bya The US is uniquely situated to provide judicial reform to Libya – this is critical to creating the groundwork for a post Qaddafi society
Vandewalle, 2011 (Dirk, Professor in the department of government and at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, “How Not to Intervene in Libya”, Foreign Policy, March 10th, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/10/how_not_to_intervene_in_libya?page=0,1)

Take it slow. Because of … States may attempt to portray it.

U.S. leadership avoids disillusionment—even if European actors also solve
Ottaway et al. 11[Marina Ottaway, Senior Associate of the Middle East Program at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Fadel Lamen, President of the American-Libyan Council, and Esam Omiesh, Director of the Libyan Emergency Task Force, “Libya: Thinking Ahead to the Transition”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 7-14-2011, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/071411_transcript_LibyaTransition.pdf]
But for an Arab or a … , they are a must. Thank you.

Failure to act in Libya emboldens Iran
Singh, 2011 (Michael, Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Leading from behind still isn’t a good idea”, Foreign Policy, August 31, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/leading_from_behind_still_isnt_a_good_idea)

The American ambivalence toward the … , a development with deeply troubling implications.

Emboldened Iran causes nuclear war
Ben-Meir, 2007 (Alon, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran’s defiance”, UPI, February 6, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/))

Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, Tehran … not halting its nuclear program.

UNT QS Libya Cites

Contention One: Leadership

The International system is changing – the US should promote democracy and cooperation to ensure stability
Hart, 2011 (Gary, Scholar in Residence, University of Colorado, chair of the American Security Project, co-chair of the US Commission on National Security for the 21st Century, and former member of the Senate Armed Services Committee; “After bin Laden: Security Strategy and the Global Common”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 4, August-September, p. 19-25)

The Cold War ended 20 years … twenty-first century grand strategy.

The Qaddafi regime is done but the credibility of the US Grand Strategy hinges on our ability to aid in a stable political transition
Feaver, 8/22/2011 (Peter, director of the Triangle Institute for Security Studies and the Duke Program in American Grand Strategy, “Five Reasons it is Premature to Declare Mission Accomplished for Obama's Libya Strategy”, Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/22/five_reasons_it_is_premature_to_declare_mission_accomplished_for_obamas_libya_strat)

3. Because this operation has … the next phase plays out.

The Transition in Libya is critical – Assistance aimed at supporting democracy is critical to shore up global credibility
Ghitis, 2011 (Firda, world affairs columnist, author and consultant and weekly author at World Politics Review, “World Citizen: Libya Emerges as Major Test of Western, U.S. Influence”, World Politics Review, 25/August, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ckDLwiX-isgJ:www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9882/world-citizen-libya-emerges-as-major-test-of-western-u-s-influence+World+Citizen:+Libya+Emerges+as+Major+Test+of+Western)

The future of Libya was … mention friendly to the West.

Libya is the test case for US Leadership – supporting democratic transitions is key
Hamid, 2011 (Shadi, Director of research at the Brookings Doha Center and Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Libya may be in America’s vital interest after all”, CNN World, August 26th, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/26/libya-may-be-in-americas-vital-interest-after-all/)

America’s intervention in Libya is … ” interests. Not yet, at least.

Failure to stabilize the transition collapses Leadership – the alternative is unilateralism and makes hegemony unsustainable
Lynch, 2011 (Marc, associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, director of the Institute for Middle East Studies and of the Project on Middle East Political Science, non-resident senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security; “The U.N.'s High Stakes Gamble in Libya”, Foreign Policy, March 18th, http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/18/towards_military_intervention_in_libya)

Yesterday's UN Security Council vote … have been advocating. Let's hope.

US Leadership is necessary to global stability – fosters trade alliances and promotes democracy
Thayer, 2006 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis)

A remarkable fact about international … of solving the world's ills.

And, Withdraw causes apolarity that escalates go global power conflict
Kissinger, 2011 (Henry, General Badass, “Power Shifts”, Survival, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 205-212)

At the same time, the … and save humanity untold suffering.

Contention Two: Terrorism

Al-Qaeda is on the brink but Libya is a key area where they can recruit – US involvement is key
Stevenson, 2011 (Jonathan, Professor of Strategic Studies at the US Naval War College and a Contributing Editor to Survival, “Echoes of Gunfire: bin Laden, the US and the Greater Middle East,” Survival, Vol. 53, No. 3, June-July, p. 11-18)

The death of Osama bin … still had its own opportunities.

Regional Instability causes terrorist fill in in Libya
Boucek, 5/11/2011 (Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on security challenges in the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa, “Islamist Terrorists in Libya”, Carnegie Middle East Center, http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=43951)

Despite the international community’s choice … threaten Libyan and US security.

US Action is key – we can work to pacify Militants and maintain strong anti-terrorism operations
Boucek, 2011 (Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on security challenges in the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa, “ Dangerous Fallout from Libya’s Implosion”, Carnegie Middle East Center, March 9th, http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=42940)

U.S. Response The prospect of … Libya slides deeper into war.

Put away your defense-Al-queda looking to get revenge for Bin-Laden’s death—using libya to recruit people and actively seeking to reject western presence
ABC News Radio, 6/8/11 (“ Al Qaeda Deputy Surfaces, Vows Revenge for Bin Laden's Death”,http://abcnewsradioonline.com/world-news/al-qaeda-deputy-surfaces-vows-revenge-for-bin-ladens-death.html)

 (NEW YORK) — Appearing to … aid…turns into invasions.”  

