistan: Deterrence To Compellence,” March 10, http://www.eurasiareview.com/10032011-india-pakistan-deterrence-to-compellence/ ]        

  India and Pakistan have mostly been in a state…in more poverty, literacy and frustration amongst the masses of both the states.        

   

  Yemen safe haven is essential to a large-scale attack – they can’t move      

  Arkedis ‘09   [Jim Arkedis is the director of the National Security Project at the Progressive Policy Institute. He was a counterterrorism analyst with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service from 2002 to 2007. “Why Al Qaeda Wants a Safe Haven”, Foreign Policy, October 23, 2009, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/23/got_safe_haven?print=yes&hidecomments=yes&page=full]  

  Although the group has been significantly weakened since late…deny al Qaeda the only physical space it can access.    

   

  Yemen unrest magnifies the impact- even if terrorism is generally unlikely, risk of a state collapse uniquely risks broad global nuclear crises       

  Makovsky et al ‘11   [Dr. Michael Makovsky, Foreign Policy Director, Blaise Misztal, Foreign Policy Associate Director, Jonathan Ruhe, Policy Analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, “Fragility and Extremism in Yemen,” January,  http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Yemen%20Final%20Report.pdf ]        As the events of 9/11 horrifically demonstrated, a few…less effective than a preventive civilian-led response might be.    

   

  Combating AQAP gives US diplomatic credibility to stop broader terrorism     

  Smith et al ’11     [Adam, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Advisor, along with Task Force members Alexander Bezovics Joseph Corigliano Gillian Frackelton Linn Gracey Jonathan Humphrey Joelle Jackson Alexander Jeffers Juliana Mendel Grasilda Mincin Peter Muller Arya Nazari Matthew Paulhus Vanja Radunovic Allison Stone Matthew Wright Kristen Zipperer, “Countering al-Qaeda’s Ideology: Re-Asessing U.S. Policy Ten Years After 9/11,”  https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/16495/Task%20Force%20O%202011.pdf?sequence=1 ]       

  Total U.S. economic aid has increased from $12 billion to $29…within the policies that are implemented.  

   

  Advantage 2

   

  Yemen instability destabilizes Saudi Arabia and other surrounding countries     

  BMI 3-23-11 [Business Monitor International, “Yemen Crisis: The Issues At Stake,” http: / /www.riskwatchdog.com/2011/03/23/yemen-crisis-the-issues-at-stake/ ]     

  Saudi Arabian security: Yemen’s adjacency to… Oman, Djibouti, and Eritrea could also be compromised.   

   

  Specifically, refugee surges collapse Saudi stability     

  Horton ‘11   [Michael, Senior Analyst for Arabian Affairs at the Jamestown Foundation - Specializes on Yemen and the Horn of Africa, "The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen," Terrorism Monitor, Volume 9, Issue 12, March 24, www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37687&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=2d68e72ad976a563c017aee8cfd2ebf6]     

  One analyst recently speculated that if Yemen were…words of King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud are certainly worth remembering.  

   

  Saudi Arabian instability independently causes Iran to ramp up aggression     

  Friedman 3-8-11 [George, founder, chief intelligence officer, financial overseer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation Stratfor, “The Battle Between Iran and Saudi Arabia,” http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2011/03/08/bahrain_and_the_battle_between_iran_and_saudi_arabia_99429.html ]       The largest target of all is, of course, Saudi Arabia…Saudis clearly are uneasy in the extreme.        

   

  A strong Saudi Arabia is key to the success of the Gulf Cooperation Council     

  Cordesman ’11   [Anthony, Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability: A Very Different Nation,” 2-26-11, http://csis.org/publication/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-very-different-nation ]        

  Saudi Arabia is as important to the … having a friendly and moderate regime.    

   

  Strong GCC is key to check Iranian aggression      

  McDermid 4-6 -11 [Charles, Managing editor at Asia Times and staff writer for TIME, “Standing Up to Iran: Gulf Alliance Flexes Its Muscles,” http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2063502,00.html ]    

  These are just some of the hallmarks of the new…as a regional war of words — at least for now.  

   

  Most likely scenario for nuclear conflict- lack of security framework and historical rivalries   

  Russell ’09 [James A. "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East", http://www.nps.edu/academics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/russell/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf, AD 7/7/11]     

  Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined … disaster for the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.    

   

  Thus the plan:     

      

  The United States Federal Government should provide substantial judiciary training for the purpose of establishing an independent judiciary in Yemen.         

   

  Observation 2 is Solvency:  

   

  US judiciary support is key to prevent terrorism and stabilize the transition- has a unique modeling effect for judiciaries and anti-terror initiatives     McCandless ‘06   [Matthew M. McCandless, Fletcher MA 2006, is a Southeast Asian specialist on sabbatical from the US Department of State. At Fletcher, he is focusing on Islamic Law. He graduated in 1994 with a BA in International Relations from the James Madison School at Michigan State University, “Fighting Terror By Indictment: A Review of How the Yemeni Justice Sector is Facing Salafi Jihadist Violence,” Spring, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ALNAKHLAH_ReviewYemeniJusticeSectorFacingJihadistViolence.pdf ]     

  While additional detailed analysis is needed, an initial…Western interests in this key Muslim state. 

