Interpretation and violation
Resolved” means the Aff has to have a plan where they instrumentally defend implementation
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, ‘98
© 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc. [www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01]
Resolve \Re*solve"\ (r?*z?lv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resolved (-z?lvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resolving.] [L. resolvere, resolutum, to untie, loosen, relax, enfeeble; pref. re- re- + solvere to loosen, dissolve: cf. F. r['e]soudare to resolve. See Solve, and cf. Resolve, v. i., Resolute, Resolution.] 1. To separate the component parts of; to reduce to the constituent elements; -- said of compound substances; hence, sometimes, to melt, or dissolve. O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! --Shak. Ye immortal souls, who once were men, And now resolved to elements again. --Dryden. 2. To reduce to simple or intelligible notions; -- said of complex ideas or obscure questions; to make clear or certain; to free from doubt; to disentangle; to unravel; to explain; hence, to clear up, or dispel, as doubt; as, to resolve a riddle. ``Resolve my doubt.'' --Shak.
“Should” indicates obligation
Compact Oxford English Dictionary ‘5 (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?view=uk)
should • modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness.
"Substantial" means actually existing, real, or belonging to substance
Words and Phrases 2 (Volume 40A) p. 460
Ala. 1909. “Substantial” means “belonging to substance; actually existing; real; *** not seeming or imaginary; not elusive; real; solid; true; veritable
Reasons to Prefer and Voter
A. Link and Uniqueness
First – Policy Equivocation.
Equivocating on policy implementation makes poor curriculum. This also proves the solution to the Right is university students like us – a uniqueness trend they reverse.
Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 9/25/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf
Weak thinking on the American left is especially
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secession from the world where most people live.
Second – Word Games
The Aff is NOT “political” in the sense our authors discuss. Re-defining “politics” to not include concrete fiated action is a word-game that makes curriculum symbolic and impractical.
Chandler ‘7 (David, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Westminster, Area, Vol. 39, No. 1, p. 118-119)
This disjunction between the human/ethical/
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and incoherent character of protest is immediately apparent.
Third – is our long Chandler card, it:
Proves trade-offs between forms of “politics”
Makes Epistemology K of their authors
Beats “link of omission” – silence on “formality” breeds passivity
Chandler ‘7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
“The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere” – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural%20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to
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used to understand and engage with the world.
Fourth – Yes, you still link
They’ll say “not our anti-politics” – that they’re “new politics we can’t assume”. But, that’s the Far-Left’s classic spin. Our thesis does apply
Boggs ’97 (CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
Well-intentioned as advocates of such metaphysical
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even more relevant to the contemporary American landscape.
Fifth – they’ll say “politics is screwed-up now”.
But, if the World’s too “conservative” it’s because our form of political engagement is TOO THIN. It’s linear.
Chandler ‘9
David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – 'The Global Ideology: Rethinking the Politics of the "Global Turn" in IR', International Relations, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2009), pp. 530-547.
http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Journal%20of%20Int%20Rels%20-%20Global%20Ideology%20published.pdf
While the Cold War discipline of international relations
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of the expanded nature of collective political engagement.
B. Impacts
They’ll say “conventional politics is bad – it links to our 1AC K”. That’s fine – every time they say “neg links”, we’re saying: “yes, and neg impact turns”.
Here are our impacts:
First – Anti-Politics dooms their project, threatens the planet, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs ’97 (CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with
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interests that had vanished from civil society.75
Second – We Turn their args.
Even if their project succeeds at first, anti-politics makes powerful institutions more conservative.
Chandler, ‘4 (David, Snr Lecturer in International Relations at the Center for Democracy, University of Westminster, Millennium, Vol. 33, No. 4, p. 339)
The struggle for individual ethical and political autonomy
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that be can sleep peacefully in their beds.
Their sequencing arg is wrong. They won’t reform the Macro later-on – they’ll stay trapped in the micro-politics. This also K’s their co-optation args.
Gitlin ‘97
Todd – formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left) – “The Anti-Political Populism of Cultural Studies” – Dissent Magazine – Spring 1997 – http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=1893
Consolation: here is an explanation for the
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think that our academic work is already that.
State-based macro-politics can succeed. Even if it can’t, the alternatives are worse.
Bronner ‘4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 151-153)
Enlightenment thinkers wished neither to abolish the state
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a world of direct democracy has been achieved.
Macro-options are comparatively better – this assumes the world of co-optation
Saward ‘92
(Micheal, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, U of London, Co-optive Politics and State Legitimacy p.)