Al qaeda has the means and motivation to use a WMD against the United States
Rahim Kanani-founder and editor-in-chief of World Affairs Commentary-June 29th, 2011( “ New al-Qaeda Chief Zawahiri Has Strong Nuclear Intent”, Forbes, http://blogs.forbes.com/rahimkanani/2011/06/29/new-al-qaeda-chief-zawahiri-has-strong-nuclear-intent/)

We should be especially worried … they put their minds to it.” 

Nuclear terrorism is an existential threat—it escalates to nuclear war with Russia and China
Ayson 7-7-2010 [Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]

But these two nuclear worlds—a … unable or unwilling to provide. 

Thus the Plan: The United States federal government should provide rule of law assistance to the National Transitional Council in Libya

Contention Three: Solvency

Rule of law is critical to a stable political transition
Tolbert, 8/25/2011 (David, President of the International Center for Transitional Justice, “Make justice a foundation of the new Libya”, CNN World, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-to-make-justice-a-foundation-of-the-new-libya/)

Looking to experiences spanning tectonic … followed in the Arab region.”

Rule of Law assistance is critical to transition in Libya – US training is critical because of international influence and expertise
Dobbins and Wehrey, 2011 (James, Former US Assistant Secretary of State and Director of the International Security and Defense Policy Center at the RAND Corporation; Frederic, Senior Policy analyst at RAND; “How to build a free Libya”, CNN World, August 24th, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/24/how-to-build-a-free-libya/)

With the fall of the … nevertheless be long and rocky.

And, The US is uniquely situated to provide judicial reform to Libya – this is critical to creating the groundwork for a post Qaddafi society
Vandewalle, 2011 (Dirk, Professor in the department of government and at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, “How Not to Intervene in Libya”, Foreign Policy, March 10th, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/10/how_not_to_intervene_in_libya?page=0,1)

Take it slow. Because of … States may attempt to portray it.

Gadhafi’s fall in Libya threatens to devolve into instability and violence – promoting democracy is critical to stabilize the transition and quell radicalism
Kiriakou, 2011 (John, Former CIA counterterrorism officer, “Let’s Not Make the Same Iraq Mistakes in Libya”, Huffington Post World, 8/22, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-kiriakou/libya-gaddafi-iraq-_b_933463.html)

Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year dictatorship is … be no more Ahmed Chalabis.

Contention Four: Aid Now

Aid now
Stringer and Keaten, 9/1/2011 (David, Associated Press; Jamey, Associated Press; “World conference debates Libya’s path post-Gadhafi”, Yahoo News, http://news.yahoo.com/world-conference-debates-libyas-path-post-gadhafi-155850263.html

Clinton hopes to announce in … ahead of the broader talks.

Obama has pledged assistance
African Spotlight, 7/19/2011 (Spotlighting Africans in the Diaspora, “U.S. Gives $30 Billion Of Libyan Money To Rebels”, http://africanspotlight.com/2011/07/u-s-gives-30-billion-of-libyan-money-to-rebels/)

The United States has given … in hope for a great Libya.”

i

1AC

*BAHRAIN 1AC*
Contention 1 – Stability
U.S. policy towards democracy assistance is one of unbridled arrogance and hypocrisy – the status quo is preparing to deploy shadow internet technology to dissidents in Syria in Libya for the rigged support of freedom and speech and democracy. It is using the moniker of censorship relief to justify the aid of U.S. interests
Glanz and Markoff June 12, 2011 – James, … governments and to the world.”

Further, this rationale is nothing more than an excuse for U.S. dominance
China Daily 6-17-2011 “subversion in a suitcase” … maintain the US' global dominance. 

And, while touting the importance of internet freedom to countries that are oppositional to the U.S. it has gone unnoticed by U.S. policy that Bahrain is also facing severe internet crackdowns in order to control dissent
Lee 2011 [Dicey, Tuesday, April 26, 2011 The … orthodoxy in the social media. 

This decision is part of a grander hypocritical strategy designed to stifle Shiite Muslim opposition in favor of supporting Sunni government control. The threat of the Iranian menace has become a rhetorical ploy that enables the demonizing of Libya while ignoring direct violence in Bahrain
Hughes 3-20-2011 [Michael journalist and foreign … Egypt ranked 138, Tunisia 144, and Yemen 146. 

The impact is the continuation of a mode of thinking that obliterates an affirmative relationship to life necessitating massive violence and permanent war
Evans and Hardt 2010 (Brad, lecturer … strategic calculus of necessary killing’5

We affirm a different conception of democracy than status quo liberalism. Our agonistic democracy is a medium to rethinking difference and identity. Agonistic Democracy allows us to disturb the dogmatization of identity and leads us to a new form of political engagement where everything is contestable. Power can flow through, below, and above the state apparatus freeing us from the chains of the territorial state.
Connolly 2002 [William Identity/difference, p xi-xii

Let me call the … health of contemporary territorial democracy.

further, our method is not based upon success or an outcome. agonism is a process that best gives the conditions for a positive ethos of engagement with multiple others who have multiple faiths. We do not know if success is possible, but we know that dogmatization has led to multiple forms of violence. solvency is thus a very fragile achievement to be cherished, we should not take for granted the outcome we have with it. What we do in the face of mystery, the gap, the abyss is the most telling ethical moment we have.
Connolly 2005 [William pluralism p 62-64
Here we focus on what … each faith wi!! resist this process.

and, the status quo is oversaturated with attempts by groups who fear a dangerous other and lash out to control them. Our methodology is more than a plan text, it is an attempt at displacing the drive for ultimate control that these ideologies consist of. To fail to embrace agonistic democracy is to invite a form of violence that will make the genocide and wars possible and inevitable
Connolly 2005 [William, pluralism p 28-30
in an age when the … endless series of civil wars.

