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Navy:

Round 1 (Army BaHu) - SPP CP and Disease Tradeoff DA

Round 3 (JMU MM) - SPP CP, Retaliation CP, and Disease Tradeoff DA

Round 5 (Army BuHa) - Payroll Politics and Case

Round 8 (Pittsburgh JL) - Saudi Relations DA and Case

Octos (Navy FH) - T Democracy Assistance (IMET Aff)

Rutgers:

Round 2 (Monmouth GP) - Payroll Tax Politics and Case

Round 4 (Army AT) - SPP CP and LA Tradeoff

Round 6 (Army DH) - won that conditionality was good (neg on presumption)

Semis (Binghamton FN) - Speciesism K

App State:

Round 2 (JMU MM) - Saudi DA and Case

Round 3 (Clarion LW) - LA Tradeoff and Case

Round 5 (Vandy BL) - EU and LA Tradeoff

Semis (Wayne St BW) - SPP CP and LA Tradeoff

West Point:

Round 2 (JMU BH) - EU and Tradeoff

Round 3 (George Mason BD) - Politics and Case

Round 6 (Boston College HS) - Courts with Artic Conflict internal net-benefit

Octos (Boston College LT) - Radical Democracy

JMU:

Round 1 (JMU CM) - Tradeoff and case

Round 3 (JMU BK) - Tradeoff and case

Round 6 (George Mason MW) - Tradeoff and case

Rochester:

Round 1 (Vermont CM) - Speciesism K

Round 4 (Cornell KN) - Politics and case

CP Text: The European Union should ______.

The counterplan solves and is critical to EU credibility

Ash et al, University of Oxford European Studies professor, 11

[Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," 6-3-2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/emma-bonino/post_2032_b_870924.html, accessed 6-17-11, mss]

Europe's response to the Arab … leaders fail to rise to the events.

Strong EU is key to solve extinction

Bruton, former prime minister of Ireland, 2

[John, former ambassador of the EU to the US, European Commission Delegation ambassador, "The Future of the European Union," The Irish Times, 1-31-2002, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm, accessed 6-23-11, mss]

As the Laeken Declaration put it, … that will otherwise overwhelm us.

Obama pushing for piecemeal legislation ensures passage of payroll tax cuts

Grim, writer for Huffington Post, 10/17

[Ryan, October 17, 2011, “GOP Supported Parts Of Obama's Jobs Bill”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/14/obama-jobs-bill-2011-republican-support_n_1011699.html, 10/17/11, atl]

In blocking the American Jobs … to focus on small-business growth."

But, PC is key to ensure final passage

Associated Press, 10/17

[October 17, 2011, “Obama pushes for jobs bill”, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-pushes-jobs-bill, 10/17/11, atl]

President Barack Obama says … trillion-dollar annual deficits."

Democracy assistance drains capital – no constituency, tea party influence and fear of Muslim takeover.

Hamid, Project on Middle East Democracy director of research, 2011

(Shadi, "Tunisia, Egypt, Arab world need bold US support for democracy, not mixed messages," 1-26-11, Dow Jones Factiva, accessed 6-11-11, mtf)

Hard to shift gears now  Considering … likely to make Americans uncomfortable.)

Failure to extend payroll tax cuts collapses the economy

Marr, Director of Federal Tax Policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 11

[Chuck, September 7, 2011, “Letting Payroll Tax Cut Expire Would Shrink Worker Paychecks and Damage Weak Economy”, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3572, 10/18/11, atl]

Failure by Congress to extend the … to the outlook for U.S. growth."

Economic collapse causes nuclear war

Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008

(Aaron and gabriel professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University and visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute, “The Dangers of a Diminished America”, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html)

Pressures to cut defense spending, … travails with external adventures.

US deferring to Saudi on Yemen now-plan causes a freak-out.

International Business Times News, 2011

[Newstex, "Is Saudi Arabia protecting Yemens Saleh?," 5-30-11, lexis, accessed 8-1-11, mtf]

Why would Saudi Arabia wish … 32-year regime of Saleh.

Causes China fill-in

Luft, IAGS executive director, 2006

(Gal, “Fueling the dragon: China's race into the oil market”, http://www.iags.org/china.htm, DOA: 9-23-11, ldg)

A key component of China's … offer China an expanded role.

Causes war

Luft, IAGS executive director, 2004

(Gal, “US, China Are on Collision Course Over Oil”, 2-2, http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/198-natural-resources/40210.html, DOA: 9-23-11, ldg)

Optimists claim that the world … China's slide into total dependency.

It will go nuclear

Hunkovic, American Miltiary University professor, 2009

(Lee, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,”  http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf, ldg)

A war between China, Taiwan … not be considered in this study.

