Our interpretation—the affirmative should have to defend that action by the United States federal government is normatively desirable.
Resolved means to enact by law
Words and Phrases 64  
Permanent Edition
Definition of the …establish by law”.
The United States federal government refers to the actual government
Black’s Law Dictionary 90
6th Ed., p. 695
In the United …and township governments.
Should implies obligation to action
Merriam-Webster 2
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2002, 10th Edition,
Used in …or expediency.
B) Violation—the aff does not defend the United States federal government action
C) Vote Negative—
1) Without Limits debate becomes impossible—T is a jurisdictional voting issue
Shively 2k—Professor of Political Science, Texas A & M
Ruth, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2
The requirements thus …agreement or harmony.

2) Role of the negative: Our interpretation has a clear vision for the function of the negative team. We must disprove the desirability of their advocacy. If there is no predictable limit on what the affirmative can do, the negative is excluded from the debate. We become passive observers of their presentation. Our interpretation is the least exclusionary because it provides a place in the debate for negative teams.
3) Process impact:– this is the only academic forum where we get education based on clash and competition. If we aren’t able to prepare in advance for affirmatives the round becomes a 2 hour conference presentation about whatever books & articles they are reading, This education o/w any content specific education because
 a) you can get content specific education in any other forum
b) Without critical thinking skills developed through clash and competition we can’t effectively act on content-specific knowledge  
English et al 7
Eric English, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief & Carly Woods, all former debate coaches, “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”
It is our position, …of mass destruction.’’

c) without clash-based education we are likely to come to the wrong conclusions about the content b/c we don’t see both sides
4)  Epistemology: All aff claims are uncertain. Unpredictable advocacies are not subject to the type of rigorous scrutiny and testing that is required for a claim to be granted. If their claims are not predictable it means they are not subject to rigorous testing and should not be treated as true. You cannot evaluate the validity of their aff arguments until you conclude that it is topical because unTopical advocacies are not subject to the same amount of scrutiny and testing.  This means the aff can only claim offense from their interpretation, not from the value of the 1AC since the value of the 1AC has not been established through rigorous debate. 

5) Switch-side debating on the topic is uniquely important.  It allows debaters to become better advocates and increases critical thinking
Dybvig and Iverson 99
Kristin Chisholm Dybvig, and Joel O. Iverson, Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy,
Not all debate …stance on issues.
6) This debate is about competing interpretations. They must have a sustainable interpretation of debate that includes their affirmative they should lose. If their interpretation provides no limit on affirmative action, it doesn’t matter if we have good arguments against their aff b/c they can’t provide an interpretation that would allow their aff and protect good, predictable debates in the future.

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Text: The European Union should...

The EU has pre-existing channels for effective, equal-partner democracy aid

Tocci and Cassarino ’11 Nathalie Tocci is Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11” IAI WORKING PAPERS 11 | 06 – March 2011 www.iai.it/pdf/DocIAI/iaiwp1106.pdf, AD 9/13/11

The Arab revolts do

neighbouring countries too.

UQ/Link US-Russia relations are on the brink. New flashpoints of contention on the Arab Spring will collapse relations

**The Arab Spring wasn’t perceived because it was handled internally

Bridge 12/30 (Robert, Writer for Russia Times “Russian-US relations: Looking ahead to 2012,” )

The year 2011 was a rocky

certainly depends on it.

A collapse of relations causes nuclear war

Gottemoeller 2008 (Rose, Director of Carnegie Moscow Center 2006, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment, where she held a joint appointment with the Russian and Eurasian Program and the Global Policy Program. A specialist on defense and nuclear issues in Russia and the other former Soviet states, “Russian–American Security Relations After Georgia,” )

No holds barred

we knew it.

The ‘democratic assistance’ offered by the Affirmative’s case is simply a veil behind which capitalism expands

Dixon 11

Doctoral candidate, Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University> Marion, Review of African Political Economy, "An Arab Spring,” 2011 10.1080/03056244.2011.582766, SRM)

US claims of supporting

and of consent

Alternative – Vote negative to completely withdraw from the ideology of capital.

