nsp

Wake 1ac

The United States Federal Government should provide necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Egypt.

Contention 1 – Credibility

Credibility is declining because of inaction on the Arab Spring – the plan is key to reverse perceptions of US failures and boost soft power
Hamid, Brookings Doha Center Research Director, 11
(Shadi, 10-1-11, “What Obama and American Liberals Don’t Understand About the Arab Spring,” http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/1001_obama_hamid.aspx, accessed 10-11-11, CMM)

Throughout the Arab spring, analysts AND ones who need to do it.”

No alt causes – Egypt is key
Satloff, Washington Institute executive director, 9-13-11
[Robert, “Needed: High-Level U.S. Attention to the Dire Situation in Egypt” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1714, accessed 9-27-11, TAP]

For the United States, the AND in the region collapses as well.

Credibility deters Iranian aggression – perception of regional commitments are key.
Alterman, CSIS senior fellow, 11
[Jon, former Department of State Policy planning staff, CSIS Middle East program director and senior fellow “Fierce or Feeble: Persian Gulf assessments of U.S. power” section within Capacity and Resolve: Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power, http://csis.org/files/publication/110613_Cohen_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf, p.69-70, accessed 9-30-11, TAP]

Whatever the actual cost, and AND discrete set of actions and statements.

Containment fails – only credibility can counter Iranian influence
Lynch, CNAS non-resident senior fellow, 11
[Mark, Center for New American Security, George Washington University associate political science professor and Middle East studies program director, Foreign Policy Middle East Channel editor, June 2011, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf, p.5-6,  accessed 9-26-11, TAP]

America’s interest in preventing Iran from  AND effort to contain Iran  ever did. 

Otherwise Iran miscalculates
Lynch, CNAS non-resident senior fellow, 11
(Mark, Center for New American Security, George Washington University associate political science professor and Middle East studies program director, Foreign Policy Middle East Channel editor, June 2011, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf, accessed 11-11-11) PM

As it struggles to recalibrate its AND sudden and game-changing war.

Middle East war draws in great powers – no checks on escalation.  
RUSSELL, Department of National Security Affairs senior lecturer at NPS, 9
[James A., , focused on Middle East security affairs, terrorism, and national security strategy. “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East” Spring http://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu
%2FAcademics%2Fcenters%2FCCC%2Ffaculty%2Fbiolinks%2Frussell%2FPP26_Russell_2009.pdf
&rct=j&q=Strategic%20Stability%20Reconsidered%3A%20Prospects%20for%20Nuclear%20War%20and
%20Escalation%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%22&ei=y_dbTcmfD4K0lQeY7cTkCQ&usg=AFQjCNGBgAt5
-o6WwVPg7b503iUYltj2nw&sig2=9rGfIq5oVZNvgR8pn8vhvA, page 41, accessed 2-16-11, CMM] 

Strategic stability in the region is AND substantial risk for the entire world.

Their defense is outdated – high risk of escalation
London, President of the Hudson Institute, ‘10
(Herbert, “The Coming Crisis in the Middle East,” 6-23-10, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=7101&pubType=HI_Opeds, accessed 11-11-11) PM

The gathering storm in the Middle AND That is a truly bad sign.

Contention 2 is Egypt

Corruption makes instability inevitable.
Young, BBC World Service business reporter, 9-15-11
(Rob, “Egyptians still await economic change,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14907631, accessed 9-19-11, CMM)

'Further uprising' January's protesters also demanded AND be further uprising," she says.

Transparency is key to the democratic transition – prevents cooption
Hanna, fellow and program officer at The Century Foundation, 7-14-11
(Michael Wahid, he focuses on issues of international security, human rights, post-conflict justice and U.S. foreign policy in the broader Middle East, *No Date included on webpage – the date of 7-14-11 was taken from when this article was posted on the Huffington Post, “Why The Past Is Crucial To Egypt's Future,” http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=78, accessed 9-25-11, CMM)

As Egypt’s post-revolutionary politics AND the intentions of the transitional authorities.

A successful Egyptian democratic transition is key to the success and future promotion of the US model of democracy.
Mitchell, former Chief of Party for the NDI in Georgia, 10-4-11
(Lincoln, National Democratic Institute Mitchell worked on political development issues in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, “Arab Spring tests ‘relevance and impact’ of democracy assistance,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/arab-spring-tests-relevance-and-impact-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

It is difficult to believe that AND in this work and its value.

Egyptian democratization is key to reverse a rise global authoritarianism
Puddington, director of research at Freedom House, 10-7-11
(Arch, Democracy Digest, “Can Arab Spring check new authoritarians’ momentum?,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/can-arab-spring-check-new-authoritarians-momentum/, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

The role of the West in AND the cause of freedom everywhere else.

Democratic peace theory is true – statistically proven
Dafoe, UCal Berkeley political science Ph.D candidate, 2011
[Allan, Midwest Political Science Association, American Journal of Political Science, Vol 55 No 2 April 2011, “Statistical Critiques of the Democratic Peace: Caveat Emptor” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00487.x/pdf, p.247-8, accessed 10-27-11, TAP]

The “democratic peace”—the AND and Bennett 2004; Ray 1995). 

That’s key to check China’s pushes for authoritarianism in Asia, collapsing the effectiveness of multilateral institutions and US influence, causing conflict
Kurlantzick, CFR Southeast Asia fellow, 9-24-11
(Joshua, “Long Arm of China,” http://www.cfr.org/china/long-arm-china/p26075, accessed 10-15-11, CMM)

For decades, foreign observers and AND to promote democracy in their neighborhoods.

US presence is key to check South China Sea conflicts from escalating
Denmark, CNAS Fellow, and Kliman, CNAS Visiting Fellow, 11
(Abraham M., Daniel M., Center for a New American Security, “How to Get Southeast Asia Right,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/02/02/how-to-get-southeast-asia-right/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

And there’s another reason the United AND coordination and therefore promote confidence building.

Impact is Armageddon
Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11
(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is AND fear, would lead to Armageddon. 

Contention 3 is Solvency

Expanding transparency efforts are key to solve institutional change in Egypt.
Sullivan, Ph.D., the Executive Director of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), 11
(John D, 2-23-11, Project on Middle East Democracy, “Rethinking Development Assistance in the Middle East,” pages3-4, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/policy-brief-series_sullivan.pdf, accessed 9-25-11, CMM) 

In a section highlighting the need AND business, especially in public procurement. 

Egypt will accept the aid out of economic interests
Terrill, joined the Strategic Studies Institute in October 2001, and is SSI's Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
(Dr. Andrew, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2, accessed 8-22-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has sometimes brought AND that is vital to both countries.

Egypt would accept aid.
Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
[Andrew, phd, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2#bahrain, accessed 8-8-11, TAP]

If Egypt does seek an enhanced AND already experiencing disunity and splintering.14

Harvard 1ac

Plan Text
The United States Federal Government should provide necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Egypt.

Contention 1 – Credibility

Credibility is declining because of inaction on the Arab Spring – the plan is key to reverse perceptions of US failures and boost soft power
Hamid, Brookings Doha Center Research Director, 11
(Shadi, 10-1-11, “What Obama and American Liberals Don’t Understand About the Arab Spring,” http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/1001_obama_hamid.aspx, accessed 10-11-11, CMM)

Throughout the Arab spring, analysts AND ones who need to do it.”

No alt causes – Egypt is key
Satloff, Washington Institute executive director, 9-13-11
[Robert, “Needed: High-Level U.S. Attention to the Dire Situation in Egypt” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1714, accessed 9-27-11, TAP]

For the United States, the AND in the region collapses as well.

Soft power is key to effective coalitions that solve conflicts and global problems
Reiss, William and Mary Vice Provost of IA, 8
(Mitchell B., From 2003 to 2005, he was Director of Policy Planning at the State Department, “Restoring America's Image: What the Next President Can Do”, Survival, October, 50(5), pages 107, 108, ebsco, accessed 10-1-11, CMM)

But first, there is another AND more to enhance peace and security. 

Contention 2 is Egypt 

Corruption makes instability inevitable.
Young, BBC World Service business reporter, 9-15-11
(Rob, “Egyptians still await economic change,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14907631, accessed 9-19-11, CMM)

'Further uprising' January's protesters also demanded AND be further uprising," she says.
*Yasmine El Rashidi, a former Middle East correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, has written for The Washington Post etc. 

Corruption kills Egyptian small business – that’s key to growth.
Hubbard, Columbia Finance and Economics professor, 11
(Glenn, worked as an economic advisor under Bush, Chairman of Economic Policy on the OECD’s Economic Policy Committee, “A Marshall Plan for the Middle East,” 2-28-11, http://glennhubbard.net/commentary-and-op-eds/322-a-marshall-plan-for-the-middle-east.html, accessed 9-10-11) PM

The recent and current upheavals in AND stability the world has ever known.

Growth is key to stability.
Crane et al, Simon, and Martini, RAND Corporation, ‘11
(Keith, Steven, and Jeffrey, “Future Challenges for the Arab World: The Implications of Demographic and Economic Trends,” 2011, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2011/RAND_TR912.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

No other economic issue is deemed AND extent of pressure for political change.

Transparency is key to the democratic transition – prevents cooption
Hanna, fellow and program officer at The Century Foundation, 7-14-11
(Michael Wahid, he focuses on issues of international security, human rights, post-conflict justice and U.S. foreign policy in the broader Middle East, *No Date included on webpage – the date of 7-14-11 was taken from when this article was posted on the Huffington Post, “Why The Past Is Crucial To Egypt's Future,” http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=78, accessed 9-25-11, CMM)

As Egypt’s post-revolutionary politics AND the intentions of the transitional authorities.

A successful Egyptian democratic transition is key to the success and future promotion of the US model of democracy.
Mitchell, former Chief of Party for the NDI in Georgia, 10-4-11
(Lincoln, National Democratic Institute Mitchell worked on political development issues in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, “Arab Spring tests ‘relevance and impact’ of democracy assistance,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/arab-spring-tests-relevance-and-impact-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

It is difficult to believe that AND in this work and its value.

Egyptian democratization is key to reverse a rise global authoritarianism
Puddington, director of research at Freedom House, 10-7-11
(Arch, Democracy Digest, “Can Arab Spring check new authoritarians’ momentum?,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/can-arab-spring-check-new-authoritarians-momentum/, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

The role of the West in AND the cause of freedom everywhere else.

Democracy is key to solve nuclear war and extinction
Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow, '95
[Stanford Univ. Political Science and Sociology professor, former Baghdad CPA senior adviser,
"Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm]

Nuclear, chemical, and biological AND security and prosperity can be built.

Democratic peace theory is empirically proven
Dafoe, UCal Berkeley political science Ph.D candidate, 11
[Allan, Midwest Political Science Association, American Journal of Political Science, Vol 55 No 2 April 2011, “Statistical Critiques of the Democratic Peace: Caveat Emptor” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00487.x/pdf, p.247-8, accessed 10-27-11, TAP]

The “democratic peace”—the AND and Bennett 2004; Ray 1995). 

That’s key to check China’s pushes for authoritarianism in Asia, collapsing the effectiveness of multilateral institutions and US influence, causing conflict
Kurlantzick, CFR Southeast Asia fellow, 9-24-11
(Joshua, “Long Arm of China,” http://www.cfr.org/china/long-arm-china/p26075, accessed 10-15-11, CMM)

For decades, foreign observers and AND to promote democracy in their neighborhoods.

US presence is key to check South China Sea conflicts from escalating
Denmark, CNAS Fellow, and Kliman, CNAS Visiting Fellow, 11
(Abraham M., Daniel M., Center for a New American Security, “How to Get Southeast Asia Right,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/02/02/how-to-get-southeast-asia-right/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

And there’s another reason the United AND coordination and therefore promote confidence building.

Impact is Armageddon
Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11
(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is AND fear, would lead to Armageddon. 

Contention 3 is Solvency 

Expanding transparency efforts are key to solve institutional change in Egypt.
Sullivan, Ph.D., the Executive Director of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), 11
(John D, 2-23-11, Project on Middle East Democracy, “Rethinking Development Assistance in the Middle East,” pages3-4, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/policy-brief-series_sullivan.pdf, accessed 9-25-11, CMM) 

In a section highlighting the need AND business, especially in public procurement. 

Egypt will accept the aid out of economic interests
Terrill, joined the Strategic Studies Institute in October 2001, and is SSI's Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
(Dr. Andrew, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2, accessed 8-22-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has sometimes brought AND that is vital to both countries.

Egypt would accept aid.
Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
[Andrew, phd, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2#bahrain, accessed 8-8-11, TAP]

If Egypt does seek an enhanced AND already experiencing disunity and splintering.14

Kentucky 1ac

The United States Federal Government should provide necessary technical assistance for Egypt for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring.

Contention 1 – Credibility

Low Middle East credibility now.
AFP, 11
[Karin Zeitvogel, 7-13-11, Agence France Press, “Arab world's ratings of Obama, US plummet: poll” http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbpg5ou3Qk96-aTbpJyD4K0x2b9w?docId=CNG.561caa8da42ba25c5ee1f3158a926c28.c11, accessed 9-22-11, TAP]

WASHINGTON — Two years after US AND Egypt  a mere five percent. 

Promoting accountability boosts credibility.
Guirguis, Washington Institute fellow, 9
[Dina, Washington Institute for Near East Policy fellow, Executive director of the Voices for a Democratic Egypt, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, “Promoting Democracy in Egypt” http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/promoting-democracy-egypt, accessed 9-22-11, TAP]

Not only is support for the AND media, and increasing government accountability.

The plan is key to fulfill Obama’s Cairo promises
Hamid, Brookings research director, 11
[Shadi, Brookings Doha Center research director, 4-26-11, “The Struggle for Middle East Democracy” http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/0426_middle_east_hamid.aspx, accessed 9-24-11, TAP]

The revolutions are far from completeAND address but failed to deliver on.

Credibility through democracy boosts US soft power – that preserves US global leadership.
Byron, Press Storm, 11
[8-26-11, “Investigative Analysis: Soft Power in the Middle East – Reforming American Foreign Policy” http://www.presstorm.com/2011/08/soft-power-in-the-middle-east-reforming-american-foreign-policy/, accessed 9-23-11, TAP]

It’s easy to read the revolutions AND of citizen diplomacy and international friendship.

Hegemony solves war – declines means great power war.
Khalilzad, former U.S. ambassador, 11
(Zalmay, United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, 2-8-11, National Review Online, “The Economy and National Security,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad, accessed 2-8-11, CMM)

We face this domestic challenge while AND make aggressive moves in their regions.

Credibility deters Iranian aggression – perception of regional commitments are key.
Alterman, CSIS senior fellow, 11
[Jon, former Department of State Policy planning staff, CSIS Middle East program director and senior fellow “Fierce or Feeble: Persian Gulf assessments of U.S. power” section within Capacity and Resolve: Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power, http://csis.org/files/publication/110613_Cohen_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf, p.69-70, accessed 9-30-11, TAP]

Whatever the actual cost, and AND discrete set of actions and statements.

Iranian aggression results in nuclear war.
Ben-Meir, NYU IR Professor, 2007
[Alon, New York University Center for Global Affairs international relations professor, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance” http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/, accessed 9-30-11, TAP]

Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, Tehran AND of not halting its nuclear program.

Contention 2 is Egypt 

Corruption dooms status quo aid.
Hanieh, School of Oriental and African Studies Political Economics Professor, 11
(Adam, “Egypt’s ‘Orderly Economic Transition:’ Accelerated Structural Adjustment Under a Democratic Veneer,” July 2011, http://www.soas.ac.uk/cdpr/publications/dv/file69436.pdf, accessed 8-29-11) PM

In recent weeks, the economic AND the country’s military and business elites.