A. Latin America is USAID’s priority now- BUT new programs tradeoff

Shah and Menendez, USAID administrator and US Senator (D-NJ), 11

(Rajiv, USAID administrator, and Senator Bob Menendez (D-NJ), "International Development Policy Priorities in the FY2012 Budget," Federal News Service, 4-13-2011, l/n, accessed 8-31-11, mss)

So explain to me in our own front …acceptable. That is not acceptable.

B. USAID cuts in Latin America devastate the ABCI- key to protect the Amazon

Patlis, WWF US Government relations managing director, 7

(Jason, World Wildlife Fund, CQ Congressional Testimony, " Fiscal 2008 Appropriations: State, Foreign Operations & Other Programs," 3-29-7, l/n, accessed 9-8-11, mss)

Amazon Basin Conservation Initiative (ABCI): …in the Amazon watershed.

C. Extinction

Takacs, Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy environmental humanities professor, 96

(David, California State University Monterey Bay, The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise, 1996, Amazon books preview, accessed 9-9-11, pg200-201, mss)

So biodiversity keeps the world … with a bang but a whimper.14

CP Text: The executive branch of the United States federal government should make a covert decision to not intervene militarily in Yemen and to not retaliate with nuclear weapons in response to a terrorist attack.

A. The aff precludes a re-negotiation of democracy and prevents a new more libratory politics

Little, University of Melbourne political theory lecturer, 5

(Adrian, "Theories of Democracy and Violence," paper for the Australasian Political Studies Association Annual Conference, September, auspsa.anu.edu.au/proceedings/publications/Littlepaper.pdf, accessed 7-1-11, mss)

As recently as ten years ago violence …establish liberal democratic regimes.

B. Current forms of democracy are a cover for mass violence and exclusion

Sunic, former US professor, author, translator and former Croatian diplomat, 10

(Tomislav, Ph.D. in political science from the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Preface,” written 12-28-2010, in The Problem of Democracy, written by Alain de Benoist (2011), p9-12, mss)

Those who love to regurgitate the word … - but where there is no democracy.

[Matt note: gender paraphrased]

C. The alternative is to conceive of democracy as a process of constant reinvention- vote neg to reject the shortcomings of democracy and the inevitable exclusions that it engenders.

This is critical to inspire and legitimize attempts to disrupt the prevailing “democratic” order

Little and Lloyd, political theory professors, 9

(Adrian, University of Melbourne political theory associate professor, head of the School of Political Science, Criminology, and Sociology, and Moya, Loughborough University political theory professor, “Conclusion,” in The Politics of Radical Democracy, ed by Adrian Little and Moya Lloyd, 203-6, mss)

Radical democratic theory, especially … not need to be apprehended.

CP Text: The United States Supreme Court should rule that the United States Federal Government offer a Free Trade Agreement to Egypt on the condition of Egyptian democratic reforms on the grounds that the Egyptian people’s right to democracy requires democratic reforms.

Right to democracy creates a legal obligation for promotion

Glen, Georgetown law professor, 2011

(Patrick, “Democracy Promotion in the Obama Administration: An Opportunity to Match Action to Rhetoric”, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1494&context=facpub, ldg)

Advocacy for a “right to democracy” … founding over two centuries ago.

Politics Net-Benefit:

Courts preserve capital

Tushnet, law professor at Harvard, 2008

(Mark, “THE OBAMA PRESIDENCY AND THE ROBERTS COURT: SOME HINTS FROM POLITICAL SCIENCE: POLITICAL FOUNDATIONS OF JUDICIAL SUPREM-ACY: THE PRESIDENCY, THE SUPREME COURT, AND CONSTITUTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN U.S. HISTORY”, Summer, 25 Const. Commentary 343, lexis, ldg)

What can the courts do for a resilient … to do something about the Court.

Arctic Conflict Net-Benefit:

CIL key to prevent Arctic Conflict and environmental degradation

Berkman et al., head of the Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme, 2009

(Paul, “Governance and Environmental Change in the Arctic Ocean”, http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/news/documents/Berkman_Young_Science.pdf, ldg)

Intermediate regulatory arrangements are …space dedicated to peaceful uses.

Arctic competition escalates to nuclear war

Staples, Rideau Institute, 2009

(Steven, “Presentation Notes Steps toward an Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone”, 8-10, http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2010/RP2010-03_arctic_nuclear_weapon_free_zone_web.pdf, ldg)

The fact is the Arctic is becoming … or use of nuclear weapons.”

International Law Net-Benefit:

CP spillsover and gives I-law credibility.

Posner et al., Chicago law school professor, 2011

(Eric, “ARTICLE: The Flaws of Foreign Affairs Legalism”, Spring, 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 507, lexis, ldg)

The modern-day view that courts promote … judgments on other nations is unknown.

Nuclear war inevitable absent effective international law

Shaw, Sussex IR professor, 2001

(Martin, “The unfinished global revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international relations”, 10-3, http://www.martinshaw.org/unfinished.pdf, ldg)

The new politics of international relations…relations and politics, are intertwined.