   

  Yemen judicial reform is vital for top-level political stability- invites regional investment

  Pike ’11 [John Pike is the Director at GlobalSecurity.org, he worked for nearly two decades with the Federation of American Scientists, where he directed the Space Policy, Cyberstrategy, Military Analysis, Nuclear Resource and Intelligence Resource projects “Government,” page last modified 6-8-11, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/yemen/government.htm]

  The constitution calls for an independent…the evaluation and promotion systems in the civil service.     

   

  US assistance for judicial training is key to shore up national stability – SQ military counterterrorism will continue to fail

  Boucek 7-19 11   [Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs Washington, D.C. July 19, 2011, http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=6dfc834d-5056-a032-5221-41d3cf94e791]  

  There is no dispute that American policy toward … number of now-infamous ‘escapes’

   

  The US is key-only our influence solves for effective judicial independence

  Gur-Arie ‘09   [Mira Gur-Arie, director of the International Judicial Relations Office of the Federal Judicial Center, the education and research agency for the U.S. federal courts, 15 Oct 2009, “Judges Coming Together: International Exchanges and the U.S. Judiciary”, http://www.uspolicy.be/headline/judges-coming-together]

  Visitors to the U.S. courts from less-…a Chinese judge, who studied the role of court administrators in the U.S. judiciary.        

   

  US is key- perceived as the most flexible donor and has unique ties to Yemen

  Burke ’10 [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” www.fride.org/download/IP_WMD_Yemen_ENG_jul10.pdf ]       

  Reflecting international optimism, USAID…in Yemen than European donors.        

   

  The post-Saleh transition makes now a key time- the signal of strong US support builds governmental legitimacy and solves for regional cooperation

  Green 4-18-11 [Daniel Green is a Soref fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, focusing on Yemen, al-Qaeda, counterinsurgency, and stability operations, “The American Moment in Yemen,”  http: / /fikraforum.org/2011/04/the-american-moment-in-yemen/ ]       

  It is becoming increasingly clear that the departure…government institutions and make them more representative.        

   

  Their generic civil law takeouts don’t apply- the plan is specifically key to success against AQAP  

  Knoetgne ’11  [Peter, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, “Chaos and Terrorism: How to Fight al-Qaeda in Yemen Amid Political Turmoil”, May 16, 2011, http://www.cejiss.org/columns/chaos-and-terrorism-how-fight-al-qaeda-yemen-amid-political-turmoil]     

  The current political turmoil has only …experts providing cultural, regional and international expertise.            

   

  No Disads

   

  No Saudi Arabia or perception disads - Obama is already signaling support for the protestors and the Saudis like it 

  AFP 11-24-11 [Agence France-Presse, “Barack Obama urges Yemen to implement 'historic transition',” http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/middle-east/30437010_1_president-ali-abdullah-saleh-yemeni-people-president-barack-obama]       

  US President Barack Obama urged Yemen … "historic transition" that had been agreed.    

   

  Non-unique: USAID disbursing funding to Angola now:   

  JHU Gazette, 1/17/2012 (“Jhpiego receives $33 million in USAID funding for Angola http://gazette.jhu.edu/2012/01/17/jhpiego-receives-33-million-in-usaid-funding-for-angola/ )  

  The U.S. Agency for International…support of standards-based clinical practices.  

   

  Aid to Mozambique non-uniques the link

  Macau Hub, 1/20/2012   http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2012/01/20/us500-thousand-re-launches-mozambiqueusa-trade/

  The United State government has…products approved for export as part of the AGOA. (macauhub)

   

  Keystone decision will trigger fights now:   

  Neela Banerjee, 1/18/2012 (staff writer, “State Department: Not 'sufficient time' to assess Keystone pipeline” http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-state-dept-keystone-pipeline-explanation-20120118,0,2710953.story)

  The Obama administration has denied a…for months over the pipeline's fate.          

  
  
• 
  
  

2AC v. Liberty GW-Rnd 4-Pitt RR

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Terrorism

  AQAP destroys the economy

  Smith et al ’11 [Adam,  Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Advisor, along with Task Force members Alexander Bezovics Joseph Corigliano Gillian Frackelton Linn Gracey Jonathan Humphrey Joelle Jackson Alexander Jeffers Juliana Mendel Grasilda Mincin Peter Muller Arya Nazari Matthew Paulhus Vanja Radunovic Allison Stone Matthew Wright Kristen Zipperer, “Countering al-Qaeda’s Ideology: Re-Asessing U.S. Policy Ten Years After 9/11,” ]

   

  The United States economy is built on the …Arabian peninsula, and as far as Pakistan, India, and Indonesia 23.

   

  AT: Say no

  Yemenis will accept the plan

  Gundun ‘11 [James, political scientist and counterinsurgency analyst, “West, Saleh Unite Against Yemen’s Transitional Council,” July 19, ]

   

  Judging when Yemenis will lose all trust in America is a … to repeat the same mistakes in Yemen.

   

  AT: Saleh won’t step down

  We solve Saleh

  Foust ‘11

  [Joshua, fellow at the American Security Project, "How the US Can Best Help Yemen," The Atlantic, March 3, ]

   

  U.S. engagement in Yemen is predicated on … is not just a nice idea but an urgent security priority.