Co-option should not be seen as
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formal influence within the decision- making process.
C. This position has three implications:
It’s a disad to the 1AC’s emphasis on critical theory and their strategy for advancing political change.
It’s a solvency arg – the systems they critique remain unchanged and their approach to curriculum will only empower the Right.
It’s a normative reason to prefer our framework for the round – which we’ll state here:
The aff must fiat a plan through Macro-State Based entities. They can only win on advantages to that plan – not on external K’s of disads. The best policy option wins.
D. Our framework is a voter… Prefer it:
First – Anti-Politics is normative offense against their framework. Every disad they’ll make to our framework is a link to anti-politics.
Second – Policy role-play doesn’t indoctrinate or get stale – makes best Real World education.
Joyner ‘99 (Christopher C., Professor of International Law at Georgetown, “Teaching International Law”, 5 Ilsa. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 377, Lexis)
Use of the debate can be an effective
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analysis, political critique, and legal defense.
Third – Limits – there’s are infinite items to abstractly critique. There’s an infinite amount of reps in a round. This is bad for fairness, education, and testing their truth claims – as we can’t meaningfully engage the infinite.
Fourth – Our framework is a better starting point for their goals. We can’t understand the micro until we understand macro forces that shape it.
Sissel ‘1
Peggy A. Sissel is assistant professor, Center for Research on Teaching and Learning, College of Education, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, NEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT AND CONTINUING EDUCATION, no. 91, Fall 2001
These scholars and others point to the necessity
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of the external environment in which they function.
Fifth – they have it backwards:
Learning macro-politics is a pre-requisite to successful micro-politics. Without it, micro-political sub-culture can’t re-aggregate to become counter-culture.
Marchart ‘4
Oliver Marchart is a professor in the Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne – Peace Review 16:4, December (2004), 415-420 – http://www.csub.edu/~mault/subcultures3.pdf
In what came to be called the "
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to Rome but on the road to Damascus.
Sixth – Coherence – it’s the most objective way to decide – it’s impossible to weigh good reps vs. bad reps… Planless debates become a race for re-defintion after the 1NC. Debate turns into a shallow “no link” contest, instead of a place where disagreement forces us to defend different positions.
Seven – Violent Re-Appropriation. Their framework has a critical and ethical impulse that the Right craves. Only policy making avoids this.
Chandler ‘7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
“The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere” – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural%20lecture.pdf)
Global ethics appear to be in demand because
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issues from war crimes to EU membership requirements.
E. Our defensive arguments
First – Boundaries like framework are inevitable – they can’t escape that.
Shively 2K (Ruth LessI, Fonner Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M,
POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTISAN POLITICS, p. 178-9)
The first point here is that the ambiguists
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and firm support that we can give them.
Second – Their K of Framework winds-up re-ifying. The over-riding goal of transcending boundaries becomes violent. This contextualizes – their framework won’t engage an entire genre of “the other’s” policyarguments. They are assimilation with post-modern lipstick.
Paipais ‘11
Vassilios Paipais – MPhil/PhD Candidate International Relations LSE – Self and Other in Critical International Theory: Assimilation, Incommensurability and the Paradox of Critique – Review of International Studies (2011), 37, 121–140 2010 British International Studies Association – doi:10.1017/S0260210510000288 – First published online 21 May 2010 –http://turin.sgir.eu/uploads/Paipais-PaipaisTurinEssay.pdf
In this conversation, one engages with the
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implicit presumption of a particular postconventional agency.78
And, even if they win everything, they still lose. A truly radcial curriculum for debate framework is vulnerable. Unless we’re grounded in pragmatic politics, the Right will re-design the curriculum. Experience in Ed Policy proves.
Plank ‘94
et al, David N. Plank is Executive Director of Policy Analysis for California Education (PACE), an independent policy research center based at the University of California-Berkeley, Stanford University, and the University of Southern California. He was previously a professor at Michigan State University, where he founded and directed the Education Policy Center. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1983.
American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Summer, 1994), pp. 263-281 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1163309
Among the consequences of antipolitics is a variety
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National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983).
2NC Cards
They pose a question from the 1AC Grosfoguel ev – “why is the U.S. the starting point for, and focus of discussion?... The answer that the State is not going anywhere… it is the actor in politics. Their K of that starting point is a distraction
Dr. Inis Claude is a Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs, Emeritus, at the University of Virginia. During his teaching career, Professor Claude held positions at the University of Michigan, Harvard University, Columbia University, University of Wales, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Institute of Social Studies at the Hague. States and the Global System – 1988
Finally, let us take note of the
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the system and to dream of abolishing it.