T – Conditions

A: interpretation – Democracy Assistance is not conditional

Assistance is a distinct form of positive democracy promotion – excludes coercive and conditional tools

Toornstra, European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director, 2010

(Dick, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance”, August,

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf, ldg)

There are three major approaches to …of this paper – democracy assistance.

B: Violation – the plan conditions solvency is based off conditions.

C: Vote Neg

1: Ground – they could condition the plan to spike out of all of our disad offense

2: Predictability – We can’t ever know if the Aff’s country will accept the conditions set forth by the plan text and we can’t research something which has no firm solvency advocate

T – Direct

A. Interpretation-Democracy assistance means the primary purpose must be to foster democracy- the alternative is unlimiting

Carothers, Carnegie Endowment Democracy and Rule of Law Project director, 0

(Thomas, “Taking Stock of US Democracy Assistance,” in American Democracy Promotion, ed. by Michael Cox, 2000, accessed 8-30-11, pg188, mss)

The term 'democracy assistance' is…and social aid programmes.

B. Violation- the plan doesn’t give aid directly for the purpose of fostering democracy

C. Vote Neg

1. Limits- including things that don’t directly help democracy explodes the topic making anything that indirectly affects the democratic process topical

2. Topic education- this topic is designed to teach us about the Arab Spring and democratic progress in the topic countries- any other education is nebulous

3. Bidirectionality- they justify affs that give political party assistance to groups that oppose democracy- kills neg ground

4. Effects:

A. Aff is only effectually topical

B. justifies giving weapons to other countries in order to assist in revolutions – explodes neg research burden

C. Predictability – can’t research every which way they can effectually assist democracy.

Focusing on liberation requires re-affirmation of animality to justify the liberation of those the affirmative targets which re-entrenches speciesism.

Kim, UC Irvine political science professor, 2009

(Claire, “Slaying the Beast:  Reflections on Race, Culture, and Species”, http://aapf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/kalfou.pdf, ldg)

Dyson gives a perfunctory nod to the animal … our experience, and our actions

There is an institutional bias in favor of speciesism-the AFF’s failure to directly challenge it allows hegemonic discourses to constrain the parameters of discussion and political activity which allows specieisism to continue.

Jackman, UC Davis sociology professor, 1994

(Mary, The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations, pg 64-68, ldg)

The institutionalization of expropriative arrangements yields …clumsy basis for durable social control.

Speciesism makes possible “systematic beastilization” which justifies non-criminal putting to death of the other—root cause of all oppression

Rossini, postdoctoral Fellow ASCA, 2006

(Manuela, “To the Dogs: Companion speciesism and the new feminist materialism”, text and image Volume 3, September, http://intertheory.org/rossini, ldg)

What is equally sobering, … disproportionate effects on animals.[26]

NOTE- conditio sine qua non

The alternative is to embrace the standpoint of the animal—this overcomes the humanist bias of the affirmative scholarship, connects the experiences of human and non-human animals and allows for total liberation by providing understanding of all oppression

Best, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2009

(Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS%20VII%20Issue%201%20MAY%20ISSUE%20The%20Rise%20of%20Critical%20Animal%20Studies%20pgs%209-52.pdf, ldg)

Postmodern critiques have been … and justice, and ecological healing and balance.

NC1NR Latin America Tradeoff

C. Nuclear war doesn’t cause extinction- bad physics

Seitz, Harvard University Center for International Affairs visiting scholar, 6

(Russell, "The' Nuclear Winter ' Meltdown; Photoshopping the Apocalypse," adamant.typepad.com/seitz/2006/12/preherein_honor.html, accessed 9-25-11, mss)

The recent winter solstice witnessed a …over to a new generation of  X-Box.

Oceans and counter-force targeting check

Zutell, Arizona Dept. of Emergency and Military Affairs, Division of Emergency Services, 88

(Eugene, 6-19-88. http://www.fortfreedom.org/s05.htm)

To enumerate some other problems … predictable.  In fact, they are improbable.

Concentration checks extinction

Tonn, UT political science professor, 5

(Bruce, “Human extinction scenarios”, August, http://www.budapestfutures.org/downloads/abstracts/Bruce%20Tonn%20-%20Abstract.pdf, ldg)

The human species faces numerous … extinction with respect to single events.

No escalation

Martin, Professor of Social Sciences U of Wollongong Australia, 82

(Brian, PhD theoretical physics from the University of Sydney, “Critique of nuclear extinction”, Journal of Peace Research, , Vol. 19, No. 4, 1982, pp. 287-300, http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/82jpr.html) atw

It often has been argued that the … all-out global nuclear war.

No risk of fallout

Nyquist, 99

(J.R., "Is nuclear war survivable, World Net Daily, 5-20-99, www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=6341, accessed 9-27-11, mss)

OK, so nuclear winter isn't going to … few (if any) fallout casualties.