Plan: The United States federal government should fully provide uncensored mesh technology based shadow network internet for the people of Bahrain.

Make no mistake, we are not the federal government. We will however defend the plan. Specifically, we advocate the plan as part of a cross-state citizenry that pursues creative interventions to press for expanded freedom across the globe in spite of the hypocrisy of the American government. We refuse the pessimism of the status quo that sees failure everywhere, our transformation is constantly ongoing and ethical because of it.
Connolly 2005 [William, pluralism p 154-160
A positive rejoinder to Hardt … presented to us as inaccessible.

2AC

The negative strategy is not mutually exclusive with the Aff – We think there are a multiplicity of political actions and theories in place, we must be able to see the relays that can make our affirmative strategy the most successful
Connolly 1999 [William, prof of poli sci at john Hopkins, Assembling the Left Boundary 2 26.3 (1999) 47-54 ]

Fraser goes on to say … , street movements, and labor groups.

This is especially true in the context of academia – we must make use of the similarities between philosophies instead of attending to their differences. Otherwise we risk disciplinary compartmentalization that stops our oppositions to status quo forms of violence
SPANOS 2008 [William, American exceptionalism in the age of globalization, p 248-249]
The purpose of this book, both the theoretical chapters and those that interpret literary texts about the Vietnam War, ……………… of poststructuralist theory is intended, not as a rejection, but as a manifestation of the betrayal of its initial collaborative critical possibilities.'

And, Debates about democracy assistance are extremely important in academic investigations – clarifies exactly what is meant
Richard Lappin (Ph.D. candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, University of Leuven; Visiting Scholar, University of Belgrade) June 2010“Post-conflict democracy assistance: a state of the art”, The Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, Vol.85
Explicit and large-scale post-… assistance’ in the current discourse. 

Our discourse reshapes the politics of democracy assistance – the Middle East is the key starting point because it is the area that academia and politics is focused on now – this discussion enables us to discuss democracy effectively in all aspects of life
Telhami 05  [Anwar Sadat professor for peace and development, University of Maryland “Democracy: Rising Tide or Mirage” Middle East Policy Vol 12 Issue 2 May 23 2005]

I think we all agree … clash on the other side. 

The permutation solves their local resistance arguments – focusing on the distinction between local and global makes resistance to oppression impossible
Grossberg 1992 [Professor of Communication Studies at the University ofNC at Chapel Hill, 1992 (Lawrence, Morris Davis "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 392-393)]
Such a politics will not begin … organize minorities into a new majority.

Focusing on local struggles will depoliticize the US
Duvall, 01  (Tim, “How Can We End the End of Politics?  A Review of The End of Politics:  Corporate Power and the Decline of the  Public Sphere”, Democracy & Nature, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2001, ebsco)

In this rich and provocative … encounters some (rather minor) problems.

Political engagement is critical to check authoritarian fill-ins – the best description of this impact is our aff
Carl Boggs -professor of social sciences and film studies at National University in Los Angeles- 2001- The End of Politics- Corporate Power and the Decline of the Public Sphere- p.250-251]
But it is a very deceptive … Oakeshott's Burkean muddling-though theories.  

Authoritarian discourses cloak themselves as organic and against repressive establishments – our affirmative criticism makes possible the end of those forms of exploitation by checking authoritarianism
Smith 1998 [anna marie assistant professor of government at cornell university. laclau and mouffe the radical democratic imaginary, 1998 p 177-178
As we have already seen … between dominant and subordinate groups.

Technology is inevitable – the question is how we use it – the plan utilizes internet technology for as a technopolitical response in favor of radical democracy and contestation. None of the criticisms of internet technology can eliminate the possibility that internet technologies can have radical interventions. The risk sides with the aff that marginalized groups can take advantage of the plan instead of being decimated by it, especially in the context of Bahrain.
Kahn and Kellner 2007 [richard is a Teaching Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA. and douglas, George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA, USA, “globalization, technopolitics, and radical democracy” radical democracy and the internet interrogating theory and practice edited by lincoln dahlberg university of queensland and eugenia siapera, University of Leicester 2007, p 19-22
In this chapter, we suggest … the world via computer networks.4

The epistemology of provenance, or social location, divides coalitions and is politically debilitating in the fight against oppression
KRUKS 1995 [SONIA Hypata vol. 10, no. 2 (Spring 1995) Identity Politics and Dialectical]

As a political critique of global-difference feminism, identity politics is ……………..contradiction within identity politics (and other forms of multiple-difference feminism) that concerns me in this essay.
 

Thus the Plan: The United States federal government should provide rule of law assistance to the National Transitional Council in Libya.

Contention 1: Terrorism

Al-Qaeda is on the brink but Libya is a key area where they can recruit – US involvement is key

Stevenson, 2011 (Jonathan, Professor of Strategic Studies at the US Naval War College and a Contributing Editor to Survival, “Echoes of Gunfire: bin Laden, the US and the Greater Middle East,” Survival, Vol. 53, No. 3, June-July, p. 11-18)

The death of Osama bin … still had its own opportunities.

Regional Instability causes terrorist fill in in Libya

Boucek, 5/11/2011 (Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on security challenges in the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa, “Islamist Terrorists in Libya”, Carnegie Middle East Center, http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=43951)

Despite the international community’s choice … threaten Libyan and US security.