Corruption kills Egyptian small business – that’s key to growth.
Hubbard, Columbia Finance and Economics professor, 11
(Glenn, worked as an economic advisor under Bush, Chairman of Economic Policy on the OECD’s Economic Policy Committee, “A Marshall Plan for the Middle East,” 2-28-11, http://glennhubbard.net/commentary-and-op-eds/322-a-marshall-plan-for-the-middle-east.html, accessed 9-10-11) PM

The recent and current upheavals in AND stability the world has ever known.

Transparency solves short and long-term growth through predictability – now is key.
Fayed, Reuters, 9-22-11
(Shaimaa, “Egypt firms struggle as political uncertainty hits economy,” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/2011/Sep-22/149361-egypt-firms-struggle-as-political-uncertainty-hits-economy.ashx#axzz1YidsTpfy, accessed 9-22-11, CMM) 

When the chief executive officer of AND , which began operating in July. 

Corruption makes instability inevitable.
Young, BBC World Service business reporter, 9-15-11
(Rob, “Egyptians still await economic change,” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14907631, accessed 9-19-11, CMM)

'Further uprising' January's protesters also demanded AND be further uprising," she says.

Growth is key to a successful democratic transition and regional stability
Crane et al, Simon, and Martini, RAND Corporation, ‘11
(Keith, Steven, and Jeffrey, “Future Challenges for the Arab World: The Implications of Demographic and Economic Trends,” 2011, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2011/RAND_TR912.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

No other economic issue is deemed AND extent of pressure for political change.

Middle East war magnitude would be great – no checks on escalation.  
RUSSELL, Department of National Security Affairs senior lecturer at NPS, 9
[James A., , focused on Middle East security affairs, terrorism, and national security strategy. “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East” Spring http://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%
2FAcademics%2Fcenters%2FCCC%2Ffaculty%2Fbiolinks%2Frussell%2FPP26_Russell_2009.pdf
&rct=j&q=Strategic%20Stability%20Reconsidered%3A%20Prospects%20for
%20Nuclear%20War%20and%20Escalation%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%22&ei=
y_dbTcmfD4K0lQeY7cTkCQ&usg=AFQjCNGBgAt5-o6WwVPg7b503iUYltj2nw&sig2=
9rGfIq5oVZNvgR8pn8vhvA, page 41, accessed 2-16-11, CMM] 

Strategic stability in the region is AND substantial risk for the entire world.

Transparency is key to the democratic transition – prevents cooption
Hanna, fellow and program officer at The Century Foundation, 7-14-11
(Michael Wahid, he focuses on issues of international security, human rights, post-conflict justice and U.S. foreign policy in the broader Middle East, *No Date included on webpage – the date of 7-14-11 was taken from when this article was posted on the Huffington Post, “Why The Past Is Crucial To Egypt's Future,” http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=78, accessed 9-25-11, CMM)

As Egypt’s post-revolutionary politics AND the intentions of the transitional authorities.

Failure to solidify the Egyptian democratic transition will exacerbate Israeli threat perceptions, triggering escalatory spiral
Byman, Brookings Saban Center for Middle East Policy Research Director, 11
[Daniel, Georgetown University Security Studies Program Professor & member of The Washington Quarterly editorial board, Summer, The Washington Quarterly, 34:3 pp. 123-136, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of
the Arab Spring”, http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf, p. 133-4, accessed 9-29-11, AFB]

Israel’s fears are much more likely AND escalation that could spiral into disaster.

Egypt-Israeli war goes nuclear
Meir-Levi, Middle East expert and history professor at San Jose State University, ‘11
(David, “Nine Fronts in the Next War,” 9-7-11, http://frontpagemag.com/2011/09/07/nine-fronts-in-the-next-war/2/, accessed 9-28-11) PM

To gain maximum benefit from the AND during its 1948 war of survival.

Contention 3 is Solvency 

Current US assistance fails – expanding transparency efforts are key to solve institutional change.
Sullivan, Ph.D., the Executive Director of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), 11
(John D, 2-23-11, Project on Middle East Democracy, “Rethinking Development Assistance in the Middle East,” pages3-4, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/policy-brief-series_sullivan.pdf, accessed 9-25-11, CMM) 

In a section highlighting the need AND business, especially in public procurement. 

The US should promote public and government monitoring.
CIPE, Center for International Private Enterprise, No Date (post June 2009)
(Post June 2009 – This article was written after a survey conducted in June 2009 in Egypt, “Tackling The leviaThan: RefoRming egypTian BuReaucRacy foR impRoved economic growth,” http://www.cipe-arabia.org/files/pdf/Bureaucracy-EN.pdf, pages38-39, accessed 9-24-11, CMM)

If bureaucracy grants power to civil AND and on society as a whole. 

Egypt will accept the aid out of economic interests
Terrill, joined the Strategic Studies Institute in October 2001, and is SSI's Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
(Dr. Andrew, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2, accessed 8-22-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has sometimes brought AND that is vital to both countries.

The US has key anti corruption infrastructure
Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8
(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

But these new principles still govern AND and thus slow to send money.

GSU 1ac

Credibility Adv
Advantage 1 is Credibility 

US credibility in the Middle East is waning – only a major policy change can restore it
Carpenter, senior fellow of foreign policy studies at The Cato Institute, 7-18-11
(Ted Galen, Cato, “Obama Fumbles His Opportunity with the Arab World,” http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=13573, accessed 8-27-11, CMM)

The results of a new Zogby AND of something more than hollow rhetoric.

Success in Egypt is key to cred.
Smith, Weekly Standard senior editor, 2011
[Lee, Middle East Quarterly, Summer Vol XVIII Number 3, “Weakening Washington's Middle East Influence
Middle Eastern Upheavals” http://www.meforum.org/2972/us-middle-east-influence, accessed 8-22-11, TAP] 

Obama's Strategic Blunder  But if little AND streets demanding Mubarak's ouster?[10]

The plan is key to US credibility in the Middle East – that is the only way to contain conflict.
Nasr, Bloomberg, 5-23-11
[Vali, “Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-23/will-the-saudis-kill-the-arab-spring-.html, accessed 6-9-11, TP]

Saudi Arabia’s new posture is a AND won’t look favorably on reversing course.

Iran prolif is inevitable – it will destabilize the Middle East.
Takeyh. CFR Middle Eastern studies senior fellow, 8-3-11
[Ray, “The March Toward a Nuclear Iran” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-march-toward-a-nuclear-iran/2011/07/29/gIQAFcypsI_story.html, accessed 8-8-11, TAP]

Rather than suffering shortfalls or inhibitions AND Islamic Republic armed with nuclear weapons.

A lack of credibility hurts our ability to stop our allies from proliferating
Takeyh, CFR senior fellow, 6-8-11
[Ray, “A Post-American Day Dawns in the Mideast” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/09/opinion/09iht-edtakeyh09.html?emc=tnt&tntemail1=y, accessed 6-9-11, TP]

All this is not to suggest AND to be more turbulent and unstable.

If Iran’s neighbors prolif the Middle East will become fully nuclearized – deterrence failure and nuclear war are inevitable
Kurtz, Ethics and Public Policy Center senior fellow, 8-29-06
[Stanley, "Our Fallout-Shelter Future," National Review, l/n]

Rosen assumes (rightly I believeAND them from escalating into nuclear confrontations.

Iran prolif leads to a cascade of proliferation, regional instability and nuclear war
Kittrie, Arizona State Law Professor, 3/12/2009
[Orde, "IRAN SANCTIONS ENABLING ACT," Congressional Testimony, lexis, access 9/6]

Another danger of Iran acquiring a AND result in a devastating nuclear war.

Egypt Adv
Advantage 2 is Egypt – Scenario 1 is Economy

Egypt’s economy is on the verge of total collapse – corruption prevents increasing growth and jobs
Nasr, Bloomberg, 9-1-11
(Vali, “Beyond Good Politics: Egypt Needs Economic Remodeling: Vali Nasr,” 9-1-11, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-02/beyond-political-reform-egypt-will-need-economic-restructuring-vali-nasr.html, accesed 9-10-11) PM

Six months after the fall of AND frees the economy from its clutches.

International actors have promised millions in aid – it will only reinforce corruption
Hanieh, Political Economics Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies, ‘11
(Adam, “Egypt’s ‘Orderly Economic Transition:’ Accelerated Structural Adjustment Under a Democratic Veneer,” July 2011, http://www.soas.ac.uk/cdpr/publications/dv/file69436.pdf, accessed 8-29-11) PM

In recent weeks, the economic AND the country’s military and business elites.

Current aid is insufficient – corruption reform is key
Young, Assistant Political Science professor at the American University of Sharjah, ‘11
(Karen, “Better Targeting of Aid Will Ensure a Lasting Arab Spring,” 6-3-11, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/better-targeting-of-aid-will-ensure-a-lasting-arab-spring?pageCount=0, accessed 8-29-11) PM

Transitions from authoritarianism and state-AND no evidence that aid promotes democracy.

Solving corruption allows the Egyptian business sector to develop – that’s key to growth
Hubbard, Finance and Economics professor at Columbia, ‘11
(Glenn, worked as an economic advisor under Bush, Chairman of Economic Policy on the OECD’s Economic Policy Committee, “A Marshall Plan for the Middle East,” 2-28-11, http://glennhubbard.net/commentary-and-op-eds/322-a-marshall-plan-for-the-middle-east.html, accessed 9-10-11) PM

The recent and current upheavals in AND stability the world has ever known.

That’s key to a successful democratic transition and regional stability
Crane, Simon, and Martini, RAND Corporation, ‘11
(Keith, Steven, and Jeffrey, “Future Challenges for the Arab World: The Implications of Demographic and Economic Trends,” 2011, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2011/RAND_TR912.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

No other economic issue is deemed AND and extent of pressure for political change

Middle East instability escalates to global nuclear and biological war
Blake, Telegraph, ‘11
(Heidi, “WikiLeaks: tension in the Middle East and Asia has 'direct potential' to lead to nuclear war,” 2-2-11, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8298427/WikiLeaks-tension-in-the-Middle-East-and-Asia-has-direct-potential-to-lead-to-nuclear-war.html, accessed 8-22-11) PM

Tension in the Middle East and AND inhaled or absorbed through the skin.

Bioweapons cause extinction
Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group Member, 2
Richard [“Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html]

Of all the weapons of mass AND ? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Scenario 2 is Saudi Arabia
Egyptian stability is key to Saudi Arabian stability
Aymerich, Policymic, 6-4-11
[Olga, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona international and intercultural relations (Middle East) MA, “Stability Trumps Religion in Saudi Arabia's Arab Spring Policies” http://www.policymic.com/article/show?id=511, accessed 6-11-11, TAP]

Saudi Arabia feared the Arab Spring AND consequently, to Saudi Arabia’s stability.

That collapses the global economy
David, prof of poli sci at Johns Hopkins, 99
(Steven R, Jan/Feb, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” lexis, accessed 5-9-11, CMM)

In a Saudi civil war, AND gravest threat imaginable to American interests.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
[Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv]

If history is any guide, AND is all too easy to imagine. 

Plan Text
The United States Federal Government should allocate necessary funding and training resources to anti-corruption programs for Egypt.

Solvency
The plan solves corruption – that’s key to prevent democratic backsliding
Rubin, Philadelphia Inquirer, ‘11
(Trudy, “Economy Key to Egypt, Tunisia in Quest for Democracy,” 4-17-11, http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/04/17/v-fullstory/2170819/economy-key-to-egypt-tunisia-in.html, accessed 8-29-11) PM

Moreover, Clinton added: “AND we should try hard to help.

The US has key anti-corruption infrastructure
Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8
(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

After more than four decades and AND –by showing that we agree.

US solves best – most effective NGOs and international partnerships
Donnelly, former USTR for the Middle East and Europe, ‘11
(Shaun, “The Neglected Pillar: America’s Economic Agenda in the Middle East,” 6-22-11, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3373, accessed 8-31-11) PM

Citizens across the Middle East have AND , along with strong policy advocacy.

The SCAF will say yes – they want to establish a democratic government
Wisner, External Affairs at AIG, 9-13-11
(Frank, “Reparing the Egypt-Israel Breach,” 9-13-11, http://www.cfr.org/egypt/repairing-egypt-israel-breach/p25841?cid=rss-analysisbriefbackgroundersexp-repairing_the_egypt_israel_bre-091311, accessed 9-15-11) PM

The military has no desire to AND , would like peace to continue.

Countries can’t say no – they need recognize that they need our help
Terrill, joined the Strategic Studies Institute in October 2001, and is SSI's Middle East specialist, 8-2-11
(Dr. Andrew, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the International Assessments Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “The Arab Spring and the Future of U.S. Interests and Cooperative Security in the Arab World,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Arab-Spring-and-the-Future-of-US-Interests/2011/8/2, accessed 8-22-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has sometimes brought AND that is vital to both countries.

2ac – Can’t Be Economic (Harvard)

1. We meet – the plan isn’t economic assistance – corruption is part of governance aid
   Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
   (Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

2. Counter interp – democracy assistance is elections, rule of law, civil society, and governance
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

2ac – Coercion (Harvard)

3. We don’t trigger the link
Hanley, AP, ‘11
(Charles, “US training quietly nurtured young Arab democracy activists,” 3-13-11, http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/SE/20110313/NEWS/103140302, accessed 9-30-11) PM

National Endowment money, $100AND triple the 2011 funding previously planned.

Their focus on ethics without action forecloses political change
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2ac – Saudi Relations (Harvard)

2. Double bind – either relations have been strained completely and the plan is a drop in the bucket or security reliance makes relations resilient.
Lobe, Inter Press Service, 9-15-11
[Jim, “U.S.-Saudi Arabia Agreeing on Less and Less” http://www.nationofchange.org/us-saudi-arabia-agreeing-less-and-less-1316099237, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

But the relationship suffered a number AND S. soldiers from the kingdom.

4. No link – Egypt not perceived as a threat – Saudi Arabia is an ally with democracy.
Bradley, Foreign Affairs, 10-13-11
[John, “Saudi Arabia's Invisible Hand in the Arab Spring” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136473/john-r-bradley/saudi-arabias-invisible-hand-in-the-arab-spring?page=show, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

Islamists across the region are working AND the country's new political power brokers.

5. Turn – plan solves instability, that resolves the link.
Aymerich, Policymic, 6-4-11
[Olga, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona international and intercultural relations (Middle East) MA, “Stability Trumps Religion in Saudi Arabia's Arab Spring Policies” http://www.policymic.com/article/show?id=511, accessed 6-11-11, TAP]

Saudi Arabia feared the Arab Spring AND consequently, to Saudi Arabia’s stability.

6. No link – Mubarak disproves “freak out”
Lake, senior national security correspondent for Newsweek and the Daily Beast, 10-4-11
(Eli, “U.S. 'Paid a Price' on Egypt,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/04/james-jones-ex-obama-adviser-u-s-paid-a-price-on-egypt.html, accessed 10-5-11, CMM)

In a blunt assessment, President AND the U.S. military.

2ac – Saudi Relations – Saudi Prolif Impact (Harvard)

No prolif – no capacity or motivation
Lindsay, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair, and Takeyh Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, 2010
(James, Senior Vice President, Director of Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Ray, author “Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs,” Foreign Affairs, “After Iran Gets the Bomb”, Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 89, Issue 2 Ebsco [accessed 3/13/10])

Another danger that would have to AND is a magnet for an attack.
 

