1NC – EU Counterplan

Text – The European Union should initiate an institutional dialogue between the government of Bahrain and opposition, endorsing, as a starting point for reform, agenda presented by the crown prince and accepted by al-Wifaq and should support rights protection for opposition.

EU lead action solves and restores US cred by getting America on board – vital internal link to EU soft power but perm fails and undercuts EU influence
Dergham, 11  (Raghida, Senior Diplomatic Correspondent @ Al Hayat, 7/28, http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/810401-europe-has-role-play)

MIDDLE EAST Europe has a role to play
AND
behind polices that are decided by other powers.

Extinction
John Bruton, Deputy, Joint Committee on European Affairs, 10/2001, The Future of the European Union, www.irlgov.ie/committees-02/c-europeanaffairs/future/page1.htm

As the Laeken Declaration put it, "
AND
blind global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.

Solves Signal

We solve US signal– 3 reasons – 1) US importance is outstated – they get credit or blame regardless 2) success on the ground key - resolves arab hostilities 3) seen as fulfilling Cairo promise
Hamid, 11  (Shadi Hamid, Director of Research, Brookings Doha Center, 8/25, http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/0426_middle_east_hamid.aspx)
It may have been the case that America’s
AND
2009 Cairo address but failed to deliver on.

That’s especially true because Obama would back the counterplan as an extention of his Cairo vision
Vasconcelo et al, 11, (Alvaro de, EU Institute for Strategic Studies, March, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/The_Arab_Democratic_Wave_-_how_the_EU_can_seize_the_moment.pdf)

A Euro-Mediterranean community of democracies would
AND
the European Union is seen as a major partner

EU lead Solves best – they’ll coordinate roles with US and get them on board – solving perception of US support
Dergham, 11 (Raghida, Senior Diplomatic Correspondent @ Al Hayat, 7/22, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/raghida-dergham/the-european-role-and-the_b_907286.html)
The European Role and the ... , as lives are put on the line in the battle for change and freedom.

EU democracy assistance gets US on board
Dergham, 11 (Raghida, Senior Diplomatic Correspondent @ Al Hayat, 7/22, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/raghida-dergham/the-european-role-and-the_b_907286.html)
The European Role and the Aspirations of the
AND
the demands of the people in those countries. 

US democracy assistance crushes credibility of pro-democracy groups – international actors solve better and avoid the disads and case turns
Arnold, 8/11/11, (VOA News, David, Chief, VOA Horn of Africa Service)
The stakes in the November elections are high
AND
a tough one for them to live down."

EU Solves better – Credibility and local preference – avoids backlash and suspicions of US
Lowder, 11 (4/1/2011, J. Bryan, Slate, “Europhilia Arab countries don't like the United States much. Do they like Europe any better?”http:www.slate.com/id/2290156/)
A Reuters special report on the military intervention
AND
United States, that number was 13 percent.

EU action avoids our backlash links
Hadley 11 (Stephen J., Senior Adviser – U.S. Institute of Peace and Former National Security Advisor – GW Bush Administration, “Our Chance to Shape Change in North Africa and the Mideast”, Washington Post, 8-18, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/our-chance-to-shape-change-in-north-africa-and-the-mideast/2011/08/18/gIQA94IWOJ_story.html)

We know how to help build the infrastructure
AND
charitable foundations and NGOs may be even better.

EU backing avoids the link
Mai Yamani, Fellow – Brookings Institution, “An Armed Peace Never Lasts”, Qantara, 9-21-2007, http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-858/i.html?PHPSESSID=.

The Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006 reminded
AND
isolating Iran by hardening today's regional Sunni-Shia

Prefer our evidence – majority of literature overinflates US importance because of methodological and empirical flaws
McFaul, ‘9  (Michael, Democracy Badass @ Stanford, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/res/2278/Evaluating_International_Influences_-_Transitions_-_Concept_Paper.pdf)
A second shortcoming stems from the fact that
AND
interaction of the external environment with domestic processes.

\\

1NC

SKFTA Will pass – top of docket – but Obama must use capital to ensure TAA compromise – NEXT WEEK is the key lobbying push
Yonhap 9/24 2011, South Korean Newspaper, “U.S. Senate clears one hurdle to FTA with S. Korea,” lexis
U.S. and South Korean government
AND
upcoming) trip by President Lee into consideration."

Plan drains capital
Mclaughlin 11 [Seth, contributing writer, “Key Foreign Policy Players Try to Master Capitol Hill” The Washington Diplomat – May, http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7829:key-foreign-policy-players-try-to-master-capitol-hill&catid=1473:may-2011&Itemid=471]

The Beltway battle over the federal budget was
AND
on their constituents back in their home districts. 

Capital key
Palmer, 9/2  (Doug, Journalist specializing in trade affairs @ Reuters, InterAmerican Security Watch, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/obamas-trade-legacy-in-a-crucible-this-fall/)

This month business groups expect Obama at long
AND
fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Failure to pass SKFTA jacks US-South Korea ties
Korea Times ‘11
(8/30/11 – also cites Congressional Research Service report – http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/08/113_93763.html)

A collapse of the KORUS FTA would probably
AND
commitment to Korea and Northeast Asia is declining."

Key to solve nuclear war
Stratfor 10  
(5/26, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100526_north_korea_south_korea_military_balance_peninsula)

So the real issue is the potential for
AND
might be if the situation escalates much further.

Impacts

Independently, Alliance solves climate issues - South Korea’s a model
Snyder ‘9
(Scott, Director – Center for U.S.-Korea Policy and Senior Associate in the International Relations Program – Asia Foundation, et al., “Pursuing a Comprehensive Vision for the U.S.–South Korea Alliance”, April, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090409_snyder_pursuingcompvision_web.pdf)

Climate Change and the Environment
An emerging area of cooperation in the U
AND
UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen in December 2009. 

Extinction
Lea ‘7
(Michael – political correspondent for The Sun – he is internally quoting the IPCC – April 7th http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article24343.ece)

BILLIONS face death from hunger, drought,
AND
saying: “It is a global responsibility.” 

Collapses alliance and Asian leadership
Yonhap, 8/30  (citing congressional research service report)
Severe damage to alliance expected if FTA fails
AND
to $11.9 billion a year.

extinction
Hayes and Green 10 (Peter, Professor of International Relations – Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and Director – Nautilus Institute, and Michael Hamel, Victoria University, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, Nautilus Institute Special Report, 1-5, http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation
AND
that warrants priority consideration from the international community. 

It’s likely, escalates, and draws in great powers
Bosco 6 (David, Senior Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, “Could This Be The Start of WWIII?”, Los Angeles Times, 7-23, Lexis)

The understanding that small but violent acts can
AND
what has the world learned about managing conflict? 

Prolif causes global nuclear war
Taylor 1 (Theodore, Chair – NOVA, Former Nuclear Weapons Designer and Former Deputy Director – Defense Nuclear Agency, “Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, Breakthrough: Emerging New Thinking, http://www-ee.stanf ord.edu/hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html)

Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations or
AND
could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

So does terrorism
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33(7), July)

It is just possible that a terrorist nuclear
AND
wider nuclear exchange either inadvertently or by design.

WARMING IMPACT

Independently, Alliance solves climate issues - South Korea’s a model
Snyder ‘9
(Scott, Director – Center for U.S.-Korea Policy and Senior Associate in the International Relations Program – Asia Foundation, et al., “Pursuing a Comprehensive Vision for the U.S.–South Korea Alliance”, April, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090409_snyder_pursuingcompvision_web.pdf)

Climate Change and the Environment
An emerging area of cooperation in the U.S.-ROK relationship is
and
 Climate Summit in Copenhagen in December 2009. 

Warming causes huge death tolls  
Lea ‘7
(Michael – political correspondent for The Sun – he is internally quoting the IPCC – April 7th http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article24343.ece)

BILLIONS face death from hunger, drought, disease
and
the findings, saying: “It is a global responsibility.” 

Warming is real and forthcoming K’s excuse violence.
Steiner ‘11
Achim Steiner formerly headed up the Swiss-based International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). He currently serves as the Executive Director of United Nations Environmental Program and as an Under-Secretary at the UN. The Guardian – May 11th – http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/11/climate-change-scientific-evidence-united-nations

Imagine if the world acted only when 100% scientific proof
and
 livelihoods of considerable numbers of people are at risk.

If reps matter, then our specific security and enviro reps are positive.
Joppke '91
(Christian - professor of political and social sciences at the European University Institute — The British Journal of Sociology - March - via J-Store)

Since the ecology and anti-nuclear movements lack a
and
too much time has already been lost.

\\

T – 1NC
Resource Transfer – 1NC

“Democracy assistance” must involve a resource transfer from the U.S.
Lappin 10 (Richard, Ph.D. Candidate – Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven (Belgium), “Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art”, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, 28(85), http://soc.kuleuven.be/web/files/9/51/Vol85.pdf)

The Problem of Definition: What’s in a Name?
By the end of the 1990s, the
AND
in its usage and definition of the term.
Democracy assistance can be defined as ‘the
AND
, economic sanctions applied, and embargoes enforced.   
On the positive side, you have the
AND
there is the distinct instrument of democracy assistance.  
Democracy assistance differs from all other forms of
AND
assistance, and  negative image of democracy  promotion.

Violation - the plan stops _, doesn’t actively transfer resources

Voting issue -

1. Limits - they triple the topic, allowing resource cases like funding or technical assistance, non-resource transfers like “moral support”, or negative-action that withdraws current aid or embassies. Limits are key to preparation and clash.

2. Ground - the best links depend on spending - they rob politics, budget, aid trade-off DAs, funding counterplans, and critiques of U.S. intervention - core ground is key to fairness: without it, we’re behind from the start

Resource Transfer – A2: C/I

Destroys limits - that’s above.

Precision DA -

They conflate democracy “assistance” with “promotion” - “assistance” is a distinct subset, including only the transfer of funds or materials to democratic groups. 

More evidence - “assistance” is the provision of physical items
Madzelan 10 (Daniel T., Acting Assistant
AND
.gov/dpcletters/GEN1006.html)

The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of
AND
, materials, technical assistance and financial assistance."

Merging DA with “promotion” destroys terminological clarity and makes effective topic learning impossible - that’s Lappin. Prefer our evidence: it has explicit intent to define and excludes non-resource approaches. 

Precision outweighs on this topic - it’s a pre-requisite to meaningful debates
Lappin 10 (Richard, Ph.D. Candidate – Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven (Belgium), “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation1”, http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/CEJISS-lappin.pdf)

This article has examined the emergence of democracy
AND
of formulating effective democratic means will remain improbable.

Predictability - resource transfer is a central part of democracy assistance
Burnell 00 (Peter J., Professor of Politics and International Studies – University of Warwick, Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, p. 5)

When defining democracy assistance there are three sets
AND
severely discriminated against or oppressed for many years.
Second, the methods of democracy assistance must
AND
qualify as assistance can involve somewhat arbitrary judgments.

USAID agrees
USAID Administrator 86 (2-12, http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/200/restrans.pdf)

THE ROLE OF … credit and recurrent expenses.

“Substantial” means material
AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, “substantial”, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub·stan·tial    (sb-stnshl) KEY
ADJECTIVE:
Of, relating to, … wealth or property; well-to-do.

It’s a voting issue - mooting any word justifies mooting others, destroying all resolutional meaning – and ‘substantially’ must be given meaning
Words and Phrases 64 (p. 819)

“Substantially” is a relative word which
AND
them to be of exactly the same things.

“For” means the target country must be the destination
OED 11 (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, “for”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or …leaving for London tomorrow

==DIRECT POLITICAL VARIABLES==

Democracy assistance must be focused exclusively on direct political variables --- expanding it unlimits and makes effective topic discussion impossible

Burnell 00 (Peter J., Professor of Politics and International Studies – University of Warwick, Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, p. 12-13)

Democracy Assistance … provides conflicting answers to questions such as these.

This restricts the topic to a core set of democratic areas

Řiháčková 8 (Věra, EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy, “EU Democracy Assistance through Civil Society - Reformed?”, August, p. 2)

“Democracy assistance” … establishing the rule of law.

The ONLY ev describing the plan says it redistributes economic benefits and base contracts -

COOLEY AND NEXON 11 (Alexander, Assoc Prof Poli Sci at Barnard College and member of Colombia University’s Institute for War and Peace Studies; Daniel, Assoc Prof School of Foreign Service and Department of Government at Georgetown, “Bahrain’s Base Politics: The Arab Spring and America’s Military Bases,” Foreign Affairs, April 5, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=show#)

It is time for U.S. officials … workers gain a large share of the resulting contracts.

LEGAL ASSISTANCE

Legal training isn’t democracy assistance - including the Aff unlimits
Magolowondo 5 (Augustine Titani, Regional Programme Coordinator, Africa Regional Programme – Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, “Democratisation Aid as a Challenge for Development Co-operation”,

2.2 Democratisation Aid Delimited
Aid for democracy is a dimension of ODA
AND
at a not-for profit basis.” 4

ELECTIONS ONLY

“Democracy assistance” is support provided to electoral laws, processes, and institutions
IFES 11 – International Foundation for Electoral Systems, http://www.ifes.org/Content/Topics/Democracy-Assistance.aspx

Democracy assistance can be defined as the legal, technical and logistic support provided to electoral laws, processes and institutions.

Ground - elections are the core issue of the topic and must be its focal point
Wright 9 – Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers –profs, sociology and law, U Wisconsin - July 2009, American Society: How It Really Works

Elections are at the very core of democracy.
and
electoral system and how it works. 

