Gonzaga

Round 1 vs Oregon PT (Amazigh linguistic citizenship)

Judge: Izak Dunn

1NC: T-Democracy assistance = USAID grants, Pavlich K, Schmitt K, Capitalism K

2NC: Pavlich

1NR: Schmitt

2NR: Schmitt

Round 3 vs UTSA CN (Baudrillard/Spanos)

Judge: Teddy Albiniak

1NC: Poststructuralists for Plan Texts, Deleuze Simulations K, Capitalism K

2NC: Deleuze

1NR: Poststructuralists for Plan Texts

2NR: Deleuze

Round 6 vs UMKC BS (Egypt elections assistance)

Judge: Steve Pointer

1NC: Derrida K, Schmitt K, Capitalism K, case

2NC: Derrida

1NR: Capitalism

2NR: Capitalism

UNLV

Round 1 vs ASU DS (Egypt constitutional assistance)

Judge: Luis Magallon

1NC: Derrida K, case

2NC: Derrida

1NR: Case

2NR: Derrida, case

Round 4 vs ASU BN (Libya police assistance)

Judge: Justin Stanley

1NC: Derrida K, case

2NC: Derrida

1NR: Case

2NR: Derrida, case

Round 5 vs Gonzaga DH (Yemen governance)

Judge: Gordon Stables

1NC: Schmitt K, case

2NC: Schmitt

1NR: Case

2NR: Schmitt, case

Round 7 vs USC KN (Syria internet/communication tech)

Judge: Ralph Paone

1NC: Capitalism K (w/ Dean alt), Pavlich K, case

2NC: Pavlich, case

1NR: Capitalism

2NR: Pavlich, case

Doubles vs UNLV BV (Egypt NGOs)

Judges: Scott Phillips, Chris Loghry, Teddy Albiniak

1NC: Schmitt K, case

2NC: Schmitt

1NR: Case

2NR: Schmitt, case

Whitman National Policy Tournament

Round 1 vs Gonzaga CG (Yemen governance)

Judge: Aaron Hardy

1NC: Schmitt K, Saudi Arabia Relations DA, Payroll Tax Cuts DA, EU CP, case

2NC: Saudi Arabia Relations DA, Payroll Tax Cuts DA

1NR: Case

2NR: Case, Saudi Arabia Relations DA, Payroll Tax Cuts DA

Round 4 vs Oregon BG (Amazigh Linguistic Citizenship)

Judge: Nigel Ramoz-Leslie

1NC: Schmitt K, Payroll Tax Cuts DA, EU CP, Pavlich K, case

2NC: Case

1NR: Payroll Tax Cuts DA

2NR: Payroll Tax Cuts DA, case

Round 5 vs Oregon CT (Queer identity business)

1NC: Poststructuralists for Plan Texts, Capitalism K, Agamben K

2NC: Poststructuralists for Plan Texts

1NR: Capitalism K

2NR: Poststructuralists for Plan Texts

Finals vs Whitman CM (Bahrain)

1NC: Derrida K, Payroll Tax Cuts DA, Saudi Relations DA, Pressure CP, case

2NC: Case, Saudi Relations DA

1NR: Payroll Tax Cuts DA

2NR: Saudi Relations DA, Case

1NC Democratic universalization (UNLV)

The 1AC’s extension of democracy assistance is not benevolent; it is justified by deploying the figure of the terrorist, the shadowy, indeterminate threat whom obeys no laws and therefore does not qualify for their protection.  This unquestionable universal of democracy and its illegitimate enemy depoliticizes the debate—the logic of the 1AC is that you are with “us” or with the “terrorists.”

Mummery ‘5 Jane Mummery, the University of Ballarat, “Rethinking the Democratic Project: Rorty, Mouffe, Derrida and Democracy to Come,” Borderlands, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2005, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol4no1_2005/mummery_rethinking.htm

The problem of democracy I can think of nothing so important in … belief that the expression of any dissension or criticism of this division marks one as un-Australian and/or anti-American.

This universalization of American liberalism through extension of democracy assistance justifies political and military adventurism in the name of moral superiority—but other people are different, and inevitably, our democracy won’t quite work for them.  When this value conflict occurs, and it will, their discursive defense of American hegemony permits imperial violence to ‘correct’ the failings of the undemocratic periphery, to make the ‘barbarians’ more like ‘us’ even if we have to get rid of them.

Rasch ‘3 William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, "Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 120-147

The only power to emerge from the twentieth-century's first … his elusive, because nonlocalizable, enemy, which proved to be mere shadowboxing in the end.

They will never ‘solve’ terrorism.  Its essential ambiguity means we feel the threat to be ever-present, bolstering our confidence in local and global governmentality.  We’ll always assume terrorists are waiting ‘out there’ to strike the second we let our guard down and make any sacrifice necessary to avoid the threat—yesterday, Al-Awlaki, today AQAP, tomorrow Iran.  There are always people we can present as ‘international rogues’ to whom justice doesn’t apply.

Zhang ‘4 Xudong Zhang, Professor of Comparative Literature and Chinese and Chair of Department of East Asian Studies at New York University, “Multiplicity or Heterogeneity? The Cultural-Political Paradox in the Age of Globalization,” Cultural Critique, No. 58, 2004

One of the more convincing points one can find in Empire is this new … friend-and-enemy groupings and cannot escape the logic of the political. (79)

The discourse of global ordering and democratization lets loose a violent imperial power which seeks to eradicates difference to achieve a telos of political stability and homogeneity.  The aff’s attempt to bring another state in line with global regulations is an attempt to get rid of our enemies, to leave us only with friends—but when we have no more enemies, against who will we wage our wars?  This loss of political identity turns global politics into a drive for its own destruction.

Odysseos ‘8 Louiza Odysseos, “Liberalism’s War, Liberalism’s Order: Rethinking the Global Liberal Order as a ‘Global Civil War’” paper prepared for Liberal Internationalism, 17 March 2008, San Francisco

Jean-Luc Nancy does not utilise the exact terminology of ‘global … West’s ‘own spiritual emptiness and self destructive logic of sameness’ (Härting 2006: 6).

Vote negative to draw a line in the sand.

Reconstructing strong identifying distinctions between ourselves and others establishes the possibility for disagreement as such, for conflict which doesn’t have to end with the destruction of the other.  The alt brackets violence, producing symmetrical power relations that do not collapse into their war of all against all.