Even a one percent risk outweighs

Bostrom, Oxford philosophy professor, July 2005

[Nick, transcribed by Matt Struth, 4:38-6:12 of the talk at http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/44, accessed 2-2-8, mss]

Now if we think about what just … it should still have a high priority.

Uniqueness Debate:

Foreign aid budget carefully balanced now- no major cuts, no major increases

US Senate Appropriations Committee, 9-21

(Press Release, "Summary: FY 2012 Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Appropriations," 9-21-11, pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/092111-FY-2012-SFOPS-Press-Release-Full-Committee-Mark.pdf, accessed 9-26-11, mss)

The Senate Appropriations Committee today … congressionally-directed spending items or “earmarks.

USAID in Latin America key now- its effectively transitioning Latin America to being sustainable without the US

Feierstein, USAID Latin America and the Caribbean assistant administrator, 11

(Mark, Federal News Service, "U.S. Policy Toward Latin America," 2-17-11, l/n, accessed 9-8-11, mss)

During my four months on the … this vast and diverse hemisphere.

Link Debate:

Group the link-

1. Foreign aid funding is zero-sum- plan forces a tradeoff

Sessions, Center for Global Development program coordinator, 6

(Myra, "The PMI Turns One – How Will We Measure Success?," Center for Global Development, blogs.cgdev.org/globalhealth/2006/07/the-pmi-turns-one-how-will-we.php, accessed 8-31-11, mss)

Thanks for the comment and question, … successes and opportunities of the initiatives.

2. New foreign aid spending snowballs

Sheehan, Competitive Enterprise Institute adjunct scholar, 92

(James, "Why We Should Dismantle AID," Journal of Commerce, 12-11-92, l/n, accessed 9-11-11, mss)

The Agency for International Development …out pork to domestic special interests.

Internal:

2. Rule of law- USAID solves rule of law and alternative livelihoods

Feierstein, USAID Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean assistant administrator, 11

(Mark, “Panel I of a Hearing of the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee,” Federal News Service, 4-13-11, l/n, accessed 8-30-11, mss)

In the context of a challenging fiscal …developing effective democratic institutions.

Even if some deforestation is inevitable, rule of law avoids the worst outcomes

Fearnside, National Institute for Research in the Amazon ecology research professor, 9
(Phillip, "Social causes of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest," 9-14-9, www.illegal-logging.info/item_single.php?it_id=3706&it=news, accessed 9-10-11, mss)

Containing deforestation

While continued deforestation may … in rural Amazonia," concludes Fearnside.

Impact Debate:

Amazon key to prevent extinction- biodiversity, oxygen and disease

Sohn, staff writer, 99

(Pam, "Eight Days in Brazil," Chatanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), 4-11-1999, l/n, accessed 9-10-11, mss)

Inside Brazil's rainforest, the Amazon …Amazon is life on a grand scale.

Growback not true in tropical forests- nutrients are in the trees, not the ground

RFRC, 1

(Rain Forest Report Card, "Deforestation of Tropical Rain Forests," 12-1-2001, www.trfic.msu.edu/rfrc/deforestation.html, accessed 9-10-11, mss)

What happens after a forest is … than 50 years to grow back.

The Amazon is key to the hydrologic cycle- critical to water vapor recharge

Bunyard, The Ecologist science editor, 5

(Peter, the Ecologist is the world’s leading environmental affairs magazine, "A Stake Through the Heart of the World," Ecologist 35.6, July 2005, p. 30-35, Environment Complete, EBSCOhost, accessed 9-10-11, mtf)

Scientists mapping the effects … depends significantly on the Amazon basin.

Hydrologic cycle key to prevent extinction

Abreu et al, 2005

(Francisco de Assis Matos de Abreu, André Monten\egro Duarte, Mário Ramos Ribeiro, Ana Rosa Carriço de Lima and Wellington de Jesus Sousa. “The Hydrologic cycle: an open or closed system?” Revista Geográfica 137 (Jan-June 2005): p109)

This paper deals with the Hydrologic … research with regard to global changes.

11NC

Counterplan: The United States federal government should expand the National Guard State Partnership Program to Egypt for the purposes of increasing political party support to the Egyptian Freedom and Justice Party.

Expanding the SPP to include the plan solves, expands citizen relationships, and doesn’t link to politics

Owens, Colorado governor, 2

(Bill, governor of Colorado and vice chair of the Republican Governors Association, he has led delegations to Europe, Latin America, and Asia, including ten trips to Russia; and Troy A. Eid, serves on the governor’s cabinet as the secretary of personnel and administration for Colorado, "Strategic Democracy Building: How U.S. States Can Help," Washington Quarterly, 25:4, Autumn 2002, ebsco, accessed 8-18-11, mss)

As the SPP begins its second … meet U.S. foreign policy objectives.