GOV TO GOV

For” is a term of exclusion - assistance can only go to specified targets
Allegra 2 (Francis M., Judge – United States Court of Federal Claims, “Usibelli Coal Mine, Plaintiff, v. The United States, Defendant”, 11-8, 2002 U.S. Claims LEXIS 307, , Lexis)

The cynosure here is the phrase "for any overpayment in respect of
And
an overpayment.

FOOTNOTES
14 Neither the Code nor the Treasury regulations contain an all-inclusive definition
and
be express, and it must be strictly construed.

Topical targets are only governments - not NGOs
O’Conner 9 (Martha, “The National Lawyers Guild Works for Israel's Destruction”, American Thinker, 10-25, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/10/the_national_lawyers_guild_wor.html)

BDS campaigns that are conceived independently,
and
the country and does not encompass NGOs.[1]

\\

1NC
Text - The Director of the F Bureau of the United States Department of State should issue and publish in the Federal Register a policy memorandum that relevant United States entities should substantially their rule of law assistance for promotion of environmental governance for Egypt.

Competes - policy statements do not make law - they’re legally distinct from the plan because they’re only position-taking
Koch 5 (Charles H. Jr., Professor of Law – William and Mary School of Law, “Policymaking by the Administrative Judiciary”, Alabama Law Review, Spring, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 693, Lexis)

n110 E.g., Consol Edison Co …, nor the agency

Solves - the Director has the power to issue non-legislative rules
Newman 93
(Frank C. Newman – Jackson H. Ralston Professor of International Law (emeritus), University of California, Berkeley; and California Supreme Court Justice (retired). DePaul Law Review – lexis) 

Administrative law … - formal rules could be instructive.

Factually, USAID is a sub-set of the F Bureau - it’ll follow their lead
Diplopundit 9
(Internally quoting a wreck of uber-qualified people, including former USAID Administrators Carol Lancaster and Andrew Natsios – April 2, 2009 –  http://diplopundit.blogspot.com/2009/04/usaid-in-state-departments-orbit.html)

The SFRC held a hearing … and link budgets to policies."

The practical effect is identical to binding law - memo sends a signal of the plan and agencies will comply
Hunnicutt 99 (James, JD – Boston College Law School, “Another Reason to Reform the Federal Regulatory System: Agencies' Treating Nonlegislative Rules as Binding Law”, Boston College Law Review, December, 41 B.C. L. Rev 153, Lexis)

Rules created without process… process. 156

CP avoids politics - but binding agency action links
below congressional radar,
circumvents notification requirements
and interest group lobbying,
solidifies gains before opposition kicks in
and even if it triggers the link wouldn’t be until AFTER our DA
Raso 10 (Connor R., JD – Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science – Stanford University, “Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents”, The Yale Law Journal, January, 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)

BLOCK
*State Department will comply - shaping the memo into practically binding law
Anthony 92 (Robert A., Foundation Professor of Law – George Mason University School of Law, “Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, Guidances, Manuals, And The Like - Should Federal Agencies Use Them To Bind The Public?”, Duke Law Journal, June, 41 Duke L.J. 1311, Lexis)

General knowledge of … private parties. 314

*No one will see the difference. The real world consequence is identical.
Boer 99 (Tom J., Attorney – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and JD – George Washington University Law School, “Review Of Interpretive Rules And Policy Statements Under Judicial Review Provisions Such As Rcra Section 7006(A)(1)”, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, Spring, 26 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 519, Lexis)

n43 See, e.g., Asimow, supra note 19, at 383-84. Although the theoretical difference ... consequences are usually identical.

Memos have a practical binding effect that mandates implementation and sends a signal of the plan
Anthony 98 (Robert A., Foundation Professor of Law – George Mason University School of Law, “Unlegislated Compulsion: How Federal Agency Guidelines Threaten Your Liberty”, Cato Policy Analysis No. 312, 8-11, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa312.html)

All too often, though, … while a policy statement that the agency treats as binding does not. 

Memos change agency spending
Asimov 85 (Michael, Professor of Law – UCLA Law School, “Nonlegislative Rulemaking And Regulatory Reform”, Duke Law Journal, April, 1985 Duke L.J. 381, Lexis)

Policy statements are … Internal Revenue Service. 32

Nonlegislative rules can cause funding changes
Franklin 10 (David L., JD – Yale Law School, “Legislative Rules, Nonlegislative Rules, and the Perils of the Short Cut”, The Yale Law Journal, November, 120 Yale L.J. 276, Lexis)

Congressional committees… the executive, and the courts. 41

AT: Theory
Key to education - rule-making is a core issue - that’s Hunnicutt - essential to learning - especially on this topic
Spence 4 (Dr. Matthew, Ph.D. in International Relations – Oxford University and JD – Yale University, “Policy Coherence and Incoherence: The Domestic Politics of American Democracy Promotion”, 10-5, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20741/Spence-_CDDRL_10-4_draf1.pdf)

Comparing American and … of outcomes on the ground.

Tons of literature exists
Raso 10 (Connor R., JD – Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science – Stanford University, “Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents”, The Yale Law Journal, January, 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)

Scholars and policymakers … comment process.

A2: Perm – Links to Politics
Avoids the link – no congressional attention – but binding agency action links
Raso 10 (Connor R., JD – Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science – Stanford University, “Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents”, The Yale Law Journal, January, 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)
Agency leaders facing a … during divided government.

CP specifically avoids budget, agency action and congressional scrutiny links
Raso 10 (Connor R., JD – Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science – Stanford University, “Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents”, The Yale Law Journal, January, 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)
Two studies have advanced … reforms to reduce this behavior.

Binding agency action links but CP circumvents congressional scrutiny and prevents interest groups from “pulling the fire alarm”
Hamilton and Schroeder, 94  
James T. Hamilton and Christopher H. Schroeder_{Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Economics, and Political Science, Duke University. Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law.Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 57, No. 2, Regulating Regulation: The Political Economy of Administrative Procedures and Regulatory Instruments: [Part 2] (Spring, 1994)}

3. As the regulatory … more discretion than formal rules.

Plan and perm link – but counterplan can circumvent our “controversy”  “independent agency” and “congressional scrutiny” links
Hamilton and Schroeder, 94  
James T. Hamilton and Christopher H. Schroeder_{Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Economics, and Political Science, Duke University. Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law.Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 57, No. 2, Regulating Regulation: The Political Economy of Administrative Procedures and Regulatory Instruments: [Part 2] (Spring, 1994)}

5. As congressional specificity in …scrutinized notice-and-comment rules

Empirical Data proves
Hamilton and Schroeder, 94  
James T. Hamilton and Christopher H. Schroeder_{Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Economics, and Political Science, Duke University. Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law.Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 57, No. 2, Regulating Regulation: The Political Economy of Administrative Procedures and Regulatory Instruments: [Part 2] (Spring, 1994)}

An alternative explanation … by actions such as court remands. 

A2: Perm – Links to APA
Only independent agency action breaks down administrative law - the perm is exempt from notice-and-comment requirements because it establishes congruent legislation
Anthony 94 (Robert A., Foundation Professor of Law – George Mason University School of Law, “"Interpretive" Rules, "Legislative" Rules and "Spurious" Rules: Lifting the Smog”, Administrative Law Journal, Spring, 8 Admin. L.J. Am. U. 1, Lexis)

II. WHY INTERPRETIVE … be done to impose binding rules.

A2: Perm – Do the CP
The distinction’s clear and highly relevant
Koch 5 (Charles H. Jr., Professor of Law – William and Mary School of Law, “Policymaking by the Administrative Judiciary”, Alabama Law Review, Spring, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 693, Lexis)

Such policy pronouncements … a deviation can be justified. 112

Memos aren’t law. “Practical effect” is irrelevant from a legal standpoint.
Hunnicutt 99 (James, JD – Boston College Law School, “Another Reason to Reform the Federal Regulatory System: Agencies' Treating Nonlegislative Rules as Binding Law”, Boston College Law Review, December, 41 B.C. L. Rev 153, Lexis)

1.  Factors Distinguishing .. have practical legal effects.116

The plan and topic require a mandated increase - assistance as a possible outcome severs
HEFC 4 (Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/1 67/167we98.htm# n43)

9.1 The Draft Bill … considered to be ever-increasing.

“Substantial” requires legal effect
Words and Phrases 64 (40W&P 759)

The words" outward… undivided; sole; opposed to inclusive.

Severs especially strong “normal means” - the plan uses Congress and the perm doesn’t shield unless it severs
Melia 5
(George, Institute for Diplomacy – Georgetown University, “The Democracy Bureaucracy”, http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/papers/democracy_bureaucracy.pdf)

One of the leading … by the Department.” 21

The plan’s language means it must be Congress -
It says “Federal Government” - which means all branches
Cunningham 97
(Representative, H.R. 123 Jan 7th – “Bill Emerson English Language Empowerment Act of 1997,” 105th Congress, 1st Session, http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/grads/macswan/hr123.htm)

`Sec. 163. Official … performing official business. 

This specifically includes Congress
U.S. Code 11
(Title 38, Part III, Chapter 43, Subchapter I, § 4303, “Definitions,” http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/us
code38/usc_sec_38_00004303000-.html)

 (6) The term “… branch of the United States.

This isn’t nit-picking - it’s the only grammatical interpretation of the plan
Hurford 94
Linguistics Professor at Edinburgh, 94 (James R., General Linguistics Professor at the University of Edinburgh, Grammar: A Student’s Guide, “Singular”, p. 224)

Singular Explanation … is ready to defend its vital interests

\\

CP’s process violates the APA and undermines administrative law - perm doesn’t solve because it acts in accordance with legislation
Anthony 92 (Robert A., Foundation Professor of Law – George Mason University School of Law, “Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, Guidances, Manuals, And The Like - Should Federal Agencies Use Them To Bind The Public?”, Duke Law Journal, June, 41 Duke L.J. 1311, Lexis)

With one exception, the answer to the question in the
and
is the capital problem addressed by this Article.

Spills over
Kalen 8 (Sam, Visiting Assistant Professor – Penn State University, “The Transformation of Modern Administrative Law: Changing Administrations and Environmental Guidance Documents”, Ecology Law Quarterly, 35 Ecology L.Q. 657, Lexis)

Early in the opinion, Judge Randolph foreshadowed
and
Federal Register or the Code of Federal Regulations. 85

It’s unique - nonlegislative guidance is limited now
Raso 10 (Connor R., JD – Yale Law School and Ph.D. in Political Science – Stanford University, “Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents”, The Yale Law Journal, January, 119 Yale L.J. 782, Lexis)

This Note first outlines how the law distinguishes
and
assuming that agencies commonly abuse guidance documents.

Administrative law crushes agency progressivism - CP’s key to check the executive
Strauss 11 (Peter, Not David Paul, Betts Professor of Law – Columbia Law School, “The APA at 65- Is Reform Needed to Create Jobs, Promote Economic Growth and Reduce Costs?”, Congressional Documents and Publications, 2-28, Lexis)

As you may know, I have for the last forty years been a scholar of Administrative Law at
and
Government and those affected by federal regulation and deregulation. n3
 

Two impacts:

APA power is bad – props-up the worst forms of executive privilege specifically in foreign affairs.

Wirth ‘93
David A. Wirth – Assistant Professor of Law, Washington and Lee University – American University Journal of International Law & Policy – Fall, 1993 – lexis 

A great deal can also be done at the purely national
and
warranted merely because of the international context for decision making.

Excessive Power in this regard is bad – causes massive violence.

Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., president of the Mises Institute, editor of LewRockwell.com, 1996, “Down With the Presidency,” http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/prez.html

The presidency is seemingly bound by law, but in practice
and
the chair itself that must be reduced to kindling.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

U.S. policy’s modeled globally
Aman 99 (Alfred C. Jr., Dean and Professor of Law – Indiana University School of Law, “Globalization and the U.S. Administrative Procedures Act: Furthering Democracy and the Global Public Interest”, 2-3, http://www.lcil. cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/doc/Snyder99.doc)

In addition to the “democracy … values and legal approaches abroad.

Violating administrative law is key to respond to environmental crises
Johnson 7 (Stephen M., Associate Dean and Professor – Walter F. George School of Law, Mercer University, “Good Guidance, Good Grief!”, Missouri Law Review, Summer, 72 Mo. L. Rev. 695, Lexis)

A. Reforms Will Discourage … guidance is being developed. 182

\\

Next Off is “Nominations”

A. Uniqueness-Link

Nguyen nomination will pass – prior experience boosts her chances. This slot’s last nominee, Liu, failed to get the votes.

IBA 9-23
(2011 – Indianapolis Bar Association – http://www.indybar.org/news/legal-news.php)
Just two years after naming... , after Senate Republicans in May blocked confirmation of Goodwin Liu.

Nguyen’s up for the Court of Appeals – it’ll be a fight and White House will be involved.

DOYLE 9-23
2011 – MICHAEL DOYLE of McClatchy Newspapers – internally quoting US Senator Diane Feinstein – Bellingham Herald – http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2011/09/23/2198402/obama-makes-potentially-historic.html
Now, with the nomination of ...Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii and Oregon.

Link – plan drains political capital

(insert)

B. Impact 

Political Capital key to judicial nominations 

Steigerwalt ‘10
(Amy Steigerwalt is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Georgia State University – Battle over the Bench – Page 119)
The decision by an interest group to ... to defer or forgo other high priority goals. 