Rasch ‘5 William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, "Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle," South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005

But as Max Weber observed firsthand, ascetic …., asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

You must reject their attempt to deny lines of enmity through liberal universalism—negating depoliticization produces political approaches which can better contain violence

Odysseos ‘8

Louiza Odysseos, Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” paper prepared for “Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics” at the annual convention of the International Studies Association, 22 March 2008, google scholar

Importantly for Schmitt’s iconography of limited enmity, … turn to this second iconography of absolute enmity below.

Obscuring the polemical nature of political claims takes advantage of cognitive biases to permit massive unchecked violence—K is a prior question to their universalist ideology

Thorup ‘6 Mikkel Thorup, lecturer in the History of Philosophy department at Aarhus University, In Defense of Enmity, 2006, google scholar

A world in which there is no possibility of … tends to turn states, even liberal states, into what Giorgio Agamben calls 'killing machines' (2005: 86).

1NC Democracy assistance (Short--Gonzaga)

Liberal democracy assistance is ultimately depoliticizing, constructing opposition as inhumane and illegitimate to conceal its own violent drive for global control.

William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, "Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54 (2003) 120-147

The only power to emerge … proved to be mere shadowboxing in the end.

In order to cover up its own ontological cracks, this Western order can be sustained only through constant eradication of difference—this death drive risks total extinction.

Louiza Odysseos, “Liberalism’s War, Liberalism’s Order: Rethinking the Global Liberal Order as a ‘Global Civil War’” paper prepared for Liberal Internationalism, 17 March 2008, San Francisco

Jean-Luc Nancy does not utilise the exact … and self destructive logic of sameness’ (Härting 2006: 6).

Vote negative to draw a line in the sand.

Only our political decision establishes the possibility for symmetrical power relations which place brackets on violence

William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, "Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle," South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005

But as Max Weber observed firsthand, ascetic quietude … always produce recurring, asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

Inclusion link

Progressive inclusiveness is not benign—multiculturalist discourses depoliticize violent Western intervention, enabling extermination of difference.

Louiza Odysseos, Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex, “Against Ethics? Iconographies of Enmity and Acts of Obligation in Carl Schmitt’s Theory of the Partisan,” paper prepared for “Practices of Ethics: Relating/Responding to Difference in International Politics” at the annual convention of the International Studies Association, 22 March 2008, google scholar

In The Concept of the Political … is to be fully and finally consumed without remainder’ (Rasch 2003: 137).

 Projects of global inclusion collapse into violent world ordering – their absolutism is co-opted to justify eradicating the periphery

Jayan Nayar, associate professor at the School of Law at University of Warwick, “SYMPOSIUM: RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity,” Fall 1999, 9 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 599, lexis

 [*606] Distinguishing these two meanings of "order" …historical epoch of colonialism is now plainly visible.

Friend/Enemy distinction impact

Loss of political identifications collapses into war of all against all—un-bracketing violence produces violent global and subjective psychosis

Kenneth Reinhard, Professor of Jewish Studies, UCLA, 2004, UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor,” http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf

If the concept of the political is defined, as … resuscitate him, to breathe life into the animus of the enemy.

AT Cede the political

The aff cedes politics to neoconservatism--internal link turns the DA

Mikkel Thorup, lecturer in the History of Philosophy department at Aarhus University, In Defense of Enmity, 2006, google scholar

The problem with contemporary liberal politics is … who must be excluded from the democratic debate. (2005a: 49-50)

AT: War on terror isn't that bad anymore

You are wrong—the war on terror isn’t over, Obama is just a lot better at concealing its dark underside, legalizing the exceptionalism pointed to by the 1AC

“Obama's 'War on Terror'” The Nation, by the editors, 10 March 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/159168/obamas-war-terror

The modern-day witch hunt against Muslim

AND

down the dark path toward another Abu Ghraib.

Framework: Terrorism

The language of terror discourse distorts and shapes reality – the K comes first

Zulaika and Douglass 96

Joseba, Associate Professor in the Basque Studies Program at the University of Nevada, and William, Professor of Anthropology and Coordinator of Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Terror and Taboo, p 60, Routledge,

As evidenced by the foregoing examples, it is the … by such inevitable reification

History proves Israel won’t jump the gun

Gerald Steinberg, professor of Political Science, Bar-Ilan University, MERIA, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 4, November 1998, http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/besa/meria/journal/1998/issue4/jv2n4a7.html

Following the invasion of Kuwait, U.S. views … role, it was an important silent partner in the alliance, and the restraint was, in itself, and important contribution.

Israel will not precipitate nuclear conflict

National Journal, 10-12-02, http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/comments/c461.htm

Jack Spencer, defense policy analyst at the … in the world would react far stronger than Israel has."

Heg is unsustainable – economics constrain primacy

Layne ‘9, Christopher, Chair in National Security at the School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University,  “The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality?: A Review Essay,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2009

The publications reviewed in this essay examine whether … is a “risk of defections generating a herd-like momentum” away from it.84

Middle East instability not key—no one really likes us in the region now—with Mubarak out of the picture any internal link is non unique

Heg is bad – intervention causes nuclear war

Maass 10, Richard, Hamilton University undergrad writer, Insights Vol.4 No. 1, “Nuclear Proliferation and Declining US Hegemony”

Allison’s ideas seem sound in theory, but cannot be … merely be the first among states equally capable of instigating the ultimate catastrophe.

Heg impacts are exaggerated to mobilize domestic support

Christopher Layne, Visiting Associate Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, “From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing,” International Security, Summer 1997

The security/interdependence nexus … and potential adversaries—that it will uphold its security obligations in core areas.

Middle East strategic value is declining –protests prove

Dyer 11 (Gwynne, International Affairs writer/columnist and PhD in Military and Middle Eastern History @ King’s College, “Why are Revolutions Happening in the Middle East now?”, February 18th, http://www.straight.com/article-375801/vancouver/gwynne-dyer-why-are-revolutions-happening-middle-east-now)

The one thing that is really different in the Middle East, … not intervene militarily to protect the regimes that rule them.

Proliferation discourse casts the Third World in an infantile light, identifying a neocolonial hierarchy based on difference – the only solution they provide is one of forceful subjugation

Hugh Gusterson, Professor of Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies at MIT, “Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination,” Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), JSTOR

Third World nations acquiring nuclear weapons are … of being able to burn the planet or their enemies to a crisp" (1998b:C1).

