BioD Impact Turns

• Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty FG | Judge: Marnie Richie
  
  

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• Biodiversity loss good—key to simple ecosystems that are more stable
  Heath 99 [Jim Heath, Orchards Australia, “WHY SAVE ORCHIDS UNDER THREAT?,” Dec 99]
  We’ve all read about the imperatives of biodiversity
  AND
  added diversity makes the biological world more stable. 

  The more we hurt the environment, the more diversity will result
  Scully 02
  Malcolm G., Editor at Large of the Chronicle, The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 5, “The Natural World: In the Long Run, or Maybe Sooner, We're Extinct”

  His analyses of earlier extinctions lead him to
  AND
  extinctions of a whole selection of vulnerable organisms."
  Extinction good
  Scully 02 Malcolm G., Editor at Large of the Chronicle, The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 5, “The Natural World: In the Long Run, or Maybe Sooner, We're Extinct”
  Human extinction, he adds, would end
  AND
  continue, and citizens will continue to be confuse

  Biodiversity makes ecosystems less stable and more susceptible to collapse – increased biodiversity prevents resiliency and collapses the system
  Naeem, 02 (Shahid Naeem - Director of Science at Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC),  Professor and Chair of Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, 07 March 2002, Nature Magazine, “Biodiversity: Biodiversity equals instability?,” pg. 23, CM)
  Pfisterer and Schmid [3] studied biomass
  AND
  with the idea that biodiversity leads to stability. 

  Biodiversity begets instability rather than stability – scientific consensus
  Naeem et al 02 (Shahid Naeem - Director of Science at Center for Environmental Research and Conservation (CERC),  Professor and Chair of Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, “Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives,” pg. 80, CM)
  The early view that permeated ecology until the
  AND
  because of the mathematical rigour of the theory.

  Failing to check biodiversity causes ecosystem collapse – biodiversity inevitably peaks and then implodes
  Boulter, 02 (Michael Boulter - professor for paleobiology at the Natural History Museum and the University of East London,  former editor to the Palaeontological Association, former secretary to the International Organization of Palaeobotany, and UK representative at the International Union of Biological Sciences, “Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man,” pg. 147, CM)
  We know very little detail of such interactions between environmental biology and cell biology and how they hear on evolution. Here is one possible scenario. When a new group originates, with a small number of individuals successfully invading newly available territory and their new genome provides the biochemistry that best fits the new surroundings, diversification gathers pace. After a slow start, rapid diversification readies a clear peak, followed by a slow, long fall in the range of diversity, leading to extinction. It follows that for large clades with greater diversity at the time of maximum expansion, it will take longer for that clade to become extinct.  Nevertheless, it is inevitable that extinction will occur.

  It’s key to evolutionary change and long-term benefit
  Boulter 02
  (Michael Boulter, professor of paleobiology at the University of East London, 2002 Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man, p. 170) 

  The same trend of long-drawn-
  AND
  extinctions of a whole selection of vulnerable organisms. 

  
  
  

Empire 1AC HARVARD

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  We begin by noting that Mohamed Bouazizi, the Tunisian street vendor whose act of self-immolation sparked the widespread protests in the Arab world, ended his life after asking “how do you expect me to make a living?”

  Those last words make evident the way capitalism acts upon the body of those who face harsh economic realities, on top of oppressive regimes in the Arab Spring countries – in fact, Bouazizi dropped out of school in his teens to work fulltime. His work was threatened, however, by continual police harassment. On December 17^th, a policewoman confiscated his vegetable cart, for being unlicensed. His scale, worth $100, was also confiscated, in hopes of soliciting a bribe. One should note that $7 is a good day’s earnings in Tunisia.

  Reports differ as to what happened next – some state he was slapped, others beaten -- but one thing is agreed upon; he went to the government office, attempted to get his scale back, was refused, and returned with a can of gasoline and lit himself on fire.

  The act, and the ensuing uprisings, is experimentation with democracy in its current form that confounds neoliberalism and capitalism – they are democratic movements focused not on our “unfinished” conception of democracy, but resistance against the oppression suffered by the networks of power that sustain Empire itself.