2NC

More ev- States say yes- they’ll compete for SPP benefits

Lawton et al, National Lieutenant Governor's Association chair, 10

(Barbara, Lt. Governor (D-WI), US Center for Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable on the Role of States chair, "The Role of States in Global Citizen Diplomacy," Nov 2010, uscenterforcitizendiplomacy.org/images/pdfs/summit-reports/Roundtables/RT_Role-of-states.pdf, accessed 10-19-11, mss)

We have already seen states … and broader cultural awareness.

State action creates citizen diplomacy- solves the aff, cred, and signal better than the plan

Lawton et al, National Lieutenant Governor's Association chair, 10

(Barbara, Lt. Governor (D-WI), US Center for Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable on the Role of States chair, "The Role of States in Global Citizen Diplomacy," Nov 2010, uscenterforcitizendiplomacy.org/images/pdfs/summit-reports/Roundtables/RT_Role-of-states.pdf, accessed 10-19-11, mss)

In an era of increasing globalization, … government-to-government relations are disrupted.

SSP solves signal/credibility-

State action is seen as representing official US policy

Robinson, Jawaharlal Nehru University fellow, 7

(Nick, Yale Law School, J.D. 2006, Akron Law Review, "Citizens Not Subjects: U.S. Foreign Relations Law and the Decentralization of Foreign Policy," 40 Akron L. Rev. 647, 2007, l/n, accessed 10-21-11, mss)

State and local governments are … federal endorsement of such activity.

Empirical evidence- SPP works- our evidence is specific to the Mid-east and Muslim-majority nations

Lawton et al, National Lieutenant Governor's Association chair, 10

(Barbara, Lt. Governor (D-WI), US Center for Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable on the Role of States chair, "The Role of States in Global Citizen Diplomacy," Nov 2010, uscenterforcitizendiplomacy.org/images/pdfs/summit-reports/Roundtables/RT_Role-of-states.pdf, accessed 10-19-11, mss)

At its core, the program’s larger … tremendous potential remains to be realized.

SPP solves cred / signal- National Guard proconsuls

Howard, American University international security professor, 4

(Peter, American University School of International Service adjunct professorial lecturer, his research focuses on US foreign policy and international security and how the implementation of foreign policy programs produces rule-based regional security regimes, "The Growing Role of States in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the State Partnership Program," International Studies Perspectives, 5:2, May 2004, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2004.00168.x/full, accessed 10-18-11, mss)

While most analyses of state … security program to state governments.

A2 Perm Do Both

Federal action signals state action is unnecessary- creates a chilling affect

Adler, Case Western law professor, 11

(Jonathan, Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor of law, Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, "Cooperation, Commandeering, or Crowding Out?" 20 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 199, Spring 2011, l/n, accessed 10-20-11, mss)

IV. Federal Influences on State Policy Choices

It is evident … further and future upward progress.

Russia – 1NC

A. Status quo solves Syria- Russia gets the credit and US interests are preserved

Moubayed, University of Kalamoon IR professor, 12

(Sami, University of Kalamoon (Syria) Faculty of International Relations associate professor, St Andrews University (Scotland) research fellow and co-founder of the Syrian Studies Center, Forward Magazine (Syria) editor-in-chief, writer, political activist and historian based in Damascus, al-Mashreq Journal (published by the University of Melbourne) member of the editorial board, "Russia's "democracy package" for Syria," 1-7-12, www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=107873, accessed 1-19-12, mss)

Sources close to Moscow say … their influence in the Arab world.

B. Plan decimates Russia and collapses the Russia-Korean pipeline

Frank, University of Vienna East Asia studies professor, 11

(Ruediger, Ph.D. in Economics, M.A. in Korean Studies, Economics and International Relations, adjunct professor at Korea University and the University of North Korean Studies, visiting professorship at Columbia University New York and Korea University Seoul, Association for Korean Studies in Europe council member, Vienna School of Governance vice director, European Journal of East Asian Studies deputy editor,  co-editor of the annual book Korea: Politics, Economy and Society, "North Korea’s Strategic Outlook on Northeast Asia: The Syrian Litmus Test," 8-25-11, 38north.org/2011/08/rfrank082511/, accessed 1-19-12, mss)

The Libyan story seems to be …we better keep our eyes open.

C. That’s key to prevent Korean instability

Moscow News, 11

("A Pipeline for Peace?" 11-21-11, l/n, accessed 1-19-12, mss)

A trilateral agreement for a gas … Sciences, told the Moscow News.

Global nuclear war

Stratfor, 10

(“North Korea, South Korea: The Military Balance on the Peninsula”, 5-26-10, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100526_north_korea_south_korea_military_balance_peninsula, DOA: 9-15-11, ldg)

So the real issue is the potential for … the situation escalates much further.