   

  AT: AQAP weak

  AQAP is getting more powerful and key leaders are still alive- Yemen governance is key

  Gardner 1-18-12 [Frank, BBC security correspondent, “Yemen crisis: Is al-Qaeda gaining ground?” ]

   

  In the last few days, militants linked to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula … They are a group on the move."

   

  Saudi Rels

  Relations are low- multiple reasons

  Raghunandan 1-6-12 [D., Newsclick, “US-Saudi-UAE Arms Deals: Strengthening US Security Net in the Gulf,” ]

   

  Strategic imperatives For the past few years, there had been …  of its faithful ally of over three decades, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt.

   

  Link is non-unique- already tensions over the Arab Spring

  Gvosdev 12-16-11 [Nikolas, former editor of the National Interest, and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media. He is currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College, “The Realist Prism: The End of the Obama Bounce?” ]

                                                                             

  Finally, at a time when the … concert under such conditions."

   

  They’ll default to cooperation

  Arrott 10-11-11 [Elizabeth, VOA News, “Saudis Worried About Instability in Yemen,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Saudis-Worried-About-Instability-in-Yemen-131014973.html]

   

  Few nations are more worried … of the alternatives would be far worse.

   

  Relations are resilient

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  Tensions between the United States … Saudi Arabia on areas of mutual interest.

   

   

  No Saudi prolif

  No capabilities

  Too controversial and destabilizing

  Committed to economic reforms

  Official opposition

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia, 8-5-11, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

   

  It is highly unlikely, however, that Saudi Arabia … region free of all weapons of mass destruction.

   

  Pakistan won’t sell nukes to the Saudis

  Too risky

  Don’t want any off-the-books proliferation

  Domestic concerns check

  No value for Pakistan

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia, 8-5-11, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

   

  But times have changed and Pakistan … up more trouble than they would alleviate.

   

   

   

  No disease cuts- its popular

  Amie Batson, 3/31/2011 (Deputy Assistant Administrator for Global Health, “Statement by Amie Batson,” )

  Chairwoman Granger, Ranking Member Lowey, …  and their families in the developing world.

   

  US can’t solve new diseases

  No surveillance systems

  No overall strategy

  Lack of equipment and technicians

  We just cut the CDC research budget

  Homeland Security Newswire ’11 [“U.S. unprepared for climate-induced disease outbreaks,” Feb. 15, ]

   

  Officials warn that the United …  and is concerned over its long term stability in light of such trends.

   

  Lethal diseases will burnout

  Lederberg ’99 Joshua, Prof. Genetics @ Stanford,  (Epidemic: The World of Infectious Disease, p. 13)

  The toll of the fourteenth-century plague, the "Black Death," was closer to one third. If the bugs' potential to develop adaptations that could kill us off were the whole story, we would not be here. However, with very rare exceptions, our microbial adversaries … disturbed, often in the wake of large-scale ecological upsets.

   

  No link- Afghanistan is the first thing to be cut

  Green 12-5-11 [Matthew, Financial Times, “USAid faces challenge over Afghan budget cuts,” ]

   

  Western powers pledged to avoid a repeat performance … once deemed necessary to contain the Taliban.

   

  Arab Sesame Street cuts disprove their internal link- we’ll cut smaller programs, not the ones that are important

   

  Fiat means the plan would be emergency spending

  Castle 1

  (Representative, March 8, FDCH, Lexis)

  Under current law, ``emergency'' …  from 1991 to 1999 was $9 billion a year (excluding the Persian Gulf War).

   

  No brink- no reason we spend enough to collapse disease funding

   

  The plan is cheap

  Democracy Digest 4-15-11 [“Civil society a buttress against backsliding on Arab democracy?” ]

   

  The pro-democratic Arab awakening has … and the National Endowment for Democracy.

   

   

  2AC Payroll Taxes

   

  (--) UQ overwhelms the link:  Payroll tax cut will pass without controversy:

  Howard Gleckman, 1/18/2012 (resident fellow at The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, “Congress is back, and more combative than ever,”  )

  My best guess is that the payroll tax … needs to go away for the duration of his campaign.

   

  (--) Doesn’t solve the economy- consensus of experts

  Bruce Bartlett, 12/27/2011 held senior policy roles in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served on the staffs of Representatives Jack Kemp and Ron Paul, 12/27 (How Politics came to dominate payroll tax debate, )

  In August, The Wall Street Journal editorial …  do with how the payroll tax cut extension played out.

   

  (--) Global economy is doomed- several reasons

  EU debt crisis will continue

  AAA downgrade shook confidence in US markets

  Filger 1-3-12 [Sheldon, economic commentator for The Huffington Post,  “Global Economic Crisis 2012,” ]

  All signs point to 2012 witnessing an acceleration …  a great many of the planet's inhabitants.

   

  (--) No impact—last recession proves econ doesn’t determine conflict or instability

  Barnett 2009 – senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, columnist for World Politics Review (8/25, Thomas P.M. “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, )

  When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere …  to proceed apace. That's what the Internet is for.

   

  No spillover- no reason the plan affects other policies

   

  (--)Winners Win

  Singer ‘09 [Jonathan, senior writer and editor for MyDD. My Direct Democracy, March 3, “By Expending Capital, Obama Grows His Capital” ]

   

  "What is amazing here is how much … healthcare to energy reform to ending the war in Iraq.