  Hardt and Negri 11 [Michael Hardt, Associate Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, and Antonio Negri, independent researcher and writer and an inmate at Rebibbia Prison, former Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua] “Arabs are Democracy’s New Pioneers” The Guardian. <>//alex

  One challenge facing observers of the uprisings

  and democracy will teach the world over the next decade.

  Contention 2 is what this all means for us --

  If it is true that the Arab revolts are experiments in democracy that themselves are more democratic than Western conceptions of democratic governance, the question becomes: why do we feel a need to affirm it instrumentally, to insert ourselves into these revolts? The answer lies in the way the resolution hails us, as academics, to partake in the “exporting” of democracy – democracy assistance has become a cash cow, and as debaters, we’re called to become the “professionals” – we learn the best way to sell our democracy to the Arab world, both figuratively and literally.

  Guilhot 05 [Nicolas, research associate at the Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique/Centre de Sociologie Europeenne]The Democracy Makers: Human Rights & International Order. New York: Columbia UP, 2005. p. 1//alex

   

  With the end of the cold war, democracy and

  languages, the concepts, the strategies, the outlooks.

  This rigorous academic exercise is disciplinary in and of itself -- it regulates and produces a relationship to democracy that is deemed as permissible, and excludes that which it deems impermissible. We find it telling that it was a police action that sparked Bouazizi’s act of resistance.

                                               

  Hardt & Negri 2000 [Michael, Associate Prof. of literature at Duke & indy researcher, Antonio, former prisoner at Rebibbia Prison, Rome, former lecturer of political science at Paris University, former Professor of political science at the University of Padua] Empire. Harvard U. Press. 10th Ed. p. 22-4//alex

   

  In many respects, the work of Michel Foucault

   constitutive technology (the techniques of the police).

  That displinary power practices constant violence on populations – war is in this round.

  Hardt and Negri 2k4

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd Terrorist, “Multitude”, Penguin Press, pg. 12-13 )

                                                                                          

  Of course, theorists of insurrection and revolutionary

  functioning of power has been permeated with the threat and violence of warfare.

                                                                                                                                         

  In all, we find it deplorable to react to widespread protest of oppressive economic systems and totalitarian regimes by affirming those very same economic systems and calling for political autonomy which we know isn’t real. Rather than accept the way the resolution polices us, and asks us to taint a powerful burgeoning movement, rather than affirm ourselves as intellectuals who know the best voting system, the best way to deploy USAID, the most professional way to sell them our expertise, we should stop, and at least think about the way we as debaters act as democratic subjects, and what that means.

  Enforced top-down approaches for democracy ensure biopolitical dominance due to the call of democracy being “in crisis”. However, it is time to question what we think democracy means and how it exists in the world today. The aff creates a new vision of how democracy can better be practiced – from the bottom up.

  Hardt and Negri 2k4

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd; Terrorist, “Multitude”, Penguin Press, pg. 236-237)

   

  None of these arguments, however, seem

  a democracy without qualifiers, without ifs or buts.

  Thus, my partner and I affirm the resolution as a site that makes possible democratic experimentation, that should be utilized to interrogate our relationship to democracy.

  An examination of the resolution as a site of communication is critical – this immaterial labor allows for us to affirm democracy in its purest form.

  Doucet and Pessoa 07 [Marc G., Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Saint Mary’s University, and Carlos, Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Saint Mary’s University] Empire and the Terrain of Democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press//muse//Alex

  For Hardt and Negri, the current

   will be the real political act of love.

   

  Communication is action – our support of the protesters and true democracy is necessary to reshaping the Western ideal of democracy – this round can produce change.

  Hard & Negri 9                                                  

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd; Terrorist, “Commonwealth”, Harvard University Press,  pp. 136-139)

  We are now in the position to offer provisionally

   the fluctuating fortunes of revolution. 98

   

  Lastly, in the debate community, we seek a specific model of democracy to be upheld. Arguments that don’t subscribe to a specific literature base are silenced and depoliticized. In our community, and in the context of this topic, democracy has become an empty receptacle that power can use whenever challenges to authority occur.

  Secomb 2K (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, “Fractured Community,” Hypatia – volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp. 138-9)

   

  This reformulated universalist model of community

  that assume homogeneity and transparency.