2NC

B. Magnitude

Hayes and Green, Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, 2010

[Peter, Victoria University, and Michael, Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”]jap

The consequences of failing to … the international community.

C. Collapses the US- turns every advantage and makes solvency impossible

Chol, Ph.D. in social sciences, 9

(Kim Myong, Korean analyst of North Korea, author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, Rupee News, 6-13-9, l/n, accessed 11-3-9, mss)

The game plan for nuclear war specifies … States and possibly targets farther inland.

Ignore Russia’s rhetoric- actions and interest prove there’s cooperation now

Lipman, Carnegie Moscow Center Russian expert, 1-12

(Masha, editor of the Pro et Contra journal, published by Carnegie Moscow Center, served as deputy editor of the Russian weekly newsmagazines, Ezhenedel’ny zhurnal from 2001 to 2003, and Itogi from 1995 to 2001, has worked as a translator, researcher, and contributor for the Washington Post Moscow bureau, Yezhednevnyy Zhurnal, a Russian current affairs news cite, BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union - Political, 1-11-12, l/n, accessed 1-12-12, mss)

The foreign policy decisions of … Islamists to come to power in Syria to replace Assad.

The aff is a unique link- influence in Syria is zero-sum with Russia- they’re gaining influence now

Rogin, Foreign Policy national security reporter, 12-20

(Joshn, "Experts to the administration: Help Syria now," The Cable, Foreign Policy, 12-20-11, thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/20/experts_to_the_administration_help_syria_now, accessed 1-19-12, mss)

The administration should also … of that protest march here:

1NC CP

Counterplan: The United States Federal Government should propose that it should (substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support to civil society organizations, opposition groups and constitutional support in Bahrain) in the form of a binding public referendum.

Counterplan solves- public backs democracy assistance

Tures, LaGrange College political science associate professor, 7

(John, "The Democracy-Promotion Gap in American Public Opinion," Journal of American Studies, Dec 2007, 41(3), proquest, accessed 11-5-11, mss)

During the years of the … this would be a bad idea.14

Doesn’t link to politics- public choice shields Congress

DuVivier, University of Denver law professor, 6

(K.K., University of Denver Sturm College of Law associate professor, "The United States as a Democratic Ideal? International Lessons in Referendum Democracy," Temple Law Review, 79 Temp. L. Rev. 821, Fall 2006, l/n, accessed 11-6-11, ldg/mss)

Government-sponsored referendums … issue in pending elections).

[Matt note: footnote 147 included]

Counterplan demonstrates direct democracy is feasible- key to solve the concentration of political power and impending crises that cause extinction

Gare, Swinburne University social sciences professor, 3

(Arran, Swinburne University (Melbourne, Australia), Ph.D. from Murdoch University, "Beyond Social Democracy? Beyond Social Democracy?" Democracy and Nature, 9(3), Nov 2003, ebsco, accessed 6-30-11, mss)

The analysis of the global economy … conditions of their existence.

2NC CP

2. Deliberation massively increases support for foreign aid- including democracy

Brady, UC Berkeley political science professor, 3

(Henry, University of California, Berkeley Goldman School of Public Policy dean, Monroe Deutsch Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, American Political Science Association president, PhD in Economics and Political Science from MIT, and James Fiskin, and Robert Luskin, "Informed Public Opinion About Foreign Policy: The uses of deliberative polling," Summer 2003, www.brookings.edu/articles/2003/summer_elections_brady.aspx, accessed 11-4-11, mss)

Beyond Iraq and international security, … on America's place in the world.

That’s just as true today- public supports 10 times the current aid budget when given the facts

Norris, Center for American Progress sustainable security program director, 11

(John, "Foreign Aid Debate," Tulsa World (Oklahoma), 5-8-11, l/n, accessed 11-5-11, mss)

In poll after poll, Americans … budget — 10 times the current level.

Ref – Solvency – Frontline

3. Leads to citizen-diplomacy- even if they say no

Robinson, Jawaharlal Nehru University fellow, 7

(Nick, Yale Law School, J.D. 2006, Akron Law Review, "Citizens Not Subjects: U.S. Foreign Relations Law and the Decentralization of Foreign Policy," 40 Akron L. Rev. 647, 2007, l/n, accessed 10-21-11, mss)

There have been a number of proposals to … as purely domestic concerns.

That solves the aff

Lawton et al, National Lieutenant Governor's Association chair, 10

(Barbara, Lt. Governor (D-WI), US Center for Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable on the Role of States chair, "The Role of States in Global Citizen Diplomacy," Nov 2010, uscenterforcitizendiplomacy.org/images/pdfs/summit-reports/Roundtables/RT_Role-of-states.pdf, accessed 10-19-11, mss)

In an era of increasing globalization, more … government-to-government relations are disrupted.