Our capital thesis is true of Obama’s judicial nominations

Vining ‘9
(et al – Dr. Richard Vining Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia – Bias and the Bar: Evaluating the ABA Ratings of Federal Judicial Nominees – available at: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1368891 - )
The decisions to alter the ABA’s participation ... ideological preferences (Scherer 2005; Scherer, Bartels and Steigerwalt 2008).

Prop 8 will hit the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court – and that ruling is key to final outcome.

Mintz 9-7
(2011 – Howard Mintz is the long-time legal affairs reporter for The San Jose Mercury News – Mercury News –  http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_18835830?nclick_check=1)
The California Supreme Court on ... whether the appeal can proceed.

A liberal Appeals Court nomination is especially vital for Prop 8 – the prior Liu nomination proves

Tashman ‘11
Brian Tashman is a Research Associate at People For the American Way, where he writes for PFAW's Right Wing Watch. People For the American Way's Right Wing Watch is dedicated to monitoring and reporting on the activities of right-wing political organizations, in order to expose the agenda of the extreme Right. Our researchers monitor dozens of broadcasts, emails and websites, and use their expertise on right-wing movements to analyze and distill that information for the general public. March 2, 2011 – http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/right-wing-activists-malign-goodwin-liu-even-conservative-legal-minds-support-his-confirmati
Legal scholar Goodwin Liu, President Obama’s ...“extreme liberal agenda of judicial activism.”

Regardless of theoretical K’s, ending Prop 8 is key to broader and more effective movements on the ground

Bennett ‘8
Jessica Bennett is a senior writer and editor at Newsweek & The Daily Beast, covering social issues, gender, sex and culture. She has won three Front Page Awards, and has been honored by the Society of Professional Journalists, the New York Press Club and GLAAD, among other organizations – Daily Beast – December 8th – http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/12/08/gay-rights-2-0.html
A lot has changed since 1988, ... you have a chance to articulate a message."

If Prop 8 gets upheld, it will devastate the gay rights movement. 

Hart ‘9
Zac Hart is co-founder of Indy Impact, a direct-action LGBT activist organization. His group currently organizes National and Local LGBT Rights Protests – “Jesus Christ took away my Freedom” – The bilerico Project – May 26th – http://www.bilerico.com/2009/05/jesus_christ_took_away_my_sin_freedom.php
So what happens after today when Prop 8 is ... down to a vote by the majority. 

(Note: this article was written immediately prior to a projected ruling by the California Supreme Court – which the author thought would be against Prop 8 opponents. By chance, that ruling did not take place and – at that stage – kicked the item up to the Ninth Circuit)

The movement is key to check all oppression and worst forms of violence. Our impact is distinct from the Aff’s K of conventional “rights”.

Tatchell ‘89
Peter Tatchell has been campaigning for human rights, democracy, LGBT freedom and global justice since 1967. He is a member of the group OutRage!, and has written several published books on LGBT issues – May/June 1989 (“Beyond Lesbian and Gay Rights” – Interlink) – http://www.petertatchell.net/masculinity/gay_liberation.htm
The gay liberation movement’s c.... all relations of oppression and exploitation.

\\

1NC

The European Union should propose to the United States Federal Government a higher-level transatlantic forum for coordinating policies on Middle East and North African reform, modeled on  the U.S.-E.U. strategic dialogue on Asia established in 2005.  The European Union should inform the United States Federal Government of its intention to take a lead donor role on advisory support for democratic constitutional reform for Bahrain.  The European Union should  provide substantial advisory support for democratic constitutional reform for Bahrain, including supporting the Crown Prince’s reform agenda.  The European Union should offer to include on the forum agenda a joint diplomatic statement of high level transatlantic support for the European initiative.

solves whole case better and key to EU soft power and US – EU strategic parternship – but the perm derails all that
Youngs, ‘4
Richard Youngs is senior researcher at the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) in Madrid, and lecturer at the University of Warwick in the UK. He previously worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and coordinated an EU funded research project on democracy in the Middle East, within which he established a network of experts from the Middle East and compiled a series of policy recommendations for the European Commission. Youngs has also acted as consultant to the FCO, DFID and a number of European research institute, the Foreign Policy Center, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/352.pdf

Europeans risk becoming … EU programmes. 

BLOCK

2NC Solvency

-Independently –Joint Forum and Statement solves the whole case better – even if they say no  - This card defeats every legitimate permutation and solvency deficit in the 2AC
Wittes and Youngs,  ‘9
( Tamara Cofman Wittes is a Senior Fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings and directs the Center’s Project on Middle East Democracy and Development., Richard Youngs is Coordinator of the Democratisation programme at FRIDE, “Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy: Repairing the Breach”, Brookings analysis paper, January)
Notwithstanding the oft-stated tensions and diplomatic differences, AND   Middle East is both possible and well worth pursuing.

Only CP alone solves – Forum self-corrects – that’s key to new solutions and cooperation
Amirah-Fernadez and Menedez 9 [Haizam, Seenior Analyst at the Mediterranean and Arab World Program at the Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies and Irene, Juan March Foundation, “Reform in Comparative Perspective: US and EU Strategies of Democracy Promotion in the MENA Region after 9/11,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, 325–338, December]
Be it as it may, rapidly improving transatlantic relations AND  backbone of a solid effort for political liberalisation.

Counterplan solves shortcomings of current EU assistance  and sends independent signal that solves aff
-Joint presentation captures US signal
-transatlantic cooperation signals resolve that independently solves
-forum spurs sharing that overwhelms current problems
Youngs, ’04  (Richard, Civility Program Director, Research Fellow @ ESDP Democracy, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/199.pdf)
9. A European-US Middle East Reform Forum AND the issue of Middle Eastern political reform.
AT – US Credibility
CP alone solves US credibility – US Lead and Funding aren’t key – plan causes backlash that turns case
Hadley, ‘11 (Stephen, Senior Advisor @ US Institute for Peace, Former NSA, 8/18)
We are about to miss a historic opportunity AND the U.S. government needs to organize itself.

That internal link turn all your offense – US support for international EU  led efforts is best – perception of highly visible US lead role guts democratic reform and US cred
Fukuyama and McFaul, ‘8  
Francis Fukuyama is a professor of international political economy and director of the International Development Program at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
Michael McFaul is a Hoover Senior Fellow, a professor of political science, and director of the Center on Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford University. He is also a nonresident associate at
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and a member of TWQ’s editorial board
In his second inaugural address, on January 20, 2005, President George W. Bush AND  This neglect of multilateral institutions must end.

FYI – They can’t solve credibility
Rubin, ‘2 (Barry Rubin is Director of the Global Research in International Affairs Center and Editor of the Middle East Review of International Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Lexis)
As mentioned before, anti-Americanism is equally AND undermine the practical impact of Arab anti-Americanism.

Only transatlantic partnership solves policy effectiveness and US signal – US unilateral lead approach causes backlash – turns case
Diamond, ‘3  (Larry, Hoover Institute, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/8078)

EVEN TO THINK of democratizing the entire world AND  we must do so more softly and subtly, as part of a team.

A2:  Obama won’t get credit

Successful EU action allows Obama to claim credit and deflect blame
Cooper and Meyers, 8/29/11 (Helene and Steven, New York Times)
It would be premature to call the war in Libya AND  Qaddafi versus the U.S.A.,'' the official said.

Negotiators are viewed as the Executive Branch – that’s how it gets credited.
Howell ‘90
Abigail –Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy; B.A., Nazareth College of Rochester
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMEDIA DIPLOMACY:
THE NEGOTIATOR'S DILEMMA – DECEMBER 1990 – edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/1990/.../90Dec_Howell.pdf
Daniel Ellsberg, who was writing a Rand study AND the public has a right to know about.

AT Perm Do Plan + Forum
Doesn’t Solve – still includes US rejection of Europe’s explicit request to ‘take the lead’ and ‘divide up labor’

Coordination through forum alone fails – effective on ground implementation is key – perm fails because it includes unilateral action on plan and prior coordination in preparation phase is key
Fyson and Deutcher, ‘9  
ECKHARD DEUTSCHER AND SARA FYSON, Eckhard Deutscher is Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee and Sara Fyson is Policy Advisor, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Feb, http://elibrary.worldbank.org/docserver/download/deor_11_1_6.pdf?expires=1316830942&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=02470152FF24BB04BC55C7DC8B4DB459
Participants need to clarify early on that the key AND this potentially useful initiative into certain failure.

perm fails – coordination through EU forum is insufficient – inclusion of plans unilateral efforts means new model lacks implementation in practice and it undermines trust building necessary for dialogue and political support
Fyson and Deutcher, ‘9  
ECKHARD DEUTSCHER AND SARA FYSON, Eckhard Deutscher is Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee and Sara Fyson is Policy Advisor, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Feb, http://elibrary.worldbank.org/docserver/download/deor_11_1_6.pdf?expires=1316830942&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=02470152FF24BB04BC55C7DC8B4DB459

THE PARIS DECLARAT ION and the commitments AND of development aid is likely to be short-lived.

~\~\

1NC:

Interpretation and violation 

“Resolved” means the Aff has to have a plan where they instrumentally defend implementation

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ‘98
© 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. [www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01]

Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v. t.
AND
``Resolve my doubt.'' Shak. 

“Should” indicates obligation
Compact Oxford English Dictionary ‘5 (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)

should   • modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness.  

“Substantial” means material, fiated action
AHD 11 (American Heritage Dictionary, “substantial”, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/substantial)

sub•stan•tial    (sb-stnshl) KEY
ADJECTIVE:
Of, relating to, or having substance; material.
True or real; not imaginary.
Solidly built; strong.
Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast.
Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.
Possessing wealth or property; well-to-do.

Reasons to Prefer and Voter

First – Better for clash.  

Their blueprint makes it difficult for the neg to say anything competitive with the aff.  Clash is key to critical testing of claims in debate and an educational experience.

Second –Better for preparation.  

They incentivize a disconnect from topic lit and allow infinite philosophical speculations.  It’s hard for opponents to prepare. This hurts education and leads to unfair competition.

2NC:

Sweeping claims about history mask context and turn the case
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of
AND
Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity

The distinction between disadvantages caused by racism,
AND
putting blacks in conflict with potential allies.12

White supremacy isn’t a monolithic root cause – proximate causes determined through empirics are more likely – and their arg shuts off productive debate over solutions
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of
AND
Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity

Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and
AND
policy or reduced federal funding for higher education). 

Limits outweigh – they’re the vital access point for any theory impact - it’s key to fairness - huge research burdens mean we can’t prepare to compete – and its key to education - big topics cause hyper-generics, lack of clash, and shallow debate - and it destroys participation
Rowland 84 (Robert C., Debate Coach – Baylor University, “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective, Ed. Parson, p. 53-54)

The first major problem identified by the work
AND
led some small schools to cancel their programs.

The range of topical action is wide
Newman 7 (Edward, Senior Lecturer in International Relations and Deputy Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies – University of Birmingham, A Crisis of Global Institutions?: Multilateralism and International Security, p. 110-111)

Democracy promotion
The clearest expression of the international community's embrace
AND
and concentrates more on formal institutions and processes.

Precision outweighs on this topic - it’s a pre-requisite to meaningful debates – the distinction between democracy promotion and assistance is key
Lappin 10 (Richard, Ph.D. Candidate – Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven (Belgium), “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation1”, http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/CEJISS-lappin.pdf)

This article has examined the emergence of democracy
AND
of formulating effective democratic means will remain improbable.

Framer’s intent is the basis of predictability - without it, it’s impossible to interpret the topic
Hutchison 8 (Cameron, Assistant Professor of Law – University of Alberta, “Which Kraft of Statutory Interpretation”, Alberta Law Review, November, 46 Alberta L. Rev. 1, Lexis)

Second, it is not possible to interpret
AND
decide what the rule 'is.'" 127

It’s a voting issue - mooting any word justifies mooting others, destroying all resolutional meaning – and ‘substantially’ must be given meaning
Words and Phrases 64 (p. 819)

“Substantially” is a relative word which
AND
them to be of exactly the same things.

“For” means the target country must be the destination
OED 11 (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, “for”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or in favour of (a person or policy):
troops who had fought for Napoleon
they voted for independence in a referendum
2 affecting, with regard to, or in respect of:
she is responsible for the efficient running of their department
the demand for money
3 on behalf of or to the benefit of:
I got a present for you
these parents aren't speaking for everyone
employed by:
she is a tutor for the Open University
4 having (the thing mentioned) as a purpose or function:
networks for the exchange of information
the necessary tools for making a picture frame
5 having (the thing mentioned) as a reason or cause:
Aileen is proud of her family for their support
I could dance and sing for joy
6 having (the place mentioned) as a destination:
they are leaving for London tomorrow

The plan only has indirect effects on democracy - that’s not “democracy assistance”, and including it makes the topic overly expansive
Lappin 10 (Richard, Ph.D. Candidate – Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven (Belgium), “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation1”, http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/CEJISS-lappin.pdf)

Such fastidiousness on the boundaries of what should
AND
post-conflict democracy assistance can be drawn. 

Tacking on a “democracy component” to the plan does NOT make it “democracy assistance” - it must be tangibly distinct from traditional aid
Youngs 3 (Richard, Professor of Politics – University of Warwick, “European Approaches to Democracy Assistance: Learning the Right Lessons?”, Third World Quarterly, 24(1), February, p. 130)

In addition, the 'conflict resolution' category of
AND
organisational capacity and improving access to representative institutions.

