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ASPEC – 1NC Shell

The Affirmative fails to specify an agent 

B. Failure to specify is a voting issue.

1. Ground – Specifying an agent is critical to Disads and Counterplans.  The agent must be named in the plan to maximize the value of pre-round preparation

2. Moving Target – Failure to specify allows the affirmative to shift out of 1NC arguments by allowing new 2AC clarification  This makes it impossible for the negative the AFF could always change their plan after they heard the 1NC
T – Direct

A. Interpretation-Democracy assistance means the primary purpose must be to foster democracy- the alternative is unlimiting
Carothers, Carnegie Endowment Democracy and Rule of Law Project director, 0
(Thomas, “Taking Stock of US Democracy Assistance,” in American Democracy Promotion, ed. by Michael Cox, 2000, accessed 8-30-11, pg188, mss)

The term 'democracy assistance' …social aid programmes.

B. Violation- the plan doesn’t give aid directly for the purpose of fostering democracy

C. Vote Neg

1. Limits- including things that don’t directly help democracy explodes the topic making anything that indirectly affects the democratic process topical

2. Topic education- this topic is designed to teach us about the Arab Spring and democratic progress in the topic countries- any other education is nebulous

3. Bidirectionality- they justify affs that give political party assistance to groups that oppose democracy- kills neg ground

KORUS DA – 1NC (1/3)

KORUS will pass-capital key to final hurdles
Reuters 9-2-2011
(“Analysis: Obama's trade legacy in a crucible this fall”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/02/us-usa-obama-trade-idUSTRE7814CZ20110902, DOA: 9-11-11, ldg)

This month business groups expect … Democratic votes in the Senate to approve the trade pacts. 

Democracy assistance drains capital – no constituency, tea party influence and fear of Muslim takeover.
Hamid, Project on Middle East Democracy director of research, 2011
(Shadi, "Tunisia, Egypt, Arab world need bold US support for democracy, not mixed messages," 1-26-11, Dow Jones Factiva, accessed 6-11-11, mtf)

Hard to shift gears now  Considering the amount of … are likely to make Americans uncomfortable.)

Signal of failure collapses the alliance
Cooper et al., CRS Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade division, 2010
(William, “The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA”, 11-10, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl33435.pdf, ldg)

In contrast, while the passage of the KORUS FTA is … U.S.-ROK strategic, rather than economic, relations. 

Key to solve Korean war.
Feulner, Ph.D from Edinburgh, 2010
(Edwin, “The Status of the U.S.-Korea Relationship in 2010”, 2-4, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Status-of-the-US-Korea-Relationship-in-2010, ldg)

In 2010, we can expect more of the same … continue to favor protectionist trade practices.

Global nuclear war
Hayes and Green, Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, 2010
 [Peter, Victoria University, and Michael, Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”]jap 

The consequences of failing to address … present global financial crisis pale by comparison.
Tradeoff – 1NC

A. USAID will avoid cuts now but it’s an easy target- new cuts would devastate USAID and US leadership
Worthington, InterAction CEO and president, 8-1-11
(Samuel, InterAction is the largest alliance of U.S.-based international nongovernmental organizations, "US must learn from Britain and not cut foreign aid," The Guardian, 8-1-11, www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/aug/01/us-foreign-aid-cuts, accessed 8-27-11, mss)

Current budget battles in Washington … world's poorest populations make no sense to us either.

B. Democracy aid is expensive and tradesoff- there’s up front and long-term costs to sustaining programs
Epstein et al., CRS foreign policy specialists, 7
(Susan B., Nina M. Serafino, Francis T. Miko, Congressional Research Service, “Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?” CRS Report for Congress, 12-26-2007, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34296.pdf, accessed 8-31-11, beh)

The high military and opportunity … pressing global concerns, such as infectious disease and extreme poverty, as being too great.

