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//The uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa discloses the contradictions within US foreign policy in that it exposes the US’s prioritization of regional stability and geostrategic positioning than it does the millions of lives condemned to live in despotic totalitarianism. Specifically, democracy assistance efforts are not neutral but rhetorically posited as a means to maintain US interests in the region and merely reform the status quo that makes some lives incalculable. The fear that the uprisings strike is manufactured to maintain this safe play for totalitarianism even though the resonant masses are representative of the revolting ‘ghost’ that haunts the violence of US policymaking
Gordillo 2011 (Gaston, Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia, 2/6, “Resonance and the Egyptian Revolution”)
This sort of analysis in application to revolutions is not new – US policymakers have historically engaged in debates about good governance and preferred stability to true democracy. To intervene on this narrative we invoke the story of Pierre and Isabel, from Herman Melville’s Pierre. This book is a commentary on revolutions and responses towards them in two ways – first, Pierre came from an affluent, nuclear family, a symbol of the American National Identity. The grandson of a famous war veteran, Pierre shook the foundations of his society by marrying his disavowed half-sister, Isabel, to help her avoid a life of obscurity. Second, this act radically de-centers Pierre from the imperial, even totalitarian, violence of his family’s social structure - this is a uniquely revolutionary and democratic action insofar as it is uncertain, free from calls of permanency and stability
Mastroianni 2011 (Dominic, Assistant Professor of English at Clemson University, Revolutionary Time and the Future of Democracy in Melville's Pierre, Muse)
These responses are rooted in the same ontological foundations that approach the anxiety created by the mysterious Other negatively, and thus violently. Our inability to comprehend the mystery of the Arab uprisings calls on the tradition of metaphysical reductionism that obscures the complexity of beings we engage in discussions about. Much like our responses in Vietnam, US foreign policy in the Middle East has preferred to apply a universal narrative that we know what is best for the direction of the revolutions. That which is outside the realm of what we can comprehend is irrational, unnamable, the Nothing, and thus we render them violent. This makes it possible to destroy non-beings in the name of the greater good, in the name of stability and civilization
Spanos 2003 (William V, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Binghampton University, A Rumor of War: 9/11 and the Forgetting of the Vietnam War, pg. 40-45, Muse)
This is particularly true in the context of our responses to the recent uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa where we have not only determined that we must decide the direction of their ‘democratic transitions’ but have also taken it upon ourselves to engage militarily. Faced with the upheavals, the West finds it necessary to affirm the universal narratives of human rights insofar as they are consistent with the geostrategic interests of the US. These ‘counter-revolutionary’ measures are rooted in the anxiety that provokes imperial violence. When confronted with this anxiety, the Nothing as it were, we are asked the question of how we engage, positively or negatively
Gordillo 2011 (Gaston, Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia, 4/4, “Imperial Velocities and Counter-Revolution”)
The ontology prescribed to the uprisings culminates in a continuous drive to lay claim to the Nothing that haunts us – in an attempt to turn a Nothing, the unknown opposition, into something known and controllable, we create threats to define ourselves against. This is the very nature of our negative, reactionary responses to the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa - this inevitably results in a backlash that will cause extinction
Spanos 2008 (William V, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Binghampton University, American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam, pg. 95-97)
Our affirmation is an attempt to respond differently to the revolutions. We are not the United States federal government and our advocacy isn’t an endorsement of a particular piece of legislation, we affirm the Nothing that haunts the topic. When confronted with the question of the resolution, the question of how we respond, we think that the United States federal government should substantially increase democracy assistance to Bahrain, Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, Libya, and Syria. Democracy assistance in the context of our affirmative is altered by our criticism of democracy – our democracy assistance is not the strict literal interpretation, but an affirmation of democratic energies, an affirmation of revolutions as necessary to the democratic element. These energies and movements are the Nothing. Thus, we turn to Pierre to problematize our questions of revolutions. In affirming the Nothing of the resolution, the unknowable and uncertain, we are the only topical affirmative – contrary to historic debates about world revolutions, democracy is a malleable entity, one that can’t be ‘stabilized’ – it is always at risk of succumbing to revolutions. Our affirmative seeks to undermine the attempt to stabilize or master the revolutions– the story of Pierre is an ontological intervention into foreign policy directed to the uprisings – just as Pierre affirmed a democratic relationship to Isabel, we affirm democracy assistance as a means of affirming the uncertain, the Nothing, and the specter positively
Mastroianni 2011 (Dominic, Assistant Professor of English at Clemson University, Revolutionary Time and the Future of Democracy in Melville's Pierre, Muse)
Our literary application of Pierre to the topic discloses the metaphysical concept of hegemony. Much like the Arab uprisings, Pierre, destabilizes the ‘Truth’ of American exceptionalism by disclosing its fault lines. Pierre, the protagonist, came from an affluent family who were expected to pay respect to their American national identity, defended by their veteran grandfather. When Pierre de-centers himself from that identity by marrying his sister, going against a deep ethical code of the West, he undermines a narrative of Truth that is prescribed to regulate life in order to make the democratic decision of interconnecting their struggles. We affirm those revolutions because doing so holds true to a concept of democracy that less self interested – we sacrifice our own interest in favor of democratic contestation and energies
Mastroianni 2011 (Dominic, Assistant Professor of English at Clemson University, Revolutionary Time and the Future of Democracy in Melville's Pierre, Muse)
Our affirmative is not an empty political stance, we begin from the process of questioning to bring about new alternatives than from what is rendered in the status quo –the starting point of ontology means that we can problematize the securitizing policies directed towards the Middle East and North Africa. Our tactic of ontological intervention is not so much about prioritization insofar as it undermines the forms of knowledge production that make wars possible and necessary. The ontology applied to the uprisings enframes international relations within a calculative rationale that is the largest proximate cause of all forms of domination. Make no mistake, our affirmative is not constant questioning, but an intellectual intervention in hegemonic narratives that seek to efface agency
Burke 2007 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
Our affirmation of Herman Melville’s Pierre is important for debate because it brings in to question how we respond to specters, but talks about how we should have inclusions and problematize traditional, and sometimes imperial, social structures. Just as Pierre chose to de-center himself from his American National Identity, his imperial societal structure, in favor of marrying the disenfranchised Isabel so that she could acquire some of their estate, we chose to give our political decisions in the context of the resolution free of the uncertainty that comes along with them. Refusing to adhere to the rules of the game set by the geostrategic calculus of American exceptionalism in favor of a positive affirmation of the Nothing is critical to challenge imperial violence and think of new political alternatives to the status quo
Spanos 2011 (William V, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Binghampton University, “Herman Melville’s Pierre; or, The Ambiguities and Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park: The Imperial Violence of the Novel of Manners”, Muse)