   

  Zero backlash to the plan- terrorism spin offsets the link

  -           They’ll accept any method of combating AQAP

  Christian Science Monitor ’11 [Howard LaFranchi, Staff writer, Christian Science Monitor, “US covert attacks in Yemen: A better template for the war on terror?” June 15, 2011, ]

   

  The new campaign relies on special operations …  concerns about Libya would suddenly be quite different.”

   

  Congress and specifically McCain love the plan

  Al-Azaki ‘10 [Mohammed, reporter for THE YEMEN POST, "CLOSELY OBSERVING COUNTRY’S SITUATION, US ADMINISTRATION ADVISED TO GIVE HAND TO YEMEN" 4-10-2010. http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1177&MainCat=6]

   

  A US Congress delegation chaired by …  operations by NATO inside Yemeni lands.

   

  McCain key- overcomes links

  Adams ’08 [Rebecca, CQ Weekly, 11/8/08 (“CQ Weekly Vantage Point: Farewell or a Future? McCain Still Has Role as Bipartisan Dealmaker,” lexis]

   

  A likelier scenario, observers say, is that McCain …  years in the Senate reinforcing that image.”

   

  (--) Non-intrinsic:  a rational policy-maker could do the plan and pass.

   

  Obama is Teflon- support networks

  Melber ‘08 [Ari, November 10, The Nation, “Obama’s secret email network revealed,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ari-melber/obamas-secret-email-netwo_b_142565.html]

  So even after the gauzy honeymoon talk fades, when people start second-guessing how much "political … check on a President at the helm of one-party government.

   

   

   

  2AC Private Aid CP

  Perm- do the CP

   

  Perm- do both

   

   

  No evidence that private NGOs have judiciary knowledge- hold their solvency evidence to the same standard as ours, they have to prove they have the capability and expertise to solve

   

  People don’t take advantage of tax breaks:

  Tom McFeat, 12/24/2011 (staff writer, CBC News, overlooked-tax-breaks.html)

  Politicians love to create popular tax … see Canadians regularly missing out on.

   

  Businesses prove—people don’t take advantage of tax credit opportunities:

  Vertex Systems, 3/15/2011 (“Tax Credits for Businesses that Hire Those with Disabilities,” http://vertexsystems.com/blog/2011/03/tax-credits-for-businesses-that-hire-those-with-disabilities/)

  Unfortunately many businesses …  barriers for people with disabilities.

   

  The CP doesn’t solve on any level- it’s too chaotic because we can’t manage the process, and links to politics because it muddles financial transparency

  Garrett ’09 [Laurie Garrett Senior Fellow for Global Health CFR January 2009, “The Future of Foreign Assistance Amid Global Economic and Financial Crisis,” online]

   

  Beyond the question of what America … strategies, and utterly lacking in sustainability.

   

  Links to politics- deficit-cutting atmosphere

  JONATHAN WEISMAN, 1/17/2012 (staff writer, “Parties Confident of Extending Payroll Tax Cut,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/us/politics/congress-sees-few-barriers-to-extending-payroll-tax-cut.html)

  Yet finding more than $160 billion in savings may prove more …  to be tougher than people think,” Mr. Van Hollen said.

   

  Multi-condo bad- time and strat skew, not reciprocal, offense against one isn’t offense against another-

   

  CP kills the signal and global cooperation- emboldens terrorism

  Hulett ‘11 [Richard P. and Sophia D. Henke Distinguished Professor of Political Science and chair of the Political Science Department at Knox College, “Sue Hulett: Has Obama abandoned global leadership?” http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x1638741805/Sue-Hulett-Has-Obama-abandoned-global-leadership]

   

  We also know a bit more about Obama’s …  of American leadership on behalf of promoting democracy and liberty.  

   

   

  2AC Advantage CP

  Perm- do both

   

  Perm- do the CP

   

  Links to Politics- pisses conservatives off, spends money and you’d probably close Gitmo

   

  Doesn’t solve terrorism- US policies in Yemen are key, their evidence is about generic terrorism and not AQAP- we’ve read specific evidence from Green and Husain that the US must move away from CT policy in Yemen to win hearts and minds on the ground

   

  Funding CPs are bad- infinitely regressive, countless unpredictable different funding sources we can’t prepare for-

   

   

  Only the plan solves- anti-Americanism in Yemen is the only relevant internal link

  BPC 3-3-11 [Bipartisan Policy Center, “Bipartisan Policy Center Calls on U.S. to Give Yemen Governance Assistance Not Just Military Aid,” ]

   

  Yemen sits at the center of popular protests across the … in the streets and the cause they are fighting for.”

   

  Only direct efforts to solve AQAP in Yemen solve- experts agree

  IPT 3-2-11 [Investigative Project on Terrorism, non-profit research group, “Hearing: Yemen's Instability is al-Qaida's Gain,” http://www.investigativeproject.org/2646/hearing-yemen-instability-is-al-qaida-gain]

   

  Unrest in Yemen threatens to create … count on our luck continuing."

   

  
  
• 
  
  

Aff v. UGA Rnd 6 Pitt RR

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Terrorism

  AQAP destroys the economy

  Smith et al ’11 [Adam,  Henry 

  AND 

  ]

  The United States economy is built on … Pakistan, India, and Indonesia 23. 