2. Root cause- concentration of power makes all their impacts inevitable

Fotopoulos, International Journal of Inclusive Democracy editor, 97

(Takis, former Polytechnic of North London economics senior lecturer, Inclusive Democracy movement founder, Towards an Inclusive Democracy, 1997, accessed 8-22-11, pg. x-xi, mss)

But, if a 'radical' democracy, under … of the present multidimensional crisis.

3. Takes out solvency- domestic reform key to democracy assistance

Diamond, Stanford University Hoover Institution senior fellow, 8

(Larry, co-editor of the Journal of Democracy, The Spirit of Democracy, 2008, 346-7, accessed: 3-17-2010, ldg)

Increasingly, Americans feel that …“Do as we say, not as we do.”

4. Turns war- settled conceptions of democracy license violence

Barkawi and Laffey, international relations lecturers, 99

(Tarak, University of Wales international relations lecturer, and Mark, University of London international relations lecturer, European Journal of International Relations, 5(4), 1999, SAGE, accessed 8-18-11, mss)

Liberal democratic institutions … licence violence against them.1

Ref – Theory – Frontline

1. The counterplan is at the core of the topic- reconfiguring democracy at home is critical to topic education- AND solvency

Carothers, Carnegie Endowment Democracy and Rule of Law Project director, 96

(Thomas, "Promoting democracy in a postmodern world," Dissent, v43, Spring 1996, HW Wilson Web, accessed 8-30-11, mss)

Thus the many democratic transitions … democratic principles and values we espouse.

Ref – Theory – Frontline

5. Lit checks

Smith and Tolbert, political science professors, 4

(Daniel, Kent State University political science associate professor, and Caroline, University of Florida political science associate professor, Educated by Initiative: The Effects of Direct Democracy on Citizens and Political Organizations in the American States,  xii-xiii, google books, accessed 11-6-11, mss)

Drawing on the recent experiences … of remote or arrogant lawmakers."

AND its deep, qualified and reciprocal

Matsuka, USC political science professor, 4

(John, University of Southern California Law, Business, and Political Science professor, For the Many or For the Few, Google books, ix-x, accessed 11-6-11, mss)

Over time, I formed opinions … national, state and local level" (2003, xix).

Ref – Theory – Frontline

7. Education- theorizing the ref is key

Matsuka, USC political science professor, 4

(John, University of Southern California Law, Business, and Political Science professor, For the Many or For the Few, Amazon.com preview, p128-198, accessed 11-6-11, mss)

Be that as it may, I suspect that … thinking about the role of the initiative process.

11. Implementation is key to studying foreign policy

Howard, American University international security professor, 4

(Peter, American University School of International Service adjunct professorial lecturer, his research focuses on US foreign policy and international security and how the implementation of foreign policy programs produces rule-based regional security regimes, "The Growing Role of States in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the State Partnership Program," International Studies Perspectives, 5:2, May 2004, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2004.00168.x/full, accessed 10-18-11, mss)

Moving beyond the study of … of policy meanings and outcomes.

Ref – A2 Perm Do Both

Plan severs certainty-

A. Resolved means unconditional

American Heritage, 9

(American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Edition "resolved," 2009, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, mss)

re·solve   (rĭ-zŏlv')   v.   tr.

 1. To make a firm decision …the statute is mandatory.

Mechanism mandates certainty – “increase” must be a mandate

HEFC 2004

(Higher Education Funding Council for England, “Joint Committee on the Draft Charities Bill Written Evidence”, June, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/167/167we98.htm, ldg)

9.1  The Draft Bill creates an … could be considered to be ever-increasing.

“Substantial” mean unconditional

Words & Phrases 64

(40 W&P 759)

The words “outward, open, … sole; opposed to inclusive.

Ref – A2 Perm Do the CP

3. Severs immediacy – “should” means done now

Summer, Oklahoma Supreme Court, 1994

(Justice, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”,http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn14, ldg)

4 The legal question to be resolved by the … 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

Politics

A. Cyber-security will pass and is top of the docket- Obama push key and solves

Baschuk, WCN assistant editors, 2-16

(Bryce Baschuk and Kamala Lane, Warren Communications News, "Support Builds for Action on Senate Cybersecurity Bill," Communications Daily, 2-16-12, l/n, accessed 2-21-12, mss)

Support Builds for Action on … that I think are growing every day."

B. Democracy assistance drains capital – no constituency, tea party influence and fear of Muslim takeover.

Hamid, Project on Middle East Democracy director of research, 2011

(Shadi, "Tunisia, Egypt, Arab world need bold US support for democracy, not mixed messages," 1-26-11, Dow Jones Factiva, accessed 6-11-11, mtf)

Hard to shift gears now  Considering … make Americans uncomfortable.)