Democratic effect is different than democratic intent - the tie to democracy must be explicit in the plan
Tatar 8 (Marius I., Professor of Political Science – University of Oradea, “The Impact of International Assistance on the Romanian Advocacy NGOs”, 8-2, http://www.changing-europe.org/download/Summer_School_2008/Tatar .pdf)

After the end of the Cold War,
AND
to this influx of external funding.1.

~~\~~\

1NC:

A. Link and Uniqueness

First – Policy Equivocation.

Equivocating on policy implementation makes poor curriculum and turns their racism arguments. This also proves the solution to the Right is university students like us – a uniqueness trend they reverse.

Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology
AND
book/git01/git01_04.pdf

Weak thinking on the American left is especially
AND
secession from the world where most people live. 

Second – is our long Chandler card, it:

 Proves trade-offs between forms of “politics”
 Makes Epistemology K of their authors
 Beats “link of omission” – silence on “formality” breeds passivity

Chandler ‘7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations
AND
Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
“The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics
AND
_articles/Inaugural%20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to
AND
used to understand and engage with the world.  

Third – they’ll say “politics is screwed-up now”.

But, if the World’s too “conservative” it’s because our form of political engagement is TOO THIN. It’s linear.

Chandler ‘9
David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at
AND
(2009), pp. 530-547.
http://www.davidchandler.org/
AND
20-%20Global%20Ideology%20published.pdf
While the Cold War discipline of international relations
AND
of the expanded nature of collective political engagement. 

B. Impacts

They’ll say “conventional politics is bad – it links to our 1AC K”. That’s fine – every time they say “neg links”, we’re saying: “yes, and neg impact turns”.  

Here are our impacts:

First – Anti-Politics dooms their project, threatens the planet, and cedes politics to the Right.
Small ‘6  
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the
AND
/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new
AND
a project that seeks to do just that.   

Second – Anti-Politics causes racism in two ways.

It’s comparatively better to work within the State

Grossberg ‘92 (Lawrence, Professor of
AND
This Place, p. 390-391)
BUT THIS WOULD MEAN THAT THE LEFT COULD
AND
(AS WELL AS RESPONSIBILITY) TO FIGHT THEM

And, it attracts a tyrannical response that backfires.

Hogan ‘7
(Michael, Honorary Associate of Government and
AND
, August, p. 5-6)
The issues of ethnicity and concern for economic
AND
have infiltrated the institutions of democracy and capitalism.

C. This position has three implications:

1. It’s a disad to the 1AC’s emphasis on critical theory and their strategy for advancing political change.
   2. It’s a solvency arg – the systems they critique remain unchanged and their approach to curriculum will only empower the Right.
   3. It’s a normative reason to prefer our framework for the round – which we’ll state here:

The aff must fiat a plan through Macro-State Based entities. They can only win on advantages to that plan – not on external K’s of disads. The best policy option wins.

D. Our framework is a voter… Prefer it:

First – Anti-Politics is normative offense against their framework. Every disad they’ll make to our framework is a link to anti-politics.

Second – Policy role-play doesn’t indoctrinate or get stale – makes best Real World education.

Joyner ‘99
(Christopher C., Professor of International Law
AND
& Comp. L. 377, Lexis)
USE OF THE debate can be an effective
AND
analysis, POLITICAL CRITIQUE, AND LEGAL DEFENSE.

Third – Limits – there’s are infinite items to abstractly critique. There’s an infinite amount of reps in a round. This is bad for fairness, education, and testing their truth claims – as we can’t meaningfully engage the infinite.

Fourth – Our framework is a better starting point for their goals. We can’t understand the micro until we understand macro forces that shape it.

Sissel ‘1
Peggy A. Sissel is assistant professor,
AND
CONTINUING EDUCATION, no. 91, Fall 2001
These scholars and others point to the necessity
AND
of the external environment in which they function. 

Sixth – Coherence – it’s the most objective way to decide – it’s impossible to weigh good reps vs. bad reps… Planless debates become a race for re-defintion after the 1NC. Debate turns into a shallow “no link” contest, instead of a place where disagreement forces us to defend different positions.

E. Our defensive arguments

First – Boundaries like framework are inevitable – they can’t escape that.

Shively 2K (Ruth LessI, Fonner Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M,
POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTISAN POLITICS, p. 178-9)
The first point here is that the ambiguists
AND
and firm support that we can give them.

Second – Their K of Framework winds-up re-ifying. The over-riding goal of transcending boundaries becomes violent. This contextualizes – their framework won’t engage an entire genre of “the other’s” policy arguments. They are assimilation with post-modern lipstick.

Paipais ‘11
Vassilios Paipais – MPhil/PhD Candidate International
AND
eu/uploads/Paipais-PaipaisTurinEssay.pdf
In this conversation, one engages with the
AND
implicit presumption of a particular postconventional agency.78 

And, even if they win everything, they still lose. A truly radical curriculum for debate framework is vulnerable. Unless we’re grounded in pragmatic politics, the Right will re-design the curriculum and entrench racism. Experience in Ed Policy proves.

Plank ‘94
et al, David N. Plank is
AND
. from the University of Chicago in 1983.
American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 31
AND
www.jstor.org/stable/1163309
Among the consequences of antipolitics is a variety
AND
National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). 

F. We’ll pre-empt what might be called “pre-fiat”:

The “pre-fiat” framework arg causes a trade-off and masks that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ‘5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of
AND
Adobe%20files/Rematerializing%20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of
AND
of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

That cedes the political in a dangerous way

Eliasoph ‘97
Nina Eliasoph is Associate Professor of Sociology at
AND
www.jstor.org/stable/658024
If the key to the mystery of "
AND
, or acknowledge that close and far are inseparable

1NR:

Anti-Politics dooms their project and threatens the planet
Small ‘6  
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the
AND
/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new
AND
a project that seeks to do just that.   

(  ) Our form of dissent solves their racism arguments and proves that even if the State has often been racist, FIAT means that Aff doesn’t have to be boxed into that.

Gerken ‘5
(Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law
AND
Rev. 1745 May, 2005 – lexis) 

Notice, however, that the safe space
AND
private enclave moves to a decidedly public space. 

Some things can ONLY be solved “through the system” – and lifting existing State-exclusion of the Muslim Brotherhood is such an item.

Barbrook ‘97
(Dr. Richard, School of Westminster, Nettime, “More Provocations”, 6-5,
http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9706/msg00034.html)
I thought that this position is clear from my remarks
AND
artistic pose. However, human suffering is not.

Our “comparatively better” arg. State-based reformism can solve – Even if it can’t, the alternative of striving for abolition is comparatively worse. This assumes the world of co-optation

Saward ‘92
(Micheal, Royal Holloway and Bedford New
AND
Co-optive Politics and State Legitimacy p.)
Co-option should not be seen as
AND
formal influence within the decision- making process.  

Ceding politics is comparatively worse:

Bronner ‘4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political
AND
ISBN 9780231126090, p. 151-153)
Enlightenment thinkers wished neither to abolish the state
AND
a world of direct democracy has been achieved.

If their arg is so anti-State that we can’t use fiat to rip-down the State, then that’s overly-pessimistic and silly. This specifically solves their slavery args.
James ‘9
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
In these two instances of successful reappropriation of the
AND
down the master's house. 

Working from within the system can produce change. Solves their race args

James ‘9
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
Norma Coates expresses here an ethical
AND
the Stones, as “sexy”—as mainstream/conventional discourse.

We epistemologically indict K’s of Action, the State, and Serial-Policy Failure. Those K’s also reify domination.

Chandler ‘10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations
AND
%20-%20Chandler%20response.pdf)
The work of Foucault is not the subject
AND
could be merely offering an apologia for them. 

Their unconventional study via cultural pedagogy are not an effective “politics”. It cedes politics and reifies racism.

Todd Gitlin ‘5 formerly served as professor
AND
book/git01/git01_02.pdf
The thirst for consolation explains the rise of
AND 

popular culture as a surrogate for politics.   

(  ) We indict “pre-fiat” and micro-politics. Those args mask that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ‘5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of
AND
Adobe%20files/Rematerializing%20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of
AND
of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

(  ) Gitlin proves your in-round or local or pre-fiat k’s of certain “isms” is a bad idea. This classroom should – instead – role-play about macro-structures.

McLaughlin ‘7
Neil McLaughlin teaches sociological theory at McMaster University
AND
cjsonline.ca/pdf/intellectualsflag.pdf
Even more importantly, at a time when
AND
debate, political parties and democratic mass politics. 

(  ) Pre-fiat or over-emphasizing the effect on the “local” audience links to anti-politics

Stahl ‘99
No relation to Greta (honestly), Geoff
AND 

The response throughout Resistance Through Rituals and Subcultures
AND
that often obscure their subtle yet unavoidable influence. 

~~\~~\

(  ) “Reification and root cause” Turn

a) They elevate whiteness to near all-pervasive force driving most oppression. Such conceptual expansion hides the actual practice of racism and makes breaking it down more difficult

Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen,
AND
Bonilla-Silva, p. 30-32
Conceptually, one of the major problems in
AND
everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.

b) The notion that whiteness and the State doom reformism ensues. Oppression goes up by ensuring their politics go nowhere
Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen,
AND
Bonilla-Silva, p. 30-32
Even those who acknowledge the material basis of
AND
racial segregation and discrimination, this seems unlikely.

c) Political systems aren’t inevitably oppressive. Working within them is a better starting point
Sullivan 8 – Shannon Sullivan, Head of
AND
Philosophy, Vol. 44, No. 2

It is commonly acknowledged today, at least
AND
this need will not be effective in practice. 

(  ) Race-based methodology turn:

a) Calls for new ones cement domination by inadvertently calling for new “standards of proof”

Tyson ‘98
CYNTHIA A. TYSON is an assistant professor in the School for Integrated Teaching and Learning and Language, Literature and Culture at the Ohio State University – Educational Researcher, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 21-22 – 1998 – available at J-Stor
In their piece, Scheurich and Young (1997) raise
AND
will be dismantled and dissected while racist epistemologies remain intact.

b) Specifically applies – Their author Robert Young makes this call in the essay they quote:

Barnett ‘98
(Author(s): Clive Barnett Reviewed
AND
jstor.org/stable/623269) .
Following from this, the focus upon representations
AND
event in the production of colonial representations.8

Footnote: Young R 1994 Egypt in America
AND
western front Polity Press, Cambridge 150-69

(  ) Our epistemology indict

a) Their Robinson card is not particular – it critiques a universal assumption that’s the “true motive” behind Western Approaches. We’ll win that no such “hidden motive” exists
 
Chandler ‘10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations
AND
%20of%20Lib%20Peace.pdf)
In the critiques of the liberal peace,
AND
in so-called ‘Westphalian’ terms.44 

b) Two impacts – your Aff is epistemologically wrong and this ensures our entire understanding the items you critique are flawed.

Chandler ‘10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations
AND
%20of%20Lib%20Peace.pdf)
This article seeks to forward an alternative framework
AND
against all other modes of cultural forms’.9 

~~\~~\

1NC:

Obama is successfully delaying labeling China as a currency manipulator despite pressure from Congress- that label would destroy US-China relations
Mary Swire, Tax-News.com
AND 

The US Senate passed the currency bill earlier
AND
to Congress on other countries’ exchange rate policies.

US Cutting back on new diplomatic missions now – the goal is to avoid Congressional backlash.
R.T.T. ‘11
(RTT News (United States) – February 18 – lexis)  

Operating the diplomatic missions of the United States
AND
set of choices coming out of Congressional appropriations."

PC is key to stop the Treasury from naming China a currency manipulator
PETHOKOUKIS 2010. [James, Reuters columnist, “How Obamacare is killing free trade” Reuters]

And the situation could worsen. To appease
AND
. In short, Obama needs to lead.

MANIPULATOR LABEL ENSURES ESCALATING TENSIONS – RESULTS IN TBILL SELL OFF, ECONOMIC COLLAPSE AND RELATIONS FAIL.
MCNALLY 9. [Chris, research fellow
AND
]

The unraveling of this synergy is already creating
AND
to steer this fragile relationship through tough times. 

THE IMPACT IS GLOBAL NUCLEAR WAR.
Mead -09 (Walter Russell Mead,
AND 

2 AD 6/30/09) 

So far, such half-hearted experiments
AND
track, we may still have to fight. 

1NR:

1NCR

Link takes out solvency – Perception of Partisanship outweighs Democracy Assistance

1st -Credibility
McFaul, ‘6  (David Adesnik is a member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses.
Michael McFaul is the Helen and Peter Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution;
director of the Center for Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford
University; and a nonresident senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington Quarterly, Spring)
Second, words mattered, especially when they
AND
superiors’ credibility, including that of the president.

2nd – Bipartisanship key to solve
Norris, 11 (John Norris is the Executive Director of the Sustainable Security and Peacebuilding Initiative. 3/18, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/03/rising_to_the_occasion.html)
The question is: What do our leaders
AND
such historic moments are few and far between.

FIRST – LABEL RESULTS IN MASS SELL OFF IN TBILLS – SLOWING RATE OF CHINA T BILL PURCHASE CAUSES COLLAPSE OF DOLLAR AND AN TURNS ENERGY SERCURITY IMPACTS
Dorsch 9  (7/7, Gary, holds a Bachelor of Science in Finance from Arizona State University. Worked on the trading floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for nine years as the chief Financial Futures Analyst for three clearing firms, Oppenheimer Rouse Futures Inc, GH Miller and Company, and a commodity fund at the LNS Financial Group, members of the CME and CBOT.  Worked on the domestic and foreign equities trading desk for Charles Schwab and Company, the largest discount broker in the United States, for almost eleven years.  As a transactional broker for Charles Schwab's Global Investment Services department, he handled thousands of customer trades in 45 stock exchanges around the world, “How Long Can the U.S. Dollar Defy the Law of Gravity?” http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article11862.html)

In the midst of the longest and deepest
AND
is starting to become an increasingly realistic proposition.  