  AT: AQAP weak

  AQAP is getting more powerful and key leaders are still alive- Yemen governance is key

  Gardner 1-18-12 [Frank

  AND 

  ]

  In the last few days, militants linked 

  AND 

  (... They are a group on the move." 

  AT: Say no

  Yemenis will accept the plan

  Gundun ‘11 [James, political scientist 

  AND 

  ] 

  Judging when Yemenis will lose all trust in America is a …  same mistakes in Yemen. 

  Saudi Rels

  Relations are low- multiple reasons

  Raghunandan 1-6-12 [D

  AND 

  ]

  Strategic imperatives For the past few years, … decades, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt. 

  No link- their evidence says they hate the youth movement- not what the plan does

  Link is non-unique- already tensions over the Arab Spring

  Gvosdev 12-16-11 [Nikolas

  AND 

  ]

  Finally, at a time when …  in close concert under such conditions." 

  They’ll default to cooperation

  Arrott 10-11-11 [Elizabeth

  AND 

  -in-Yemen-131014973.html]

  Few nations are more …  alternatives would be far worse.

  Relations are resilient

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher

  AND 

  ]

  Tensions between the United …  Saudi Arabia on areas of mutual interest. 

  Turn- Saudi Arabia wants the plan

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher

  AND 

  ]

  For all of the tensions now…  nuclear power and serving as a global competitor. 

  No Saudi prolif

  No capabilities

  Too controversial and destabilizing

  Committed to economic reforms

  Official opposition

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar 

  AND 

  %99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

  It is highly unlikely, however, that … free of all weapons of mass destruction.

  Pakistan won’t sell nukes to the Saudis

  Too risky

  Don’t want any off-the-books proliferation

  Domestic concerns check

  No value for Pakistan

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar 

  AND 

  %99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

  But times have changed and …  than they would alleviate.

  They want the plan- key to deter Iran

  Cordesman 4-27-11 [ Anthony 

  AND 

  ]

   

  In Yemen, Saudi …  current political instability or the Houthi rebellion in the north. 

  Saudis will default to cooperation on the plan

  Johnsen ‘11 [Gregory, former Fulbright 

  AND 

  ]

   

  Given the messy and deep-seated problems 

  AND 

  it can … threat of Yemen’s fragile economy.

  2AC Payroll Taxes

  Extend Fights now—

   (--) UQ overwhelms the link:  Payroll tax cut will pass without controversy:

  Howard Gleckman, 1/18/2012 

  AND 

  )

  My best guess is that the payroll … uration of his campaign.

  (--) Doesn’t solve the economy- consensus of experts

  Bruce Bartlett, 12/27/2011 

  AND 

  )

  In August, The Wall Street … how the payroll tax cut extension played out.

  (--) Global economy is doomed- several reasons

  EU debt crisis will continue

  AAA downgrade shook confidence in US markets

  Filger 1-3-12 [Sheldon

  AND 

  ]

  All signs point to 2012 …-term economic misery for a great many of the planet's inhabitants. 

   (--) No impact—last recession proves econ doesn’t determine conflict or instability

  Barnett 2009 – senior managing director of Enterra 

  AND 

  )

  When the global financial crisis struck roughly a …  proceed apace. That's what the Internet is for.

  No spillover- no reason the plan affects other policies

  (--)Winners Win

  Singer ‘09 [Jonathan, senior writer 

  AND 

  ]

  "What is amazing here is … to ending the war in Iraq.

  Coercion

  Prefer verifiable impacts with a brink, trigger and effect

  Author is a freelance writer for the Future of Freedom Foundation and impact from Ayn Rand- one of the most biased sources- Atlas Shrugged just sucked

  Their conception of liberty is flawed—we use aid to maximize human freedom:

  George Monbiot, 12/19/2011 

  AND 

  bastardised libertarianism makes 'freedom' an instrument of oppression,”

  AND 

  )

  Rightwing libertarianism recognises few legitimate constraints on the 

  AND 

  by the Occupy movement, exist to defend.

  Coercion obviously inevitable- no reason the CP changes it- all we do it spend money, we don’t force anyone into camps or cause extinction, that impact is obviously triggered by the status quo

  State power necessary to prevent freedoms from being trampled:

  George Monbiot, 12/19/2011 

  AND 

  bastardised libertarianism makes 'freedom' an instrument of oppression,”

  AND 

  )

  The landlord was exercising his … In freedom's name the little that is mine."

  Their simplistic philosophy ignores other constraints on freedom:

  George Monbiot, 12/19/2011 

  AND 

  bastardised libertarianism makes 'freedom' an instrument of oppression,”

  AND 

  )

  Modern libertarianism is … an instrument of oppression.

  2AC Private Aid CP

  Perm- do the CP

  Perm- do both

  Perm- do the plan and fund it through private aid via the tax credits

  People don’t take advantage of tax breaks:

  Tom McFeat, 12/24/2011 

  AND 

  overlooked-tax-breaks.html)

  Politicians love to create … Canadians regularly missing out on. 

  Businesses prove—people don’t take advantage of tax credit opportunities:

  Vertex Systems, 3/15/2011 

  AND 

  -hire-those-with-disabilities/)

  Unfortunately many …, and transportation barriers for people with disabilities. 