PC is key

Packel, data security lawyer, 11

(Eric, member of the Privacy and Data Security practice group and the Technology, Media & IP practice group at Marshall Dennehey, Warner Coleman & Goggin, "Will There Finally be a U.S. National Data Breach Law?" Data Breach Legal Watch, 5-15-11, www.databreachlegalwatch.com/2011/05/will-there-finally-be-a-u-s-national-data-breach-law/, accessed 2-22-12, mss)

While massive data breaches, …will be watching this closely.

C. Cyber espionage kills heg

Mueller, FBI director, 11

(Robert, current director of the FBI, "Changing Threats in a Changing World," States News Service, 11-17-11, l/n, accessed 2-22-12, mss)

Now let us turn from terrorists to … intrusions have increased dramatically in recent years.

Guarantees great power war

Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 11

(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22-11, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean … devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Solvency

Bahrain will say no - recent police appointments confirmed anti-American sentiment

Cunningham, Global Research's Middle East and East Africa correspondent, 12

[Finian, January 2, 2012, “Top Western appointments allegedly aimed at improving human rights”, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=28452, 1/27/12, atl]

“The violence is worse than ever,” said one … burning of American flags.

Will say No – US fence-straddling has killed credibility with both the regime and the protestors

Dorsey, senior fellow at Nanyang Technological University, 11

(James M., S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, formerly of The Wall Street Journal, "US fence straddling fuels anti-Americanism in Syria and Bahrain," Al Arabiya News, 7-28-11, accessed 11-5-11, mtf)

The US effort in Bahrain to, on the … in front of its embassy in Manama.

Bahrain would say no – hardliner backlash

Ghezali, member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, 11

(Rabah, “Bahrain at the heart of Middle East tensions,” CNN, 9-13-11, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/13/bahrain-at-the-heart-of-middle-east-tensions/, accessed 12-18-11, mtf)

Inside the regime, the gap has widened … the Prime Minister are red lines.

Sectarian Violence

US should stay out of Bahrain – secretarial strife makes the impact inevitable

Hadar, Cato Institute, 11

(Leon, "The US Should stay Neutral in the Sunni-Shiite Conflict", 3-24-11, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12912, accessed 8-1-11, AT)

Moreover, protecting Bahrain, which … and sectarian conflicts runs contrary to America's best interests.

No Indo-Pak war- economic realities, political actors, and lessons learned- Mumbai proves    

Chu and King, Times Staff writers, 8

[Henry and Laura, December 6, "India, Pakistan keep lid on tensions," http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/06/world/fg-indiapakistan6, accessed 10-13-10, ADS]

Hostility between India and Pakistan is … script [as 2001-02], they'll be mistaken."

Iraq Relations

US pullout makes instability inevitable

VOA, 1-17

(“Iraq Faces Many Challenges After US Military Withdrawal,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/news-analysis/Iraq-Faces-Many-Challenges-After-US-Military-Withdrawal-137508853.html, DOA: 1-19-12, atw)

After almost nine years of war, U.S. … likely signals a long period of volatility.

Instability inevitable – insurgency and political failure

Reuters, 1-17

(“Iraq militia says to keep weapons, citing instability,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/17/us-iraq-militia-idUSTRE80G1OA20120117) atw

A Shi'ite militia that fought U.S. troops in … going on in the political arena," he said.

Iraq instability is inevitable-troop pullout

IRIN, humanitarian news and analysis service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 11

(“Worrying Signs For Iraq’s Stability As US Pulls Out – Analysis,” http://www.eurasiareview.com/25122011-worrying-signs-for-iraq%E2%80%99s-stability-as-us-pulls-out-analysis/, d/a 1-5-11, ads)

On 19 December, one day after the last … of handling the security challenges

Mid-east conflict doesn’t escalate- self-interest contains war. History overwhelmingly proves.

Satloff, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, 12-19-2006

[Robert, "Forget the Domino Theories," www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1011, accessed 10-2-10, mss]

The wise men (and woman) don't … inside Iraq will be the United States.

Russia

No impact to credibility-decades of studies confirm the theory is flawed

Fettweis, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, 2010

(Christopher, fifth year doctoral student in the University of Maryland's Department of Government and Politics. His primary interests include US foreign and national security policies. His dissertation, currently titled The Geopolitics of Energy and the Obsolescence of Major War, focuses on the relationship between oil and conflict. Mr. Fettweis has a BA in History from the University of Notre Dame, March 25, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00396331003764603, d/a 1-22-12, ads)

For individuals as well as states, …small the issue or large the odds.

No Russian aggression- internal focus, structural shifts in nationalism

Popescu, ECFR research fellow, 2-3

(Nicu, European Council on Foreign Relations, "Russia’s liberal-nationalist cocktail," 2-3-12, blogs.euobserver.com/popescu/2012/02/06/russias-liberal-nationalist-cocktail/, accessed 2-11-12, mss)

One of Vladimir Putin’s recent … today, Occupiers tomorrow’.

Human Rights

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002

(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an … undermines political effectiveness.