  
  

  ---

  Simon, Bob (20 February 2011). . <http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/20/60minutes/main20033404.shtml>

  Simon, See above.                                                                                                                                                                                                 

  Abouzid, Rania (21 January 2011). . . . <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2044723,00.html>

  Simon, see above.                                                                                              

  Abouzid, see above.

  
  
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Round Reports

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• Aff: Rochester BD     

  Round #2  Shirley  

  vs: Augustana FH

  Judge:McKey

   

   

  Plan Text

  Thus my partner and I affirm democracy

   

   

  1ac Advantages

  Hardt & Negri immaterial labor need to experiment with democracy

   

  2ac Offense

  Multitude solves everything

  Foucaulty impact turns to FW 

   

  1ar Strategy

  Above

   

  2ar Strategy

  Above 

  
  
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Empire 1AC WAKE

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  On December 17^th, 2010, Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor, lit himself ablaze. His act of self-immolation sparked the widespread protests in the Arab world with his dying words as its rallying cry: “how do you expect me to make a living?”

  His dying words show how capitalism acts upon the body of those who face harsh economic realities and oppressive regimes that act as agents for Empire’s enforcement. Bouazizi dropped out of school in his teens to work fulltime. His work was threatened, however, by continual police harassment. On the day of his ultimate protest, a policewoman confiscated his vegetable cart for being unlicensed. In hopes of soliciting a bribe, his scale, worth $100, was also confiscated. Reports differ as to what happened next but one thing is agreed upon; when the government refused to return his scale, Bouazizi lit himself on fire.

  Bouazizi’s act and the ensuing uprisings are democratic experiments that challenge neoliberalism and capitalism – they are democratic movements focused not on our idealized form of democracy, but resistance against the oppression suffered by the networks of power that sustain Empire itself.

  Hardt and Negri in 11 [Michael Hardt, Associate Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, and Antonio Negri, independent researcher, writer and an inmate at Rebibbia Prison, former Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua] “Arabs are Democracy’s New Pioneers” The Guardian. <>//alex

  One challenge facing observers of the uprisings spreading

  AND

  will teach the world over the next decade.

  If the Arab revolts are experimentations in democracy that challenge Western-style democracy, then the question is: why are we compelled to instrumentally affirm democracy? It is because the resolution hails us as academics to “export” western democracy – we become the democracy assistance “professionals” – we learn the best way to sell our democracy to the Arab world.

  Guilhot in 5 [Nicolas, research associate at the Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique/Centre de Sociologie Europeenne]The Democracy Makers: Human Rights & International Order. New York: Columbia UP, 2005. p. 1//alex

   

  With the end of the cold war,

  AND

  the concepts, the strategies, the outlooks.

  This academic exercise is exactly disciplinary -- it regulates and produces a relationship to democracy that is ‘permissible’ while excluding other forms as impermissible.

   

  Hardt & Negri 2k [Michael, Associate Prof. of literature at Duke & indy researcher, Antonio, former prisoner at Rebibbia Prison, Rome, former lecturer of political science at Paris University, former Professor of political science at the University of Padua] Empire. Harvard U. Press. 10th Ed. p. 22-4//alex

  In many respects, the work of Michel

  AND

  constitutive technology (the techniques of the police).

  Disciplinary power practices violence on populations through the constant threat of force – the impact is a war on our agency through a form of politics that are reified within this round.

  Hardt and Negri in 4

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd Terrorist, “Multitude”, Penguin Press, pg. 12-13 )

   

  Of course, theorists of insurrection and revolutionary

  AND

  permeated with the threat and violence of warfare.

   

  It is deplorable that the debate space has chosen to react to the Arab Spring by affirming a model of democracy that reifies the very economic and political conditions that initiated the widespread protest movements in the Arab world. Therefore, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best form of experimental politics. We should reject the resolution and its affirmation of top-down democracy.

   

  Dillon and Reid 2k [Michael, Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster, and Julian, the Emergency Man. "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency," in Alternatives: Social Transformation & Humane Governance, Vol. 25, Issue 1, p. 117-1451]

   

  As a precursor to global governance, governmentality

  AND

  as well as Foucauldian "biopower" ways.