Can’t escalate—empirics and deterrence checks

Ferguson ‘6 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)

Could today's quarrel between … the assumption being made in Washington.

1NC Stability advantage

The brotherhood is anti-imperialism—engagement won’t turn them

Lorenzo Vidino, senior fellow in International Security Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and a visiting fellow at the RAND Corporation, “Five myths about the Muslim Brotherhood,” Washington Post, 3/6/2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/04/AR2011030406231.html

 U.S. and Brotherhood officials have

AND

its agenda - and that probably won't change.

No Egypt democracy—no uniform goals or leaders and no catalyst event

Reid 8-19 Colston Reid, research assistant at the Fund for Peace, “On Egyptian Democracy: Time to Start Organizing,” Fund For Peace, 8/19/2011, http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=node/176

Sadly, the revolution billed as Egypt’s rebirth

AND

, that by itself may not be enough.

Can’t escalate—empirics and deterrence checks

Ferguson ‘6 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)

Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over

AND

is clearly the assumption being made in Washington

American support for secularism causes fundamentalist backlash

Ted Galen Carpenter, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, “What Should U.S. Do about Egypt? Very Little,” 2/1/2011, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12780

U.S. policymakers understandably want to

AND

low-profile role during these turbulent days

1NC Israel advantage

Egypt won’t attack Israel—economic and military constraints

Daniel Byman, professor of Security Studies at Georgetown and Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring,” The Washington Quarterly, 34:3, p. 123-136, 2011

To be clear, no Egyptian government is

AND

tumult overturns all the certainties of past decades.

Military won’t break peace treaty with Israel—US and public support

“Egypt Military Promises To Abide By Peace Deal,” AP, 2/12/2011, www.wbur.org/2011/02/12/egypt-14

CAIRO — Egypt’s ruling military reassured its international

AND

build a democratic free nation,” he said.

Secularism’s high-and-mighty opposition to any apparition of religion turns progressive politics into the very dogmatic extermination of difference which it claims to oppose and shuts down the potential for rethinking the role of religion in political pluralism

Connolly ’99 William Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, Why I Am Not a Secularist, 1999, p. 3-5

Under the spell of his conversion to atheism

AND

of its reexamination under new conditions of being. 

1NC Rogue weapons advantage

 Libya stabilizing now

“So far, so pretty good,” The Economist, 9/10/2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21528654

The NTC has provisional plans to elect a “…. far brighter for them than for other Arab neighbours after their revolutions.

No escalation from failed states

Stewart Patrick, “The Brutal Truth,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/the_brutal_truth?page=full

The brutal truth is that the vast majority of … in the wealthy world. What happens in failed states often stays in failed states.

1NC Oil advantage

 Libyan oil recovery doesn’t spill over- slow market response and uncertainty

Hollander et al 8/22

[Catherine (BA in history from Yale), Olga Belogolova (BA’s in Journalism and European Studies from Boston U), Jim Tankersley (Stanford grad), “Could we see a ‘Libya Stimulus’?” , AD: 10-9-11]JN

In other words, an oil shock fueled in part by Libyan … said. “We’ve just got no clue in which direction it’s going to be.”

Oil shocks don’t disrupt growth—newest data and alt causes

Kahn ’11 Jeremy Kahn, “Crude reality,” Boston Globe, 2/13/2011, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/02/13/crude_reality/?page=full

For more than a month, the world has been riveted by … oil and less sensitive to changes in crude prices overall than it was in 1973.

Other countries have massive spare reserve capacity

Telegraph ’11 “Saudi Arabia increases oil production to cover Libya loss,” The Telegraph, 2/25/2011 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/8348629/Saudi-Arabia-increases-oil-production-to-cover-Libya-loss.html

The International Energy Agency confirmed on Friday that Saudi … East production is still 1.7m barrels per day lower than it was at the height oil price spike in mid-2008.

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Barnett ‘9 Thomas Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” 8/25/2009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules--security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, … of America's post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Global economy is resilient

Zakaria ‘9 Fareed Zakaria, PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek, serves on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations, “The Secrets of Stability,” Newsweek, 12/11/2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/12/11/the-secrets-of-stability.html

One year later, how much has the world … stability, each reinforcing the other and each historical in nature.

1NC Terrorism advantage

Assistance fails in Yemen—lack of expertise and aid doesn’t address causes of radicalism

Mitchell 8-1 Robert E. Mitchell, former Foreign Service Officer with USAID (including tour in Yemen in 1980s), consultant on international challenges, and widely published on a variety of topics (most recently in MIT’s Journal of Interdisciplinary History, degrees from UMichigan, Harvard’s China Area Program, and Columbia, “Yemen: Testing a New Coordinated Approach to Preventive Counterinsurgency,” Small Wars Journal, 8/1/2011

The current country strategy lists numerous “illustrative

AND

. These are well-intentioned hypothetical aspirations.

Al-Awlaki killing critically damages AQAP

CBS 9-30 “Al Qaeda's Anwar al-Awlaki killed in Yemen,” CBS News, 9/30/11, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/30/501364/main20113732.shtml

WASHINGTON - An American-born cleric killed

AND

be very difficult to fill," says Zarate.

AQAP threat is exaggerated to justify authoritarianism and Western aid and policing won’t stop activity

Ibrahim Mothana, “Yemen: Thinking Outside the AQAP box,” Al-Jazeera, 6/30/11, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011629161825121566.html

In reality, however, the Yemeni regime

AND

Sadaa and, more recently, in Sanaa.

AQAP can’t strike beyond Yemen

Jeremy M. Sharp, CRS Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, “Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Report, 3/22/2011,

Furthermore, some analysts reject outright the hypothesis

AND

could well set off a tribal response. 37

No nuclear terror—deterrence and prevention solves

Mearsheimer ’10 John J. Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “Imperial by Design,” The National Interest, 12/16/2010, http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/imperial-by-design-4576

This assessment of America’s terrorism problem was flawed

AND

, or by severe allergic reactions to peanuts.”

No risk of nuclear terrorism—new intel

Mueller 8-2 John Mueller, professor of political science at Ohio State University, “The Truth About Al-Qaeda,” Foreign Affairs, 8/2/2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show

As a misguided Turkish proverb holds, "

AND

year, even with 9/11 included.