COLLAPSE OF THE DOLLAR COLLAPSES HEG.
Looney 3 [Robert, Prof. Nat'l. Sec. Affairs @ Naval Postgraduate, Strategic Insights, "From Petrodollars to Petroeuros: Are the Dollar's Days as an International Reserve Currency Drawing to an End?" Vol. II, Iss. 11, November, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/nov03/middleEast.asp]

Political power and prestige. The benefits of
AND
an available alternative to the dollar.[12] 

SECOND – IT COLLAPSES THE CHINESE ECONOMY - CHINESE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES MASSIVE NUCLEAR CONFLICT
Srinivasan, Researcher at Rediff, 6/
AND
From mismanagement to collapse” Rediff.com)
One might say this is an internal problem
AND
, so the Americans had better worry too.  

THIRD RELATIONS - BREAKDOWN OF US/SINO RELATIONS TURNS ASIAN WAR
CONABLE AND LAMPTON 93. [Barber B., President Emeritus – World Bank, David, President – National Committee, “China: The Coming Power” Foreign Affairs, December / January – lexis]
Regionally American interests are both numerous and important
AND
ties to the P.R.C.

AND MIDDLE EAST WAR
KRONICK AND MOELLER 9. [Scott ,
AND
-what-does-future-hold]
The Changing Geopolitical Environment  North Korea, Iran
AND
first country to officially recognize the People's Republic. 

AND WARS OVER OIL
Tanner 4. (Travis, Associate Dir
AND
Center, Asia Times, 6-18)
The third factor to be contemplated when analyzing
AND
increasingly robust bilateral relationship make this claim unlikely.

U.S.-Chinese relations are critical to global environmental protection
Boxer ’97 (Baruch, Prof Geography and Environmental Science, Rutgers U., Christian Science Monitor, 7-9, Lexis)
Political tensions between the United States and China
AND
example for other countries as the millennium dawns.
from the foundation."7 This problem is
AND
which is essential to our existence: agriculture. 

NOW IS KEY  U.S. ENVOYS ARE ATTEMPTING TO REPAIR RELATIONS WITH CHINA – FURTHER PROTECTIONIST PRESSURE WILL BE THE LAST STRAQ.
WINES 10. [3-2  Michael, China bureau chief @ NYT “American envoys in Beijing to mend relations” NYT]
Two senior United States officials arrived in Beijing
AND
Relations, who was quoted by the paper. 

REPORT KEY TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT OBAMA WILL ADOPT A PROTECTIONIST CHINA POLICY.
STELZER 10. [3-13  Irwin, senior fellow and director of Hudson Institute's economic policy studies group ,  economic journalist, “Obama’s Trade Trouble” Weekly Standard  http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obamas-trade-trouble]
Unfortunately, President Obama has until now shown
AND
whether to label China a “currency manipulator.”   

Obama will veto bills
Washington Times 10/11/11 (Senate OKs measure to hit China on valuation, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/oct/11/senate-oks-measure-to-hit-china-on-valuation/)
The White House has implied Mr. Obama
AND
do is actually effective and solves the problem.”

Won’t pass the House
Shanghai Daily 10/13/11 (China calls President Obama to block 'harmful' currency bill, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/7615668.html)
China has urged the Obama administration to block
AND
with it, according to the Associated Press.

Most likely won’t become law or cause China backlash
Market Watch, 10-6-2011 http://www.marketwatch.com/story/obama-briefly-admits-truth-on-china-currency-2011-10-06?link=kiosk

It’s with that background that the Senate is
AND
-fronted confrontation with China will be avoided. 

Hold all of their link UQ to a very high threshold-issues don’t cost PC until they’re at the finish line-if they can’t cite a bill discount them
Drum, 10  (Kevin, Political Blogger, Mother Jones, http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/03/immigration-coming-back-burner)
Not to pick on Ezra or anything, but this attitude
AND
Maybe not. But they will be soon.

Obama’s dropped it
Rush Limbaugh 10-25-2011 http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2011/10/25/bam_drops_jobs_push_switches_to_more_mortgage_meddling

Bam Drops Jobs Push, Switches to More
AND
wouldn't vote for it. He's abandoned that.

It’s a media pet-project and a faux scandal- not a big deal
Tim Cavanaugh is a Reason columnist and Hit & Run contributor., 10-21-2011 http://reason.com/blog/2011/10/21/solyndra-dead-enders-our-talki

“Republican talking points are delivered as first
AND
Planet Earth won’t make your situation any better. 

WINNERS-LOSE FOR OBAMA
RYAN 9. [1-18  Selwyn Professor of Social Science at the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies. Ph.D. in Political Science from Cornell, http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968]
Like many, I expect much from Obama
AND
in cyberspace (the latent "Obama Party").

~~\~~\

1NC:

Text:

The Office of Management and Budget and its Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs should utilize their Scorecard system and issue a red score rating to the appropriate federal agency for failure to provide democratic civil society support for Yemeni deliberative forums. 

Without force of law, “Traffic-Lights” cause change– bragging rights and quarterly updates prove.
Breul ‘8
(Jonathan D . Breul – IBM Center
AND
-1026. – obtained via EBSCOhost database)

 “Traffic light” scorecard . The
AND
to show him the scorecard ( Frank 2003 ).

Red-lights cause voluntarily implementation of the Aff.
Peckenpaugh ‘3
(Jason Peckenpaugh – the “he told” in this card is internally quoting Clay Johnson, deputy director for management at the Office of Management and Budget. Peckenpaugh is a frequent contributor to Government Executive and affiliated with Stanford University Criminal Justice Center – Government Executive – http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0503/052703p1.htm)

"The management agenda has taken
AND
 not-to-be-underestimated motivation for these agencies."

The cplan’s initial OMB action won’t be viewed as the White House.
Tomkin ‘98
(Shelley Lynne Tomkin is Associate Professor of
AND
Budget Office – p.27-28)

As head of BOB/OMB, the
AND
, "abandoned cultural commentary for awhile."37

White House would be involved in plan’s legislation – that drains capital. Cplan avoids:

Seidenfeld ‘94
Mark Seidenfeld – Associate Professor, Florida State
AND
Law. Iowa Law Review – October, lexis
A. The Need for OMB Regulatory Review
AND
, however, no such monitoring will occur.

2NC:

Cplan isn’t referendums or cheato-veto. We request, but don’t fiat – assistance. We’re the voluntary/incentives cplan:

Copeland ‘8
Curtis Copeland, Specialist American National Government, Congressional Research Service – Committee on House Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law – CQ Congressional Testimony May 6, 2008 – lexis
Several provisions in Executive Order 12866
AND
 same form, if they resurfaced at all.

“Zero force of law” cplans uniquely good:

 Aff can’t sever all of plan. Regardless of “certainty”, they can’t run from the possibility of a mandated increase. Key to all Neg ground on aid topics.
 Reciprocity – they avoid rollback and get much mileage out PASSING plan, they should have to defend it.
 Plan and topic require a mandated increase - aid as a “possible outcome” severs

H.E.F.C. ‘4
(Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/1 67/167we98.htm# n43)
9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do all that it "reasonably can to meet the compliance objective in relation to the charity".[ 45] The Draft Bill defines the compliance objective as "to increase compliance by the charity trustees with their legal obligations in exercising control and management of the administration of the charity".[ 46] 9.2 Although the word "increase" is used in relation to the functions of a
AND
 be considered to be ever-increasing.

“Substantial” requires legal effect
Words and Phrases ‘64
(40W&P 759)
The words" outward, open, actual, visible, substantial,
AND
undivided; sole; opposed to inclusive.

Severance and T are voters for fairness. 

(  ) Aff can’t “do the cplan” instead of ensured agency action:

Severs “increase”, “force of law”, “substantial”, legislation, and certainty – each impacted above

(  ) Cplan’s initial OIRA-step flies under radar – note: this ISN’T a “cover” arg.

Toloken ‘4
Steve Toloken is a reporter for Crain Communications'
AND
Plastics News – October 18, 2004 – lexis
There are other areas under the public radar
AND
and say President Clinton used that agency sparingly.

(  ) Plan and legit perms immediately use the agency. That DOESN’T fly under radar, but DOES reflect on the White House.

a) Politics part:

LA Times ‘11
(Paul Richter, April 12, 2011, “U.S. aid Arabs: Debt worries stymie U.S. aid to Arab nations in transition”, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413)
The Obama administration's efforts to use
AND
 be shifted from their scholarship programs.

b) Congress radar part:

Dickinson ‘6
(Laura. Associate Professor, University of Connecticut School of Law. Democracy and Trust)
With  respect to foreign aid, whether military
AND
not  compare to the oversight of domestic programs.

c) A.I.D. and this Head reflect on White House:

I.I.C. ‘10
(Indian International Chamber – Chamber of Commerce and Culture – January 3rd, 2010
http://indianinternationalchamber.com/2010/01/03/rajiv-shah-nominated-to-head-usaid/)
After months of delays because of tangled vetting procedures, the Obama
AND
 President Al Gore during Gore’s presidential campaign.

(  ) Cplan may result in plan– but release lag means it avoids politics. Yes, we fiat now – but, agencies don’t receive grades until quarter ends. They’ll act promptly after that.  

GPO ‘4
(US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE – PERFORMANCE AND
AND
/fy04/pdf/pma.pdf)
Each quarter, OMB assesses agencies’ progress,
AND
in the Department of Energy chapter that follows.

(  ) Next Quarterly update released in December. This chart proves:

*(just enter chart “into the record)*

Results.gov
(Results.gov is the online home of the Scorecard – President’s Management Agenda – The Scorecard, George W. Bush Archives – http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/results/agenda/scorecard.html  Accessed 10-26-11)

How Does The Scoring Work?

• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2008
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2008
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2008
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2008
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2007
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2007
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2007
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2007
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2006
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2006
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2006
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2006
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2005
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2005
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2005
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2005
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2004
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2004
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2004
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2004
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2003
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2003
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2003
• THE SCORECARD - March 31, 2003
• THE SCORECARD - December 31, 2002
• THE SCORECARD - September 30, 2002
• THE SCORECARD - June 30, 2002
• THE ORIGINAL SCORECARD

The Executive Branch Management
AND
objectives absent significant management intervention. 

(  ) No agency cover – even in world of perm

Tomkin ‘98
(Shelley Lynne Tomkin is Associate Professor of
AND
the President's Budget Office – p. 239)
There were a couple of implications to these
AND
cover" as they had in the past.

(  ) spinning plan or perms as “time-lag” unfair – key to neg ground and we didn’t use temporal fiat.

(  ) Also severs “should”:

Summers ‘94
(Supreme Court Justice @ Oklahoma Supreme Court
AND
.asp?CiteID=20287#marker2fn14)
The legal question to be resolved by the
AND
27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

Effort

Not even worth it to challenge.

Seidenfeld ‘94
Mark Seidenfeld – Associate Professor, Florida State
AND
Law. Iowa Law Review – October, lexis
Fnote:# 232
n232 Thus, under Executive Order 12,
AND
Sunstein, supra note 10, at 186.

Yes, durable fiat – ongoing nagging.

Breul ‘8
(Jonathan D . Breul – IBM Center
AND
-1026. – obtained via EBSCOhost database)
Once a set of initiatives has been announced
AND
that was intended to keep frontline employees engaged.

Congress gets angry enough to link – but roll-back is too much heavy-lifting.

Schoenbrod ‘99
(David, Professor of Law – New
AND
Cardozo L. Rev. 731, Lexis)
3. The Final Rationale: Congress Can
AND
do to garlic — they flee.[53]

Cplan is key to to learning - especially on this topic
Spence 4 (Dr. Matthew, Ph.D. in International Relations – Oxford University and JD – Yale University, “Policy Coherence and Incoherence: The Domestic Politics of American Democracy Promotion”, 10-5, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20741/Spence-_CDDRL_10-4_draf1.pdf)

Comparing American and European approaches to democracy promotion
AND
and economic change in the former Soviet Union.
Around the world, U.S.
AND
or the familiar cast of American diplomats overseas.
In fact, a host of less expected
AND
resources, tools, and levels of coordination.
In short, this paper argues that it
AND
explain incoherent patterns of outcomes on the ground.

~~\~~\

Their cred could go either way – high cred helps White House vet bad policy

Tomkin ‘98
(Shelley Lynne Tomkin is Associate Professor of
AND
the President's Budget Office – p. 290)
The dilemma is that neither of these institutional
AND
the incidence of unconsidered policies will just increase.

Reformed CBA coming – could cause warming regs and end harsh CBA

Carey ‘9
Carey is a senior correspondent for BusinessWeek in Washington. Bloomberg Business Week – Green Biz February 26, 2009 – http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_10/b4122058003732.htm
Until he is formally nominated and confirmed, Sunstein
AND
chance to explain it, we are happy," says the Chamber's Kovacs. 

Regs solve

Brod ‘7
Andrew Brod is the Director of UNCG’s Office
AND
bae/documents/cber/article8iPhAsrpnO.pdf
It’s Not Too Late—Yet—to
AND
too late. But it will be soon.