2ac – Iran Containment (Harvard)

2. Non-unique – Iran influence low now – infighting and Syria.
Tisdall, Guardian Foreign Affairs Columnist and Assistant Editor, 2011,
(Simon, "Iran has been isolated by the Arab spring", Guardian, 5-17, PAS) www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/17/iran-arab-spring 9-2-11 

Nerves are fraying in Tehran as AND goals, will definitely become victorious." 

3. Non-uniquen – US undermining influence now – military operations.
Barnes et al, WSJ, 9-6-11
(Julian, Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, “US Eyes Covert Plan to Counter Iran in Iraq,” 9-6-11, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903895904576547233284967482.html?mod=googlenews_wsj, accessed 9-14-11) PM

WASHINGTON—Military commanders and intelligence AND increased arms smuggling to its allies.

4. No link – no influence in Egypt.
Doran, New York University Public Service Graduate School Visiting Professor, 2011,
(Michael Scott, “The Heirs of Nasser: Who Will Benefit From the Second Arab Revolution?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, Iss. 3, May/June, PAS) Accessed on ProQuest 7-13-11

This is not to say that AND spinning on their own independent axis.

5. No link - Egypt not the lynchpin of influence.
Benn, Haaretz Newspaper Editor-at-Large, 2011,
(Aluf, "Overcoming Fear and Anxiety in Tel Aviv", Foreign Affairs, 2-8, PAS) www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67353/aluf-benn/overcoming-fear-and-anxiety-in-tel-aviv?page=show 7-26-11

Netanyahu's warning notwithstanding, an Egyptian AND and Israelis travel freely to Istanbul.

6. Turkey undermines Iranian influence.
Ramsey, Lobelog, 2011
[Jasmin, 7-19-11, “Iranian Geopolitics After The Arab Spring” http://www.lobelog.com/iranian-geopolitics-after-the-arab-spring/, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

Turkey’s significant political, economic, AND —to be increasingly at risk.

2ac – China Bashing

Plan has massive bipartisan backing
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

China bashing won’t escalate
Richburg, Washington Post Reporter, 10-19, 2011,
(Keith, "China-bashing nothing new", Washington Post, PAS) www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/china-bashing-nothing-new/2011/10/13/gIQATlUrwL_story.html?wprss= 10-26-11 

But economists, business people and AND they’ve been negotiating these for years.”

Bashing inevitable – inertia will force Republicans hands
Saginaw News, 10-26, 2011,
(Barrie Barber, "Dave Camp: China an export opportunity, but 'trade abuses' hurt U.S. firms, workers", Mlive, PAS) www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2011/10/dave_camp_china_an_export_oppo.html 10-26-11 

Scott N. Paul, executive AND up to China on currency manipulation.”

2ac Orientalism K

No root cause
Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to AND war seems to be empirically inadequate.

They generalize democracy assistance – their links are empirically disproven and make alt solvency impossible
Youngs, FRIDE Director General, ‘11,
(Richard, “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion”, FRIDE is A European Think Tank for Global Action, 1-25-11, http://fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

Two commonly-made assumptions rest AND needed are more subtle in nature.

People stopped caring about Orientalism – the alt won’t reach anyone
Freund, senior editor of REASON, ‘1
(Charles Paul, “2001 Nights: The End of the Orientalist Critique,” December 2001, http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/2001_nights_the_end_of_the_orientalist_critique.htm, accessed 9-12-11) PM

Was the critique valid? Even AND ossified, if not something worse.

Alt creates more radical forms of racism against the East
Freund, senior editor of REASON, ‘1
(Charles Paul, “2001 Nights: The End of the Orientalist Critique,” December 2001, http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/2001_nights_the_end_of_the_orientalist_critique.htm, accessed 9-12-11) PM

However important the implications of the AND have emerged from an identifiable world.

2ac SKFTA

South Korea FTA won’t pass – organized labor and TAA ensure failure
Reuters, 9-2, 2011,
(Doug Palmer, "Analysis: Obama's trade legacy in a crucible this fall', PAS) www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/02/us-usa-obama-trade-idUSTRE7814CZ20110902 9-3-11

Still, Congress' approval of the AND agreements without TAA," said Trumka. 

Won’t pass – Boehner blocks
Dow Jones Newswire, 9-2, 2011,
(Tom Barkley and Kristina Peterson, "US Business Groups Optimistic About Trade Pacts", Nasdaq, PAS) www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201109010655dowjonesdjonline000352&title=us-business-groups-optimistic-about-trade-pacts 9-3-11 

But while House Speaker John Boehner AND worked out on the House side.

Obama is all talk and no walk – won’t submit the deals
Kleckner, Washington Times, 9-14, 2011,
(Dean, "KLECKNER: Obama deliberately kills jobs
", Washington Times, PAS) www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/sep/14/obama-deliberately-kills-jobs/?page=all#pagebreak 9-15-11 

Some pundits have speculated that MrAND must be done “right away.”

Republicans won’t vote for TAA
Reuters, 9-6, 2011,
(Doug Palmer, "UPDATE 2-PREVIEW-U.S. trade deals face tricky approval path", PAS) www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/06/usa-trade-congress-idUSN1E7851P420110906 9-11-11

Schwab, who was former President AND trade pacts to Congress for votes.

Dems won’t support without TAA
Palmer, Reuters Journalist, 9-12, 2011,
(Doug, "USTR Kirk hopes trade deals passed by November APEC meet", Reuters, PAS) www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/12/us-usa-trade-deals-idUSTRE78B72220110912?feedType=RSS&feedName=everything&virtualBrandChannel=11563 9-13-11 

(Reuters) - Trade Representative AND help workers displaced by foreign competition. 

Plan massively bipart
Democracy Digest, 10
[“Bipartisanship is dead? Vin Weber Award Affirms Consensus on Advancing Democracy”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2010/07/bipartisanship-is-dead-vin-weber-award-affirms-consensus-on-advancing-democracy-as-work-worth-doing/, 07-21-10, access date: 09-03-11, MAY]

Joining the ranks of such luminaries AND freedom and democracy,” he said.  

Political consensus favors the plan – democracy assistance has massive bipartisan backing in current geopolitical and domestic contexts
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Err aff – pro democracy lobbies have clout
Peters, Wesleyan University government assistant professor, 2-14-11
[Anne Mariel, “Why Obama shouldn't increase democracy aid to Egypt” http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/14/why_obama_shouldn_t_increase_democracy_aid_to_egypt, accessed 6-8-11, TP]

However, the gradual shift in AND not mean more democracy in Egypt.

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Basing should be sufficient to solve – Alliance is resilient and their internal links are inevitable
Sneider, Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center associate director for research, 2006
(Daniel, “RE-IMAGINING THE U.S.-ROK ALLIANCE” http://www.mansfieldfdn.org/programs/program_pdfs/rok_us_sneider.pdf, accessed 2-5-10)

The alliance between the Republic of AND from trade and tourism to immigration.

Multiple factors check Asian war
White, ANU (Australian National University) strategic studies professor, 8
[Hugh, Lowy Institute for International Policy visiting fellow, former (Australian) Office of National Assessments intelligence analyst and senior advisor to the Defense minister, "Why War in Asia Remains Thinkable," Survival, informaworld.com]

Meanwhile, most countries in the AND sense is indeed hard to imagine.

SKFTA won’t pass – China bill comes first
Reuters, 9-15-11
(“UPDATE 1-US senator wants China bill vote before trade pacts,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/16/usa-china-trade-idUSS1E78E20V20110916, accessed 9-17-11, CMM)

A senior Democratic senator said on AND the floor soon for a vote.

Won’t pass South Korea – opposition parties
Yonhap News Agency, 9-16-11
(“Free trade pact with U.S. introduced in parliamentary committee,” http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2011/08/31/23/0301000000AEN20110831007100315F.HTML, accessed 9-17-11, CMM)

South Korea's ruling Grand National Party AND pace with the U.S.

2ac - EU

AND, even if they create programs to solve, that would create delays that undermine solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

5. No funding
Carnegie Endowment ‘9
(Thomas Carothers, Jacek Kucharczyk, Jeff Lovitt, Olga Shumylo, “European Democracy Assistance After EU Enlargement,” 2-25-09, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2009/02/25/european-democracy-assistance-after-eu-enlargement/xw, accessed 8-24-11) PM

Shumylo compared EU democracy assistance overall AND directed to the grass roots level. 

EU fails in Egypt
Vogel, 11
(2-10, Toby, writer for European Voice, specializes in European affairs, “EU under pressure to reassess aid to Egypt,” http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-under-pressure-to-reassess-aid-to-egypt/70191.aspx)

Cameron was highly critical of the AND year-old state of emergency.”

2ac - EU (Fund the NED)

All of the above apply, plus these cards

NED destroys US credibility
Giraldi, former counter-terrorism specialist and military intelligence officer of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 3-3-11
(Philip, “Uncle NED Comes Calling,” http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2011/03/02/uncle-ned-comes-calling/, accessed 9-3-11, CMM)

Those who are aware of the AND North Africa and the Middle East.

NED funding is used for corruption
Conry, foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute, 93
(Barbara, November 8, "Cato Institute Foreign Policy Briefing No. 27: Loose Cannon: The National Endowment for Democracy", http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb027.pdf, pg6, accessed 9-3-11, CMM)

In addition to the political problemsAND it is at the recipient levels. 

2ac - Turkey

Perm – do both – cooperation solves Turkish influence
Cagaptay and Weiss, director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute and research assistant, 2011
[Soner and Margaret, “No More Cold Turkey,” Hurriyet Daily News, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1688, 07-29-11, access date: 09-12-11, MAY]

Only recently, Washington and Ankara AND an ally in an unstable region. 

AND, even if they create programs to solve, that would create delays that undermine solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

Turkey fails – no influence – also non uniques the DA
Shadid, New York Times, 2011
[Anthony, “Unrest Around the Arab World Endangers Turkey’s Newfound Influence,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/world/europe/05turkey.html?_r=3&partner=rss&emc=rss, 05-4-11, access date: 09-12-11, MAY] 

BEIRUT, Lebanon — Turkey faces AND important, one after the other.” 

Influence low – multiple factors
Ben-Yishai, Writer, 11
[Ron, “Turkey no Great Power,” YNetNews,  http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4118699,00.html, 09-6-11, access date: 09-12-11, MAY}

Despite its 80 million citizens, AND Erdogan slams them in our face.  

2ac - Iran Containment

Iran influence low now
Tisdall, Guardian Foreign Affairs Columnist and Assistant Editor, 2011,
(Simon, "Iran has been isolated by the Arab spring", Guardian, 5-17, PAS) www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/17/iran-arab-spring 9-2-11 

Nerves are fraying in Tehran as AND goals, will definitely become victorious." 

Iran credibility decline now – Syria crushes it
Fassihi, Wall Street Journal Middle East and Africa Deputy Bureau Chief, 2011,
(Farnaz, "Iran Feels Heat Over Support for Damascus", Wall Street Journal, 8-31, PAS) Accessed on Factiva 8-31-11

BEIRUT—Iran's steadfast support for AND outside of mosques in the morning. 

US working to undermine Iran now – democracy assistance not key
Barnes et al, WSJ, 9-6-11
(Julian, Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, “US Eyes Covert Plan to Counter Iran in Iraq,” 9-6-11, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903895904576547233284967482.html?mod=googlenews_wsj, accessed 9-14-11) PM

WASHINGTON—Military commanders and intelligence AND increased arms smuggling to its allies.

Iran has no influence in Egypt
Doran, New York University Public Service Graduate School Visiting Professor, 2011,
(Michael Scott, “The Heirs of Nasser: Who Will Benefit From the Second Arab Revolution?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, Iss. 3, May/June, PAS) Accessed on ProQuest 7-13-11

This is not to say that AND spinning on their own independent axis.

Egypt will not become another Iran – empirical examples
Zunes, San Francisco University Politics Professor, 2011,
(Stephen, "Why Egypt Will Not Turn Into Another Iran", Foreign Policy in Focus, 2-10, PAS) www.fpif.org/articles/why_egypt_will_not_turn_into_another_iran 8-8-11 

Some prominent congressional leaders and media AND – are democracies at this point. 

Egypt success does not hurt Iranian influence
Etebari, Brookings Institute Saban Middle East Policy Center Senior Research Assistant, 2011,
(Mehrun, "How Tehran Sees Tunis", Foreign Policy, 1-28, PAS) www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/28/how_tehran_sees_tunis?page=full 7-26-11

If American policymakers are looking for AND likely to fall eastward onto Tehran.

Egypt will not side with Iran
Benn, Haaretz Newspaper Editor-at-Large, 2011,
(Aluf, "Overcoming Fear and Anxiety in Tel Aviv", Foreign Affairs, 2-8, PAS) www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67353/aluf-benn/overcoming-fear-and-anxiety-in-tel-aviv?page=show 7-26-11

Netanyahu's warning notwithstanding, an Egyptian AND and Israelis travel freely to Istanbul.

2ac - Tradeoff

Aid cuts now, and more on the way – budget hawks have momentum
Cornwell & Quinn, Reuters, 9-7-11
[Susan & Andrew, Reuters, “Obama's "smart power" plan risks death of 1,000 cuts”, http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre78613g-us-usa-budget-power/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

A HARROWING YEAR For proponents of AND now a partner at Qorvis Communications.

Aid being cut now and more cuts likely, regardless of the plan
Cornwell & Quinn, Reuters, 9-7-11
[Susan & Andrew, Reuters, “Obama's "smart power" plan risks death of 1,000 cuts”, http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre78613g-us-usa-budget-power/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

MILITARY SPENDING DWARFS THAT ON DIPLOMACY AND public diplomacy programs were hastily rebuilt.

USAID violates spending caps regularly
Management Sciences for Health 05
(“Expediting the Transfer of Funds for HIV/AIDS Services,” Occasional Papers, 6 January 2005, http://www.msh.org/resources/publications/pdf/funds_transfer_HIV_AIDS.pdf, 7 July 2006)

USAID incurred multiple potential funds control AND the implementation of federal fiscal policy.

2ac - Israel Relations

Relations at an all time low – Palestine and Syria prove
Hewitt, host of a nationally syndicated radio talk show, author, law professor and broadcast journalist, 8-19-11
(Hugh, “The Obama Presidency and the Future of American-Israeli Relations,” http://townhall.com/columnists/hughhewitt/2011/08/19/the_obama_presidency_and_the_future_of_american-israeli_relations, accessed 9-13-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has been rightly AND off as a mutually caused tragedy.

Relations low – Obama has sided against Israel multiple times
Klein, National President of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), and Mandel, Director of the ZOA’s Center for Middle East Policy, 8-1-11
(Morton A., Dr. Daniel, “Obama’s hollow claim of commitment to Israel’s security,”
http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=231839, accessed 9-13-11, CMM)

For a year, Obama prohibited AND Israel’s security – they negate it.

Israel wants Egyptian economic reform
Koppel, currently a contributing analyst for BBC and a commentator for NPR, 4-29-11
(Ted, the anchor and managing editor of "Nightline" from 1980 to 2005, “The Arab Spring and U.S. Policy: The View From Jerusalem,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704330404576291063679488964.html, accessed 8-22-11, CMM)

Just as enemies such as Iran AND economic spigot should remain wide open. 