Obama’s retaliation wouldn’t be nuclear

 Michael Rowley, senior correspondent and deputy Washington bureau chief for Time, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence,” The New Republic, 1/5/2010, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263

As the story notes, some experts don't

AND

that matter--would go through with it.

No public or international support

 Ian Bremmer, president of Eurasia Group, senior fellow at the World Policy Institute, September 13, 2004, New Statesman, “Suppose a new 9/11 hit America…,” p. Lexis

What would happen if there were a new

AND

support it enjoyed for the invasion of Afghanistan.

Ayson concedes terror impacts are overblown

“WMD threat is over-stated, say experts,” MSN, 7 February 2006, http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/85632/wmd-threat-is-over-stated-say-experts

Dr Robert Ayson from the Strategic and Defence

AND

greater sense of perspective," Dr Ayson said.

No terror impact—limited capabilities, mistakes, and conservative tactics

Levi ‘8 Michael Levi, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Stopping Nuclear Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008

WHEN STRATEGIES for preventing nuclear terrorism rely on

AND

in which those measures might theoretically be evaded. 

1NR Terrorism advantage

 No impact-high chance of detection, logistic problems and just unlikely

Mannes 9/22

 [Aaron, former Director of Research @ Middle East Media Research Institute, “Schelling on nuclear terrorism,” , AD: 10-16-11]JN

A Nobel on Nukes Those thoughts were in … be dismissed, does not need to be the focus of enormous government resources.

Also no motivation—nuclear attack is suicide—terrorists prefer smaller strikes

 Felipe Umana, “Loose Nukes: Real Threat?” Foreign Policy in Focus, 8/17/2011, http://www.fpif.org/articles/loose_nukes_real_threat?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+FPIF+%28Foreign+Policy+In+Focus+%28All+News%29%29

The threat of military, political, and economic … economic sanctions, partly because of its nuclear program.

 The U.S. has many layers of defense against nuclear terrorism

San Francisco Chronicle, March 7, 2002

The United States maintains a … bring the material under tighter control.

1NC doing good things advantage

 The ethic of the aff is not unique. Everyone knows about violence in Syria now.

AP 10-16 “Arab League stops short of suspending Syria’s membership over bloody crackdown on protests,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/arab-league-to-discuss-suspending-syria-syrian-troops-fire-on-funeral-in-east/2011/10/16/gIQA8N59nL_story.html

Gulf countries seeking to suspend Syria’s membership to

AND

since the uprising began in mid-March.

Assad won’t be overthrown—empirically denied and opposition is overstated

Leverett and Leverett 9-1 Flynt Leverett, professor of international affairs at Penn State and senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, and Hillary Mann Leverett, professor at American University and CEO of Strategic Energy and Global Analysis, a political risk consultancy, “Iran and Syria: America’s Middle East pundits get it wrong (again),” CNN, 9/1/2011, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/01/iran-and-syria-americas-middle-east-pundits-get-it-wrong-again/

First of all, it is far from

AND

and its interests—analysis by wishful thinking.        

Their claims of ‘visibility’ only make the subject more intelligible within a managed and policed terrain of cyberspace—internet-based emancipation only reinscribes us within more easily controllable electronic relations, all of which occur under the close watch of ISPs and social networking companies

Wynn and Katz ’97 Eleanor Wynn, and James E. Katz, “Hyperbole over cyberspace: Self-Presentation and Social Boundaries in Internet Home Pages and Discourse,” Information Society, October-December 1997, Vol. 13, Issue 4, EBSCO

Internet is the Panopticon The constructivist description of

AND

that has become part of the electronic community.

 Doesn’t solve—Western surveillance makes its use inevitable in authoritarian regimes

Morozov, 1AC author, 9/1 (Evgeny, visiting scholar at Stanford University and the author of “The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom.” “Political Repression 2.0”, New York Times, September 1, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/opinion/political-repression-2-0.html?_r=2)

The obvious response is to ban the export

AND

technology in our increasingly privacy-free world.

No solvency—pro-government hackers disrupt social networking communications

AP 9-28 “Syrian opponents wage war on the Internet,” AP, 9/28/2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/28/501364/main20112863.shtml

Since early in the uprising, a group

AND

, a British-based risk analysis company.

Internet doesn’t change anything—no access or interest and social networking stifles radical action

Miniter 8-18 Richard Miniter, bestselling author and award-winning investigative reporter, bi-weekly foreign policy and international economics columnist for Forbes, “The "Arab Spring" Is A Jedi Mind Trick,” Forbes, 8/18/2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2011/08/18/the-exciting-notion-of-arab-spring-is-a-jedi-mind-trick/2/

But the Arab rebels are pretty unhappy with

AND

a television screen and get the revolutionary message.

Assistance is ineffective—causes backlash

Lesch 8-17 David Lesch, professor of Middle East History at Trinity University, “The conceptual gap between Syria and the U.S.,” Foreign Policy, 8/17/2011, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/17/the_conceptual_gap_between_syria_and_the_us

Thus, there is not much the Obama

AND

been propagandizing to legitimate the use of force.

1NC Credibility advantage

Credibility uniqueness outweighs the link

Max Strasser, freelance journalist and writer in Istanbul who covers Turkey, Egypt and the Middle East, “Can USAID Be a Force For Good In Egypt?” The Nation, 7/26/2011, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=47350

Washington’s participation has stirred conflict in Egypt’s nascent

AND

fondly this support if they come to power.

Al-Qaeda fails—new intel proves no risk of nuke terror

Mueller 8-2 John Mueller, professor of political science at Ohio State University, “The Truth About Al-Qaeda,” Foreign Affairs, 8/2/2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show

As a misguided Turkish proverb holds, "

AND

year, even with 9/11 included.

Deterrence and prevention solves the impact

Mearsheimer ’10 John J. Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “Imperial by Design,” The National Interest, 12/16/2010, http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/imperial-by-design-4576

This assessment of America’s terrorism problem was flawed

AND

, or by severe allergic reactions to peanuts.”

1NR Credibility advantage

No nuke terror-high chance of detection, logistic problems and just unlikely

Mannes 9/22

[Aaron, former Director of Research @ Middle East Media Research Institute, “Schelling on nuclear terrorism,” , AD: 10-16-11]JN

A Nobel on Nukes Those thoughts were in the back of my … be dismissed, does not need to be the focus of enormous government resources.