  In debate, we seek a specific model of democracy to be upheld. Arguments that don’t subscribe to a specific literature base are silenced and depoliticized. In debate, and in the context of this topic, democracy has become an empty receptacle that power can use whenever challenges to authority occur.

  Secomb 2K (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, “Fractured Community,” Hypatia – volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp. 138-9//shree)

   

  This reformulated universalist model of community would be

  AND

  and rational conversation that assume homogeneity and transparency.

   

  We must sequence the meaning of democracy and how it exists prior to any particular act because without questioning democracy biopolitical domination is inevitable. The representation of democracy being “in crisis” is the mechanism of domination, enacted through top-down politics. The aff is a prerequisite to a form of politics that is “of everyone” and “by everyone.”

  Hardt and Negri  in 4

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd; Terrorist, “Multitude”, Penguin Press, pg. 236-237)

   

  None of these arguments, however, seem

  AND

  democracy without qualifiers, without ifs or buts.

  Thus, my partner and I affirm democracy.

  An examination of the resolution as a site of communication is critical – this immaterial labor allows us to affirm our experiment

  Doucet and Pessoa 07 [Marc G., Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Saint Mary’s University, and Carlos, Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Saint Mary’s University] Empire and the Terrain of Democracy. The Johns Hopkins University Press//muse//Alex

  For Hardt and Negri, the current economic

  AND

  be the real political act of love.

   

  Communication is action – our affirmation of the Arab Spring as a unique expression of democracy breaks down normalized discourses within policy debate by producing militant forms of knowledge in order to produce any change.

  Hardt & Negri 9

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd; Terrorist, “Commonwealth”, Harvard University Press,  pp. 136-139)

   

  We are now in the position to offer

  AND

  fail with the fluctuating fortunes of revolution. 98

   

  
  

  ---

  Simon, Bob (20 February 2011). . <http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/20/60minutes/main20033404.shtml>

  Simon, See above.

  Abouzid, Rania (21 January 2011). . . . <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2044723,00.html>

  Simon, see above.

  
  
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Empire 2AC FW

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  Contestability and pluralism are necessary components of critical thinking- forcing us to defend already defined concepts like current democracy assistance obscures political education

  Gorham 3(Eric Gorham, Professor of Political Science, Loyola University, 2003, [http:l/civiced.indiana.edu/papers/2003 /1052345788.doc "A Political Argument for Service-Learning in Higher Education" November)

  We need t o accommodate these aspects of

  AND

  science, then, actually frustrates learning politics.

  © Statist thought – The 1AC is the conclusion of a debate about the efficacy of different modes of political thought while the negative’s interpretation is an uncritical acceptance of sovereign imperialism of the individual. They are literally enacting the will of the state within the debate space. Vote aff to rupture the expansive reach of the State and endorse a revaluation of democracy.

  Deleuze and Guattari '86 (Gilles and Felix; Nomadology: The War Machine, pg 40-49)

   

  Thought contents are sometimes criticized for being too

  AND

  which the philosopher and artist launch their shot.

   

  (2)  Counter interpretation- we should have a discussion of the topic rather than a topical discussion- the affirmative should establish a prescriptive relationship to the resolution not an instrumental affirmation of it

  American Heritage® Dictionary 9 (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by )

  To reach a decision or make a determination: resolve on a course of action.

                                                                                     

  (B)  The colon focuses the reader’s attention on what to follow, and as a result, you should use it to introduce an idea that somehow completes the introductory idea.

  Punctuation Guide 11 ( )

   

  Colons are commonly used to introduce lists, or to connect a broad idea with a specific example: two related sentences can be separated by colons instead of full stops or semicolons.  Colons may also be used to introduce a direct quote, or to draw attention to an appositive (a noun phrase that generally follows, but occasionally precedes, another noun phrase and renames or describes it).  In any of these cases, a colon can only be used if the clause preceding the colon is independent.

   

  3     Our interpretation is key to determine a productive definition of democracy, which is a prerequisite to “democracy assistance” debates.  