Congress will target USAID’s reform agenda- eliminates programs like Feed the Future
Provost, Guardian Unlimited staff, 11
(Claire, "US foreign aid takes immediate cuts, and further battles loom," Guardian Unlimited, 4-14-11, l/n, accessed 8-30-11, mss)

Paul O'Brien, vice-president of policy … taxpayer in 2012," said the USGLC's Richard Parker.

C. Feed the Future is key to ag tech and food security- focuses research and fills gaps
Garvelink, US diplomat, 10
(William, Office of the Coordinator for the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative deputy coordinator for development, former US Ambassador to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, member of the Senior Foreign Service with a rank of minister-counselor, former House Subcommittee of International Organizations staff member, received six Performance Awards, two Meritorious Honor Awards, a Superior Honor Award, and a Senior Foreign Service Presidential Meritorious Service Award over his service with the U.S. Department of State, former Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance deputy director, "Oversight of the Feed the Future Initiative," Federal News Service, 7-20-10, l/n, accessed 8-31-11, mss)

We know that assistance, while essential, … move forward with this exciting initiative.

Ag tech key to prevent extinction
Trewavas, University of Edinburgh Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology plant biologist, 0
(Anthony, "GM is the Best Option We Have," 6-5-2000, http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html, accessed 8-31-11, mss)

In 535A.D. a volcano near the present … us and annihilation.

RD – 1NC 

A. The aff precludes a re-negotiation of democracy and prevents a new more libratory politics
Little, University of Melbourne political theory lecturer, 5
(Adrian, "Theories of Democracy and Violence," paper for the Australasian Political Studies Association Annual Conference, September, auspsa.anu.edu.au/proceedings/publications/Littlepaper.pdf, accessed 7-1-11, mss)

As recently as ten years ago violence was often thought to … that served to establish liberal democratic regimes.

B. Current forms of democracy are a cover for mass violence and exclusion
Sunic, former US professor, author, translator and former Croatian diplomat, 10
(Tomislav, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Preface,” written 12-28-2010, in The Problem of Democracy, written by Alain de Benoist (2011), p9-12, mss)

Those who love to regurgitate the … oligarchic society where everybody pretends to be a democrat - but where there is no democracy.
[Matt note: gender paraphrased]

C. The alternative is to conceive of democracy as a process of constant reinvention- vote neg to reject the shortcomings of democracy and the inevitable exclusions that it engenders.

This is critical to inspire and legitimize attempts to disrupt the prevailing “democratic” order
Little and Lloyd, political theory professors, 9
(Adrian, University of Melbourne political theory associate professor, head of the School of Political Science, Criminology, and Sociology, and Moya, Loughborough University political theory professor, “Conclusion,” in The Politics of Radical Democracy, ed by Adrian Little and Moya Lloyd, 203-6, mss)

Radical democratic theory, especially … if democracy is in a fugitive condition, radical democracy openly suggests that it does not need to be apprehended.

EU CP – EU Cred – 1NC

The European Union should provide local governance assistance for Yemen.

The counterplan solves and is critical to EU credibility
Ash et al, University of Oxford European Studies professor, 11
[Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," 6-3-2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/emma-bonino/post_2032_b_870924.html, accessed 6-17-11, mss]

Europe's response to the … unforgiving its Europe's leaders fail to rise to the events.

Strong EU is key to solve extinction
Bruton, former prime minister of Ireland, 2
[John, former ambassador of the EU to the US, European Commission Delegation ambassador, "The Future of the European Union," The Irish Times, 1-31-2002, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm, accessed 6-23-11, mss]

As the Laeken Declaration put it, "Europe … global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.

Solvency

Only EU democracy assistance solves- credibility gap
Morningstar, former US ambassador to the EU, 9
[Richard, Harvard University Kennedy School of Government Public Policy adjunct professor, and Stanford Law School lecturer in Law, formerly served as United States Ambassador to the European Union, “Forward,” in Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, ed. by Amichai Magen et al, 2009, x, mss]

Further the United States and Europe … democracy promotion efforts be successful.