Also no motivation—nuclear attack is suicide—terrorists prefer smaller strikes

Felipe Umana, “Loose Nukes: Real Threat?” Foreign Policy in Focus, 8/17/2011,

The threat of military, political, and … sanctions, partly because of its nuclear program.

1NC Stability advantage

Desertec hasn’t even finished the plans for one plant yet and it’s not in Egypt

Bloomberg 10-5 “Sahara Solar Project to Present First Plant Design in 2012,” Bloomberg Businessweek, 10/5/2011,

Oct. 5 (Bloomberg) -- The

AND

a series of public announcements,” he said.

Warming impacts overstated—new data

James Taylor, senior fellow for environment policy at the Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment & Climate News, “New NASA Data Blow Gaping Hole In Global Warming Alarmism,” Forbes, 7/27/2011,

NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through

AND

the purveyors of global warming alarmism truly are.

Their solvency evidence assumes a 40 year timeframe—that’s way too late to solve warming

Richard Alleyne, Telegraph science correspondent, “World Unlikely to Stop Global Warming Reaching Critical Levels,” The Telegraph (UK), 29 March 2009,

Two studies on climate change have concluded that

AND

700 on the average electricity bill by 2050.

No Egypt democracy—no uniform goals or leaders and no catalyst event—means street politics are inevitable

Reid 8-19 Colston Reid, research assistant at the Fund for Peace, “On Egyptian Democracy: Time to Start Organizing,” Fund For Peace, 8/19/2011,

Sadly, the revolution billed as Egypt’s rebirth

AND

, that by itself may not be enough.

1NC Elections advantage

Their Friedman evidence never says Israel lashes out, only that the Brotherhood might reverse the peace treaty—but the brotherhood won’t be radical and they’ll defer to the military and liberals

Saikal, 1AC author, 8-11 Amin Saikal, Professor of Political Science and Director of the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies at Australian National University, “Egypt must tough it out on the often rocky road to revolution,” Sydney Morning Herald, 8/11/2011, http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/egypt-must-tough-it-out-on-the-often-rocky-road-to-revolution-20110810-1imnl.html#ixzz1UhbNfKoW

These developments can easily be viewed as alarming

AND

a democratic rather than an Islamist political transformation.

The Brotherhood can’t and doesn’t want to change foreign policy

Shahi Hamid, Director of Research at Brookings Doha Center, “Should We Fear the Muslim Brotherhood?” Brookings, 2/2/2011, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0202_egypt_hamid.aspx

In the coming stage, though, the

AND

presidents, not parliaments, make foreign policy.

Military keeps control—exerts pressure through governor positions

Martini and Taylor October Jeff Martini, project associate at RAND, and Julie Taylor, political scientist at RAND, “Commanding Democracy in Egypt,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2011, Vol. 90, Issue 5, http://www.rand.org/commentary/2011/08/25/FA.html

Since the revolution, the generals have sought

AND

it has yet to make a final decision.

And they’ll never break peace treaty with Israel—US and public support

“Egypt Military Promises To Abide By Peace Deal,” AP, 2/12/2011, www.wbur.org/2011/02/12/egypt-14

CAIRO — Egypt’s ruling military reassured its international

AND

build a democratic free nation,” he said.

No solvency—SCAF arrests groups that accept assistance

McInerney 9-28 Stephen McInerney, executive director at the Project on Middle East Democracy, “SCAF’s Assault on Egypt’s Civil Society,” Foreign Policy, 9/28/2011, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/28/scaf_s_assault_on_egypt_s_civil_society

Unlike neighboring Libya and Tunisia, in which

AND

punishable by up to 15 years in prison.

1NC - Yemen

No democracy assistance to Yemen now—we’re yielding to Saudi spheres of influence

Reuters ’11 “Yemen crisis puts Saudis in powerbroker's bind,” Reuters, 6/18/11, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jun-18/Yemen-crisis-puts-Saudis-in-powerbrokers-bind.ashx#axzz1e1bTjndp

DUBAI: Fearing both civil war and sweeping

AND

we really, really don't like al Qaeda."

Pushing reform in Yemen collapses relations—it’s a critical security issue for the Saudis

Nasr ’11 Vali Nasr, “Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?” Bloomberg, 5/23/11, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-23/will-the-saudis-kill-the-arab-spring-.html

The kingdom has emerged as the leader of

AND

and Morocco, which qualify on neither count.

Triggers Saudi prolif

Lippman 8-5 Thomas W. Lippman, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, career journalist at the Washington Post including four years as the Post’s Middle East Bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter, and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent including extensive travels to Saudi Arabia, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” Saudi-US Relations Information Service, 8/5/2011, http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/

So let us suppose that Saudi Arabia’s currently

AND

might emerge less secure, rather than more.

Causes nuclear war

Edelman et al. ’11 Eric S. Edelman, Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, was US Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9, Andrew F. Krepinevich, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Evan Braden Montgomery, Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

The Islamabad option raises a host of difficult

AND

a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

Uniqueness

Nayef will continue cooperation—but plan’s emphasis on political change uniquely risks the relationship

ABC 10-29 Rym Momtaz, “New Saudi Crown Prince Is Counter-Terror Veteran,” ABC News, 10/29/11, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/saudi-crown-prince-counter-terror-veteran/story?id=14837222#.TrrbfPQr2so]

Saudi Arabia's new crown prince earned the nickname

AND

than the current leadership on human rights issues."

Relations on the mend—reduced US meddling in the Arab Spring

AFP 9-18 “Saudi ties in good shape: US official,” AFP, 9/18/11, http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/printArticle.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=458987&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17

The key diplomatic relationship between Saudi Arabia and

AND

good relationship” between Obama and King Abdullah.

Yemen links

Saudi Arabia is wary of foreign-assisted democratization in Yemen—they want control over regime change

Allen ’11 Michael Allen, editor of Democracy Digest and Visiting Fellow at the National Endowment for Democracy, “Saudi Arabia: countervailing power or ‘midwives of change’ in Yemen?” Democracy Digest, 6/6/11, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/06/saudi-arabia-countervailing-power-or-midwives-of-change-in-yemen/

With Yemen finely poised between transition and regression

AND

a Yemen expert at the University of Sydney.