Egyptian collapse leads to Israeli scapegoating – triggers the impact
Byman, Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and the Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, 11
(Daniel, Summer, Washington Quarterly, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring,” 133-4, accessed 8-9-11, CMM)

Israel’s fears are much more likely AND we shall have better neighbors.’’27 

Relations resilient
Tobin, Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine, 8-8-11
(Jonathan S, “U.S.-Israel Alliance Tops Recess Agenda,” http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/08/08/u-s-israel-alliance-recess/, accessed 8-11-11, CMM)

Anyone tempted to underestimate the support AND the present one–to destroy.

2ac - Development Assistance CP

Development assistance fails without the plan – corrupt governments just pocket it
Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘2
(Larry, “Advancing Democratic Governance: A Global Perspective on the Status of Democracy and Directions for International Assistance,” 2002 (last date cited), http://www.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/papers/advancing_democ_%20governance.pdf, accessed 9-3-11) PM

The shallow and illiberal nature of AND fosters and sustains broad-based development

DeA fails without the plan
Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘2
(Larry, “Advancing Democratic Governance: A Global Perspective on the Status of Democracy and Directions for International Assistance,” 2002 (last date cited), http://www.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/papers/advancing_democ_%20governance.pdf, accessed 9-3-11) PM

The prospects for development, and AND democratic governance in the coming decade?   

Plan first key
Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘2
(Larry, “Advancing Democratic Governance: A Global Perspective on the Status of Democracy and Directions for International Assistance,” 2002 (last date cited), http://www.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/papers/advancing_democ_%20governance.pdf, accessed 9-3-11) PM

Without a robust commitment to fundamental AND and intimidated by the national leadership.

2ac - Threaten CP

Egypt doesn’t have the infrastructure, doesn’t solve the aff – only the US can solve.
Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8
(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

But these new principles still govern AND and thus slow to send money.

Democracy assistance key to cred
Guirguis, Washington Institute for Near East Policy fellow, 2009
[Dina, Executive director of the Voices for a Democratic Egypt, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, “Promoting Democracy in Egypt” http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/promoting-democracy-egypt, accessed 9-22-11, TAP]

Conclusion The challenge with Egypt is AND ramifications for the entire Middle East.

The US has no leverage over the SCAF – threats fail.
Satloff, The Washington Institute executive director, 9-13-11
[Robert, “Needed: High-Level U.S. Attention to the Dire Situation in Egypt” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1714, accessed 9-27-11, TAP]

Neither Ambassador Taylor nor his wellAND . Two ideas are worth considering.

2ac - Egypt FTA CP

Can’t implement – won’t be ready for years
Dadush et al, Carnegie Endowment senior associate and international economics program director, 7-22-11
[Uri, and Marina Ottaway, Carnegie Endowment middle east program senior associate, Michele Dunne, Atlantic Council Rafik Hariri Center for the middle east director, and Jeffrey Gedmin, Legatum Institute chief executive officer, “Egypt in Transition: The Current Economic Situation and the Role of International Assistance” http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/72211_transcript_egypttransition.pdf, p.10, accessed 8-8-11, TAP]

And I – just a final AND to make those kind of decisions. 

Economic measures only help in the long term – a trade agreement would not influence the transition.
Dadush et al, Carnegie Endowment senior associate and international economics program director, 7-22-11
[Uri, and Marina Ottaway, Carnegie Endowment middle east program senior associate, Michele Dunne, Atlantic Council Rafik Hariri Center for the middle east director, and Jeffrey Gedmin, Legatum Institute chief executive officer, “Egypt in Transition: The Current Economic Situation and the Role of International Assistance” http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/72211_transcript_egypttransition.pdf, p.12-3, accessed 8-8-11, TAP]

And as I said, I AND government in a sort of direction.

Links to politics and negotiations cause delays
Satloff, The Washington Institute executive director, 9-13-11
[Robert, “Needed: High-Level U.S. Attention to the Dire Situation in Egypt” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1714, accessed 9-27-11, TAP]

With little money in the UAND of U.S. policy.

Delays gut solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

MB Radicalization DA

Plan solves anti-Americanism
Hamid, 10
[Shadi, Brookings Doha Center deputy director, Democracy Journal, Winter, “The Cairo Conundrum” http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/15/Hamid.pdf, p.39, accessed 9-22-11, TAP]

Anti-American anger, and AND subjugate the people of the region. 

MB moderate – past governments prove won’t be radical
Glenn, Truman National Security Project Intern, 2011,
Cameron, "The Muslim Brotherhood Can Be a Moderate Voice in Islamist Politics", Policy Mic, 8-12, PAS) www.policymic.com/articles/the-muslim-brotherhood-can-be-a-moderate-voice-in-islamist-politics 8-19-11 

In a country struggling to navigate AND and deal with actual policy issues.

Money’s already been allocated – empirically denies the internal link
Hanley, AP, ‘11
(Charles, “US training quietly nurtured young Arab democracy activists,” 3-13-11, http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/SE/20110313/NEWS/103140302, accessed 9-30-11) PM

National Endowment money, $100AND triple the 2011 funding previously planned.

Link non unique – Egypt
Senator Lugar & Shah, USAID Administrator, 11
[Richard, (R-IN), & Rajiv, 4-13-11, Federal News Service, “Hearing of the International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,”, Lexis, AFB]

SEN. LUGAR: Administrator ShahAND that second part of the program.

US needs to engage in the process otherwise the MB will backlash
Payne, National Security Program Senior Policy Advisor, 2011,
(Scott, "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and U.S. Interests", National Security Program, 2-23, Pg. 4, PAS)
content.thirdway.org/publications/375/Third_Way_Memo_-_Egypt_s_Muslim_Brotherhood_and_US_Interests.pdf 8-20-11

When it comes to core American AND directly with decision makers in Egypt.     

Muslim Brotherhood inclusion key to a successful democratic transition in Egypt
Wickham, Emory University Associate Political Science Professor, 2011,
(Carrie Rosefsky, “The Muslim Brotherhood After Mubarak”, Foreign Affairs, 2-3, PAS) http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67348/carrie-rosefsky-wickham/the-muslim-brotherhood-after-mubarak?page=show 7-18-11 

The Brotherhood has demonstrated that it AND democratic transition can succeed without it.

2ac - Russian Influence/Relations

Link non unique –
A. Afghan civilian surge
Cornwell, Reuters, 9-8-11
[Susan, Reuters, “U.S. civilian surge to Afghanistan cost $2 billion: report”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/08/us-usa-afghanistan-aid-idUSTRE7876NF20110908, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A AND capacity and the rule of law.

B.  Egypt
Sheridan, Washington Post, 9-25-11
(Mary Beth, “Obama faces obstacles in aid to Arab nations,” 9-25-11, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/mobile/?type=story&id=2016319063&st_app=ip_news_lite&st_ver=1.2, accessed 9-30-11) PM

The lawmakers' reluctance contrasts sharply with AND the groundwork for a broader effort.

C. Libya
Jackson, USA Today, 9-20-11
(David, “Obama Pledges US Help For Libya,” 9-20-11, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/09/obama-pledges-us-help-for-libya/1?csp=34news, accessed 9-21-11) PM

President Obama said today that the AND , and development of the economy.

Money’s already been allocated – empirically denies the internal link
Hanley, AP, ‘11
(Charles, “US training quietly nurtured young Arab democracy activists,” 3-13-11, http://www.news-sentinel.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/SE/20110313/NEWS/103140302, accessed 9-30-11) PM

National Endowment money, $100AND triple the 2011 funding previously planned.

Other issues outweigh the plan
Santoro, Liu Institute Disarament and Nonproliferation Research Centre Postdoctoral Research Fellow, March 2010
[David, "A Turning Point for Nuclear Disarmament?," The Nonproliferation Review, Volume 17, Issue 1, pages 23 - 47]

Currently in the final stages of AND and geopolitical rival of Russia.”96

Won’t escalate to war
Shoumikhin, Ph.D., National Institute for Public Policy, 2005
[Andrei, "Russian Probes on Arms Control Regimes ," http://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdf, 3/2]

At the current stage, Russia AND , irredentism, terrorism, etc.

Relations down but resilient
Andreani, German Marshall fund transatlantic fellow, February 2010
[Gilles, “Answering Medvedev,” Survival, 52.1]

Since 1999 relations between Russia and AND a return of Russian imperialist practices.

Russia will de-escalate
Hellberg, Retired Colonel, Russian general Staff Academy Graduate, Former Finland Assistant Military attache, Feb. 2010
[Jukka, "Russia' Declining Military Might,"  http://www.suomensotilas.fi/pdf/Russia_in_english.pdf, 3/10]

The content of the military doctrine AND grounds to play it nice together.

Russia can’t fund aggressionism
Trenin, Director, Carnegie Moscow Center, 1/21/10
(Dmitri,  Former Senior Research Fellow, NATO Defense College and Institute of Europe in Moscow, "Year Two of the Reset: What Can the U.S. Expect from Moscow?" transcript selection from 33:44-36:55, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=2809 [accessed 2/20/10]

I think the country is basically AND think it's essentially a good thing.

Send them to patrick.g.mccleary@gmail.com

Aff:Mary Washington MM

Round #3   Tournament:

vs: Cal GW

Judge:Patrick Waldinger

Plan Text - wiki

1ac Advantages - wiki

2ac Offense

Politics link turn – plan is bipartisan

Winners win

1ar Strategy

Permutation on the counterplan

Link turn on politics – the plan is just reallocation of funds which means it doesn’t link but the plan itself is popular

Winners win

2ar Strategy

Perm

Link turn

 Aff:UMW MM

Round # 2  Tournament: Shirley

vs:Trinity GM

Judge:Sherry Hall

Plan Text

Same as wiki

1ac Advantages

Cred with Iran impact

Egyptian democracy with democratic peace theory

Asian democracy impact

2ac Offense

Egyptian stability is key to Saudi Stability (turn to Saudi Relations DA)

1ar Strategy

Answers to fasching and Saudi Relations DA

conditionality

2ar Strategy

Conditionality and fasching

USC 1ac

The United States Federal Government should provide necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Tunisia.

Contention 1 – Credibility

Credibility is declining because of inaction on the Arab Spring – the plan is key to reverse perceptions of US failures and boost soft power

Hamid, Brookings Doha Center Research Director, 11

(Shadi, 10-1-11, “What Obama and American Liberals Don’t Understand About the Arab Spring,” http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/1001_obama_hamid.aspx, accessed 10-11-11, CMM)

Throughout the Arab spring, analysts AND ones who need to do it.”

No alt causes – Tunisia is key, it is the bellwether for Middle East democracy.

Carpenter, Washington Institute Keston family fellow, 2011

[J. Scott, “Help Tunisia First” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/24/help_tunisia_first?page=full, accessed 12-24-11, TAP]

Tunisians took back their country on AND their Tunisian counterparts of American support.

Credibility deters Iranian aggression.

Alterman, CSIS senior fellow, 11

[Jon, former Department of State Policy planning staff, CSIS Middle East program director and senior fellow “Fierce or Feeble: Persian Gulf assessments of U.S. power” section within Capacity and Resolve: Foreign Assessments of U.S. Power, http://csis.org/files/publication/110613_Cohen_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf, p.69-70, accessed 9-30-11, TAP]

Whatever the actual cost, and AND discrete set of actions and statements.

Containment fails – only credibility can counter Iranian influence

Lynch, CNAS non-resident senior fellow, 11

[Mark, Center for New American Security, George Washington University associate political science professor and Middle East studies program director, Foreign Policy Middle East Channel editor, June 2011, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf, p.5-6,  accessed 9-26-11, TAP]

America’s interest in preventing Iran from  AND effort to contain Iran  ever did.

Otherwise Iran miscalculates

Lynch, CNAS non-resident senior fellow, 11

(Mark, Center for New American Security, George Washington University associate political science professor and Middle East studies program director, Foreign Policy Middle East Channel editor, June 2011, “Upheaval U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf, accessed 11-11-11) PM

As it struggles to recalibrate its AND sudden and game-changing war.

Middle East war draws in great powers – no checks on escalation.  
RUSSELL, Department of National Security Affairs senior lecturer at NPS, 9

[James A., , focused on Middle East security affairs, terrorism, and national security strategy. “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East” Spring http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2FAcademics%2Fcenters%2FCCC%2Ffaculty%2Fbiolinks%2Frussell%2FPP26_Russell_2009.pdf&rct=j&q=Strategic%20Stability%20Reconsidered%3A%20Prospects%20for%20Nuclear%20War%20and%20Escalation%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%22&ei=y_dbTcmfD4K0lQeY7cTkCQ&usg=AFQjCNGBgAt5-o6WwVPg7b503iUYltj2nw&sig2=9rGfIq5oVZNvgR8pn8vhvA, page 41, accessed 2-16-11, CMM]

Strategic stability in the region is AND substantial risk for the entire world.

Their defense is outdated – high risk of escalation

London, President of the Hudson Institute, ‘10

(Herbert, “The Coming Crisis in the Middle East,” 6-23-10, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=7101&pubType=HI_Opeds, accessed 11-11-11) PM

The gathering storm in the Middle AND That is a truly bad sign.

Contention 2 is Tunisia

Corruption now makes backsliding inevitable.

Paciello, Istituto Affari Internazionali Rome research assistant, 2011

[Maria, La Sapienza University of Rome economic and political geography of development lecturer, MEDPRO technical report 3, May 2011, “Tunisia: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition” http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceps.be%2Fceps%2Fdownload%2F5632&ei=Ycn6TueuMoru0gGijenHAg&usg=AFQjCNHauKqRRmdTSINJrWxApzWBRTifmg&sig2=eqnddkqX7JVbupmToE5FWQ, p.21, accessed 12-27-11, TAP]

As seen above, Tunisia is AND , particularly in the interior regions.

Transparency assistance in Tunisia would solve democracy.

Cordesman, CSIS Burke Strategy chair, 8-22-11

[Anthony, DOD distinguished service medal recipient, “Next Steps in Libya (Egypt, Tunisia, and Other States with New Regimes)” http://csis.org/publication/next-steps-libya-egypt-tunisia-and-other-states-new-regimes, accessed 12-23-11, TAP]

A Decisive Case for US Aid AND eyes without sacrificing real security concerns.

A successful Tunisian democratic transition is key to the success and future promotion of the US model of democracy.

Mitchell, former Chief of Party for the NDI in Georgia, 10-4-11

(Lincoln, National Democratic Institute Mitchell worked on political development issues in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, “Arab Spring tests ‘relevance and impact’ of democracy assistance,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/arab-spring-tests-relevance-and-impact-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

It is difficult to believe that AND in this work and its value.

Tunisian democratization is key to reverse a rise global authoritarianism

Puddington, director of research at Freedom House, 10-7-11

(Arch, Democracy Digest, “Can Arab Spring check new authoritarians’ momentum?,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/can-arab-spring-check-new-authoritarians-momentum/, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

The role of the West in AND the cause of freedom everywhere else.

Democracy is key to solve nuclear war and extinction

Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow, '95

[Stanford Univ. Political Science and Sociology professor, former Baghdad CPA senior adviser,

"Promoting Democracy in the 1990s," http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm]

Nuclear, chemical, and biological AND security and prosperity can be built.

Democratic peace theory is true – statistically proven

Dafoe, UCal Berkeley political science Ph.D candidate, 2011

[Allan, Midwest Political Science Association, American Journal of Political Science, Vol 55 No 2 April 2011, “Statistical Critiques of the Democratic Peace: Caveat Emptor” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00487.x/pdf, p.247-8, accessed 10-27-11, TAP]

The “democratic peace”—the AND and Bennett 2004; Ray 1995).