Huge death tolls 

Lea ‘7
(Michael – political correspondent for The Sun – he is internally quoting the IPCC – April 7th http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article24343.ece)

BILLIONS face death from hunger, drought,
AND
 findings, saying: “It is a global responsibility.” 

Obama’s trust in OIRA key to embrace this new CBA

SCHMIDT ‘8
(NOT THE DUDE THAT DEBATED FOR Georgia…. ADAM SCHMIDT is a Research and program assistant
for the American Enterprise Institute – Regulation and
AND
/EMStaticPage/1838?page=Summary)
Panelists at an AEI Reg-Markets Center
AND
the perspective of the bottom quartile of earners.

Perm won’t solve. PRIOR – not simultaneous – action needed for cred.

Tomkin ‘98
(Shelley Lynne Tomkin is Associate Professor of Political Science at Trinity College, Washington, DC – Inside OMB: politics and process in the President's Budget Office – p. 301)
The OMB of the twenty first century will need to be
AND
the best places for them to get such honest analysis.

The affirmative’s rhetorical choice of “democracy assistance” is patronizing and presumes the recipient is only a passive agent

Tandon 7 Director of the Southern and Eastern African Trade Information and Negotiations Initiative, SEATINI, Zimbabwe (“The Reality of Trade:  The WTO and Developing Countries,” google)

Oddly, years after .. countries.

This destroys ethics and makes violence inevitable

Memmi 99 professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Paris, Nanterre

(Racism p. 165, google books)

Of course, this is debatable.  … the stakes are irresistible.

Vote Neg --- endorse the 1AC without this rhetoric --- or simply call it “cooperation” --- either solves 100% of the case without linking to the net-benefit --- solves better --- even single words matter --- turns the case within their framework

Reeves 5 (Richard, Lecturer – Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California “Words Matter in Politics”, The New Statesman, 1-24, http://www.newstatesman.com/200501240022)

What's in a word? In politics, … medical institutions is defined.

Democracy assistance must be focused exclusively on direct political variables --- expanding it unlimits and makes effective topic discussion impossible

Burnell 00 (Peter J., Professor of Politics and International Studies – University of Warwick, Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, p. 12-13)

Democracy Assistance and … conflicting answers to questions such as these.

This restricts the topic to a core set of democratic areas

Řiháčková 8 (Věra, EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy, “EU Democracy Assistance through Civil Society - Reformed?”, August, p. 2)

“Democracy assistance” is …towards establishing the rule of law.

The ONLY ev describing the plan says it redistributes economic benefits and base contracts -

COOLEY AND NEXON 11 (Alexander, Assoc Prof Poli Sci at Barnard College and member of Colombia University’s Institute for War and Peace Studies; Daniel, Assoc Prof School of Foreign Service and Department of Government at Georgetown, “Bahrain’s Base Politics: The Arab Spring and America’s Military Bases,” Foreign Affairs, April 5, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=show#)

It is time for U.S. officials … a large share of the resulting contracts.

A. US Saudi relations high

Arab News 9/10 2011, “Kingdom and US restored relationship,” http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article500024.ece

“Since the visit of the king … the two countries besides oil.

B. Supporting democracy in Bahrain kills US-Saudi relations.

Amos -11 (Deborah Amos covers the Middle East for NPR News, April 6, 2011, Response To Arab Uprisings Causes U.S.-Saudi Rift, http://www.npr.org/2011/04/06/135183927/response-to-arab-uprisings-causes-u-s-saudi-rift)

"They are clearly in a defensive….of democracy in Bahrain."

C. Spare Capacity

Saudi cooperation key to prevent oil prices spikes and economic collapse

Shibley Telhami, a nonresident senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, is a former advisor to the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, December 2002, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58444/shibley-telhami-fiona-hill-et-al/does-saudi-arabia-still-matter-differing-perspectives-on-the-kin?page=show#

The Persian Gulf region remains …. on energy revenues and subsidies.

Extinction

Austin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends …. explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Obama intensely focusing on payroll tax push- likely will be successful

WSJ, 11-10-2011http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2011/11/10/white-house-to-push-to-extend-payroll-tax-cut/

The White House is ,,, official said.

Military can’t shield from spending pressures – especially on items that lack specific support

Mulrine, 11  (Anna, CSM Staff Writer, CSM, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/0414/With-Obama-s-speech-momentum-gathering-to-cut-defense-spending)

With Obama's speech, momentum ,,, Geoff Morrell on Wednesday.

PC key to payroll taxes

Mail Online UK, 10/13/11 [“'I won't take no for an answer on jobs bill': Defiant Obama vows to continue despite Senate defeat”, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2048604/Obama-I-wont-answer-Jobs-bill.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]

President Barack Obama has ,,, back the bill, according to SBS.

Payroll tax cut portion of Jobs Bill needed to avert economic shock that will tip US back into a second recession

Washington Post, 9-8-11, p.

President Obama is ,,, at least avert further degradation.

A double dip recession would be much worse than the first and trigger an economic depression

CNN Money, 8-10-11, p.

Another recession could be ,,, likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it.

Extinction

Austin ‘09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, )

Conversely, global policymakers … that coalesce into a big bang.

2NC Ext. Payroll Solves Econ

And- most qualified economist agree that EXPIRATION would be devastating for the economy- even if it’s not a short-term boost it prevents shock that causes recession

Chuck Marr is the Director of Federal Tax Policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities., and Brian Highsmith joined the Center’s Federal Fiscal Policy division in January 2011 as a research assistant.  Prior to joining the Center, Highsmith had interned at the National Economic Council and House Budget Committee.  He holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Furman University. 9-7-2011 http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3572

Failure by Congress to … as part of a larger set of economic measures.

And- it solves the economy---

-Consumer confidence and the multiplier effect

Daytona Beach News Journal, 10-25-2011

Economists have been … -- with workers' wallets in mind.

-Small business growth

Kristie Arslan President and CEO of the National Association for the Self-Employed (NASE), 10-19-2011

I think we can all agree that … do not have to go it alone!

-750,000 jobs

McClure, 10/22 --- Cal Poly Pomona Finance Prof (Interview, Andrew Edwards, staff writer, “Q&A: Political gridlock hinders economic recovery,” )

WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) — ….about 750,000 jobs next year.

-Increases demand creates a multiplier effect

Jim Bowman, former Chicago Tribune columnist and former Chicago Daily News reporter, 10-20-2011

The American Jobs Act will … declines. So the federal deficit goes down.

-Eases debt burden

Christian E. Weller is an Associate Professor at the Department of Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts, Boston, and Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress, Washington, DC, 9-12-2011

Moreover, the extension of … and long-lasting economic growth.

-Unbiased conclusion

Reuters, 9-9-2011

These cuts in the Federal Insurance … jobs by the end of next year.

-Consensus

TPM ,11-1-2011

Two months from … are desperate to improve it.

2NC Elections Impact Module

Payroll success causes Obama re-election- one of only a few opportunities for success

AP, 10-25-2011

Blocked by congressional … at Ogilvy Washington. "He's the president. He's got to try to do everything he can."

Payroll tax success key to Obama’s re-election campaign

Ullah, 9/11/11 (Dr. A.H. Jaffor, Ph.D. Research Chemist of Protein Chemistry Phytase Engineering Program, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, USDA-New Orleans, “Obama’s new jobs bill – a tough sale to Republicans,” http://mukto-mona.com/wordpress/?p=1134, BJN)

Like a crafty and seasoned … Party may do the foot-dragging and not pass the Bill the way it is written.  Therefore, let us stay tuned.

GOP win causes Iran strikes

Dilek 9-20-11 (Emine, addicting info, “All Republican Candidates Favor War with Iran” http://www.addictinginfo.org/2011/09/20/all-republican-candidates-favor-war-with-iran/, jj)

All Republican Candidates … up with the unending wars.

Obama loss causes Middle East war and oil shocks

Curiel 2010 (Jonathan Curiel, respected journalist, taught as Fulbright Scholar at Punjab University in Lahore, Pakistan, researched at Oxford as a Reuters Foundation Fellow, “What just might happen if Obama loses in 2012,” Jonathan Curiel’s blog, google)

War in Iran: The … the United States.

Obama’s pushing to ratify CTBT – his defeat crushes the initiative

Schneidmiller 11 (Chris, "Senate Decision Key to Future of Test Ban Treaty," Global Security Newswire, 7/18/11, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20110714_9351.php)

The Obama administration is … almost certainly remain frozen in place in Washington.  

US Ratification Is Key To Prevent Global Prolif  and Nuke War.

DAVIS 7. [Dr. Ian, Co-Executive Director of the British American Security Information Council, “Getting the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Back on Track” Huffington Post -- April 11]

This can't happen too soon. … by other key states.

Climate Module

Obama win key to cap and trade

Politico, 2011

President Barack Obama … clean energy," Roy said.

WARMING CAUSES MULTIPLE SCENARIOS FOR EXTINCTION – CAP AND TRADE IS THE KEY.

-          Oceans

-          Econ

-          Epidemics

KRISTOF 6. [Nicholas, Pulitzer winning journalist, “Scandal below the surface” New York Times – Oct 31 -- http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE6DA123FF932A05753C1A9609C8B63]

If you think of the earth's … research and development has fallen by more than half, after inflation, since 1979

Link Turns Case – Short

Link takes out solvency – Perception of Partisanship outweighs Democracy Assistance

1^st -Credibility

McFaul, ‘6  (David Adesnik is a member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Michael McFaul is the Helen and Peter Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution;

director of the Center for Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law at Stanford

University; and a nonresident senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington Quarterly, Spring)

Second, words mattered, especially … that of the president.

2^nd – Bipartisanship key to solve

Norris, 11 (John Norris is the Executive Director of the Sustainable Security and Peacebuilding Initiative. 3/18, )

The question is: What do … such historic moments are few and far between.

AT: Thumpers- General

Hold all of their link UQ to a very high threshold---issues don’t cost PC until they’re at the finish line---if they can’t cite a bill discount them

Drum, 10  (Kevin, Political Blogger, Mother Jones, http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/03/immigration-coming-back-burner)

Not to pick on Ezra or … Maybe not. But they will be soon.

Yemen Link

Budget concerns ensure plan drains political capital

Bade and Gawel, ’11 ( Rachel and Anna, Managing Editor, Washington Diplomat, March, http://washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7203:americas-foreign-affairs-budget-faces-congressional-chopping-block&catid=1088:march-2011&Itemid=469

Gates was preaching to the choir… American power and security abroad.

Yemen assistance drains capital – congress opposes multiyear funding commitments and trades off with higher political priorities

Sharp, 11 (Jeremy, CRS Report, 3/11)

There are a number of … governments and their citizens."

AT: Winners Win

WINNERS-LOSE FOR OBAMA

RYAN 9. [1-18 -- Selwyn Professor of Social Science at the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies. Ph.D. in Political Science from Cornell, http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968]

Like many, I expect … (the latent "Obama Party").

Link outweighs the link turn on timeframe

Silber 07 [PhD Political Science & Communication – focus on the Rhetoric of Presidential Policy-Making – Prof of Poli Sci – Samford, [Marissa, WHAT MAKES A PRESIDENT QUACK?, Prepared for delivery at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 30th-September 2nd, 2007, UNDERSTANDING LAME DUCK STATUS …  President must be developed. 

WINNERS WIN NOT TRUE FOR OBAMA.

GALSTON 10. [William, Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, Brookings, “President Barack Obama’s First Two Years: Policy Accomplishments, Political Difficulties” Brookings Institute -- Nov 4]

Second, the …administration strategists.

WINNERS DON’T WIN ON CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES – THE HILL IS TOO POLARIZED.

MANN 10. [Thomas, Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, “American Politics on the Eve of the Midterm Elections” Brookings Institute -- November]

That perception of failure …. proposed by the Democratic majority.

WINNERS LOSE FOR OBAMA – LOSES THE SPIN GAME.

BAKER 10. [Peter, foreign policy reporter, author of Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin and Russian Counter-Revolution, “Education of a President” New York Times]

But it is possible to win … had lost the spin battle.”

STATISTICALLY -- WINS DON’T INFLUENCE FUTURE LEGISLATION.

Bond & Fleisher 96 [Jon R. and Richard. professor in Political Science - Texas A&M and Professor in Political Science. Fordham "The President in Legislation" p.223]

Presidency-centered … probability of success or failure.

AT: PC Not Key

PC is key in the context of Obama and his jobs agenda- utilizing the bully pulpit to control the agenda

Color Lines, 10-14-2011

But what Obama’s new …turning point in Washington.

Your evidence oversimplifies political capital- it’s not just about personality and likeability- it’s about the structural advantages of the presidency

Light 99 – Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service (Paul, the President’s Agenda, p. 24-25)

Call it push, pull, … disadvantages to the table.

Also- studies prove the theory of political capital

Eshbaugh-Soha, M. (2008). Policy Priorities and Presidential Success in Congress. Conference Papers -- American Political Science Association, 1-26. Retrieved from Political Science Complete database.

Presidential-congressional … success in Congress.

And- our horse-trading link-

Plan massively controversial

Bade and Gawel, ’11 ( Rachel and Anna, Managing Editor, Washington Diplomat, March, http://washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7203:americas-foreign-affairs-budget-faces-congressional-chopping-block&catid=1088:march-2011&Itemid=469

The debate over diplomacy … ultimately embraced or rejected.