Nayef looks to security first—he’s historically committed to crushing ANY threat to Saudi rule

NYT 10-23 Neil MacFarquhar, “Potential New Saudi Crown Prince Seen as Hard-Line but Pragmatic,” New York Times, 10/23/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/world/middleeast/potential-new-saudi-crown-prince-is-hard-line-but-pragmatic.html?pagewanted=all

CAIRO — With the presidents of Egypt and

AND

an author of two books about the kingdom.

Supporting opposition groups alienates the Saudis—casts doubt on security arrangements

NYT ’11 Neil MacFarquhar, “Saudi Arabia Scrambles to Limit Region’s Upheaval,” New York Times 5/27/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/28/world/middleeast/28saudi.html

The Arab Spring began to unravel an alliance

AND

Jubeir, sat prominently in the front row.

Throwing Saleh under the bus by backing opposition angers the Saudis—kills the alliance

Molavi ’11 Afshin Molavi, Middle East Scholar at the New America Foundation, “The state of the Saudi-U.S. relationship,” CNN, 3/22/11, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/22/the-state-of-the-saudi-u-s-relationship/

At the bureaucratic level, the Saudi-

AND

population that will likely vote along sectarian lines.

AT: Relations resilient

Relations aren’t resilient—plan is a flip-flop that ends the alliance

Karasik 8-1 Dr. Theodore Karasik, Director of Research and Development at the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, Adjunct Lecturer at the Dubai School of Government where he teaches graduate level international relations, was a Senior Political Scientist in the International Policy and Security Group at RAND Corporation where he served as Director of Research for the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy from 2002-3, “A Conversation with Dr. Theodore Karasik of INEGMA on the “Arab Spring,” ArabiaLink, 8/1/11, http://www.arabialink.com/2011/08/01/a-conversation-with-dr-theodore-karasik-of-inegma-on-the-arab-spring/

SUSRIS: How do you interpret recent public

AND

, but at their own pace and scope.

Now key—Nayef thinks primarily in terms of survival, not ideology—continued cooperation is possible but not if we push too hard and too fast for democracy

Husain 10-29 Ed Husain, Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, “A step backwards for Saudi Arabia,” CNN, 10/29/11, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/29/a-step-backwards-for-saudi-arabia/

In the corridors of power in Washington,

AND

the language of survival that will matter most.

Indo-Pak war add-on

Saudi prolif causes Indo-Pak war

Roberts ’11 Andrew Roberts, fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, “Iran's Nuclear Domino Effect,” The Daily Beast, 1/2/11, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/01/02/irans-nuclear-weapons-could-lead-to-a-saudi-and-pakistan-alliance.html

The Saudis have already indicated privately—and

AND

nuclear situation in South Asia significantly more dangerous.

Causes extinction

Toon et al., ’7 [Owen B. Toon, Prof, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U of Colorado; Alan Robock, Prof, Envtl Sciences, Rutgers U; Richard P. Turco, Prof, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, UCLA; Charles Bardeen, Prof, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U of Colorado; Luke Oman, Prof, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins U, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Prof of Envtl Sciences, Rutgers U (“NUCLEAR WAR: Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science, 2 March 2007, Vol. 315. no. 5816, pp. 1224 – 1225)

National ownership of nuclear weapons offers perceived international

AND

stability of society since the dawn of humans.

1NC

Payroll tax cuts will be extended—Obama’s pushing—obstacles remain

Stein 11-10 Political Reporter at the Huffington Post, formerly Newsweek, NY Daily News, and the Center for Public Integrity Sam Stein, Huffington Post.  On Payroll Tax Cut, Obama Administration Plotting Year-End Showdown 11/10/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/10/payroll-tax-cut-obama-administration-year-end-showdown_n_1086761.html

Top officials in the Obama administration on Thursday

AND

and Congress should work to make it permanent.

Plan triggers a firestorm

Rosen 10-24 James Rosen, “S.C. Sen. Graham fights to save foreign aid programs,” McClatchy Newspapers, 10/24/11, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/10/24/v-print/128088/sc-sen-graham-fights-to-save-foreign.html

South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham, who’s

AND

Vegas last week took turns bashing foreign aid.

PTC sustains the economy—capital’s key

Philadelphia Inquirer 9-8 POINT: Don't expect miracles on job growth, September 08, 2011, http://articles.philly.com/2011-09-08/news/30130709_1_jobs-plan-american-economy-rare-tax

The fundamental problem in the American economy is

AND

made a major effort to privatize Social Security.

Key to the economy

Evans 11-14 Kelly Evans, Wall Street Journal, “Payroll-Tax Cuts Trump the Supercommittee”, 11/14/2011,

Word to the wise: Don't fixate on

AND

manage 3%, the risk of recession remains.

Causes global wars

Royal ‘10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline

AND

economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Uniqueness

Agreement is possible now—but Obama selling is key

Beutler 11-1 [Brian Beutler, Senate Dems Face Major Challenge On Key Part Of Obama Jobs Bill, ]

For these reasons, extending payroll tax cuts

AND

with Democrats. But they added many caveats.

Internal White House confidence – and GOP isn’t backlashing

Fiscal Times 11-16 Obama’s Aggressive Fiscal Offense: Will It Pay Off?,

In a few cases, though, Republicans

AND

much all Obama can do at this point.

CBO analysis boosts chances

Boston Herald 11-17 Kathleen Hennessey and Lisa Mascar, Parts of Obama’s jobs plan win bipartisan approval, h

The cost, small by Washington standards,

AND

same immediate jolt, according to the report.

Occupy Wall Street creates momentum

Youngman 11-10 Correspondent for The Hill [Sam Youngman, White House thinks Obama has regained 'upper hand' with GOP on economy http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/192973-white-house-thinks-obama-has-regained-upper-hand-with-gop]

The White House officials blasted Republicans for stalling

AND

Biden and Cabinet secretaries, one official said.

Election year politics

Weisenthal 11-11 [Joe Wiesenthal, The Most Important Question In Washington: Is A Massive Tax Hike Just A Few Weeks Away?http://www.businessinsider.com/the-debate-over-the-payroll-tax-extension-2011-11]

There's been a lot of discussion about the

AND

to avoid alienating voters in an election year.