US Action is key – we can work to negotiate with Militants and maintain strong anti-terrorism operations

Boucek, 2011 (Christopher, associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on security challenges in the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa, “ Dangerous Fallout from Libya’s Implosion”, Carnegie Middle East Center, March 9^th, http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=42940)

U.S. Response The prospect of … Libya slides deeper into war.

Put away your defense-Al-queda looking to get revenge for Bin-Laden’s death—using libya to recruit people and actively seeking to reject western presence

ABC News Radio, 6/8/11 (“ Al Qaeda Deputy Surfaces, Vows Revenge for Bin Laden's Death”,http://abcnewsradioonline.com/world-news/al-qaeda-deputy-surfaces-vows-revenge-for-bin-ladens-death.html)

 (NEW YORK) — Appearing to … aid…turns into invasions.” 

Al qaeda has the means and motivation to use a WMD against the United States

Rahim Kanani-founder and editor-in-chief of World Affairs Commentary-June 29^th, 2011( “ New al-Qaeda Chief Zawahiri Has Strong Nuclear Intent”, Forbes, http://blogs.forbes.com/rahimkanani/2011/06/29/new-al-qaeda-chief-zawahiri-has-strong-nuclear-intent/)

We should be especially worried … they put their minds to it.”

Nuclear terrorism is an existential threat—it escalates to nuclear war with Russia and China

Ayson 7-7-2010 [Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]

But these two nuclear worlds—a … unable or unwilling to provide.

Contention 2: Cooperation

The world is becoming more multilateral driven by changes in government structure and crises that will necessitate global cooperation – the choice is to adapt or die

Slaughter, 2011 (Anne-Marie, Bert G. Kerstetter '66 university professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University, “Problems Will Be Global -- And Solutions Will Be, Too”, Foreign Policy, Sept/Oct, Issue 188, Ebsco)

A more multilateral world is … no choice but to adapt.

The success of the Obama Doctrine is critical to global cooperation – Libya is key

Remnick, 2011 (David, editor of The New Yorker since July, 1998; “Behind The Curtain”, The New Yorker, September 5^th, http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2011/09/05/110905taco_talk_remnick)

Leading from behind. You could … need to trumpet your victory.

And, the credibility of Obama’s Grand Strategy hinges upon the ability to have a successful political transition in Libya

Feaver, 8/22/2011 (Peter, director of the Triangle Institute for Security Studies and the Duke Program in American Grand Strategy, “Five Reasons it is Premature to Declare Mission Accomplished for Obama's Libya Strategy”, Foreign Policy, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/22/five_reasons_it_is_premature_to_declare_mission_accomplished_for_obamas_libya_strat)

3. Because this operation has … the next phase plays out.

And, America is central to this transition – we must promote multilateralism to ensure global stability

Hart, 2011 (Gary, Scholar in Residence, University of Colorado, chair of the American Security Project, co-chair of the US Commission on National Security for the 21st Century, and former member of the Senate Armed Services Committee; “After bin Laden: Security Strategy and the Global Common”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 4, August-September, p. 19-25)

The Cold War ended 20 years … twenty-first century grand strategy.

Prolif, Environmental Catastrophe and Great Power conflict make extinction inevitable – only Multilateral Cooperation can solve

Dyer, 2004 (Gwynne – former senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurt, “The End of War”, The Toronto Star, December 30^th, Lexis)

The "firebreak" against nuclear weapons … of the existing state system.

The Transition in Libya is critical – Assistance aimed at supporting democracy is critical to shore up global credibility

Ghitis, 2011 (Firda, world affairs columnist, author and consultant and weekly author at World Politics Review, “World Citizen: Libya Emerges as Major Test of Western, U.S. Influence”, World Politics Review, 25/August, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ckDLwiX-isgJ:www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9882/world-citizen-libya-emerges-as-major-test-of-western-u-s-influence+World+Citizen:+Libya+Emerges+as+Major+Test+of+Western)

The future of Libya was … mention friendly to the West.

Credibility is key to soft power diplomacy

Nye 2k4 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, is also a former chairman of the CIA’s National Intelligence Council, “When Hard Power Undermines Soft Power,” pg online @ http://www.digitalnpq.org/archive/2004_summer/nye.htmlli)

NPQ | In your recent book, … unless we change our policies.

Soft Power is critical to global stability, cooperation on warming and proliferation

Nye, 2010 (Joseph, University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard and author of The Powers to Lead and The Power Game: A Washington Novel; “Good Start, Long Road”, American Interest, winter, January/February, Ebsco)

Critics contend that Obama has … start than his critics admit.

Prolif causes conflicts that escalate to nuclear war

Utgoff, 2003 (Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions,” Survival, V. 44, Summer)

First, the dynamics of getting … cities or even whole nations.

Warming causes extinction – most probable scenario

Deibel, 2007 (Terry L., professor of IR at National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy, Conclusion: American Foreign)

Finally, there is one major … of life on this planet.

Contention Three: Solvency

Rule of Law assistance is critical – Libya doesn’t have the infrastructure or expertise to do it alone

Eljarh, 12/12/2011 (Mohamed, UK based Libyan academic researcher and political, social development activist. He is also co-founder and Public Affairs Director of the Libyan Academy for Creativity and Innovation, “

Studies have shown that 39 percent … of this field in Libya.

Rule of Law assistance is critical to transition in Libya – US training is critical because of international influence and expertise

Dobbins and Wehrey, 2011 (James, Former US Assistant Secretary of State and Director of the International Security and Defense Policy Center at the RAND Corporation; Frederic, Senior Policy analyst at RAND; “How to build a free Libya”, CNN World, August 24^th, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/24/how-to-build-a-free-libya/)

With the fall of the … nevertheless be long and rocky.