Bargaining chips are limited – plan directly trades off

Bernstein, 8/20/11

Jonathan Bernstein is a political … the various bargaining chips that are available.

AT: Dickinson

Their ev is just a blog post, not peer reviewed and solely in the context of Supreme court nominations – Dickinson concludes neg

Dickinson, 2009 (Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70 D 2009)

Small wonder, then, that … easier, or harder, or impossible" (Neustadt 1990, 54).

Ideology doesn’t outweigh – presidential success dictates votes

Lebo, 2010 (Matthew J. Lebo, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, and Andrew O'Geen, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Journal of Politics, “The President’s Role in the Partisan Congressional Arena” forthcoming, google)

Keeping this centrality in mind, … into the literature on the presidency.

The European Union should propose to the United States Federal Government a higher-level transatlantic forum for coordinating policies on Middle East and North African reform, modeled on  the U.S.-E.U. strategic dialogue on Asia established in 2005.  The European Union should inform the United States Federal Government of its intention to take a primary donor implementation role on expert support to opposition groups advocating constitutional reform for Bahrain.  The European Union should  disburse expert support to opposition groups advocating constitutional reform for Bahrain.  The European Union should offer full project grants, and matching financial donations, to the National Endowment for Democracy, and to each of its four core grantees, in order for them to disburse expert support to opposition groups advocating constitutional reform for Bahrain.  The European Union should offer to include on the forum agenda a joint diplomatic statement of high level transatlantic support for the European Union and National Endowment for Democracy programs.  European Union funding should be provided via offsets from European Fisheries Fund subsidies targeted at scrapping of vessels.

The United States federal government should communicate to the government of Bahrain that it will issue a report finding “credible allegations of gross violations of human rights” in the Bahrain military unless Bahrain promptly releases jailed opposition leaders and makes measurable progress towards constitutional monarchy.

Triggers an automatic cutoff in military aid unless Bahrain complies

Compliance Campaign 3/15 2011, “International, domestic law requires the U.S. to cut aid to Bahrain,” http://compliancecampaign.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/international-domestic-law-requires-the-u-s-to-cut-aid-to-gulf-states/

Following Bahrain’s … consistent with the UN Charter.

Say No 1NC

Say No – radicals derail and constitutional monarchy is absolute red line

Ghezali, 9/13

Rabah Ghezali, member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, and special to CNN, 9-13-2011, CNN, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/13/bahrain-at-the-heart-of-middle-east-tensions/

Inside the regime, the gap … Minister are red lines.

King can’t reform or empower prince – hardliners control, fear losing support, anti-Americanism guts US influence

Gengler, 7-15

Justin Gengler, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the University in Michigan and former Fulbright Fellow to Bahrain,7-15-2011,

 In a July 6 interview with Egyptian … his efforts to serve his nation and religion."

Any concession to reformists would cause hardliner backlash and instability

Gengler, 8-13

Justin Gengler, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Michigan, “ A Parliament Without Opposition,” http://bahrainipolitics.blogspot.com/2011/08/parliament-without-opposition.html

The other question, of course, … this is a heartening development..

Ext. Saudis Will Block

US intervention in fails – Bahrain turning to Saudis for support

Salman Shaikh is Director of the Brookings Institution's Doha Center and Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy., 3/23 2011, “The Bahrain crisis and its regional,” http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/23/the_bahrain_crisis_and_its_regional_dangers

Worryingly, on Saturday, … in unchartered territory.

Saudi blocks and US advisory support for negotiations is useless

Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is a former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, 3/21 2011, “Riyadh Scores One for Tehran,” http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12915

Washington reserved its … given sparingly and in private.

Saudi Arabia will prevent Bahraini reforms

POMEPS 8/9 2011, Project on Middle East Politics Science is based at the Institute for Middle East Studies at the George Washington University and is supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. It is directed by Marc Lynch, and guided by an Executive Committee, which includes 10 leading tenured political scientists from major research universities. “The Saudi Counter-Revolution,” http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/POMEPS_BriefBooklet5_SaudiArabia_web.pdf

The Arab intervention … in the Saudi military intervention

Saudi Arabia will block any move towards Shi’a control

International Herald Tribune 3/19 2011, “For Obama, Bahrain is Mideast's hottest spot;

Region in Revolt,” lexis

''King Abdullah has been … House press secretary.

Saudi intervention blocked any possibility of a successful dialogue

POMEPS 8/9 2011, Project on Middle East Politics Science is based at the Institute for Middle East Studies at the George Washington University and is supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. It is directed by Marc Lynch, and guided by an Executive Committee, which includes 10 leading tenured political scientists from major research universities. “The Saudi Counter-Revolution,” http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/POMEPS_BriefBooklet5_SaudiArabia_web.pdf

The Saudi move, however, … and some of the more extreme Sunni ministers

Say no = turns US cred

Say no net link turns US cred

Lustick ’98 (Ian S. Lustick, Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania, What Are the Costs of No Peace? Capitol Hill Conference, Middle East Policy Council, October 2, 1998

http://www.mepc.org/forums/chcs/16.html)

Another consequence .. on our policy toward Cuba.

Say No gets blamed on US intransience – causes massive anti-American backlash

Hamid, 11  (Shadi Hamid, Director of Research, Brookings Doha Center, 8/25, http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/0426_middle_east_hamid.aspx)

It may have been …for falling so short.

Ext. Regime Says No

say no – hate plans reforms, US can’t sell, influence declining,  and GCC swamps

Knigge 11 – Michael, headed up the German editorial team of DW-WORLD.DE since 2004. Previously, he worked as a reporter for the English service of Deutsche Welle Radio, as well as for various news agencies (Washington has vested interest but little leverage in Bahrain, deutsche well, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14941531,00.html, March 25, 2011)

For all those reasons, Washington … from the GCC," says Herd.

US Can’t leverage reforms and empirics prove we get the finger

Reuters, 11  (Ross Colvin, 2/19, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/19/us-bahrain-usa-idUSTRE71H5L420110219)

Obama's response may be … Institute for Near East Policy.

Gov rejects - empirics prove and can’t shape internal calculations – reform perceived as threatening leaders survival

Northam May 22, 2011 Jackie Northam is Foreign Affairs correspondent for NPR news. “Bahrain Crackdown Puts Pressure On U.S. Diplomacy” http://www.npr.org/2011/05/22/136507091/bahrain-crackdown-puts-pressure-on-u-s-diplomacy

While public criticism … respond to," he says

Especially true because they perceive crackdown as successfully checking credible threat

Shireen T. Hunter is a visiting scholar at ACMCU where she directs a project on Reformist Islam funded by the Carnegie Corporation Of New York. She is also a Distinguished Scholar at CSIS where she directed the Islam Program from 1998 to 2005., 7/13 2011, “Middle East Uprisings: Impact on US Regional Influence,” http://peace-ipsc.org/publications/articles/middle-east-uprisings-impact-on-us-regional-influence

The situation in places … the ruling family.

US can’t mediate dialogue – empirics and positions have hardened

James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 8/13 2011, “What to do About Bahrain? A Headache For Both Obama and Blatter,” http://mideastposts.com/2011/08/13/what-to-do-about-bahrain-a-headache-for-both-obama-and-blatter/

The crackdown and the … for some of the prisoner releases.

Consensus is on our side – regime will block reform -  Saudi backing and wide sunni public support

Financial Times 2/23 2011, “Bahrain opposition press royal family,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5dc06ec0-3f5f-11e0-8e48-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1ZegzIJX2

The main opposition … of Bahrain’s monarchy.

Ext. Opposition Says No

Negotiations impossible – moderate reforms insufficient and political atmosphere is poisoned

Roach, 9/29/11  (Morgan Roach studies and writes about Africa, the Middle East and transatlantic relations as research associate in The Heritage Foundation )

Despite Bahrain’s advanced … in Iran are inciting the violence.

Opposition too divided and hardliners have moment

Katzman, 10/6/11

Kenneth Katzman, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affair, Congressional Research Service,  10/6/11, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

The pulling back of the security … took place in search of a political solution.

Divergent goals means that negotiations are impossible

Marina Ottaway works on issues of political transformation in the Middle East and Gulf security. A long-time analyst of the formation and transformation of political systems, she has also written on political reconstruction in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans, and African countries., 4/4 2011, “Bahrain: Between the United States and Saudi Arabia,” http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/04/bahrain-between-united-states-and-saudi-arabia/t8#

The national coalition claims … until his arrest on March 17.

Lack of opposition cohesion prevents moves towards a democratic Bahrain

Forbes 8/18 2011, “The ‘Arab Spring’ Is a Jedi Mind Trick,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardminiter/2011/08/18/the-exciting-notion-of-arab-spring-is-a-jedi-mind-trick/

In Algeria, Bahrain, … and not necessarily democracy.

Bahrain will say no - Empirically proven, US calls for reform fail and Saudi Influence outweighs

POMEPS 8/9 2011, Project on Middle East Politics Science is based at the Institute for Middle East Studies at the George Washington University and is supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. It is directed by Marc Lynch, and guided by an Executive Committee, which includes 10 leading tenured political scientists from major research universities. “The Saudi Counter-Revolution,” http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/POMEPS_BriefBooklet5_SaudiArabia_web.pdf

The situation in Bahrain …. We really are in unchartered territory

1NC Solvency – Harvard Specific

The closest they have to a solvency advocate assumes doing plan AND pressuring Bahrain government into democratic reforms – which plan clearly doesn’t do

COOLEY AND NEXON 11 (Alexander, Assoc Prof Poli Sci at Barnard College and member of Colombia University’s Institute for War and Peace Studies; Daniel, Assoc Prof School of Foreign Service and Department of Government at Georgetown, “Bahrain’s Base Politics: The Arab Spring and America’s Military Bases,” Foreign Affairs, April 5, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=show#)

Further complicating … a political opening Tehran will have.

They completely misread their Ulrichsen article – engagement and economic benefits are totally insufficient – must engage demands for meaningful political reform – unless they spur prisoner release and constitutional reform they solve nothing

ULRICHSEN 11 (Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics, “Gulf States: studious silence falls on Arab Spring,” Open Democracy, April 25, http://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/gulf-states-studious-silence-falls-on-arab-spring)

The political temperature in … the next explosion could be greater still.

No Pullout/Kickout 1NC

All their withdrawal evidence is just speculation – State Department says they’re staying

Huffington Post 7/21 2011, “Navy Staying in Bahrain, State Department Says,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/21/navy-bahrain-state-department_n_906193.html

WASHINGTON -- American … looking for a new home for the fleet.

Prefer our ev – speculation is false and military officials agree

Toumi 7/22 2011, Habib, MA  Mass Communications, University of Leicester, “US Navy dismisses reports it is moving out of Bahrain,” http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/us-navy-dismisses-reports-it-is-moving-out-of-bahrain-1.841519)

The US Navy has … has little desire to move.

Bahrain won’t kick out  5^th fleet– that’s a bluff – only pressure solves

Ahmed, 11 (Ali, Director Institute for Gulf Affairs, http://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/59873023?access_key=key-1c62rrj008vha0ut6sj9)

It is important that the … real political reform.

Zero chance violence will target US base and opposition leaders really want us to stay

Hokayem, 10/19

Emile Hokayem is a Bahrain-based Middle East analyst for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 10/19, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/us-has-few-options-to-curb-crackdown-in-bahrain/246942/

One idea for U.S. action that's … of greater oppression.

5^th Fleet Defense – General 1NC

5^th Fleet not key – other military bases check

Michael Koplovsky, Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387

By establishing a network of cooperative locations and forward bases in Africa and Asia and through deepened security cooperation efforts, the United States could bolster its ability to project force to the Persian Gulf. While the use of temporary or permanent bases in South Asia or East … and at the right time to succeed.

Loss of Bahraini base doesn’t hurt military response time or deterrence capabilities

Michael Koplovsky, Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387

Could the United States continue to achieve … recommended by recent Pentagon reports.

No impact – temporary bases solve

Michael Koplovsky, Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387

Large, permanent, forward U.S. bases (MOBs) are falling out of favor. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been endeavoring to “review, reduce, and realign” 24 its presence abroad. Both the February 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review and the September 2004 Global … on improved U.S. lift and rapid deployment capabilities. 27

Their - evd assumes we’d withdraw from the region – really we’d just move to Qatar or the UAE

John Glaser, reporter for antiwar.com July 20^th, 2011, “US navy’s fifth fleet could abandon Bahrain,” http://inthesenewtimes.com/2011/07/21/us-navy%E2%80%99s-fifth-fleet-could-abandon-bahrain/

The U.S. Navy is …, with 40 vessels and close to 30,000 personnel.

The aff posits experiential evidence as an uncontestable origin of explanation – this reproduces the ideological systems it attempts to tear down and precludes genuine critique

Scott 91 (Joan W. Scott, professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, “The Evidence of Experience”, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), 773-797)

As I read it, a … shape the social constitution.9

The alternative is to engage in a genealogy of experience – we must acknowledge that social location is inevitably contingent and contested – questions of discourse and representation necessarily come first

Scott 91 (Joan W. Scott, professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, “The Evidence of Experience”, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), 773-797)

The reading I offered … thinking about change.45

And, this is a net benefit to our topicality argument – studying the inner workings of oppression is crucial to combat it

Scott 91 (Joan W. Scott, professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, “The Evidence of Experience”, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), 773-797)

The project of … the category of "experience."