  Oil spill denies their environment impact

  Bird and NDM-1 disproves their disease impacts

  CP is too chaotic and links to politics

  No financial transparency

  Can’t manage the process, too hard to keep track of the players involved

  Garrett ’09 [Laurie Garrett Senior Fellow for 

  AND 

  Amid Global Economic and Financial Crisis,” online]

  Beyond the question of … utterly lacking in sustainability.

  1ar

  Direct funding is key to send the signal- only way to show resolve

  McInerney ‘10 [Stephen, director of 

  AND 

  ]

   

  Certainly, budget numbers and funding levels alone 

  AND 

  demonstration of the administration’s commitment to declared priorities.

   

  **Tax CP**

  Obama is key to the signal

  Khatib ‘11 [Lina, Program Manager 

  AND 

  ]

  Why is it that Obama has become the 

  AND 

  falling on deaf ears in the Arab world. 

  
  
• 
  
  

Samford vs UTD DR 2AC

• Tournament: Pittsburgh Round Robin | Round: 7 | Opponent: UTD DR | Judge: Mullholland
  
  

• T

  (--) Counterinterpretation:  Democracy assistance can be through NGO’s:

  LINCOLN A. MITCHELL, 2008 (The Atlantic Council, ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE )

  In 2007, the US Government -------information and collaboration.

   

  (--) Counterinterp is normal means:  their interpretation requires us to defend actions not presumed in the literature.

   

  (--) Kill the best affs on the topic- no Syria or Bahrain affs would solve and Saleh would just co-opt solvency- means no affirmative would ever solve

  (--) Topic doesn’t say government to government assistance—this was explicitly rejected by the topic committee.

  (--) They have plenty of ground:  politics disads, aid tradeoff, etc.

  (--) Good is good enough—our interpretation is reasonable and they cause a race to the bottom.

   

  **Terrorism***

  AT: AQAP weak

  AQAP is getting more powerful and key leaders are still alive- Yemen governance is key

  Gardner 1-18-12 [Frank, BBC security correspondent, “Yemen crisis: Is al-Qaeda gaining ground?” ]

   

  In the last few days,------------- They are a group on the move."

   

  ***Saudi Advantage***

  AT: UAE turn

  No link- we don’t claim to solve all ME instability, just that we prevent Iran from causing miscalc in the future

   

  Their ev doesn’t say that UAE econ will collapse in SQ

   

  We’re too far gone to solve warming

  Hyndman 8

  Natural hazards and disasters By Donald Hyndman, David W. Hyndman.  GoogleBooks. 

   

  Warming of the ----------to levels of a century ago. 

   

  Humans can adapt to warming

  Lomberg ’10 [Bjorn, head of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, 3/19, “Cars, Bombs, and Climate Change,” http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/news_news/186-file/BL%20op-ed%202010%20March%2012%20Cars,%20Bombs,%20CC.pdf]

   

  They have a point.------------ may be high, but it is not infinite.

   

   

  **Solvency**

  AT: Say no

  Yemenis will accept the plan

  Gundun ‘11 [James, political scientist and counterinsurgency analyst, “West, Saleh Unite Against Yemen’s Transitional Council,” July 19, ]

   

  Judging when --------------mistakes in Yemen.

   

  Yemen opposition likes the plan

  Terrill 11 – W. Andrew Terrill, Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, August 2, 2011, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2

   

   The Yemeni opposition is -----------problems to do much to contain AQAP.32

   

  They want our aid – increased AQAP capacity proves

  WSJ, “Yemen Seeks Greater Aid to Expand Antiterror Fight”, December 6, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704493004576001413264409364.html

   

  Yemen is seeking greater ----------------would do the training or fund the initiative.

   

  Saudi Rels

  Relations are low- multiple reasons

  Raghunandan 1-6-12 [D., Newsclick, “US-Saudi-UAE Arms Deals: Strengthening US Security Net in the Gulf,” ]

   

  Strategic imperatives  ---------------- close concert under such conditions."

   

  They’ll default to cooperation

  Arrott 10-11-11 [Elizabeth, VOA News, “Saudis Worried About Instability in Yemen,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Saudis-Worried-About-Instability-in-Yemen-131014973.html]

   

  Few nations are more------------------- the alternatives would be far worse.

   

  Relations are resilient

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  Tensions between the United States -----------------with Saudi Arabia on areas of mutual interest.

   

  Turn- Saudi Arabia wants the plan

  Boucek 6-21-11 [Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on regional security challenges, “U.S.-Saudi Relations in the Shadow of the Arab Spring,” ]

   

  For all of the tensions now, -------------and serving as a global competitor.

   

  No Saudi prolif

  No capabilities

  Too controversial and destabilizing

  Committed to economic reforms

  Official opposition

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia, 8-5-11, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

   

  It is highly unlikely-------------- weapons of mass destruction.

   

  Pakistan won’t sell nukes to the Saudis

  Too risky

  Don’t want any off-the-books proliferation

  Domestic concerns check

  No value for Pakistan

  Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia, 8-5-11, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]

   

  But times have changed ---------------more trouble than they would alleviate.

   

   

  They want the plan- key to deter Iran

  Cordesman 4-27-11 [ Anthony H. Cordesman holds the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and also acts as a national security analyst for ABC News, “Iranian and Saudi Competition in the Gulf,” ]

   

  In Yemen, Saudi Arabia and the United States---------------- Houthi rebellion in the north.