That’s key to check China’s pushes for authoritarianism in Asia, collapsing the effectiveness of multilateral institutions and US influence, causing conflict

Kurlantzick, CFR Southeast Asia fellow, 9-24-11

(Joshua, “Long Arm of China,” http://www.cfr.org/china/long-arm-china/p26075, accessed 10-15-11, CMM)

For decades, foreign observers and AND to promote democracy in their neighborhoods.

US presence is key to check South China Sea conflicts from escalating

Denmark, CNAS Fellow, and Kliman, CNAS Visiting Fellow, 11

(Abraham M., Daniel M., Center for a New American Security, “How to Get Southeast Asia Right,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/02/02/how-to-get-southeast-asia-right/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

And there’s another reason the United AND coordination and therefore promote confidence building.

Impact is extinction.

Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11

(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is AND fear, would lead to Armageddon.

Contention 3 is Solvency

Expanding transparency efforts are key to solve institutional change in Tunisia.

Sullivan, Ph.D., the Executive Director of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), 11

(John D, 2-23-11, Project on Middle East Democracy, “Rethinking Development Assistance in the Middle East,” pages3-4, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/policy-brief-series_sullivan.pdf, accessed 9-25-11, CMM)

In a section highlighting the need AND business, especially in public procurement.

Tunisians will accept anti-corruption assistance.

Uwimana, Transparency International Africa and Middle East regional director, 2011

[Chantal, 4-8-11, “Transparency International in Tunisia” http://blog.transparency.org/2011/04/08/transparency-international-in-tunisia/, accessed 12-19-11, TAP]

Now that the dictatorship is overAND even worse than under Ben Ali.

The US has key anti corruption infrastructure

Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8

(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

But these new principles still govern AND and thus slow to send money.

Tunisia will say yes – open to relations with Washington.

Prince, University of Denver Korbel School of International Studies lecturer, 12-13-11

[Rob, “The Amilcar Notes (Part 2): Tunisia  Emerging Democracy or Just a Facade?” http://www.fpif.org/blog/the_amilcar_notes_part_2_tunisia_-_emerging_democracy_or_just_a_facade, accessed 12-24-11, TAP]

From the point of view of AND work for the past thirty years.

2ac - USC Round 3 - Gonzaga KM

2ac – Can’t Be Governance

1. We meet – governance is topical
   McInerney, Director of Advocacy for the Project on Middle East Democracy, April 2010,
   [Stephen, “The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011: Democracy, Governance, And Human Rights In The Middle East”, p. 9, http://www.boell.org/downloads/fy11-budget-analysis-final.pdf]

Good Governance: • Strengthens executiveAND ; also strengthens anticorruption programs.

2. We meet – the plan is also rule of law
McMahon, Binghamton Center on Democratic Performance director and applied politics professor, 2
[Edward R., “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study.” http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf, p.10, accessed 5-23-11]

The rule of law area addresses AND and fair legal sector institutions.11

3. The plan is civil society
Huber, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations, 8
[Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62,  March 2008, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”, p. 50, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/69109__790479070.pdf, accessed 6-3-11]

Civil society programmes include strengthening of AND , 2006b: 1–2).

4. Counter interp – democracy assistance includes elections, rule of law, civil society, and governance
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

5. No limits explosion – governance is only 4 different programs
McMahon-Director, Center on Democratic Performance Department of Political Science Binghamton University-2    
(The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study  http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf)

The concept of governance applies AND of U.S. assistance.

6. Research burden inevitable – they still have to research how corruption interacts with other teams’ affs BUT there’s no reason they have a right to corruption ground
7. They limit out core affs like IMET and governance funding – that’s a huge part of the literature – governance is a third of the topic, makes it impossible to be aff.
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

8. Overlimiting is worse – even with a huge topic, things like substantial and international actor CPs check the neg research burden, their interp results in neg bias
9. No ground loss – corruption doesn’t allow us to spike generic democracy assistance links
10. Default to reasonability – they have to win that our interpretation makes it impossible to be neg – competing interps causes a race to the bottom

2ac – Palestine

Palestine isn’t the central issue – it is democracy.
Joffe, Hoover Institute Marc and Anita Abramowitz international relations fellow, 2011
[Josef, 4-26-11, “The Arab Spring and The Palestine Distraction” http://www.hoover.org/news/daily-report/76576, accessed 9-23-11, TAP]

In politics, shoddy theories never AND the Palestinian sore fester for generations.

2ac - EU

Doesn’t solve Tunisia –
A. Only the US has the expertise and capacity to solve corruption – they need to prove the CP can solve
Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8
(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

But these new principles still govern AND and thus slow to send money.

AND, even if they fiat creating programs, that causes delays that gut solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

China is pushing for authoritarianism – they would backlash to the CP – only the plan solves
Grygiel, Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis, 10-6-11
(Jakub, and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, “Democracy promotion – a geostrategic contest,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/democracy-promotion-a-geostrategic-contest/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

Finally, we cannot outsource democracy AND dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

5. No funding
Carnegie Endowment ‘9
(Thomas Carothers, Jacek Kucharczyk, Jeff Lovitt, Olga Shumylo, “European Democracy Assistance After EU Enlargement,” 2-25-09, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2009/02/25/european-democracy-assistance-after-eu-enlargement/xw, accessed 8-24-11) PM

Shumylo compared EU democracy assistance overall AND directed to the grass roots level. 

Say no – bitter about Ben Ali support.
Dennison, European Council on Foreign Relations policy fellow, et al, 2011
[Susi, Anthony Dworkin, ECFR senior policy fellow and Crimes of War Project executive director, Nicu Popescu, PHD in IR from Central European University, and Nick Witney, European Defense Agency Chief Executive, March 2011, “After the Revolution: Europe and the Transition in Tunisia” http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR28_TUNISIA_AW.pdf, p.6, accessed 12-27-11, TAP]

The Association of Democratic Women is AND unequivocal support for those demanding change.

9. EU’s disjointed strategy makes aid ineffective
Scimia, The Jerusalem Post, ‘11
(Emanuele, “The Arab Spring and the EU,” 2-5-11, http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Article.aspx?id=216561, accessed 8-23-11) PM

But disagreements are emerging from within AND the Arabian Peninsula in its charge.

2ac – Consult Turkey

3. Should means desirability
American Heritage, 2009, “should,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should
Like the rules governing the use AND at if, rather, shall.

This is distinct from shall, which means mandatory – this means we don’t have to defend certainty
Atlas Collaboration, 1999, “Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html
'shall' describes something that is mandatoryAND nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means). 

This is especially true with democracy promotion
Lappin, University of Leuven (Belgium) Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies PhD candidate, 10
[Richard, participant in democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, and Carter Center, University of Belgrade political sciences visiting scholar, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Volume 4 Issue 1, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance: the problem of definition in post-conflict approaches to democratization” http://www.cejiss.org/issue/2010-volume-4-issue-1/lappin, p.184, accessed 5-16-11, TP]

The period of decolonisation during the AND global democratic revolution’ (Reagan 1988).  

4. They’d say no
The Daily Star, The Leading English Language Newspaper in Lebanon and the Middle-East, 2011
[The Daily Star, “Erdogan flexes muscles as new Middle East strongman,” http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Sep-08/148255-erdogan-flexes-muscles-as-new-middle-east-strongman.ashx#axzz1XfShXoQK, 08-9-11, access date: 09-12-11, MAY]

 ISTANBUL: Turkey, once AND happening with Israel," he added.   

8. Doesn’t solve cred – continues to send mixed signals – perceived the same as the sqo.
Snider and Faris, Middle East Policy Council, 2011
[Erin and David, “The Arab Spring: U.S. Democracy Promotion in Egypt” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/arab-spring-us-democracy-promotion-egypt?print, accessed 9-27-11, TAP]

Democracy promotion in the Middle East AND to $20 million in 2009. 

9. Doesn’t solve Tunisia – constrains NGOs and makes democracy assistance fail – that triggers backsliding.
Hamzawy, Democracy Digest, 2011
[Amr, “The Jasmine Revolution’s Democratic Prospect: Too Early To Say?” http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/01/19/jasmine-revolution-s-democratic-prospect-too-early-to-say/1miu, accessed 12-31-11, TAP]

However, there is still a AND reform and oversight in the future.

10. CP causes delays of several months
BBC Monitoring International Reports, 6/26/2002, lexis

The US president also spoke about AND the main sponsor of the peace negotiations

Delays undermine solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

2ac – Payroll

No compromise – conference appointments
Benen, contributing writer to the Washington Monthly, 12-31-11
(Steve, “Enjoy the payroll tax break while it lasts,” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2011_12/enjoy_the_payroll_tax_break_wh034436.php#, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

Last week, after a needlesslyAND ” failed to reach an agreement.

Won’t pass – disagreements on the merits, funding, and elections
Pear, NYT, 12-26-11
(Robert, “Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress handily passed a bill AND 000 federal workers live in Maryland.

He’ll lose PC over the pipeline
CBS News, 1-2-12
(“Obama, Congress begin 2012 in oil pipeline dispute,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501708_162-57350886/obama-congress-begin-2012-in-oil-pipeline-dispute/, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

President Barack Obama and Congress are AND sign he favors environmentalists over jobs.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Tax cuts won’t boost growth – benefits are swamped by high commodity prices.
Tseng, CNN Money, 11
(Nin-Hai, 3-1-11, “The payroll tax cut isn't working,” http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/01/the-payroll-tax-cut-isnt-working/, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress approved sweeping tax cuts AND from anything much beyond basic necessities.

Econ resilient
Naim, Foreign Policy Magazine Editor, Jan/Feb 2010
[Moises, "It Didn't Happen," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?page=full, 1/15]

Just a few months ago, AND it turns out: They aren't.

Collapse doesn’t cause war – best statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular AND form of violence to abort another.)

2ac – Israel Relations

Relations low and resilient
Lyman, Journal of Foreign Relations, 5-23-11
[John, “Politics of AIPAC: Obama Puts Pressure on Israel” http://www.jofr.org/2011/05/23/politics-of-aipac-obama-puts-pressure-on-israel/#.TqKCIt6a9tN, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

To balance any unease Israel and AND Israel since his inauguration in 2009.

3. Palestine and Syria prove
Hewitt, host of a nationally syndicated radio talk show, author, law professor and broadcast journalist, 8-19-11
(Hugh, “The Obama Presidency and the Future of American-Israeli Relations,” http://townhall.com/columnists/hughhewitt/2011/08/19/the_obama_presidency_and_the_future_of_american-israeli_relations, accessed 9-13-11, CMM)

The Arab Spring has been rightly AND off as a mutually caused tragedy.

4. Israel doesn’t care about Tunisia – no geopolitical or economic interest
Ennahda isn’t radical.
El Amrani, The Guardian, 2011
[Issandr, “Yet again, Tunisia can show Arab nations the way forward” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/23/again-tunisia-arab-nations-forward?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487, accessed 1-1-12, TAP]

There is nervousness about the election's AND liberal social consensus instilled by Bourguiba.

5. Relations resilient
Tobin, Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine, 8-8-11
(Jonathan S, “U.S.-Israel Alliance Tops Recess Agenda,” http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/08/08/u-s-israel-alliance-recess/, accessed 8-11-11, CMM)

Anyone tempted to underestimate the support AND the present one–to destroy.

6. Israel wants the plan – they fear countries turning to Iran
Byman, Brookings Saban Center for Middle East Policy Research Director, 11
[Daniel, Georgetown University Security Studies Program Professor & member of The Washington Quarterly editorial board, Summer, The Washington Quarterly, 34:3 pp. 123-136, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of
the Arab Spring”, http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf, p. 123-4 , accessed 9-29-11, AFB]

Americans took heart as they watched AND policy, all deserve serious attention.

No strikes
Friedman, founder, chief intelligence officer, financial overseer, and CEO of Stratfor, 2-1-10
(George, “Obama prepares to accept a nuclear Iran,” http://www.speroforum.com/a/26568/Obama-prepares-to-accept-a-nuclear-Iran, accessed 2-2-10)

The Israelis want Iran’s nuclear program AND let the game play itself out.

2ac – Orientalism

B. Evaluate existential threats first
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

That’s key to their ethics impacts
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Perm solves AND they recreate a new dominant discourse.
Teitelbaum and Litvak, , Tel Aviv Univeristy Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies senior fellows, 2006
[Joshua, Bar Ilan University Middle Eastern History adjunct senior lecturer, and Meir, Middle East Review of international affairs, Volume 10,  No. 1, Article 2, “Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism” http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue1/jv10no1a2.html, accessed 11-11-11, TAP]

In the final analysis, thenAND myths or preconceptions which insiders share.

The alt is rooted in a flawed epistemology – prefer research and studies
Teitelbaum and Litvak, , Tel Aviv Univeristy Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies senior fellows, 2006
[Joshua, Bar Ilan University Middle Eastern History adjunct senior lecturer, and Meir, Middle East Review of international affairs, Volume 10,  No. 1, Article 2, “Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism” http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue1/jv10no1a2.html, accessed 11-11-11, TAP]

Said also raises a doubt as AND developing an opinion of their own.

The plan demonstrates an end to bigoted orientalism – discourse of democracy has escaped the orientalist narrative.
El Amrani, The Guardian, 2-21-11
[Issandr, “An end to this soft bigotry against the Arab world” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/feb/22/end-soft-bigotry-against-arab-world?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487, accessed http://sdonline.org/38/reflections-on-black-internationalism-as-strategy/, TAP]

For several decades, there has AND African countries: Libya and Morocco.

2ac - USC Round 6 - Michigan AL

2ac – Can’t Be Governance

1. We meet – governance is topical
   McInerney, Director of Advocacy for the Project on Middle East Democracy, April 2010,
   [Stephen, “The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011: Democracy, Governance, And Human Rights In The Middle East”, p. 9, http://www.boell.org/downloads/fy11-budget-analysis-final.pdf]

Good Governance: • Strengthens executiveAND ; also strengthens anticorruption programs.

2. We meet – the plan is also rule of law
McMahon, Binghamton Center on Democratic Performance director and applied politics professor, 2
[Edward R., “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study.” http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf, p.10, accessed 5-23-11]

The rule of law area addresses AND and fair legal sector institutions.11

3. The plan is civil society
Huber, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations, 8
[Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62,  March 2008, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”, p. 50, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/69109__790479070.pdf, accessed 6-3-11]

Civil society programmes include strengthening of AND , 2006b: 1–2).

4. Counter interp – democracy assistance includes elections, rule of law, civil society, and governance
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

5. No limits explosion – governance is only 4 different programs
McMahon-Director, Center on Democratic Performance Department of Political Science Binghamton University-2    
(The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study  http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf)

The concept of governance applies AND of U.S. assistance.

6. Research burden inevitable – they still have to research how corruption interacts with other teams’ affs BUT there’s no reason they have a right to corruption ground
7. They limit out core affs like IMET and governance funding – that’s a huge part of the literature – governance is a third of the topic, makes it impossible to be aff.
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

8. Overlimiting is worse – even with a huge topic, things like substantial and international actor CPs check the neg research burden, their interp results in neg bias
9. No ground loss – corruption doesn’t allow us to spike generic democracy assistance links
10. Default to reasonability – they have to win that our interpretation makes it impossible to be neg – competing interps causes a race to the bottom

2ac – AT: Kiss of Death

More evidence – Tunisians recognize the risk of Western aid and have still requested the plan
Allen, Democracy Digest, 2011
[Michael, “Tunisia: home-grown revolution needs foreign support” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/01/home-grown-revolution-needs-foreign-support-say-tunisians/, accessed 12-27-11, TAP]

There are promising signs that the AND of democracy abroad,” he contends.