Rule of law assistance is necessary to a stable transition – the Libyans have asked for help and want to succeed but failure results in polarisation

Tripoli Post, 12/27/2011 (The Tripoli Post, “International Legal Assistance Consortium Chief Believes Libya Can Be Prosperous”, http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=7570&archive=1)

The head of the International … make further recommendations deemed useful.

Rule of law is critical to a stable political transition

Tolbert, 8/25/2011 (David, President of the International Center for Transitional Justice, “Make justice a foundation of the new Libya”, CNN World, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-to-make-justice-a-foundation-of-the-new-libya/)

Looking to experiences spanning tectonic … followed in the Arab region.”

And, The US is uniquely situated to provide judicial reform to Libya – this is critical to creating the groundwork for a post Qaddafi society

Vandewalle, 2011 (Dirk, Professor in the department of government and at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, “How Not to Intervene in Libya”, Foreign Policy, March 10^th, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/10/how_not_to_intervene_in_libya?page=0,1)

Take it slow. Because of … States may attempt to portray it.

Gadhafi’s fall in Libya threatens to devolve into instability and violence – promoting democracy is critical to stabilize the transition and quell radicalism

Kiriakou, 2011 (John, Former CIA counterterrorism officer, “Let’s Not Make the Same Iraq Mistakes in Libya”, Huffington Post World, 8/22, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-kiriakou/libya-gaddafi-iraq-_b_933463.html)

Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year dictatorship is … be no more Ahmed Chalabis.

Contention 2: Stability

Rapid development of centralized governance in Libya is the only way to stave off waves of instability and civil war

ICG (international crisis group – independent non-profit NGO) 12-14 “holding libya together: security challenges after qadhafi”, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/115%20Holding%20Libya%20Together%20--%20Security%20Challenges%20after%20Qadhafi.pdf

As the recent upsurge of … promising but still fragile future.

Spills over to Algeria

Simon Tisdall (assistant editor of the Guardian) September 8 2011 “Aqim escalates the violence in Algeria – helped by Libya's war”, 9-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/sep/28/aqim-violence-algeria-libya

A sharp surge in terrorist … militant network spanning the continent.

That triggers massive oil shocks – collapses the global economy

Irwin Stelzer (Contributing editor to The Weekly Standard, director of economic policy studies at the Hudson Institute, and a columnist for the Sunday Times) March 7 2011 “A Libyan Oil Shock?”, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/libyan-oil-shock_552544.html?page=2

But there is oil and … nation’s continuing need for oil.

Safeguards are gone – their defense doesn’t assume Algeria

Ambrose Evans-Pritchard (International Business Editor of The Daily Telegraph) Feb 23 2011 “Oil could hit $220 a barrel on Libya and Algeria fears, warns Nomura”, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/8344133/Oil-could-hit-220-a-barrel-on-Libya-and-Algeria-fears-warns-Nomura.html

Nomura's commodity team said oil … playing havoc with commodity pricing.

The newest study proves a shock is the biggest, fastest route to collapse

Rachel Cooper (writer for the Daily Telegraph) 12/14/2011 “Slicker oil prices fuel FTSE comeback”

Citi predicted that Brent crude … demand and prices much lower."

Extinction

Geoffrey Kemp (Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4

The second scenario, called Mayhem … -thirds of the planet’s population.

Best studies prove growth solves conflict

Jedidiah Royal (Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense) 2010 “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland's (1996. 2000) … in the use of force.

Hamas has been forced out of Syria by western powers and forced to relocate in Egypt

Mitnick in 11 (Joshua, writr, WSJ, “Hamas Removing Staff From Syria”, Dec. 7, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204083204577082471358870022.html)

Leaving Syria also distances Hamas … that sectarian bloodshed is escalating.

The rise of Hamas is inevitable as they are now located and allied with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt – now is the time to embrace a truly democratic move and acknowledge the political legitimacy of Hamas

Baroud 1/9/12 (Ramzy, editor of PalestineChronicle.com. He is the author of The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People’s Struggle  and  “My Father Was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story”, CounterPunch, “Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood”, http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/01/09/hamas-and-the-muslim-brotherhood/)

There was an unmistakable hint … in 2006, 2012 is a brand new year.

THIS LABELLING OF HAMAS PUTS DEMOCRACY AT A CROSSROADS. THE FORMER LEAD CHAMPION OF PLURALIZATION IS NOW ITS BIGGEST ROAD BLOCK. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES NO LONGER DESIRES DEMOCRACY RATHER AMERICAN LEADERS WANT A WORLD IN SERVICE TO ITS PRAXIS.  WHILE CALLING FOR PEACE IN ISRAEL, THE UNITED STATES CONDONES MASS SCALE VOLENCE AGAINST THE DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED LEADERS OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY WITH THE PASSING OF THE “PALESTINIAN ANTI-TERRORISM ACT OF 2006” IN RESPONSE TO THE CONDEMNATION OF THE LEADERS OF HAMAS AS A TERRORIST ORGANIZATION. THIS ISOLATION HAS CREATED A MASSIVE CRISIS FOR THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF PALESTINE.

THIS IS Salim Muwakkil IN 2006 is a senior editor of In These Times, where he has worked since 1983, and an op-ed columnist for the Chicago Tribune, June 12, 2006, Diplomatic Hypocrisy in the Middle East, http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2693/

In May, President George W. Bush … option like the Vichy regime.