   

  Saudis will default to cooperation on the plan

  Johnsen ‘11 [Gregory, former Fulbright fellow in Yemen and currently a PhD candidate in Near Eastern studies at Princeton University (Gregory, September, “Resetting U.S. Policy Toward Yemen,”http://www.cfr.org/yemen/resetting-us-policy-toward-yemen/p26026?cid=rss-fullfeed-resetting_u.s._policy_toward_y-092711]

   

  Given the messy and deep-seated problems in Yemen,--------------Yemen’s fragile economy.

   

  Politics

  No bill yet, no idea what it is- be very skeptical of their ev

   

  Capital not key- CX was embarrassing on this question

   

  Emergency supplements solve military cutbacks

  Plumer 8-2-11 [Brad, The Washington Post, “Will the defense cuts stick?” ]

   

  A related question is whether future Congresses would abide by the cuts. ----------------- Who knows what the world will look like then?”

   

  Current military posture is already in the dumps- we’ve already cut more than we should have

  Blakey 8-22-11 [Marion, member of the AOL Defense Board of Contributors, leads the Aerospace Industries Association, “Cut DoD Budget With Care; Sustain Development Dough,” ]

   

  As Secretary Panetta ----------------------he cautioned would be "catastrophic."

   

  Alt causes to readiness decline

  Bowyer ‘07 (Lieutenant Colonel Richard F, “Recruiting 21st Century Army Warriors: A Task Requiring National Attention,” USAWC Strategy Research Project, lexis)

   

  This paper examines four critical factors ----------------concerns and this paper will examine some of them.

   

  No spillover- no reason the plan affects other policies

   

  (--)Winners Win

  Singer ‘09 [Jonathan, senior writer and editor for MyDD. My Direct Democracy, March 3, “By Expending Capital, Obama Grows His Capital” ]

   

  "What is amazing here is how much political capital Obama -----------universal healthcare to energy reform to ending the war in Iraq.

   

  Zero backlash to the plan- terrorism spin offsets the link

  -        They’ll accept any method of combating AQAP

  Christian Science Monitor ’11 [Howard LaFranchi, Staff writer, Christian Science Monitor, “US covert attacks in Yemen: A better template for the war on terror?” June 15, 2011, ]

   

  The new campaign relies on special operations ---------------Libya would suddenly be quite different.”

   

  Congress and specifically McCain love the plan

  Al-Azaki ‘10 [Mohammed, reporter for THE YEMEN POST, "CLOSELY OBSERVING COUNTRY’S SITUATION, US ADMINISTRATION ADVISED TO GIVE HAND TO YEMEN" 4-10-2010. http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1177&MainCat=6]

   

  A US Congress delegation chaired by -----------------------------inside Yemeni lands.

   

  McCain key- overcomes links

  Adams ’08 [Rebecca, CQ Weekly, 11/8/08 (“CQ Weekly Vantage Point: Farewell or a Future? McCain Still Has Role as Bipartisan Dealmaker,” lexis]

   

  A likelier scenario, observers say, -------------------------------------------------last years in the Senate reinforcing that image.”

   

  (--) Non-intrinsic:  a rational policy-maker could do the plan and pass.

   

  Obama is Teflon- support networks

  Melber ‘08 [Ari, November 10, The Nation, “Obama’s secret email network revealed,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ari-melber/obamas-secret-email-netwo_b_142565.html]

  So even after the gauzy honeymoon ------------------------------President at the helm of one-party government.

   

  Obama will deflect controversy to Clinton

  Morgan 2-13-11 [Nancy, graduate of the National Journalism Center. She has served on the boards of Accuracy in Media and the South Carolina Club For Growth,  “It’s All Hillary’s Fault!” ]

   

  The New York Times ------------------of President Hosni Mubarak.

   

  Turn- Leahy loves the plan

  Dilanian ’10 [Ken Dilanian, USA Today, “Yemen hasn't received as much U.S. aid as its neighbors” 1/5/2010, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-01-05-yemen-aid_N.htm]

   

  Sen. Patrick Leahy, --------------------------find effective ways to support them."

   

  Controls the agenda

  Laws, No Date [“Who Is Patrick Leahy”, http://government-programs.laws.com/congress/senate/state-senator/patrick-leahy]

   

  Patrick Leahy is a Democratic Senator -------------------------the Foreign Operations subcommittee.

   

  Plan flies under the radar

  Toukan ‘09 [Dima, worked at the MEPI regional office in Abu Dhabi, where she was a specialist on political and women's issues, March 23, “The US can promote democracy, smartly” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/Mar/23/The-US-can-promote-democracy-smartly.ashx#axzz1SbLaM6Cl]

   

  Programming should -------------------necessarily running into political will problems.

   

  Issues are compartmentalized- capital is irrelevant 
   Dickinson ‘09  [Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” ]
  
  As for Sotomayor, ---------------------------through legislative boxscores.

   

  CP

  Perm- do both

   

  International fiat is a voting issue- justifies regional CPs that skew the aff research burden and 2AC strategy, also gives the negative an unfair advantage- it’s hard enough to be aff on the topic, they should be bound to actor reciprocity-

   

  EU can’t solve- perceived as biased and causes language disputes

  Burke ’10 [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” ]

   

  EU funding for democracy -----------------------------human rights abuses and a clear disregard for democratic standards.