  Lappin 2010 (Richard Lappin, Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center and has recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon and Romania, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE programme, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies (CEJISS), Prague, Czech Republic, “ What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation” google)

  Naturally, the merits and limitations of the

  AND

  country has reached an adequate level of democracy.

  7. We turn topical education – Debaters must break the need for instrumental affirmation and instead affirm the possibility of alternative models of deliberative democratic inclusion.

  Kurki, ’10 [Milja Kurki, Aberystwyth University, Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy Promotion, International Studies Review (2010) 12, 383]

  This approach has some difficulties and dangers associated

  AND

  important global struggles over social and political power.

  1AR – FW

  Power first

  Foucault 77

  [Michel Foucault; Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews; Ed. & Trans. Donald F. Bouchard, 1977]

  FOUCAULT: Knowledge initially implies a certain political

  AND

  that are most easily assimilated into official knowledge.

   

  
  
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Empire 2AC Discourse K

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  Even if language comes from a particular historical context, we don’t have to avow it—attaching a definitive meaning to a word merely crystallizes its sacred qualities and maintains its power, turning the CP.  Your form of censorship risks the worst violence by creating a stable community based on a moralistic notion of what it means to be a good political citizen.
  
  Shapiro 98 (Michael J., Prof of Poli Sci, U of Hawaii, December, Peace Review, 10:4)

   

  Of late, critical and polemical commentaries aimed

  AND

  levels of both the individual and global society.

  
  

   

  There is no great refusal – their argument ignores how power functions – all that’s possible are local points of resistance – voting aff’s your only option.

   

  Foucault 78 [Michel, theorist, cultural critic, all around baller] The History of Sexuality Vulume I: An Introduction. Translated by Robert Hurley. Pantheon Books; New York. Pp. 94-97//Alex

   

  Continuing this line of discussion, we can

  AND

  a strategy that is immanent in force relationships.

   

  
  Using difference as a way to overcome power serves the interests of global capital – postcolonial struggles against race push on an open door

  Hardt & Negri 00

   (Associate Prof. of literature @ Duke & indy researcher, former prisoner @ Rebibbia Prison, Rome, former lecturer of polisci @ Paris Univ. former Prof. of polisci @ Univ. of Padua) 2000

  [Michael & Antonio, Empire Harvard U. Press. 10th Ed. P. 138-9]

   

  When we begin to consider the ideologies of

  AND

  postcolonialist theories is a first step in this project   

  
  
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Empire 2AC Gender

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  Performance of Feminist/Queer identities is the lifeblood of capital in the age of Empire.

  Hardt and Negri 2k4

  (Michael Antonio, Nerd; Terrorist, “Multitude”, Penguin Press, pg. 199-202)

   

  There are indeed numerous theories that accomplish this

  AND

  possibility will be the project of the multitude.

   

   

  Perm – do both – a multiplicity of struggles, and difference within them, is key. 

   

  Hardt and Negri 2K [Michael Hardt, Associate Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, and Antonio Negri, independent researcher and writer and an inmate at Rebibbia Prison, former Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Paris and a Professor of Political Science at the University of Padua], 2000, The Multitude, p. xiv-xvi.

   

  As a first approach we should distinguish the

  AND

  not underestimate the power such demands can have.

  
  
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Disabilities 1AC

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  The United States Federal Government should substantially increase civil society democracy aid to Disabled Persons’ Organizations in Yemen.

   

  People with disabilities in Yemen faced widespread discrimination. Disabled person’s organizations organizations (DPOs) are in a position to solve this but lack funding and international aid necessary to solve. Democracy assistance can lead to broader change.

  Majid Turmusani, ‘5 (Majid Turmusani (Researcher specializing in disability and development issues. Disability World Issue no. 26 Decemeber - February 2005)

   

  There is no accurate information … disability into development national programs.