PC key

Gotta use the bully pulpit

Wright 10-14 Kai Wright, “Is President Obama’s Jobs Drumbeat Working?” Color Lines, 10/14/11, http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/10/is_president_obamas_jobs_drumbeat_working.html

But what Obama’s new insistence on a jobs

AND

might be at a turning point in Washington.

Capital’s key and finite

Beckmann and Kumar ’11 Both in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Matthew N. Beckmann and Vimal Kumar, How presidents push, when presidents win: A model of positive presidential power in US lawmaking, Journal of Theoretical Politics 23(1) 3–20

 Of course, presidential political capital is

AND

and show how presidents may systematically influence them.

AT: Thumpers

Obama avoiding ALL budget fights that aren’t jobs bills

Calmes 11-9 [Jackie Calmes. Writer. NY Times. Panel Is at Impasse, but Obama Sees No Reason to Step In, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/10/us/politics/deficit-reduction-panel-at-impasse-but-obama-sees-no-reason-to-step-in.html]

The White House’s expectations for the special Congressional

AND

days before the panel’s Nov. 23 deadline.

AT: Dickinson

He concludes neg – prefer this evidence because it’s from a peer reviewed journal and not a random blog post.

Dickinson ‘9 (Matthew, author of their ev professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70 D 2009)

Small wonder, then, that initial efforts

AND

vote (Beckmann 2008, n.d.).   

AT: Winners win

Obama can’t convert wins into capital

Massie 10-25 Alex, How Good is Barack Obama at Politics? The Spectator, http://www.spectator.co.uk/alexmassie/7341259/how-good-is-barack-obama-at-politics.thtml

Even so, where Ponnuru is right,

AND

his team as they prepare for next year.

EU solves

Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf, SRM)

It is only with knowledge of the local

AND

play the role of either catalyst or teacher.

1NC

Individual level strategies fail and make global violence inevitable. Shouts out to Whitman

George Monbiot, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, 2004, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13

The quest for global solutions is difficult and

AND

destroying the conditions it requires for its survival.

Fiat bad

Fappeler 95 Susanne, Professor at Cal-Berkeley and Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, pg 10-11

Just kidding

Policy analysis should precede discourse – most effective way to challenge power

Jill Taft-Kaufman, Speech prof @ CMU, 1995, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "

AND

agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.

Epistemic critique replicates fascistic knowledge production—only substantive debate breaks down dogma without collapsing into irrelevance

Houghton ‘8 David Patrick Houghton, “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?” International Politics (2008), 45

As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson

AND

be what divides the international relations scene today.

Consequentialism is key – their absolutism destroys political responsibility

Isaac ‘2

Jeffrey Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring 2002

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, … commitment.

Their agency theory is disastrous in practice - thinking the world doesn't make it so. 

Terry O'Callaghan, lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 79-80

Moving beyond realism, for George, also

AND

ends he otherwise champions. He does neither.

Calculation is inevitable, but we can still calculate for the other.  Their attempts to be free of calculation ensures that their ethic is co-opted

Jacques Derrida, Directeur d’Etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and Professor of Philosophy, French and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine, 2002, Acts of Religion, p. 255-57

This excess of justice over law and calculation

AND

on this subject remain quite obscure or traditional.

Value to life inevitable – existence key to maximize it

David Pizer 2001“Argument that life has inherent value”, July 8,

Argument that life has inherent value    1.

AND

is life - and life has inherent value

Security inevitable

Barry Buzan, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen, “Security, the State, the “New World Order,” and Beyond,” On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 1998, CIAO

One assumption underlying this chapter is that differences

AND

and the definition of priorities for security policy.

Modernity checks the impact

Rosemary O’Kane, professor of comparative political theory at the University of Keele, “Modernity, the Holocaust and politics,” Economy and Society 26:1, 1997, pp. 58-59

Modern bureaucracy is not 'intrinsically capable of genocidal

 AND

which stand in the way of modern genocides.

Disregard root causes—prefer normative geopolitics—most flexible

 Moore ‘4 John Moore, chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, “Beyond the Democratic Peace,” 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, 2004, lexis

  If major interstate war is predominantly a product

AND

levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

Policy analysis based on facts and objective evaluation of data avoids a slide into violent and undemocratic politics – the postpositivist alternative is suppression and hierarchy

Laurence Linn, Sid Richardson Research Professor in the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas-Austin, “A Place at the Table: Policy Analysis, Its Postpositive Critics, and the Future of Practice,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 18:3, 1999

In contrast, traditional policy analysts would view

AND

on practice, and practice will evolve accordingly.

Disengagement from the political sphere cedes control to the far right – this causes violence, oppression, and straight turns the K

Richard Rorty, professor emeritus of comparative literature and philosophy at Stanford University, “Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America, 1998, pp. 89-94

Many writers on socioeconomic policy have warned that

AND

evanescent and insistent as a resourceful spook."10

Their epistemology indicts don't decrease the value of our truth claims - epistemological uncertainty doesn't preclude taking action to stop suffering

Tyler Cowen, Department of Economics at George Mason University, "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism," 2 November 2004, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15)

The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete

AND

from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance.

2NC

Policy debate about the Arab Spring is key to generate positive attitudes about Arab democratization and break down orientalist biases in public discourses

Brookings ’11 “What Does the American Public Think of the Arab Awakening?” Brookings event summary, 5/22/2011, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2011/0522_arab_awakening.aspx

In light of the divisive rhetoric that emerged

AND

to encourage support and sympathy for the uprisings.

Even if social theory has structural flaws, debate over specific scenarios solves

Yale Ferguson, professor of political science at Rutgers, International Relations and the “Third Debate,” ed. Jarvis, 2002, p. 157

 Although there may be no such thing as

AND

need (or prefer) to “know.”

And, their radical skepticism is non-falsifiable

Christopher Norris, professor of philosophy at the University of Wales, What’s Wrong with Postmodernism, 1990, pp. 3-4

 For the moment, however, I just

AND

(indeed the only) court of appeal.

Their framework dooms political action – we must deal with practical evaluation of consequences.  Prefer our evidence – it’s written in the context of activist movements on college campuses, just like the aff.

Isaac ‘2

Jeffrey Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Spring 2002, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2

POLITICS IS ABOUT ends and means--about … is of limited utility. Here what matters is not purity of intention but the intelligent exercise of power.