   

  US is key- our Burke evidence says that it’s perceived as the most flexible donor, means the plan is the best way to mobilize civil society and NGO support- our evidence goes further and says that the EU is perceived as more hypocritical on human rights as opposed to the US, means no cooperation

   

  And, US is key to the terrorism advantage- the Smith evidence says that US diplomacy is key to prevent AQAP influence and win the ideological war against al-Qaeda- only the US solves because it’s the primary target of extremism

   

  Here’s comparative evidence- the EU doesn’t solve global cooperation

  Nakhleh ’10 [Emile, Director of Political Islam Strategic Analysis Program at CIA, October, “U.S.–EU Partnership and the Muslim World: How Transatlantic Cooperation Will Enhance Engagement” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, ]

   

  Religious communities have emerged ----------------Indonesia and Turkey- and possibly Morocco.

   

  Multi-condo bad- unique time and strat skew, kills 2AC offense since disads against one aren’t offense against another- also not reciprocal, we only get one world to operate in

   

  US is key- NGOs hate the CP

  Burke ’10 [Edward, researcher at FRIDE, a European think tank for global action, “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen,” ]

   

  A major donor weakness identified by interviewees --------------------expressly declared democratic reform a means of countering terrorism in the long-term.19

   

   

  Gender

  Our framework is that we get a topical plan and the negative gets either the status quo or a competitive CP- this is key to check unpredictable frameworks and productive education and aff choice outweighs- otherwise they moot the entire 1AC

   

  Perm- do the plan and reject gender biased representations

   

  Perm- do plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative

   

  ONLY evaluate unique impacts with a brink, trigger and effect- otherwise it’s non-falsifiable and you should prefer our specific impact scenarios- empirical reality is the only legitimate means of taking action

   

   

  Alternative doesn’t solve-

  Doesn’t spill over- their evidence talks about deeply entrenched mindsets that can’t be overcome with individual actions

   

  Doesn’t solve the case- doesn’t boost democracy assistance which we’ve read specific evidence on

  Creates circular questioning that gets manipulated by elites

  Anthony Cook, Associate Professor at Georgetown Law, New England Law Review, Spring, 1992

   

  The effect of deconstructing -----------------eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.

   

  No link- nothing about the plan necessitates anti-women agendas- their evidence is generic and doesn’t assume the mandates of the plan

   

  No “root cause” arguments- it’s too hard to determine and you should prefer specificity of our impacts

   

  The youth movement bolsters efforts at gender equality

  Jaffer 4-29-11 [Mehru, InterPress Service, “Yemen: Youth Ready to Confront Gender Roles,” ]

   

  Despite being at the forefront ------------------------plays a strong role in their decisions.

   

  Terrorism increases the exploitation of women

  Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs ‘03 [Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2003/Blackmailing%20Young%20Women%20into%20Suicide%20Terrorism%20-]

   

  Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism----------------------- distress due to social stigmatization.

   

  US democracy assistance has been reformed and is a welcome and effective partnership tool in the Middle East- the criticism is the same theory that bin-Laden used to rally support

  Wieseltier 3-24-11 [Leon, literary editor of the New Republic, “Post-Post-Imperialism,” New Republic, 242(4), 36, EBSCO]

   

  OBAMA'S ANXIETY is groundless:------------------------ in a grand historical rebuttal.

   

  The aff doesn’t “justify violence”- every act of violence is proximate and is specific to the context of the moment- be very skeptical of their hyperbolic impacts

  Sagan ‘00 [Scott D., Department of Political Science, Stanford University – ACCIDENTAL WAR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE, www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/sagan.doc]
  
  

  To make reasonable judgements --------------------overdetermined during the Cold War.

   

  The K replicates orientalism- strips women of agency

  Kiely 95 [Ray, Lecturer in Development Studies @ U of East London, Third Worldist Relativism: A New Form of Imperialism, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 25 No. 2]

   

  Nevertheless, the point remains that conflict exists within the Third World,------------ deposited oil profits in the metropolitan countries in return for military protection (Stork and Lesch 1990; Bromley 1991; Brenner 1991: 134).

   

  Case outweighs- life is a prerequisite, all other impacts are unverifiable

  Vague alternatives are bad and a voting issue- makes them a moving target and we could never garner any offense- moots 2AC strategy and skews the debate- also justifies vague plan writing which kills negative ground

  Alt doesn’t solve- no reason they spill over and solve all the other instances that exist

  Alt doesn’t solve the case- they don’t address the unemployment gap, means businesses go without critical talent

  Always a value to life- it’s subjective to each person and up to the individual to decide

  Extinction comes first

  Brent Dean Robbins, doctoral student in clinical psychology at Duquesne University, ‘99

  (Medard Boss, )

   

  "Death is an unsurpassable limit of human existence," ------------------ discover previously foreclosed possibilities of being in the world.

   

  Ethics outweighs ontology

  Arnold I. Davidson, coeditor of Critical Inquiry, Assoc Prof of Philosophy, U of Chicago, Critical Inquiry, Winter ‘89. p.426

  I understand Levinas’ work to suggest --------------and it is here that questioning must stop.

   

   

  
  
• 
  
  

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  
• 
  
•