We epistemologically indict K’s of Action, the State, and Serial-Policy Failure. Those K’s also reify domination.
Chandler ‘10
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – Global Society, Vol. 24, No. 2, April, 2010 – http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Global%20Society%20-%20Chandler%20response.pdf)
The work of Foucault is not the subject
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could be merely offering an apologia for them.
Our “comparatively better” arg. State-based reformism can solve – Even if it can’t, the alternative of striving for abolition is comparatively worse. This assumes the world of co-optation
Saward ‘92
(Micheal, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, U of London, Co-optive Politics and State Legitimacy p.)
Co-option should not be seen as
AND
formal influence within the decision- making process.
Ceding politics is comparatively worse:
Bronner ‘4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 151-153)
Enlightenment thinkers wished neither to abolish the state
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a world of direct democracy has been achieved.
If their arg is so anti-State that we can’t use fiat to rip-down the State, then that’s overly-pessimistic and silly.
James ‘9
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
In these two instances of successful reappropriation of
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) can indeed bring down the master's house.
Fifth – Our Critical theory link – the 1AC is full of critical theory, and it’s intrinsically trapped in the ivory tower.
Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)
Because emancipatory political practice is central to the
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thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise.
Their “democracy assistance specific” evidence is horrendous – it’s a quote that just says democracy is flawed now, but has zero warrant for it.
( ) Their rejection of engagement dooms their alternative – only engaging existing systems can produce change.
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
In these two instances of successful reappropriation of
AND
) can indeed bring down the master's house.
( ) Cooptation not inevitable – working from within the system can produce change.
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
Norma Coates expresses here an ethical and aesthetic
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“sexy”—as mainstream/conventional discourse.
( ) Anti-politics will collapse into authoritarianism and racism.
Hogan ‘7
(Michael, Honorary Associate of Government and International Relations, University of Sydney, Australian Review of Public Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 1, August, p. 5-6)
The issues of ethnicity and concern for economic
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have infiltrated the institutions of democracy and capitalism.
( ) Anti-politics causes racism and sexism – comparatively better to work within the State
Grossberg ‘92 (Lawrence, Professor of Communication at the University of Illinois, We Gotta Get Out Of This Place, p. 390-391)
But this would mean that the Left could
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(as well as responsibility) to fight them
( ) Conventional debate norms are vital to teaching us to be effective social critics and politically-oriented leaders in many of walks of life.
Frank ’97
(David A. Frank is an assistant professor and Director of Forensics at University of Oregon. Argumentation & Advocacy – Spring – p. 195)
In her admirable attempt to discern the reasons
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-competitive storytelling over the refutation of arguments.
(Note: our ev cites deduction, conventional research, forced refutation, and objectivity as good)
( ) Life lessons argument:
Defensively – Moving-away from conventional debate norms will fail because there are countless non-discursive disciplinary rules.
Offensively – their efforts only teaches us a life lesson that renders us ineffective at communicating social change.
Tadajewski ‘6
(Dr. Mark Tadajewski -- Lecturer in Critical Marketing. University of Essex, UK -- Marketing Theory, Vol. 6, No. 2, 163-199 -- http://mtq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/6/2/163)
Lowe et al. (2004) and
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(Peter et al., 1980: 15)
( ) They totalize the state, which stifles change -and ignores possible positive outcomes.
Williams and Krause ‘97 (Michael C., Assistant Political Science Pf- U of Southern Maine; Keith, Political Science Pf- Graduate Institute of International Studies, CRITICAL SECURITIES, p.xvi)
Many of the chapters in this volume thus
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most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.
( ) Politics not already ceded to the Right and that misses the point, we should maximize the Left
Gitlin ‘7
Todd – formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left) – Plenty Magazine Dec 2006/Jan 2007 – obtained via ProQuest
Make no mistake: No one but the
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banding together to build momentum and get results?
Working from within the system can produce change.
James ‘9
Robin M. James, Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Spring 2009, Hypatia, available via Wiley online library
Norma Coates expresses here an ethical and aesthetic
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“sexy”—as mainstream/conventional discourse.
( ) Critical theory has no mechanism to translate theory into practice
Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)
Because emancipatory political practice is central to the
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thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise.
( ) The alt doesn’t result in effective “new politics” and they don’t control the internal link to the Aff – they solely cede politics to the Right
Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/17/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf
Yet the audacious adepts of “theory”
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preoccupation and the style go on and on.