Conflict and violence at unprecedented lows now

Pinker ’11 Steven Pinker, experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author, and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard, “Violence Vanquished,” Wall Street Journal, 9/24/2011,

Believe it or not, the world of

AND

success in reducing hate crimes against gay people.

War turns and outweighs structural violence – injustice is a product of conflict

Joshua S. Goldstein, professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender shapes the War System and Vice Versa, 2001, pp. 411-412

First, peace activists face a dilemma in

 AND

cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Dialogue fails and GCC checks the impact

Kenneth Katzman, CRS Specialist in Middle Eastern affairs, “Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy,” Congressional Research Service, 7/7/2011

Some believe the GCC intervention and subsequent crackdown

AND

regime of the Prime Minister and other hardliners.

No risk of Iranian influence or domestic reconciliation

Barfi ’11 Barak Barfi, Research Fellow at the New America Foundation, “The Arab Uprisings and U.S. Policy: What Is the American National Interest?” Middle East Policy Council, 4/28/2011, http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/arab-uprisings-and-us-policy?print

I was also able to spend some time

AND

incursion into the West Bank in April 2002.

The opposition wants nothing to do with Iran

Ali & Abdo ’11 Genieve Abdo, member of the parliament of Bahrain and the Wefaq, the leading Shia opposition group, and Jasim Husain Ali, director of the Iran programme for The Century Foundation and the National Security Network, “Misunderstanding Bahrain's Shia protesters,” Al-Jazeera, 4/3/2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/03/201132982742988712.html

Listening to the rhetoric coming out of Tehran

AND

Faqih, the concept of supreme clerical rule.

No Iranian aggression

Walt ’10 Stephen Walt, professor of international affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, “More hype about Iran?” Foreign Policy, 4/20/2010, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/04/20/more_hype_about_iran

One of the more remarkable features about the

AND

nuclear" at some point in the future).

Alt causes to Middle East cred—the rest of the topic, Palestine, wars

Michael Hudson, “Middle East Policy: A zero-sum game?” Al-Jazeera, 8/17/2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201181681017137387.html

The other day, following his uninspiring speech

AND

, Hillary has worked overtime to soothe Bibi."

Assistance won’t change Bahraini politics—Saudi concerns outweigh

Salman Shaikh, Director of the Brookings Institute’s Doha Center and Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, previously served as the Special Assistant for the Middle East and Asia to the UN Under-Secretary-General for Political affairs and advisor to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, “The Bahrain crisis and its regional dangers,” Foreign Policy, 3/23/2011, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/23/the_bahrain_crisis_and_its_regional_dangers

The Bahrain crisis is also showing the limits

AND

affairs. We really are in unchartered territory.

Protestors explicitly reject US involvement

Ben Winegard, graduate student studying evolutionary and developmental psychology at the University of Missouri, “Understanding Bahrain: How Bahrain Shines a Light on Imperial Policies,” Op Ed News, March 11 2011, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Understanding-Bahrain-How-by-Benjamin-Winegard-110308-808.html

The future of Bahrain remains uncertain, while

AND

busy organizing. This much is our responsibility.

Instability inevitable—it’s too late for reconciliation

James Traub, contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine and acclaimed author, graduate of Harvard, “The Myth of the Useful Dictator,” Foreign Policy, 3/18/2011, http://jmhinternational.com/news/news/selectednews/files/2011/03/20110318_ForeignPolicy_TheMythOfTheUsefulDictator.pdf

The administration argues that the United States can't

AND

a disaster for U.S. policy.

Sectarianism inevitable—conflict dates back for over a thousand years—one act of assistance doesn’t solve years of colonial resource distribution

No escalation—Iran can’t mobilize the troops to fight

Borzou Daragahi, a journalist based in Tehran who writes frequently for the Post-Gazette, 2/27/05, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

Despite rising tension, Iran remains quiet and

AND

fight with much enthusiasm against the United States.

Iran isolation is self-fulfilling

Fisher ’10 Max Fisher, associate editor at The Atlantic, “The Risks of Isolating China,” The Atlantic, 9/23/2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/the-risks-of-isolating-china/63470/

Isolation is self-reinforcing. An isolated

AND

isolation more severe, and the cycle repeats.

American calls for dialogue do nothing—Bahraini regime won’t listen

Jonathan Guyer, program associate for the Middle East Task Force and assistance editor of The Middle East Channel, “In Bahrain: A Gulf Between U.S. Interests and Values,” New America Foundation, 5/26/2011, http://middleeast.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2011/in_bahrain_a_gulf_between_us_interests_and_values_52035

Indeed, Obama delivered a slap on the

AND

a new era of political cooperation with Shiites.

No risk of Iran shutting off the Strait

Stratfor ‘8 [“Iran: The Threat to the Strait of Hormuz”, July 1, ]

Iran is under no illusions about the result

AND

excuse to conduct an air campaign against it.

 The United States federal government should privately communicate to the government of Bahrain that the United States will terminate Bahrain’s status as a Major Non-NATO ally and end arms sales to Bahrain unless the government agrees to the prompt release of jailed opposition leaders and a genuinely inclusive dialogue on democratic transition in Bahrain.

CP solves entirety of case

Hiltermann 9/7 [Joost, Deputy Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group, “Pushing for reform in Bahrain,” , AD: 11-12-11]JN

How Washington should now proceed is an open question. If Crown Prince Salman is serious about reform, then the United States should apply steady pressure on the regime to move …, and the opposition to show the way.

1NC vs Oregon CT queer identity stuff

Their attempt to secure the debate space as a safe zone where identity can be freely realized reproduces sovereign violence.  The outside, the policy debate which their criticism takes as its object, is just as necessary in this system as the safe debate space; what’s hidden is that the division between these two zones is rendered fluid by their identity claims.

Giorgio Agamben, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona, and professor of philosophy at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris, 2005, State of Exception, p. 56-57

The division between sovereign power and the … are caught up in a single catastrophe.

Our alt: We prefer not to do the aff.

Bartleby is the instance of pure potentiality the “I prefer not to” stands unrepresentable before the law-it is precisely Bartleby’s ability to express preference and not be within the stable coordinates of the lawyer’s identity-only through the embracement of this pure potentiality of being can a method be reached that does not rely on the illusion of perpetual theologic materiality

Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Potentialities: Collected Essays in Philosophy, 1999, pg. 253-255

1. This is the philosophical constellation to …  It is the formula of potentiality.