Corruption makes backsliding inevitable.
Paciello, Istituto Affari Internazionali Rome research assistant, 2011
[Maria, La Sapienza University of Rome economic and political geography of development lecturer, MEDPRO technical report 3, May 2011, “Tunisia: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition” http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceps.be%2Fceps%2Fdownload%2F5632&ei=Ycn6TueuMoru0gGijenHAg&usg=AFQjCNHauKqRRmdTSINJrWxApzWBRTifmg&sig2=eqnddkqX7JVbupmToE5FWQ, p.21, accessed 12-27-11, TAP]

As seen above, Tunisia is AND , particularly in the interior regions.

2ac – Qatar

A. Only the US has the expertise and capacity to solve corruption – they need to prove the CP can solve
Diamond, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, ‘8
(Larry, “End Foreign Aid As We Know It,” Democracy Journal, No 8, Spring 2008, http://www.democracyjournal.org/8/6584.php, accessed 9-1-11) PM

But these new principles still govern AND and thus slow to send money.

AND, even if they fiat creating programs, that causes delays that gut solvency
Hall and Peel, Financial Times, 9-8-11
(Camilla and Michael, “Tunisia and Egypt receive mere fraction of promised aid funds,” proquest, accessed 9-11-11, CMM)

Tunisia and Egypt have received only AND terms of investment in our country."

China is pushing for authoritarianism – they would backlash to the CP – only the plan solves
Grygiel, Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis, 10-6-11
(Jakub, and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, “Democracy promotion – a geostrategic contest,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/democracy-promotion-a-geostrategic-contest/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

Finally, we cannot outsource democracy AND dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

2ac – Turkey

Perm – do both – cooperation solves Turkish influence
Cagaptay and Weiss, director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute and research assistant, 2011
[Soner and Margaret, “No More Cold Turkey,” Hurriyet Daily News, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1688, 07-29-11, access date: 09-12-11, MAY]

Only recently, Washington and Ankara AND an ally in an unstable region. 

Influence high now because Turkey isn’t meddling in other countries
Shadid, NYT, 9-18-11
(Anthony, “Turkey Predicts Alliance With Egypt as Regional Anchors,” 9-18-11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/19/world/middleeast/turkey-predicts-partnership-with-egypt-as-regional-anchors.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all, accessed 9-20-11) PM

Unlike an anxious Israel, a AND 2010 — has bolstered his popularity.

Turkey can’t solve corruption and their model fails
LeVine, professor of history at UC Irvine and senior visiting researcher at the Centre for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University in Sweden, 9-19-11
(Mark, “Is Turkey the best model for Arab democracy?,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/09/201191684356995273.html, accessed 9-19-11, CMM)

Judging by the hero's welcome given AND a well-functioning democratic system.

Structural problems in Turkey kill solvency
LeVine, professor of history at UC Irvine and senior visiting researcher at the Centre for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University in Sweden, 9-19-11
(Mark, “Is Turkey the best model for Arab democracy?,” http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/09/201191684356995273.html, accessed 9-19-11, CMM)

Aiming high is the best hope AND the name of stability and devlopment.

No solvency for soft power – massive global fluctuations and Erdogan’s affective framework undercuts any shot of Turkish soft power
Sasley, UT-Arlington political science professor, 1-2-12
[Brent E., Huffington Post, “The Passions of Erdoğan”,  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brent-sasley/the-passions-of-erdoan_b_1176937.html, accessed 1-4-12, AFB]

The regional and global system is AND a leadership role in world affairs.

2ac – Cyber Security

Won’t pass or doesn’t solve
Greenwald, Business Insurance, 1-1-12
(Judy, “Data breach notification could benefit from federal action,” 1-1-12, http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20120101/NEWS07/301019997?tags=%7C299%7C303%7C335, accessed 1-1-12) PM

There is growing consensus that federal AND a lot of people are seeking.”

No bill – GOP and Dems each have totally separate plans
Poremba, IT Business Edge, 12-19-11
(Sue, “Capitol Hill sees a flurry of cybersecurity bills to end 2011,” 12-19-11, http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/poremba/capitol-hill-sees-a-flurry-of-cybersecurity-bills-to-end-2011/?cs=49388, accessed 1-1-12) PM

Although there has been plenty of AND D focus around four specific areas.

Obama’s only pushing payroll
Lee, WSJ, 1-1-12
(Carol, “WSJ: White House Looks To Shrunken 2012 Legislative Agenda,” Factiva, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

President Barack Obama heads into 2012 AND catalyst for his 2012 political message.

Cordray triggers the link and proves Obama will just use executive powers to pass payroll.
Nakamura and Sonmez, WAPO, 1-4-12
[David and Felicia, “Richard Cordray appointed by Obama to head consumer watchdog bureau” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/richard-cordray-appointed-by-obama-to-head-consumer-watchdog-bureau/2012/01/04/gIQAGyqraP_print.html, accessed 1-4-12, TAP]

CLEVELAND — President Obama on Wednesday AND as part of his reelection strategy.

He’ll lose PC over the pipeline
CBS News, 1-2-12
(“Obama, Congress begin 2012 in oil pipeline dispute,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501708_162-57350886/obama-congress-begin-2012-in-oil-pipeline-dispute/, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

President Barack Obama and Congress are AND sign he favors environmentalists over jobs.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

New regulations solve the DA
Greenwald, Business Insurance, 1-1-12
(Judy, “Data breach notification could benefit from federal action,” 1-1-12, http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20120101/NEWS07/301019997?tags=%7C299%7C303%7C335, accessed 1-1-12) PM

However, Lori S. NugentAND not needed to support this activity.”

Terrorists don’t have the capacity
Matthews, NextGov, 3-16-11
(William, “Private sector not adequately defending U.S. cyberspace, security expert warns,” http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110316_8174.php?oref=topnews, accessed 3-21-11, CMM)

Terrorists so far lack the capability AND already used it," he said.

There are checks on infrastructure shutdown
Hersh, Pulitzer prize winning investigative journalist, 11-1-10
[Seymour, “The Online Threat,” http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/11/01/101101fa_fact_hersh?currentPage=1#ixzz13ce5kOXU, Accessed 10-27-10, WHS]

The most common cyber-war AND military, can also protect networks.

2ac - CSUF Round 2 - Harvard RZ

2ac – Middle East War Good

Regional wars won’t escalate – new doctrine
Reif, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Deputy Director, 3/10/2010
[Kingston, "Revised Russian Nuke Doctrine Revisited," http://nukesofhazardblog.com/story/2010/3/10/164634/504, 3/10]

On February 5, Russian President AND those states” (Paragraph 6).

Russia will de-escalate
Hellberg, Retired Colonel, Russian general Staff Academy Graduate, Former Finland Assistant Military attache, Feb. 2010
[Jukka, "Russia' Declining Military Might,"  http://www.suomensotilas.fi/pdf/Russia_in_english.pdf, 3/10]

The content of the military doctrine AND grounds to play it nice together.

War will be avoided at all costs
Hellberg, Retired Colonel, Russian general Staff Academy Graduate, Former Finland Assistant Military attache, Feb. 2010
[Jukka, "Russia' Declining Military Might,"  http://www.suomensotilas.fi/pdf/Russia_in_english.pdf, 3/10]

The development of Russia’s military potential AND : solving its own problems first.

Credibility in the Middle East is necessary to assure Asian allies
Etzioni, professor of international relations at George Washington University, 11
 (Amitai, March-April 2011, Military Review, "The coming test of U.S. credibility," http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2011/03/credibility.pdf, accessed 11-8-11, CMM)

American allies in other regions are AND to cite the source or venue.) 

Perception of US commitment is key to prevent an arms race
Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11
(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is AND fear, would lead to Armageddon. 

Arms race leads to global nuclear war
Cimbala, Penn State Political Science Professor, 10
(Steven, Nuclear weapons and cooperative security in the 21st century: the new disorder, p. 117-118, ES)

Failure to contain proliferation in Pyongyang AND , thus triggering a mistaken preemption. 

Iranian aggression results in nuclear war.
Ben-Meir, NYU IR Professor, 2007
[Alon, New York University Center for Global Affairs international relations professor, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance” http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/, accessed 9-30-11, TAP]

Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, Tehran AND of not halting its nuclear program.

2ac – EU

China is pushing for authoritarianism – they would backlash to the CP – only the plan solves
Grygiel, Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis, 10-6-11
(Jakub, and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, “Democracy promotion – a geostrategic contest,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/democracy-promotion-a-geostrategic-contest/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

Finally, we cannot outsource democracy AND dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

5. No funding
Carnegie Endowment ‘9
(Thomas Carothers, Jacek Kucharczyk, Jeff Lovitt, Olga Shumylo, “European Democracy Assistance After EU Enlargement,” 2-25-09, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2009/02/25/european-democracy-assistance-after-eu-enlargement/xw, accessed 8-24-11) PM

Shumylo compared EU democracy assistance overall AND directed to the grass roots level. 

Say no – bitter about Ben Ali support.
Dennison, European Council on Foreign Relations policy fellow, et al, 2011
[Susi, Anthony Dworkin, ECFR senior policy fellow and Crimes of War Project executive director, Nicu Popescu, PHD in IR from Central European University, and Nick Witney, European Defense Agency Chief Executive, March 2011, “After the Revolution: Europe and the Transition in Tunisia” http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR28_TUNISIA_AW.pdf, p.6, accessed 12-27-11, TAP]

The Association of Democratic Women is AND unequivocal support for those demanding change.

9. EU’s disjointed strategy makes aid ineffective
Scimia, The Jerusalem Post, ‘11
(Emanuele, “The Arab Spring and the EU,” 2-5-11, http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Article.aspx?id=216561, accessed 8-23-11) PM

But disagreements are emerging from within AND the Arabian Peninsula in its charge.

EU has no soft power and it fails
Walt, Harvard IR Professor, ‘11
(Stephen, “The Coming Erosion of the EU,” 8-17-11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/18/the_coming_erosion_of_the_european_union, accessed 9-17-11) PM

I began with the rather obvious AND and that this trend will continue.

Plan solves renewables
Komendantova et al, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 5-19-11
(Nadejda, Anthony Patt and Stefan Pfenninger, “Corruption Blocks Solar Sahara Project,” http://blog.transparency.org/2011/05/19/corruption-blocks-solar-sahara-project/, accessed 9-22-11, CMM)

Renewable energy sources in North Africa AND necessary to fight climate change unrealized.

It’s sufficient to solve their internal links
Hulme et al., Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Director, 10
(Michael, individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Potsdam
Institute for Climate Impact Research, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and the European Climate Forum, www.pwc.co.uk/pdf/100_percent_renewable_electricity.pdf, accessed 9/10/11, ES)

The combination of increased demand for AND land area constraints faced by Europe.  

2ac – Unemployment

Won’t pass – GOP and funding issues
Pear, NYT, 12-26-11
(Robert, “Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress handily passed a bill AND 000 federal workers live in Maryland.

Or uniqueness overwhelms – GOP won’t put up a fight
Benen, Washington Monthly, 1-6-12
(Steve, “Unhappy campers,” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2012_01/unhappy_campers034572.php, accessed 1-6-12, CMM)

A year ago, congressional Republicans AND “a growing deficit of trust.”

He’ll lose PC over the pipeline
CBS News, 1-2-12
(“Obama, Congress begin 2012 in oil pipeline dispute,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501708_162-57350886/obama-congress-begin-2012-in-oil-pipeline-dispute/, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

President Barack Obama and Congress are AND sign he favors environmentalists over jobs.

Immigration thumps
Preston, NYT, 1-6-12
(Julia, “Easier Route to Green Card to Be Proposed for Some,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/us/path-to-green-card-for-illegal-immigrant-family-members-of-americans.html?_r=1, accessed 1-6-12, CMM)

Obama administration officials announced on Friday that they will propose a fix to a notorious snag in immigration law that will spare hundreds of thousands of American citizens from prolonged separations from immigrant spouses and children.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No PC
PODHORETZ, NY Post, 1-6-12
 (JOHN, “This power grab’s a sign of weakness,”
http://www.nypost.com/f/print/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/this_power_grab_sign_of_weakness_B95SE4zOZsyjuJxn63PSEO, accessed 1-6-12, CMM)

President Obama’s executive power-grab AND convince the American people of much.

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Econ resilient
Naim, Foreign Policy Magazine Editor, Jan/Feb 2010
[Moises, "It Didn't Happen," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?page=full, 1/15]

Just a few months ago, AND it turns out: They aren't.

Collapse doesn’t cause war – best statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular AND form of violence to abort another.)

2ac – Imperialism

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
[James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68]

It should be stressed that in AND should continue on all three levels.

C. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

Critical theory fails – it empirically doesn’t produce change
Eakin, NYT, 3
(Emily, 4-19-2003, “The Latest Theory Is That Theory Doesn't Matter,” http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/19/books/the-latest-theory-is-that-theory-doesn-t-matter.html, accessed 10-20-11, CMM)

These are uncertain times for literary AND a terror of being politically irrelevant."

7. Their links generalize democracy assistance – their blanket approach makes interaction with the East impossible, dooming solvency.
Youngs, FRIDE Director General, ‘11,
(Richard, “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion”, FRIDE is A European Think Tank for Global Action, 1-25-11, http://fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

Two commonly-made assumptions rest AND needed are more subtle in nature.

The “Hands off our spring” approach ignores the ethical components of complicity and necessary action – it recreates orientalism by painting the East as unequal to the West.
Sadiki, University of Exeter Middle East Politics senior lecturer, 2011
[Larbi, “The mathematics of the Arab Spring” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/05/2011531132934920499.html, accessed  1-2-12, TAP]

Two fundamental principles must be understood AND Arab populace. This must change. 

2ac - CSUF Round 3 - Idaho State EH

2ac - Capitalism Bad

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
[James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68]

It should be stressed that in AND should continue on all three levels.

Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to AND war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Structural violence doesn’t escalate – prefer proximate causes
Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000
[Robert and Lea,  DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm]

People are capable of perpetrating the AND the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Nuclear war leads to extinction and turns the environment
Dr. Chalko, Sci E Research Head of Geophysics Division, 03
[Tom J., MSc & PhD, "Can a Neutron Bomb accelerate Global Volcanic Activity," NU Journal of Discovery, Vol.4, http://nujournal.net/neutron_bomb.pdf

Consequences of using modern nuclear weapons AND limited to a few per year.

Perm solves – supporting Tunisia is a stand against neoliberalism
Mihalakas, Associate Professor of International Economic Law and Business at the Univeristy of New York Tirana, ‘11
(Athanasios, “Trade Agenda for the Arab Spring,” 9-12-11, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?lng=en&id=132809&contextid734=132809&contextid735=132807&tabid=132807&dynrel=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4,0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233, accessed 9-14-11) PM

As many analysts have pointed outAND and more "business as usual."

Transparency is key to economic equality
CIPE, Center for International Private Enterprise, No date (Post June 2009)
(Post June 2009 – This article was written after a survey conducted in June 2009 in Egypt, “Freedom oF InFormatIon and transparency In egypt,” http://www.cipe-arabia.org/files/pdf/EN-ACCESS-TO-INFO.pdf, pages9-11, accessed 9-24-11, CMM)

Indeed, transparency plays an indispensable AND providing strategic recommendations for its amelioration. 

4. Double bind – either they need a clear roadmap that proposes a gradual withdraw or their movement creates radical transitions wars that replace capitalism anyway
Lee Harris, Atlanta Writer, 2002, Two, (Policy Review, December, p3(13) The intellectual origins of America-Bashing)

This is the immiserization thesis of AND would be reduced to pipe dreams.