Terrorism

Al Qaeda isn’t key to terrorism
Sageman, Foreign Policy Research Institute senior fellow, 2009
(Marc, “Confronting al-Qaeda: Understanding the Threat in Afghanistan”, http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=92&Itemid=54, ldg)

The above statistics are crystal clear: 78% … into dangerous terrorists. 

Al-Qaeda can’t carry out a large-scale attack
Hoffman et al., Georgetown director of Peace and Security studies, 2010
(Bruce, “Assessing the Terrorist Threat”, 9-10, http://media.mcclatchydc.com/static/pdf/terrorism-report.pdf, ldg)

This level of threat is likely … principal effect will be panic but likely few deaths. 

No nuclear terrorism-
-terrorists exaggerate their capabilities
-unanimous agreement by qualified experts
-empirically proven by 172 attacks
-Aum’s failed attempts prove
-Iran proves
-States protect and won’t share nuclear weapons- they fear retribution
Bergen, New York University’s Center on Law and Security fellow, Sept 2010
[Peter, New America Foundation fellow, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies adjunct professor, CNN's terrorism analyst, “Reevaluating Al-Qa`ida’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Capabilities,” CTC Sentinel, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=122242, accessed 12-28-10, mss]

Bin Ladin’s and al-Zawahiri’s portrayal … will be panic and a limited number of casualties.

Adv 2

1. No oil shocks-several factors check.
   Whitehouse, deputy bureau chief for The Wall Street Journal, 12-19-2010
   (Mark, “Oil Prices Seen as a Threat Again”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703395904576025762319723364.html, ldg) 

In the physical market, oil … prices at the gas pump. 

2. Oil shocks don’t cause war
Klare, Five Colleges professor of Peace and World Security Studies, 2008
(Michael, “The Impending Oil Shock: An Exchange”, Survival (00396338); Aug/Sep2008, Vol. 50 Issue 4, p61-82, 22p, ebsco, ldg)

Today, we are better … sudden losses in fuel on several occasions. 

Economic shock doesn’t cause war
Miller, Centre on Governance professor University of Ottawa, 2000
(Morris, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, ldg)

It seems reasonable to … form of violence to abort another.) 

1. Iranian influence will decrease in the status quo-no matter the result of the Arab Spring.
   Kaye et al., RAND senior political scientist, 2011
   (Dalia, “Arab Spring, Persian Winter”, Foreign Affairs, July/August, ebsco, DOA: 9-14-11, ldg)

Still, although Iran and its allies …their nationalist legitimacy by turning to Iran.

2. Iran’s too focused on domestic problems and won’t gain influence across the region 

2NC - 

Small scale action doesn’t spillover-cedes legal power to reactionary forces
Lobel, University of San Diego law professor, 2007
(Orly, “ARTICLE: THE PARADOX OF EXTRALEGAL ACTIVISM: CRITICAL LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND TRANSFORMATIVE POLITICS”, February, 120 Harv. L. Rev. 937, lexis, ldg)

Both the practical failures and the fallacy ... legitimated through a process of self-mystification

Specifically, a pre-condition to dealing with race is that the each side have the opportunity to rigorously test and carefully scrutinize the other’s arguments. The impact is the impossibility of better and more productive conversation about race and white supremacy.
Walsh, University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor, 2008
[Katherine Cramer, Talking about Race : Community Dialogues and the Politics of Difference, elibrary, 197-199, ISBN: 9780226869070, accessed 2-19-10, mss/ras]

Does this solution, which diverges ...it has to involve the scrutiny of all participants.

A. When we make debate about stories we have to debate those stories – risking dehumanization and forcing people to quit
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University linguistics professor, ‘98, “The Argument Culture,” p. 81-3

In explaining his decision, Admiral ...“sound-bitten to death by the phrase “quota queen.’”

Topical Education—by manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government.  Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform.  Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism
Martin W. Lewis, Professor of Geography and Regional Science at George Washington University, 1992 (Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Page 247)

A majority of those born between 1960 and 1980 ... intentions.