   

  Exclusion of the disabled is a form of nationalism that assumes a perfect citizen that does not exist – this makes eugenics programs inevitable

  Fiona Kumari Campbell, '9 (Senior Lecturer in Disability Studies at the School of Human Services & Social Work Griffith University (Brisbane) and Adjunct Professor in Disability Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, "States of Exceptionality: Provisional Disability, its Mitigation, and Citizenship", http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/109813/20_Marshall_Vol3_Ch19_p273-p284.pdf)

   

  Legal responses to the …of imbeciles are enough. (p. 208)

   

  USAID uses a medical model to determine its assistance for DPOs

  Bill Albert ‘4 (“Is disability really on the development agenda?  A review of official disability policies of the major governmental and international development agencies,” Bill Albert, September 2004  Produced   Produced for the Disability Knowledge and Research programme, vwww.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_disability_on_the_agenda.pdf)

   

  The United States Agency for International …, although no extra funding was appropriated.

   

  DPOs foster political participation and are a route to solve systemic oppression.

  Douwe van Houten and Gaby Jacobs, University for Humanistics “The empowerment of marginals: strategic paradoxes” Disability & Society 2005  Social movements, citizenship and empowerment

   

  Organisations for the disabled …link in this process (Laverack, 2004).

   

  The medicalization of life and the biological degradation of certain segments of the species is the root cause of conflict—wars are fought and life is exterminated not because of a particular sovereign geopolitical interest but because of the biopolitical commitment to eugenic violence

  Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2)

   

  The reverse side is the power to …, causing so many men to be killed. (VS, 180; WK, 136)

   

  The conception of disabilities in everyday use is a starting point for our deployment of normalcy and otherness – this construction of the disabled justifies eugenics and extermination

  Samuel R. Bagenstos, 2k, law at Harvard, April (86 Va. L. Rev. 397)

   

  Erving Goffman's notion of stigma is a useful …that group as a "dependent caste."

  The medical gaze creates a binary between normal and abnormal that results in exclusion of the disabled

  Bill Hughes, ‘99 (Department of Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University , “The Constitution of Impairment: modernity and the aesthetic of oppression”, Disability & Society, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp. 155± 172, EBSCO)

   

  This binary marking out of the …observational practices that produce it.

  Yemeni’s demand technical assistance to help disabled people

  National Yemen 2011 (“Yemeni’s Handicapped By Poor Care, War Lack Aid,” National Yemen, January, 2011, http://nationalyemen.com/2011/01/17/yemenis-handicapped-by-poor-care-war-lack-aid/)

   

  There are others who were injured …to justice, no matter the delay.

  Starting with Yemen is important to broader political change

  Lisa Wedeen, ‘8 (Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen”, p. 212-221)

   

  Arendt recognized the …, but politically in terms of what they do. 7

   

  As students participating in political debates we have an obligation to put disability at the center of our discussion of democracy because what we debate about here says a lot about human conduct on a larger scale—this is not a meta-theoretical quibble but central to change the way that disability is represented and conceived writ large

  Michael Bérubé, ‘3 (Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, “Citizenship and Disability”, Spring, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=506)

   

  . Of course, many of us would …for their own good, and for the good of democracy, which is to say, for the good of all of us.

   

  This is particularly true in the university setting— disability is critical to challenge stale notions of subjectivity and citizenship

  Michael Bérubé 5 (literature, Penn State, PhD from UVA, “College Makeover”, http://www.slate.com/id/2130329/)

   

  But I can dream, and when I do, I …citizens, able-bodied and disabled, a positive service.

   

  Academic debates must refuse Ableist scholarship

  Snyder & Mitchell 2010 (Introduction: Ablenationalism and the Geo-Politics of Disability Sharon L. Snyder David T. Mitchell Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2010, pp. 113-125)

   

  As a result, Disability Studies in …of democracy are left unrealized.

  And, the presumption that exporting democracy is dangerous is only political blackmail to prevent genuine political reforms—the aff facilitates an exchange of political values that can synthesize commensurable relationships

  Dr. Larbi Sadiki 9 Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter, Rethinking Arab Democratization: Elections Without Democracy, p. 279

   

  Arab states and societies are …and external dynamics.

   

  Non-engagement reinforces orientalist narratives

  Dr Larbi Sadiki 11 is a Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter, and author of Arab Democratization: Elections without Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009) and The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses (Columbia University Press, 2004). "The mathematics of the Arab Spring" Jun 6 2011 english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/2011531132934920499.html

   

  Egypt and Tunisia are now officially …purpose of self-empowerment.

  
  
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