6. Alt fails – even if they break from the state, their movement inevitably collapses
John Isbister, Professor Economics, U. Cal @ Santa Cruz, in 2001 (Capitalism and Justice, p. 46)

Some in the capitalist world try AND .  The door has been closed.

12. Turn- Their movement results in totalitarianism and extinction
Rockwell, president of von Mises Institute, ‘8
Llewllyn Rockwell 5/17/08; Rockwell is the president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute; “Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism” http://mises.org/story/2982

Whatever the specifics of the case AND atom bombs on millions of innocents.

13. Alt fails – the image of a unified and devastating form of capitalism dooms the alternative and crushes local actions against capitalist excesses
JK Gibson-Graham, UMass-Amherst Geography Prof & Australian National U Senior Fellow of Human Geography, 1996
[The End of Capitalism (As we knew it), Pg. 253-256]

The birth of the concept of AND with the task of systemic transformation. 

14. Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

15. Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

16. There is always value to life – external claims about others life destroy individual autonomy
Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D. , 2003,
(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf [accessed 9/4/9])

The second assertion made by supporters AND person concerned and not by others. 

18. Cap is key to the environment and turns their poverty args
Norberg, senior fellow at CATO institute 03 (Johan, Senior Fellow at Cato Institute, In Defense of Global Capitalism, pg 224)

Although multinational corporations and free trade AND and begin to rectify past mistakes.

Extinction
Takacs, prof of environmental philosophy at Hopkins, ‘96
(David, Philosophies of Peace, 1996, http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm, accessed 11-3-10) PM

"Habitat destruction and conversion are AND war, which could extinguish civilization."

Their cap kills the environment args aren’t responsive – we’ve passed the point where abandoning cap can solve – the only way to save the environment is through innovation of new tech
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing AND whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

Cap solves war
Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., Mises Institute president, 2002, “Why They Attack Capitalism,” (http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=418&sortorder=articledate,” accessed 9-4-9)

If you think about it, AND the very foundations of civilization itself. 

The Kritik’s attempts at philosophy over politics and “Theorizing” our actions create a hallucinogenic and spectatorial left.  
Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy @Stanford, ’98, Achieving our Country

I said earlier that we now AND to fit an ongoing historical process.

Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at AND so-called "managerial class."

That leads to the rise of a totalitarian new right.
Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy @ Stanford, ’98, Achieving our Country

At that point, something will AND Lincoln and Whitman might be achieved. 

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient
Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in AND something more like a human home.” 

19. Cap key to democracy
Mandelbaum, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies American Foreign Policy professor, September/October 07,
(Michael, "Democracy Without America," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070901faessay86508/michael-mandelbaum/democracy-without-america.html, accessed 9-4-9)

THE MAGIC OF THE MARKET The AND arena is essential for democratic government.

Their links don’t turn the case
Youngs, FRIDE Director General, ‘11,
(Richard, “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion”, FRIDE is A European Think Tank for Global Action, 1-25-11, http://fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

A fourth contention is that approaches AND particular conceptualistion of democracy support policies.

B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions
Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000
[Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2]

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent conversation. "I'm an organizer."
The flourish and passion with which AND a family of four above poverty.

Changing representational practices won’t alter policy, looking to structures and politics is more vital
Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 96 (Gearoid Tuathail, Department of Geography at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), 664 )

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  AND patterned mess that is  human history.

2ac - CSUF Round 6 - Georgia DV

2ac – UN CP

CP happened
Tunisia Live 1-8-12
(Houda Mzioudet, “Tunisia Joins United Nations Fund for Democracy,” 1-8-12, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/01/08/tunisia-joins-united-nations-fund-for-democracy/, accessed 1-8-12) PM

Tunisia became a member of the AND for human rights and fundamental liberties.

UN funding is unpopular with key GOP members
The Hill, 11
(1-23-11, “The World from The Hill: U.N. funding an early target for House Republicans,” http://thehill.com/news-by-subject/foreign-policy/139563-the-world-from-the-hill-un-funding-an-early-target-for-house-republicans, accessed 11-10-11, CMM)

A key House Republican is quickly AND they don't want to be sanctioned."

UN multilateralism fails – consensus is impossible – informal multilateralism solves their impact
Haas, CFR President, 1/5/2010
[Richard, "The Case for Messy Multilateralism," http://www.cfr.org/publication/21132/case_for_messy_multilateralism.html?breadcrumb=%2Fissue%2F42%2Fun, 1/21]

But to acknowledge that we are AND than what we are used to.

No solvency – resistance and independence from U.N. and multilateral norms is indoctrinated into U.S. policy
Cottrell, Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin, 11
(Patrick, prof at Linfield College, concentrations: International Relations and American Politics) / MA, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), 1998 (subfields: International Economics and American Foreign Policy) / BA, Political Science and History, University of California-Davis, 1999, 7-3-11, “Hope or Hype? Legitimacy and US Leadership in a Global Age,” Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 7, Issue 3, pages 337–358, July 2011, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00141.x/full, accessed 9-28-11, CMM)

Legitimacy is also inextricably linked with AND to eliminate it entirely or sustainably.

2ac – Advantage – Credibility

Action in the Middle East gives Obama valuable cards – the plan outweighs the alt causes.
Young, Daily Star (Beruit) editor, 2011
[Michael, 8-25-11, “Arab Spring gives US a new chance in the Middle East” http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/arab-spring-gives-us-a-new-chance-in-the-middle-east?pageCount=0, accessed 9-23-11, TAP]

Barack Obama has not faced the AND an Arab world in thrilling flux.

The US must support democracy in the Middle East – only aligning our values with our foreign policy will solve credibility.
Atallah and Levy, New America Foundation, 2011
[Amjad and Daniel, “America, Welcome to the Era of Arab Democracy” http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2011/america_welcome_to_the_era_of_arab_democracy_44467, accessed 9-24-11, TAP]

Across the Middle East, and AND shifting emphasis away from the latter.

2ac – China Relations

Relations are resilient and ups and downs are inevitable
Xinhua, 12-13-11
[“Yearender: China-U.S. relations witness gains, obstacles in 2011” http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2011-12/13/c_131304574.htm, accessed 12-31-11, TAP]

Despite the setbacks in the second AND rising great power," he said.

Relations down and outweigh the plan.
Xinhua, 12-13-11
[“Yearender: China-U.S. relations witness gains, obstacles in 2011” http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2011-12/13/c_131304574.htm, accessed 12-31-11, TAP]

However, as the year entered AND of any party," Lieberthal said.

5. China doesn’t care about Tunisia – they want US action
Pardo, Al-Majalla, ‘11
[Ramon Pacheco, “The Dragon Eyes the Arab Spring,” 5-31-11, http://www.al-majalla.com/en/ideas/article359548.ece, accessed 10-21-11, TAP]

However, economic relations between China AND them take the most difficult decisions.

Cred solves
Felzenberg et al, University of Pennsylvania and Yale lecturer, 11
(Alvin and Alexander B. Gray, student at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and the war-studies department of King’s College, London. 1/3/11, “The New Isolationism,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/256150, accessed 8/28/11, ES)

If appropriately funded, the United AND nostalgic for the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Independently cred solves East Asian allies – 1ac Blumenthal that solves stability
Etzioni, professor of international relations at George Washington University, 11
 (Amitai, March-April 2011, Military Review, "The coming test of U.S. credibility," http://icps.gwu.edu/files/2011/03/credibility.pdf, accessed 11-8-11, CMM)

American allies in other regions are AND to cite the source or venue.) 

6. Plan boosts relations – China wants stability
Wenping, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of West Asian and African Studies researcher, 7
(He, 4/7/7, “Sino-US Cooperation Can Benefit Africa Even More” http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/206672.htm, accessed 9/14/11, ES)

It indicated that African development has AND countries have many areas for cooperation. 

8. No lashout
Chunsan, Beijing-based journalist, 11
(Mu, 3/24/11, “China and the Arab World,” http://the-diplomat.com/china-power/2011/03/24/china-and-the-arab-world/, accessed 9/15/11, ES)

My guess is that China’s leaders AND the Middle East as a whole.

2ac – Payroll

No compromise – conference appointments
Benen, contributing writer to the Washington Monthly, 12-31-11
(Steve, “Enjoy the payroll tax break while it lasts,” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2011_12/enjoy_the_payroll_tax_break_wh034436.php#, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

Last week, after a needlesslyAND ” failed to reach an agreement.

Won’t pass – disagreements on the merits, funding, and elections
Pear, NYT, 12-26-11
(Robert, “Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress handily passed a bill AND 000 federal workers live in Maryland.

He’ll lose PC over the pipeline
CBS News, 1-2-12
(“Obama, Congress begin 2012 in oil pipeline dispute,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501708_162-57350886/obama-congress-begin-2012-in-oil-pipeline-dispute/, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

President Barack Obama and Congress are AND sign he favors environmentalists over jobs.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Won’t tank the economy
Parker, US News, 11-2-11
(Alex, “Norquist: letting payroll tax cuts expire not a tax hike,” 11-2-11, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/11/02/norquist-letting-payroll-tax-cuts-expire-not-a-tax-hike, accessed 11-2-11) PM

Grover Norquist, president of the AND tax from Social Security.'"

Tax cuts won’t boost growth – benefits are swamped by high commodity prices.
Tseng, CNN Money, 11
(Nin-Hai, 3-1-11, “The payroll tax cut isn't working,” http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/01/the-payroll-tax-cut-isnt-working/, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress approved sweeping tax cuts AND from anything much beyond basic necessities.

Econ resilient
Naim, Foreign Policy Magazine Editor, Jan/Feb 2010
[Moises, "It Didn't Happen," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?page=full, 1/15]

Just a few months ago, AND it turns out: They aren't.

Collapse doesn’t cause war – best statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular AND form of violence to abort another.)

2ac - Navy Round 2 - Newark MK

2ac – Baudrillard

AND, combination with politics is key to cope with life at the borderline –rational abstraction overcomes their obsession with rupture.

Douglas Kellner, George F. Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA, 1989 ["Boundaries and Borderlines: Reflections on Jean Baudrillard and Critical Theory," Current Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 9, Reposted via the Illuminations Project at the University of Texas at Arlington, Available Online at http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell2.htm, Accessed 09-04-2003]

Yet against a radical implosive postmodernism AND political problems which confront us today.

Epistemology doesn’t come first

Wight, University of Exeter School of Humanities and social sciences politics department, 2007

[Colin, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/jird/jird_200703_v10n1_d.pdf, p.43-46, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

In some respects, this might AND of our descriptions of them. 19

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis

Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002

[James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68]

It should be stressed that in AND should continue on all three levels.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

2ac – Einstein’s Dreams

Our use of nuclear fear and discourse is necessary to check extinction- it provides the consciousness to ensure peace in the face of nuclear war and worse

JAH Futterman, former US Nuclear Weapons Scientist, 1994

[“Obscenity and Peace: Meditations on the Morality of Nuclear Weapons Work,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html ]

But the inhibitory effect of reliable AND urgency that it might otherwise lack.

Predictions are key to policy discourse and morality

Mearsheimer, University of Chicago Wendell Harrison Professor of Political Science, 2001,

(John J, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, p. 7-8)

Despite these hazards, social scientists AND hazards of trying to predict events.

Future oriented politics are critical to end oppressive policies and create a better future

Kurasawa, York University Assistant Sociology Professor and Yale University Cultural Sociology Center Associate Faculty, December 2004,

(Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” Volume 11 Issue 4 Page 453-475)

None of this is to disavow AND , in the here and now.

Critical theory fails – it empirically doesn’t produce change

Eakin, NYT, 3

(Emily, 4-19-2003, “The Latest Theory Is That Theory Doesn't Matter,” http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/19/books/the-latest-theory-is-that-theory-doesn-t-matter.html, accessed 10-20-11, CMM)

These are uncertain times for literary AND a terror of being politically irrelevant."

The neg needs to disprove the factual claims of the 1AC

Yudowsky, Singularity Institute for AI Research Fellow and Director, 06

[Eliezer, 8/31/2006, Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risk, http://www.singinst.org/ourresearch/publications/cognitive-biases.pdf]

Every true idea which discomforts you AND take your eye off  the ball.

B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions

Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000

[Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2]

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent conversation. "I'm an organizer."

The flourish and passion with which AND a family of four above poverty.

AND, Role-playing the government is the only way to assess state action and acquire the knowledge to challenge it

Ryan Galloway, University of Georgia Debate Coach, 2-21-1

[Debate as a Dialectic, p. http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0588.html [accessed 11-10-6]]

Second, dialectics are more persuasive AND cold fusion! Viva le Revolution."

Truth exists – people do not exist in individual realities

Uduigwomen, Prof. in Dept. Religious Studies and Philosophy, 2005 

(Andrew, – U. Calabar, Quodlibet Journal, “Philosophical Objections to the Knowability of Truth: Answering Postmodernism”, 7:2, April-June, http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/uduigwomen-postmodernism.shtml [accessed 9/30/9])

From the forgoing discussion, it AND any obligation to embrace religious relativism.

Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures

David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at AND so-called "managerial class."

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient

Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in AND something more like a human home.”

2ac - Navy Round 3 - George Washington ST

2ac – ASpec

1. Argument is suspect – their article is a draft and warns not to be used. This is their author.
   Spence, Oxford University International Relations professor, 2004
   [Matthew, Workshop on Democracy Promotion at the Stanford University Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, “Policy Coherence and Incoherence: The Domestic Politics of American Democracy Promotion” http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20741/Spence-_CDDRL_10-4_draf1.pdf, p.2-4, accessed 10-18-11, TAP]

Not for AND citation without permission of the author.

2. Democracy assistance is specific – that limits out any agency beside USAID, their evidence speaks to democracy promotion broadly.
Azpuru, et al, Wichita State political science professor, 8
(Dinorah Azpuru, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Mitchell A. Seligson, Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008, “What has the United States Been Doing?” p. 155-157, Project Muse, accessed 9-5-11]

It is often said that Western AND attention to decentralization and local government.  

2ac – Executive

Perm – do the CP – USAID is normal means for democracy assistance
Lappin, University of Leuven (Belgium) Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies PhD candidate, 10
[Richard, participant in democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, and Carter Center, University of Belgrade political sciences visiting scholar, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Volume 4 Issue 1, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance: the problem of definition in post-conflict approaches to democratization” http://www.cejiss.org/issue/2010-volume-4-issue-1/lappin, p.187-8, accessed 5-16-11, TP]

Democracy assistance can be most accurately AND , media groups and political parties.   

Broad application of executive order risks precious political capital with Congress
Cooper, University of Vermont political science professor, 99
(Phillip J., Federal News Service, October 28, 1999, “Prepared Testimony of Phillip J. Cooper Gund Professor of Liberal Arts Department of Political Science University of Vermont before the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, p. Lexis)

There is certainly the danger that AND of government are to be accomplished.

2ac – Payroll

No compromise – conference appointments
Benen, contributing writer to the Washington Monthly, 12-31-11
(Steve, “Enjoy the payroll tax break while it lasts,” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2011_12/enjoy_the_payroll_tax_break_wh034436.php#, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

Last week, after a needlesslyAND ” failed to reach an agreement.

Won’t pass – disagreements on the merits, funding, and elections
Pear, NYT, 12-26-11
(Robert, “Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress handily passed a bill AND 000 federal workers live in Maryland.