THE LABEL OF TERRORIST UPON HAMAS IS AN EXCUSE FOR U.S. HYPOCRISY.  THE BLATANT DISREGARD FOR THE WISHES OF THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE IS AN EMBRACEMENT OF AMERICAN SUPREMACY. THIS ISOLATION OF HAMAS BECOMES A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY.

MARSHALL July 2, 2007 John Marshall is a graduate student in the department of biomathematics UCLA. He is a former Viewpoint columnist. “U.S. must stop hypocrisy, give Hamas a chance”, http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/news/2007/jul/02/us_must_stop_hypocrisy_give_hamas_chance/

When it comes to U.S. foreign … alternative could be much worse.

FURTHER, THE LABELING OF HAMAS CREATES A FUSION OF THE WAR ON TERROR WITH RADICAL ZIONISM ENABLING CARTE BLANCHE AUTHORITY TO ISRAEL TO ERASE THE ENTIRETY OF PALESTINE.

Derek Gregory 2004 the colonial present p 139-140

The claim to an identity … good, has been virtuously battling.⁸⁷

This bias toward Zionists has created the framework for the complete devaluation of all Palestinian life – this permanent exception makes any violence acceptable and inevitable. Agamben’s nightmare scenario is Palestine, a constant state of exception.

Derek Gregory 2004 colonial present p 126-128

The occupied territories have been … stifle distance is to kill."⁵³

A POLITICS OF FEAR IS THE WRONG STARTING POINT FOR ANY POLITICS IN THE TENSIONS BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE. IT CREATES A BOUNDLESS FORM OF VIOLENCE AND UNIQUELY DEPRIVES QUESTIONS OF LIVING. REFUSAL OF FEAR IS A NECESSARY STARTING POINT FOR AN AUTHENTIC FORM OF POLITICS

CHERNUS IN 2008 [Ira, “Bush's Israel Problem – And Ours”, January 11, 2008, http://www.antiwar.com/orig/chernus.php?articleid=12187 ]

Last month a well-respected rabbi … "ensuring a separation from the Palestinians."

Our Advocacy is that Democracy assistance should not be excluded from being offered and given to Hamas.

THE affirmative IS AN EMBRACING OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE FACE OF A SO-CALLED “THREATENING” OTHER. OUR REFUSAL TO CLASSIFY IMMIGRANTS FROM HAMAS AS TERRORISTS ALLOWS US A MOMENT OF QUESTIONING THE ARBITRARINESS OF OUR SECURITIZATION PRACTICES. THE STATUS QUO IS A FORM OF EXCEPTIONAL ARROGANCE THAT PROMOTES A MONOPOLY OF TRUTH UPON THE REST OF THE WORLD. OUR PLAN IS A MOMENT OF REFLECTION AND RESISTANCE TO THE DOGMATIC CONCEPTIONS OF IDENTITY PLACED UPON HAMAS. THIS IS NOT EMPTY RELATIVISM BUT IS A STAND AGAINST THE FORMS OF ABSOLUTISM THAT THREATEN TO MAKE ALL LIFE ON THE PLANET REDUCABLE TO BARE LIFE. THE SOLVENCY FOR OUR AFFIRMATIVE IS OUR ABILITY TO CONFRONT THE SOCIAL NARRATIVES THAT PRESUPPOSE AMERICAN EUROPEAN THINKING AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION.

Derek Gregory in 04 the colonial present p 260-262

This series of exceptions was … sustained by those dreadful events.

THE STATUS QUO IS A BATTLE OF OVERRIDING METAPHORS AND REPRESENTATIONS. SO LONG AS THE DOMINANT NARRATIVE CONTROLS SECURITY SYMBOLS, THIS NATION WILL REVOLVE AROUND A COLLECTIVE VICTIMIZATION WHICH EVOKES A VIOLENT RESPONSE ON THE OTHER. THE FLAG AND INFINITE STRUGGLE ARE THE METAPHORS THAT KEEP THE STATUS QUO IN PERPETUAL CONFLICT. OUR AFFIRMATIVE STARTS AT THE QUESTION OF REPRESENTATION IN ORDER TO HAVE THE MOST EFFECTIVE FORM OF POLITICS

Ira Chernus in 2005  [“FIGHTING TERROR IN THE NATIONAL INSECURITY STATE” http://spot.colorado.edu/~chernus/WaronTerrorismEssays/FightingTerror.htm ]

The name of the danger … , a more peaceful, a genuinely secure future.

FINALLY, THE STATUS QUO IS AN OBSCENE ATTEMPT AT SECURING INNOCENCE. THE FAILURE TO REFLECT UPON THE STATUS QUO CREATES THE IMPRESSION THAT THE U.S. AND ISRAEL ARE INNOCENT AND GOOD WHILE REQUIRING NO CHANGE EXCEPT HEIGHTENED SECURITY. THIS DISABLES OUR ABILITY TO CHALLENGE ANY CURRENT POLICIES WHILE SPIRALLING INTO A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY OF VULNERABILITY AND VIOLENCE. OUR AFFIRMATIVE IS THE FIRST STEP TO A POLITICS THAT RADICALLY REFUSES THE VIOLENCE IN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE.

Ira Chernus IN 2005 “THE UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL: FIGHTING TERROR IN THE NATIONAL INSECURITY STATE http://spot.colorado.edu/~chernus/WaronTerrorismEssays/IsraelAndUSInsecurityState.htm  ]

It is no coincidence that … to offer no way out. 

Payroll tax cuts won’t pass:

A. Committee takes blame

Benen 12/31 (12/31/11, Steve, contributing writer to the Washington Monthly, “Enjoy the Payroll Tax Break While It Lasts” Political Animal) http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2011_12/enjoy_the_payroll_tax_break_wh034436.php#

Last week, after a needlessly-contentious … ” failed to reach an agreement.