Relations are strong now – strong US commitment to Israel’s security

Keinon 9/6/2011 (Herb, “Gov't official: Cooperation with US better than ever”, http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=236908)

Israeli–US cooperation … two weeks at the UN.

Democracy Assistance guarantees Israeli backlash – prefers status quo

Kirchik ’11  (James Kirchick is a New Republic contributing editor and writer at large with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty based in Prague, 2/28)

But the events in … instruction, acts the same way.”

Strategic consensus on security key to relations – it’s the only internal link

Tov 2 (Yaacov Bar-Simon-Tov, Professor of International Relations – Hebrew University, “The United States and Israel Since 1948: A “Special Relationship?”, Diplomatic History, 22(2), Spring, p. 231-232)

The special relationship thesis … different from any other patron-client relationship.

Perception of Abandonment causes conflict and nuclear retaliation

Longstreet 4-7-2011 (JD, “Israel's Samson Option”, http://www.thejerusalemconnection.us/blog/2011/04/07/israels-samson-option.html)

Without America … favor towards Israel or its plight.

MB 1NC

Picking winners inevitable – even when we try not to

Cook, 11

 (Steven A., Hasib J. Sabbagh senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, “America Shouldn't Hijack Egypt's Revolution”, 3-9-11, )

Even if Washington …. the Muslim Brotherhood's democratic bona fides

Impossible to train all – makes perception of picking winners inevitable

Kumar, ‘4 

Krishna, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, October,

A practical issue with major … by a few corrupt leaders.

Party assistance Perceived as picking winners even if it doesn’t

Bjornlund et al, 7

Democracy International, principal investigators were Ed Crane, Ph.D., a senior development professional and expert on political parties, legislatures and democratic development with decades of diverse experience both around the world and in the U.S., and Eric McGlinchey, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Government and Politics at George Mason University, a leading expert on political parties, DI principal Eric Bjornlund, a lawyer and development professional with extensive experience working with and analyzing political parties around the world, supervised the project, and edited this report and the case studies, June, http://www.usaid.gov/locations/europe_eurasia/dem_gov/docs/di_ee_ppa_study_report-final-branded.pdf

Judgments about whether … directly to one side.

Say no- don’t want to be linked to US action

Rubin 11

(Barry, director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center and editor of the Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal, “Uh-Oh! Egyptian Revolutionaries ‘Ungrateful’ to Obama Administration,” 3-15-11, )

Who’d possibly have …United States asks for.

Turn—technical assistance undermines goals- causes massive backlash

Cook 11

(Steven A., Hasib J. Sabbagh senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, “America Shouldn't Hijack Egypt's Revolution”, 3-9-11, )

Policy analysts and democracy-promotion …

Engagement fails --- the Brotherhood won’t moderate---

-Empirics, rhetoric, core beliefs

Azarva 7 (Jeffrey, Research Assistant – American Enterprise Institute and Samuel Tadros, Egyptian Activist, “The Problem of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood”, AEI Online, November, http://www.aei.org/outlook/27174)

The question has … to engage it is premature.

Engagement fails and undermines U.S. credibility in the Middle East- too many alt causes to US-Arab relations that undermine support

Washington Times 11 (“Obama and the Muslim Brothers; Outreach to Egypt's Radical Islamic Factions is Doomed to Fail”, 7-1, Lexis)

The administration is … will only make it worse.

Status quo solves -engaging Islamic groups

Duss, ’11  (Matthew Duss is a Policy Analyst and Director of Middle East Progress at American Progress, 7/1, )

Recognizing Reality in … a step in that direction.

Democracy assistance doesn’t solve -Underlying power structures and regional dynamics

Peters 11 (Anne Mariel, assistant professor in the department of government at Wesleyan University, “Why Obama shouldn't increase democracy aid to Egypt”, 2-14-11, )

Returning to the big picture, the … mean more democracy in Egypt.

And- it only helps where Egypt is already mobilized

Peters 11 (Anne Mariel, Ph.D. and Assistant Professor of Government – Wesleyan University “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt”, Foreign Policy, 2-14, )

One of the most enduring … and governance funding can do.

Prefer our evidence --- its empirically true and their studies are wrong

Peters 11 (Anne Mariel, Ph.D. and Assistant Professor of Government – Wesleyan University “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt”, Foreign Policy, 2-14, )

The new Obama administration … only achieved 52 percent of planned results.

Egypt Stability 1NC

Instability won’t escalate—U.S. won’t get drawn in

Clemons 11 (Steven, Director of the American Strategy Program – New America Foundation “How Outcome in Egypt Could Affect the United States”, New America Foundation, 2-2, )

The turmoil in Egypt is … be catastrophic and generate significant blowback.

Assistance doesn’t solve stability

Schenker 11

(David, senior fellow in Arab politics at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Insecure in Egypt,” 7-14-11, )

While it might be … from future prosecution.

Aid doesn’t solve and instability won’t escalate

Schenker 11

(David, senior fellow in Arab politics at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Insecure in Egypt,” 7-14-11, )

Notwithstanding the … prosperous future.

Alt cause—Copt-Muslim tensions

Paciello 11

(Maria Cristina, researcher for Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome and lecturer in

Economic and Political Geography of Development at La Sapienza University of Rome, “Egypt:

Changes and Challenges of Political Transition,” May 2011, )

Finally, re-emerging .. calling for an entirely new Constitution.68

Alt cause—gun sales and crime

Schenker 11

(David, senior fellow in Arab politics at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Insecure in Egypt,” 7-14-11, )

Local newspapers … and gang rape.

1NC AQAP Adv

They do not have a piece of solvency evidence – their burden to prove they solve – 1AC CX

Plan causes backlash-your author

Knoetgen 11 (Peter, "Chaos and Terrorism: How to Fight al-Qaeda in Yemen Amid Political Turmoil," Central European Journal of International and Security Studies," May 16, )

Other critics might …will not and should not do.

It’s try or die for the status quo-

a.       short term drone strikes are the only hope- US engagement empowers AQAP recruitment and doesn’t solve intel-

Ciluffo and Watts 11 (Frank and Clinton, Director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at the George Washington University and principal consultant PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland SEcurity Policy Institute, "Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity," Homeland Security Policy Institute, June 24,  )

Saleh’s removal … – the U.S. must act now to prevent an inevitable attack from AQAP.

b.       elimination of any ONE of the leaders would be sufficient- already killed al Alwaki- proves that intel is good enough now and that the status quo solves AQAP

Ciluffo and Watts 9-30(Frank and Clinton, Director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at the George Washington University and principal consultant PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland SEcurity Policy Institute “AQAP LOSES ITS CHIEF OF EXTERNAL OPERATIONS:

COUNTERTERRORISM IMPLICATIONS”  9-30-2011 )

Anwar al-Awlaki’s death … its reincarnation in another form.

AQAP is not that strong and could be defeated by Yemeni tribes – their evidence is political posturing

Spencer 11(James, political and security analyst for the Middle East and North Africa with a specialty in Yemen, “Why Saleh’s Departure Will Not Give Free Reign to Al Qaeda,” June 8, 2011, )

Throughout Yemen's political … support for violence in Yemen.

Threat is exaggerated and the plan isn’t sufficient to solve anyway

Monthana 11(Ibrahim, ambassador for the Arab Thought Foundation, “Yemen: Thinking outside the AQAP box,” June 30, 2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011629161825121566.html)

Young protesters taking …. for me and thousands of other young people.

Double-Bind – either there is no terrorism problem in Yemen or it is impossible to solve.

Sharp -11 (Jeremy M. Sharp, Specialist in Middle East Affairs, June 8, 2011, Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations, CRS Report for Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34170.pdf)

Whether terrorist groups in Yemen, such as Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), have a long-term ability to threaten U.S. homeland security may determine the extent of U.S. resources committed to counterterrorism and stabilization efforts there. Some believe these groups lack such capability and fear the United States might overreact; others assert that Yemen is gradually becoming a failed state and safe haven for Al Qaeda operatives and as such should be considered an active theater for U.S. counterterrorism operations. Given Yemen’s contentious political climate and its myriad development challenges, most long-time Yemen watchers suggest that security problems emanating from Yemen may persist in spite of increased U.S. or international efforts to combat them.

No AQAP threat from Yemen – too few members.

Haykel -11 (Interviewee: Bernard Haykel, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University, June 7, 2011, Yemen's Uncertain Political Future, http://www.cfr.org/yemen/yemens-uncertain-political-future/p25205)

The United States government … of Saleh and his tricks.

Threat of AQAP exaggerated.

Aljazeera -11 (August 8, 2011, Abubakr Al-Shamahi, Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html)

The other outside power with major …. individual activists continuing.

No AQAP risk- exaggerated by Saleh

Haykel -11 (Interviewee: Bernard Haykel, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University, June 7, 2011, Yemen's Uncertain Political Future, http://www.cfr.org/yemen/yemens-uncertain-political-future/p25205)

The United States government … of Saleh and his tricks.

Alt causes to intel gathering- US rejection of Saudi and Yemeni intel requests

Knoetgen 11 (Peter, "Chaos and Terrorism: How to Fight al-Qaeda in Yemen Amid Political Turmoil," Central European Journal of International and Security Studies," May 16, )

While efforts to combat the … hand over all their information without reciprocal assistance.

AT: Instability

Poor economy, water shortages, food insecurity are alt causes to AQAP

Browne -11 (By Peter Browne for RUSI.org, Regime Change in Yemen, Royal United Services Institute, April 11, 2011, http://www.rusi.org/analysis/commentary/ref:C4DAD6729BFDBF)

The economic challenges that …down in a year's time.[12]

Economy and corruption huge alt causes to Al Qaeda in Yemen.

CSIS -11 (July 2011, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Samuel Lindo is a researcher with CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110722_Lindo_AQAP_AQAMCaseStudy3.pdf)

Al Qaeda in Yemen ■ Public … to the monthly pay.62

Failure to address Southern movements concerns causes increased radicalization.

Terrill -11 (Andrew Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute, The Conflicts in Yemen And U.S. National Security, January 2011, Link to article found at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1040)

The United States should … to feel exploited by the government.

North and South movements prevent economic development and terror reduction measures.

Terrill -11 (Andrew Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute, The Conflicts in Yemen And U.S. National Security, January 2011, Link to article found at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1040)

The Yemeni government … development. The continuation of both conflicts would be especially difficult for Sana’a.

U.S. assistance to Sudan stable now

AFP 7-25-’11 (“US envoy to press two Sudans to talk”, http://news.yahoo.com/us-envoy-press-two-sudans-talk-215114361.html)

WASHINGTON — A US … the western region of Darfur.

Mandated democracy assistance trades-off -- the budget is finite

FH 11 (Freedom House, “Investing in Freedom:  An Analysis of the Obama Administration FY2011 Democracy and Human Rights Budget Request”, )

While the challenges posed by … stable democracies.

Sudan’s on the chopping block – it’ll get cut, sparking regional instability

Monroe 6 (Trevor W., U.S. Department of State, “The United States and Sudan: Recommendations for Re-Engagement”, Naval War College Report, 2-13, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetT RDoc.pdf&AD=ADA463488)

USAID and partner programs in …. U.S. interest will wane accordingly.

That creates a model for violent global secessionism

Effiong 8-5-’11 (Rosemary, University of Tennessee at Martin, “Break up of Sudan: Implication for Nigeria and the rest of Africa”, http://newsdiaryonline.com/sudan_secession.htm)

Africa's civil wars have … security and  sovereignty of Nigeria.

Nuclear war

Shehadi 93 (Kamal, Research Associate – International Institute for Strategic Studies, December, Ethnic Self Determination and the Break Up of States, p. 81)

This paper has argued …. minorities and borders.

The House Democracy Assistance Commission should extend parliamentary exchange and training services al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin in Masr.

‘Egypt’ is a European colonial term that has been forcibly imposed --- it’s a form of rhetorical violence that devalues its population --- our term, ‘Masr’ is best

Hooper 4 – Glenn Hooper, Research Fellow in the Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies at the University of Aberdeen, Perspectives on Travel Writing, 2004, p. 160-1

Rather than … alternative history of Egypt.

Voting Neg is a rejection of their colonial place name --- this enables unmapping, a crucial prerequisite to critical inquiry

Choudry 3 – Aziz Choudry, Organiser, GATT Watchdog, and ZNet Contributer, 2/16/2003 (“Namecalling: Mapping Colonial Fantasies” – ZNet Commentary) http://www.arena.org.nz/aznames.htm

The naming, organization and … identity in the 21st century.

Counterplan alone key to MENA political change, US cred, EU soft power and overall US EU strategic partnership – but plan and perm destroy this

-          Creates perception of trying to draw EU into US owned initiatives – causing backlash

-          Perceived as crowding out and undercutting EU efforts – kills soft power and EU support for cooperation

Youngs, ‘4

Richard Youngs is senior researcher at the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) in Madrid, and lecturer at the University of Warwick in the UK. He previously worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and coordinated an EU funded research project on democracy in the Middle East, within which he established a network of experts from the Middle East and compiled a series of policy recommendations for the European Commission. Youngs has also acted as consultant to the FCO, DFID and a number of European research institute, the Foreign Policy Center, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/352.pdf

If this would be good both for … and American approaches to democracy promotion.

Independently EU Soft Power Key to Prevent Extinction

John Bruton, Deputy, Joint Committee on European Affairs, 10/2001, The Future of the European Union, www.irlgov.ie/committees-02/c-europeanaffairs/future/page1.htm

As the Laeken Declaration … blind global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.