Keystone fights trigger the link
German, The Hill, 1-12-12
(Ben, “Business groups, Republicans launch onslaught on president over Keystone,” http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/203731-business-groups-republicans-launch-onslaught-on-president-over-keystone-?tmpl=component&print=1&page=, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

The nation’s most powerful business groups AND negotiate once they return from recess.

Immigration law triggers the link
Gorman, LAT, 1-9-12
(Anna, “Obama's immigration proposal gives hope to some in limbo,” articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/09/local/la-me-immigration-rule-20120109, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

President Obama proposed a new rule AND through this and other recent changes.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Won’t tank the economy
Parker, US News, 11-2-11
(Alex, “Norquist: letting payroll tax cuts expire not a tax hike,” 11-2-11, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/11/02/norquist-letting-payroll-tax-cuts-expire-not-a-tax-hike, accessed 11-2-11) PM

Grover Norquist, president of the AND tax from Social Security.'"

Tax cuts won’t boost growth – benefits are swamped by high commodity prices.
Tseng, CNN Money, 11
(Nin-Hai, 3-1-11, “The payroll tax cut isn't working,” http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/01/the-payroll-tax-cut-isnt-working/, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress approved sweeping tax cuts AND from anything much beyond basic necessities.

Econ resilient
Naim, Foreign Policy Magazine Editor, Jan/Feb 2010
[Moises, "It Didn't Happen," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?page=full, 1/15]

Just a few months ago, AND it turns out: They aren't.

Collapse doesn’t cause war – best statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular reaction to an economic crisis that exacerbates poverty and/or from a heightened awareness of the poor of the wide and growing disparities in wealth and incomes that diminishes their tolerance to poverty?
It seems reasonable to believe that AND form of violence to abort another.)

2ac – Saudi Relations

Other issues outweigh the plan and relations are resilient
Lobe, Inter Press Service, 9-15-11
[Jim, “U.S.-Saudi Arabia Agreeing on Less and Less” http://www.nationofchange.org/us-saudi-arabia-agreeing-less-and-less-1316099237, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

But the relationship suffered a number AND S. soldiers from the kingdom.

3. Saudis react to perceptions of Iranian influence
Haykel, Princeton University Near Eastern studies professor, 9-26-11
[Bernard, “Stability at All Costs: Saudi Arabia versus the Arab Spring” http://www.islamopediaonline.org/editorials-and-analysis/stability-all-costs-saudi-arabia-versus-arab-spring, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

The Saudis are afraid of the AND the constraints of Sharia religious law.

Saudi Arabia is ushering in the new government – wouldn’t backlash to the plan.
Ajmi, Tunisia Live, 1-13-12
[Sana, “Tunisian Prime Minister Invited to Saudi Arabia” http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/01/13/prime-minister-hamadi-jebali-invited-to-saudi-arabia/, accessed 1-13-12, TAP]

Tunisian Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali received AND not be discussed during the visit.

Saudis have already given Tunisia money – disproves their generic link
Al Asoomi, UAE economic expert, 10-6-11
[Mohammad, “Stability is priority for Arab Spring nations” http://m.gulfnews.com/business/opinion/stability-is-priority-for-arab-spring-nations-1.885617, accessed 10-21-11, TAP]

GCC contributon The only funds received AND by the finance ministers of Egypt and
Tunisia. The GCC contribution is expected to reach $5-$7 billion, in addition to other facilities related to trade and bilateral cooperation.

6. No link – Mubarak leaving Egypt disproves
Lake, senior national security correspondent for Newsweek and the Daily Beast, 10-4-11
(Eli, “U.S. 'Paid a Price' on Egypt,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/04/james-jones-ex-obama-adviser-u-s-paid-a-price-on-egypt.html, accessed 10-5-11, CMM)

In a blunt assessment, President AND the U.S. military.

OPEC checks Saudi production
Casey Research Energy Team, 8-31-11
(Casey Research, a provider of subscription financial analysis about specific market verticals focused on natural resources/metals/mining, energy, commodities, and technology, “Falling Oil Prices: A Worrying Trend That May Be a Saving Grace,” http://howestreet.com/2011/08/falling-oil-prices-good-sign/, accessed 9-15-11, CMM)

So we face two options: AND can continue to pay their bills.

2ac – Rationality Bad

AND, combination with politics is key to cope with life at the borderline –rational abstraction overcomes their obsession with rupture.
Douglas Kellner, George F. Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA, 1989 ["Boundaries and Borderlines: Reflections on Jean Baudrillard and Critical Theory," Current Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 9, Reposted via the Illuminations Project at the University of Texas at Arlington, Available Online at http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell2.htm, Accessed 09-04-2003]

Yet against a radical implosive postmodernism AND political problems which confront us today.

6. Criticisms of reality ignore oppression, perpetuating it.
Christopher Norris, philosophy professor, University of Wales,  UNCRITICAL THEORY: POSTMODERNISM, INTELLECTUALS, AND THE GULF WAR, 1992, p. 29

One could still TRY to clear AND subject to thc tightest 'security' restrictions. 

Wight, University of Exeter School of Humanities and social sciences politics department, 2007
[Colin, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/jird/jird_200703_v10n1_d.pdf, p.43-46, accessed 10-22-11, TAP]

In some respects, this might AND of our descriptions of them. 19 

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
[James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68]

It should be stressed that in AND should continue on all three levels.

Truth exists – people do not exist in individual realities
Uduigwomen, Prof. in Dept. Religious Studies and Philosophy, 2005  
(Andrew, – U. Calabar, Quodlibet Journal, “Philosophical Objections to the Knowability of Truth: Answering Postmodernism”, 7:2, April-June, http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/uduigwomen-postmodernism.shtml [accessed 9/30/9])

From the forgoing discussion, it AND any obligation to embrace religious relativism.

Predictions are key to policy discourse and morality
Mearsheimer, University of Chicago Wendell Harrison Professor of Political Science, 2001,
(John J, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, p. 7-8)

Despite these hazards, social scientists AND hazards of trying to predict events.

Future oriented politics are critical to end oppressive policies and create a better future
Kurasawa, York University Assistant Sociology Professor and Yale University Cultural Sociology Center Associate Faculty, December 2004,
(Fuyuki, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” Volume 11 Issue 4 Page 453-475)

None of this is to disavow AND , in the here and now.

There is always value to life – external claims about others life destroy individual autonomy
Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D. , 2003,
(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf [accessed 9/4/9])

The second assertion made by supporters AND person concerned and not by others. 

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

2ac - Navy Round 5 - George Mason LN

2ac – Iran Heg Bad – Middle East War

Iranian heg isolates Israel – nuclearization causes pre-emptive strike.
Corsi, PHD Harvard political science degree, 2006
[Jerome, “Condi, stay home” http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=51135, accessed 12-28-11, TAP]

This time Israel is playing for AND President Bush, thinks or says.

Global nuclear war.
Adams, Gold Eagle, 1997
[J, “THE SHOCK!: War In The Middle East?” http://www.gold-eagle.com/gold_digest/anon504.html, accessed 12-28-11, TAP]

Israel is increasingly concerned by Iran's AND preparing to unleash on the West.

2ac – Canada

5. China is pushing for authoritarianism – they would backlash to the CP – only the plan solves
Grygiel, Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis, 10-6-11
(Jakub, and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, “Democracy promotion – a geostrategic contest,” http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/democracy-promotion-a-geostrategic-contest/, accessed 10-6-11, CMM)

Finally, we cannot outsource democracy AND dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

7. No funding
Sundstrom, assistant political science professor at British Columbia, ‘5
(Lisa McIntosh, “Hard Choices, Good Causes: Exploring Options for Canada’s Overseas Democracy Assistance,” September 2005, http://www.irpp.org/pm/archive/pmvol6no4.pdf, accessed 10-23-11) PM

The experiences of governments with foreign AND of the Canadian economy since 2003.

8. Canada fails
Sundstrom, assistant political science professor at British Columbia, ‘5
(Lisa McIntosh, “Hard Choices, Good Causes: Exploring Options for Canada’s Overseas Democracy Assistance,” September 2005, http://www.irpp.org/pm/archive/pmvol6no4.pdf, accessed 10-23-11) PM

Thus, we do have something AND evolving democracies. Context is everything.

2ac – Gold Prices

No internal link – no reason Tunisian instability is key, Libyan and Egyptian instability triggers the disad – but Tunisian instability causes terrorism
Hague, London Evening Standard, 2011
[William, “Helping the Arab Spring succeed is Britain's cause too,” http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976502-helping-the-arab-spring-succeed-is-britains-cause-too.do, 08-08-11, access date: 12-29-11, MAY] 

There will be no long-AND not have the option of inaction.  

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Hellman, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, 2008
[Dr. Martin E., “The Odds for Nuclear Armageddon,” The Bent, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, Spring 2008, access date: 12-19-11, MAY]  

 The threat of nuclear terrorism AND a necessity—not an option. 

3. Non-unique – Gold prices are down and declining
Isidore, CNN Money, 9-26-11
(Chris, “Deflation fears are back,” http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/26/news/economy/deflation/index.htm?iid=HP_LN, accessed 9-29-11, CMM)

Suddenly, investors and some economists AND price decline since 1980 on Friday.

4. No impact – overheating results in a larger collapse inevitably, or uniqueness overwhelms.
Seo and Park, Bloomberg, 9-22-11
[Eunkyung and Sungwoo, “Gold’s Price Surge Skews Inflation Numbers Across Asia” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-21/gold-surge-vexes-asian-officials-as-inflation-numbers-sent-awry.html, accessed 10-1-11, TAP]

The surging price of gold is AND , the World Gold Council estimates.

US pressure solves war
Chu and King, Times Staff writers, 12-6-2008
[Henry and Laura, Chu reported from New Delhi and King from Islamabad, LA Times, "India, Pakistan keep lid on tensions," l/n]
Another source of pressure on India AND for the U.S." 

No war- they’ll use non-escalatory retaliation
Chu and King, Times Staff writers, 12-6-2008
[Henry and Laura, Chu reported from New Delhi and King from Islamabad, LA Times, "India, Pakistan keep lid on tensions," l/n]
But forgoing overt military action for AND have to wait and see." 
 

2ac – Diplomatic Capital – DRC

4. Non-unique – the deadline for assistance passed
AFP, 12-29-11
(“Fresh DRC election crisis looms,” http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Fresh-DRC-election-crisis-looms-20111229, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

Faced with the European Union's threat AND 500 seats between 19 000 candidates.

• Kabila – incumbent president Joseph Kabila

5. Non-unique – US assistance is failing and no focus
Colombant, VOA, 12-27-11
(Nico, Voice of America News, “Activists, Analysts Express Frustration at US Congo Policy,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Activists-Analysts-Express-Frustration-at-US-Congo-Policy-136283298.html, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

Activists and analysts who closely follow AND of the lucrative Congolese mining sector. 

6. Obama can multitask
Brown, Politico Staff Writer, 11-11, 2011,
(Carrie Budoff, "Obama spurns Congress for overseas", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/news/stories/1111/68168.html 11-11-11

Obama won’t struggle to keep up AND four days here in Asian countries.”
 

2ac – Payroll

No compromise – conference appointments
Benen, contributing writer to the Washington Monthly, 12-31-11
(Steve, “Enjoy the payroll tax break while it lasts,” http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal/2011_12/enjoy_the_payroll_tax_break_wh034436.php#, accessed 1-2-12, CMM)

Last week, after a needlesslyAND ” failed to reach an agreement.

Won’t pass – disagreements on the merits, funding, and elections
Pear, NYT, 12-26-11
(Robert, “Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html?pagewanted=print, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress handily passed a bill AND 000 federal workers live in Maryland.

Keystone fights trigger the link
German, The Hill, 1-12-12
(Ben, “Business groups, Republicans launch onslaught on president over Keystone,” http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/203731-business-groups-republicans-launch-onslaught-on-president-over-keystone-?tmpl=component&print=1&page=, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

The nation’s most powerful business groups AND negotiate once they return from recess.

Immigration law triggers the link
Gorman, LAT, 1-9-12
(Anna, “Obama's immigration proposal gives hope to some in limbo,” articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/09/local/la-me-immigration-rule-20120109, accessed 1-12-12, CMM)

President Obama proposed a new rule AND through this and other recent changes.

Aid now – Morocco
MACP, 12-23-11
[Moroccan American Center for Policy, PR Newswire, “Congress, President Approve Extending U.S. Aid for Morocco Reforms to Western Sahara, Advance U.S. Policy Backing Moroccan Autonomy Solution” http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-president-approve-extending-us-aid-for-morocco-reforms-to-western-sahara-advance-us-policy-backing-moroccan-autonomy-solution-136156558.html, accessed 12-25-11, TAP]

Congress has approved and the President AND stability and security across the region."

No spending link
Sheridan, Washington Post, ‘11
(Mary Beth, “US to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23-11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html, accessed 12-31-11) PM

The State Department announced Tuesday that AND affairs, who oversees the program.

Plan bipartisan
Democracy Digest, 9-8-11
[“9/11 restored bipartisan consensus on strategic value of democracy assistance”, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/911-restored-bipartisan-consensus-on-strategic-value-of-democracy-assistance/, accessed 9-14-11, AFB]

 “The terrorist attack of AND at home is worthy of note.”

Foreign policy wins boost domestic capital
Marshall, Miami University political science associate professor, and Prins, University of Tennessee Knoxville political science associate professor, 2011
[Bryan and Brandon, 9-2011, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol 41 Issue 3, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force” Wiley-Blackwell, p.525, accessed 7-30-11, TAP]

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in AND capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Political capital theory wrong – people vote on ideology
Dickinson, Middlebury College political science professor and presidential scholar, 9
[Matthew, 5-26-9, Presidential Power, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/ accessed 2-5-11, AFB]

What is of more interest to AND to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Won’t tank the economy
Parker, US News, 11-2-11
(Alex, “Norquist: letting payroll tax cuts expire not a tax hike,” 11-2-11, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/11/02/norquist-letting-payroll-tax-cuts-expire-not-a-tax-hike, accessed 11-2-11) PM

Grover Norquist, president of the AND tax from Social Security.'"

Tax cuts won’t boost growth – benefits are swamped by high commodity prices.
Tseng, CNN Money, 11
(Nin-Hai, 3-1-11, “The payroll tax cut isn't working,” http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/01/the-payroll-tax-cut-isnt-working/, accessed 12-30-11, CMM)

When Congress approved sweeping tax cuts AND from anything much beyond basic necessities.

Econ resilient
Naim, Foreign Policy Magazine Editor, Jan/Feb 2010
[Moises, "It Didn't Happen," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/it_didnt_happen?page=full, 1/15]

Just a few months ago, AND it turns out: They aren't.

Collapse doesn’t cause war – best statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular reaction to an economic crisis that exacerbates poverty and/or from a heightened awareness of the poor of the wide and growing disparities in wealth and incomes that diminishes their tolerance to poverty?
It seems reasonable to believe that AND form of violence to abort another.)

2ac – Interventionism

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word AND . And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is AND . We are in deep ignorance.

Alt fails
Eakin, NYT, 3
(Emily, 4-19-2003, “The Latest Theory Is That Theory Doesn't Matter,” http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/19/books/the-latest-theory-is-that-theory-doesn-t-matter.html, accessed 10-20-11, CMM)

These are uncertain times for literary AND a terror of being politically irrelevant."

We’re not interventionist
Youngs, FRIDE Director General, ‘11,
(Richard, “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion”, FRIDE is A European Think Tank for Global Action, 1-25-11, http://fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf, accessed 9-12-11) PM

Two commonly-made assumptions rest AND needed are more subtle in nature.