B. Boehner

Collender 1-2 (Stan, Stan Collender is a former staffer on both the House and Senate budget committees, founder of the blog “Capital Gains and Games,” and a partner at Quorvis Communications, 1/2/12, “Wall Street Beware: Boehner May Need to Tank Payroll Tax Extension to Keep His Job” http://wallstreetpit.com/88248-wall-street-beware-boehner-may-need-to-tank-payroll-tax-extension-to-keep-his-job

The best way to understand … on the Iowa caucus tomorrow.

Keystone thumps

Matthew Daly, AP, 1—2—11, … , for thwarting thousands of jobs.

No spillover –compartmentalized

Edwards 00

[Distinguished Professor of Political Science, director of the Center for Presidential Studies, Texas A&M University (George C. III, March. “Building Coalitions.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, Iss. 1.)]

Besides not considering the full … the opposition party controls Congress.

It’s not Intrinsic – you could do the plan and pass SKFTA – key to rational policymaking which ensures the best decisionmaking model

GOP loves the plan and it doesn’t spend money

Fox News 10/21 ( Republicans Push for U.S. Role in Rebuilding Libya Published October 21, 2011 | FoxNews.com accessed 1/7/11 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/10/21/republicans-push-for-us-role-in-rebuilding-libya/)

With Muammar Qaddafi finally out … Libyan assets in American banks.

Funds reappropriated for Libya and other aid should’ve triggered the link

POMED 12/16 ( Deal Reached on FY2012 Omnibus Appropriations Bill accessed 1/7/11 http://pomed.org/blog/2011/12/deal-reached-on-fy2012-omnibus-appropriations-bill.html/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+POMED_blog+(Project+on+Middle+East+Democracy+Blog)#.TwjdRm-LMYt)

The recently-passed omnibus package … with governments in the region.”

New bipart support outweighs spending debate

McCain et al., Graham, Rubio and Kirk 10/7 ( The Promise of a Pro-American Libya On the ground in Tripoli, we saw an opportunity to advance U.S. interests in a pivotal region. 10/7/11 accesssed 1/7/11 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576613293623346516.html)

American support is also important … interest to help them succeed.

Winners-win

Creamer, 12/23 [Robert, “Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could Be a Turning Point Moment,”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/gop-payroll-tax_b_1167491.hmtl]

The outcome of the battle … to make the most of it.  

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Morris Miller, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter 2000, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?” p. Proquest

The question may be reformulated. … of violence to abort another).

Doesn't solve the Aff 

CP fails – Libyan’s want the US to lead the support mission – any alternative creates disillusionment

Ottaway et al. 11[Marina Ottaway, Senior Associate of the Middle East Program at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Fadel Lamen, President of the American-Libyan Council, and Esam Omiesh, Director of the Libyan Emergency Task Force, “Libya: Thinking Ahead to the Transition”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 7-14-2011, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/071411_transcript_LibyaTransition.pdf]

But for an Arab or a … , they are a must. Thank you.

Framework – the Neg gets a policy alternative or the status quo – letting them shift the framework in the 1NC moots 9 minutes of offense and it’s unpredictable because there are infinite critical frameworks

Perm do both _________________

Perm do the plan and reject all other instances of neoliberalism – that should be enough to overcome any residual links which are non-unique

Neoliberalism is critical to economic growth

Carlos Albert Montaner 2005 (Senior Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, “Latin America: Fragmentation and Forecasts”, 6/2, http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/hl883.cfm)

In fact, reforms toward a market … those achieved by Latin America.

Neoliberalism’s inevitable

Mark Hudson 1999 (Reference and Instruction Librarian at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, “Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller”, Progressive Librarian, No. 16, Fall)

Neoliberal ideas are as old … our politics, economy and culture.

Educators that challenge neoliberalism only reify the conditions that allow the case impact

C.A. Bowers, faculty of the university of Oregon and Portland state university, The Promise of Theory: Education and the Politics of Cultural Change, 1984, pg. 101-103

By not taking seriously the … most neo-Marxist educational theorists.

Success in Libya is key to a broader transition to multilateralism

Gvosdev and Takeyh, 1/4/2012 (Nikolas, Doctorate from Oxford and Former editor of foreign policy journal The National Interest; Ray, Adjunct Professor at Georgetown and PhD is an Iranian-American Middle East scholar, former United States Department of State official, and a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; “Triumph of the New Wilsonism”, The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/article/decline-western-realism-6274)

WHEN OPERATION Odyssey Dawn commenced … open question of profound dimension.

The alternative collapses political dialogue which turns the K

Charles Paul Freund (Reason magazine) December 2001 “The end of the Orientalist critique” http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/2001_nights_the_end_of_the_orientalist_critique.htm

But that’s supposing one can … at least open to question.

Prioritizing ontology and epistemology over specific policy formulations paralyzes problem solving measures ensuring short-term annihilation

David Owen Millennium Journale of international studies 2002 “Re-Orientation Internatioal Relations:  On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”

Commenting on the ‘philosophical …  a potentially vicious circle arises.

Inherent equality of all beings requires utilitiarianism

Cumminsky, 1996 (David, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bates College and Ph.D. from UM, “Kantian Consequentialism”, p. 145-146)

In the next section, I will defend this .... sacrifice some to save many.

Our application of democratic realism is effective - The alternative collapses into neoconservative globalism – strategic and focused interventions solves. Ideal absolutism or retreat culminates in extinction.