( ) Personal purification anesthetizes collective political mobilizations – their alternative deflates social hope and pragmatic reforms necessary to fight injustice
Calderon '99 (Nissim, Political analyst and literary critic at Tel Aviv University, Israel, HA'ARETZ, September 10, lexis)
Primarily, says Rorty, political life
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of politics, but because it relinquished hope.
( ) Me-search hampers social interconnection – blocking any hope of successful resistance and change
Dunn, ‘98 (Robert G. Prof of Sociology @ Cal State Univ, Identity Crises: A Social Critique of Postmodernity P. 172-174)
The task of translating even politically conscious deconstructive
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of social and cultural renewal and material redistribution.
( ) Self-detachment undermines individual responsibility and dilutes our connection with others
Longford ‘1 (Graham, Assistant Professor of Political Studies - Trent U in Ontario, POLITY, June 22, lexis)
Finally, thinkers representing a wide range of
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the part of anyone interested in Foucauldian ethics.
( ) Endorsing Me-Search means they link to anti-politics
Boggs ’97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
Fromm believed the psychological impulses toward escape would
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winds up sub- merged in the process.
( ) Ignoring the state doesn’t make it go away --- their framework cements the power of the right
Cook 92 (Anthony, Associate Professor – Georgetown Law, New England LR, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751)
The effect of deconstructing the power of the
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their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.
( ) Their State K links to anti-politics – it’s sweeping nature plays into the hands of conservative forces.
Boggs ’97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)
After California anti-tax crusaders launched the
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very foundations of state-integrated corporate capitalism.
1NR Cards
the usfg is in washington
Encarta 2k (Encarta Online Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com )
“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”
Limits outweigh – destroys participation
Rowland 84 (Robert C., Debate Coach – Baylor University, “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective, Ed. Parson, p. 53-54)
The first major problem identified by the work
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led some small schools to cancel their programs.
2. preservation of equal ground and operation within mutually agreed upon terms is key to instill an ethic of compassion. the idea that the 1ac operates above guidelines lies at the root of intolerance
Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 288-291)
Values clarification, Stewart is correct in pointing
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renders the value structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic.
1NC
3. DEMOCRACY D/A: adherence to democratically established norms is the baseline for effective politics---the insistence upon the correctness of one’s argument in contrast to procedural rules will end in violent revolutionary nightmares
Richard Wolin, history at City University of New York, 2004 (The Seduction of Unreason, p. 312-313)
The postmodernists, on the other hand,
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…. more than lost cause.
switch-side debate: forcing affs to defend topical plan action is the only way to ensure teams defend both sides of an issue
learning only one side of an issue, no matter how right they may be about the merits, destroys critical thinking---collapses any capacity for people translate debate skills into the real world.
Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4)
The debate over moral education …
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integrating these skills into successes on the job.
A. We control uniqueness---the purpose of debate should be determined by what unique role this forum can play---________ can occur in ANY forums like protests, town hall meetings, or the classroom. debate uniquely provides a forum that facilitates in-depth and focused discussions about the topic. This facilitates a unique sort of critical thinking that no other forum can generate
Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 291-2)
Firm moral commitment to a value system,
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in part on values of tolerance and fairness.
This takes out their offense--- you aren’t convincing the judges of anything substantive---it’s more important to preserve the method of switch-side debate
Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 278)
The emphasis on method---focusing on the
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procedural …., but sober, realistic, important gamesmanship.
1NC
B) This type of training is vital to all forms of activism and politics---
Learning how to defend a concise and written researched demand is essential to movement building
Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of the Praxis Project, previous director of the Transnational Racial Justice Initiative and the Grass Roots Innovative Policy Program, 7/31/2k(Colorlines 3.2)
Much of the work of framing what we
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we must be committed to making it so.
C) This turns their case ---people will ignore their 1AC because you don’t give the other side a fair chance to respond
Michael Underwood, summarizing Carl Hovland, communication at Yale University, 2K (Psychology of Communication, www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/psy/hovland3.html)
Whether or not you should include arguments for
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be more persuasive with a more intelligent audience.
An insistence on the personal as the basis for politics leaves radicals incapable of engaging or even understanding the structural root causes of oppression---it is your framework, not ours, that forces the obsession with the symptom instead of the root cause
Stephen Duncombe, zinester and underground activist and Asst Professor of American Studies at State University of New York, 2001 (Notes from Underground, p. 186-88)
The ideal of a politics that is “
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a little p instead of a big one.
…. finally, no power.