Krauthammer 2004 – Charles is a Pulitzer Prize–winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, and research fellow at a variety of think tanks. “In Defense of Democratic Realism,” The National Interest, Fall 2004; 77, http://people.cas.sc.edu/rosati/krauthammer.demrealism.ni.f04.htm

On February 10, 2004, I delivered … existential threat, nothing is.

Perm do both – no reason we can’t be critical intellectuals and do the plan

Even if in total Realist theory is incorrect – our application of democratic realism is effective - The alternative collapses into neoconservative globalism – strategic and focused interventions solves. Ideal absolutism or retreat culminates in extinction.

Krauthammer 2004 – Charles is a Pulitzer Prize–winning syndicated columnist, political commentator, and research fellow at a variety of think tanks. “In Defense of Democratic Realism,” The National Interest, Fall 2004; 77, http://people.cas.sc.edu/rosati/krauthammer.demrealism.ni.f04.htm

On February 10, 2004, I delivered the Irving … not an existential threat, nothing is.

Case outweighs – cooperation – warming prolif – environment

Our scholarship and research is good and solves your alt

Kurki 11 (Milja, International Politics Department, Aberystwyth University, UK., "The Limitations of the Critical Edge: Reflections on Critical and Philosophical IR Scholarship Today")

Such interaction involves research that … for progressive and emancipatory politics.

Our impacts come first – existence is a prerequisite to ontology

Storl 2008, Professor of Philosophy at Augustana College, ‘8 (Heidi, October, “Heidegger in Woolf’s Clothing” Philosophy and Literature, Vol 32 No 2, p 303-314, Project Muse)

While the strength and pervasiveness … for just a moment, we care.

The role of the ballot is to simulate enactment of the plan. That’s the most productive way to engage Mid East politics

Heydemann, ‘2
(Steve- director Program on Philanthropy and Nonprofit Sector @ Social Science Research Council, former Prof Poli Sci – Columbia, “Defending the Discipline,” Journal of Democracy Vol. 13, No. 3, Muse)

Though Kramer's book is severely … the course of the 1990s.  

Our assistance is not Orientalist- Arab scholars are embracing it as a universal concept

OTTAWAY,5—  senior associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, University of Maryland “Democracy: Rising Tide or Mirage” Middle East Policy Vol 12 Issue 2 May 23 2005 Wiley

Let me start talking about … a remarkable change in their thinking

The K doesn’t disprove our truth claims- Mid East scholarship is broad and reflexive- it can effectively integrate critique


Lockman 2005 (Zachary- Chair – Department of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies @ NYU, Spring, “Critique from the Right: The Neo-conservative Assault on Middle East Studies,” The New Centennial Review 5.1, Muse)

It may be too soon … the world as never before.⁴

Zero risk of their self replication impacts and military intervention claims, we cut it off

Mathieson and Youngs, ‘6 (David- Associate Fellow at FRIDE. He holds a doctorate from the University of London, Richard Youngs - Co-ordinator of the Democratisation programme at FRIDE, and lecturer at the University of Warwick, “Democracy Promotion and the European Left: Ambivalence Confused?”, December, working paper 29 at FRIDE)

The left needs to get … creative and productive to say.

Shocks to the democratic system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—globalization and liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves

HORGAN 9 is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia (John, “The End of the Age of War,” Dec 7 http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1

The economic crisis was supposed … may finally come to pass.

Failure to act in Libya emboldens Iran

Singh, 2011 (Michael, Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Leading from behind still isn’t a good idea”, Foreign Policy, August 31, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/31/leading_from_behind_still_isnt_a_good_idea)

The American ambivalence toward the … , a development with deeply troubling implications.

Emboldened Iran causes nuclear war

Ben-Meir, 2007 (Alon, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran’s defiance”, UPI, February 6, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/))

Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, Tehran … not halting its nuclear program.

CP Kills NATO

Dubik, 2011 (James, retired Army lieutenant general who oversaw the training of Iraqi troops from 2007 to 2008, is a senior fellow at the Institute for the Study of War, “Finish the Job”, NYT, April 25^th, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/opinion/26Dubik.html?_r=2)

PRESIDENT OBAMA insists that protecting … decision and face its consequences.

Nuke War

Brzezinski, 2009 (Zbigniew, U.S. National Security Adviser from 1977 to 1981, “An Agenda for NATO”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 5, p. 2-20, Ebsco)

ADJUSTING TO A TRANSFORMED WORLD And … and the West more generally

1. We Meet: plan engages in comprehensive rule of law which is inclusive of the neg interpretation.

2. Counter-interpretation – democracy assistance is 5 things – includes rule of law

Richard Lappin (Ph.D. candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, University of Leuven; Visiting Scholar, University of Belgrade) June 2010“Post-conflict democracy assistance: a state of the art”, The Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, Vol.85

Democracy assistance to state institutions …  media relations, and reintegration of ex-combatants.

Prefer our interp:

a. Brightline – Our interp creates a definite list of topic area’s which is key to the best research and education

b. Topic Education – everywhere is different – targeting different institutions is critical to learning about each topic area

Their interp overlimits – limiting down only to elections is bad

No ground loss – we don’t sever links / only do democracy assistance

Not extra T – begs the question of what is Topical and you should reject the extra-T portions

Competing interpretations are bad – they create an arbitrary race to the bottom.  Reasonability provides the best incentive for education

It was recently brought to my attention that the entries were messed up so I had to re-add all of them.  If you notice this and need cites or just generally need something that i haven't posted for some reason - just email me at aqof05@gmail.com