Withdrawing from capital is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive

Jonston 04

Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2004

Adrian, Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society, December v9 i3 p259 page infotrac
 Perhaps the absence

I choose fetishism").

Impacts -

1) The system of capital makes social exclusion on a global scale inevitable – the utmost ethico-political responsibility is to reject this system of economic evaluation

Zizek and Daly 04 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)

For Zizek it is

otherwise sound matrix.

2. The violence of capital has always been set aside in favor of focusing on subjective flashpoint instances of violence – this creates a stop-gap in thought which makes it impossible to address the root cause of all violence – voting negative in the face of crisis is necessary to resist the violence we outline in the 1NC

Zizek 08 Slavoj Violence p 1-4

If there is a unifying

towards its victims.

3) Capitalism renormalizes catastrophes making them more likely leading to extinction

Zizek 10

(Slavoj, “Living in the End Times,” pgs. 327-329. Print.)

This moral vacuum

its greatest boost.

Parts of the budget will pass now, Obama’s capital is key

-small business write off new investments, 10% tax cut for new wages or raises

-tax incentive for manufacturing

-expand and make permanent R & D tax credit

-$140 R & D budget

Ransom 2/14

The Payroll-Tax Cut Deal Gives Obama's Budget Hope, http://www.entrepreneur.com/blog/222829

Not many policy watchers

entrepreneurship training program.

Capital is key to force compromise

Klein 2/16

Ezra, Wonkbook: For White House, compromise through confrontation, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/wonkbook-for-white-house-compromise-through-confrontation/2012/02/16/gIQAYrySHR_blog.html

Most in the White

to welcome compromise.

R & D Tax Credit is key to the economic competiveness and economic recovery

AIA 12

Aerospace Industries Association, Research and Development Tax Credit, www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/RandDpaper.pdf

Since 1981, the

national economic strategy.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war

Mead 9—Senior Fellow in US Foreign Policy Studies @ Council on Foreign Relations

Walter Russell, Only Makes You Stronger, The New Republic, 2-4-09, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=1

The greatest danger

still have to fight.

Link – Questions of epistemology are at the root of postmodernism

Schwartzman 2000 (Roy, professor of Communication Studies at North Carolina, “POSTMODERNISM AND THE PRACTICE OF DEBATE,” http://debate.uvm.edu/NFL/rostrumlib/SchwartzmanMar%2700.pdf)

The inability to

constructive ethics or politics" (Marsh, 1991a, p. 94; 1992b, p. 208).

Our alternative is to question the frame of reference that we currently accept and provide alternatives only in plain language

Our alternative would find solutions to problems with the help of the masses – This is the only way solve real world problems

Chomsky 1995 (Noam, an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and activist. He is an Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/chomsky-on-postmodernism.html)

Johnb made the

in my opinion.

1. Turns case

Postmodernism collapses any system of ethics and turns case – You will be ignored

Wolin 04

(Richard, Distinguished Professor of History at the CUNY Graduate Center, where he has worked since 2000Before going to CUNY, he was a professor at Rice University, “The Seduction of Unreason,” pg. 307-308)

What is striking

own political irrelevance.

2. Fascism –

A. Postmodernism is a guise for fascism by promoting relative truth and the attempt to exert one’s will onto others without their consent

Wolin 03

(Richard, Distinguished Professor of History at the CUNY Graduate Center, where he has worked since 2000Before going to CUNY, he was a professor at Rice University, “The Seduction of Unreason: Forward,” pg. xi-xii)

It would be

les extremes se touchent.

B. Fascism from postmodern philosophy will collapse into endless violence and war

Wolin 04

(Richard, Distinguished Professor of History at the CUNY Graduate Center, where he has worked since 2000Before going to CUNY, he was a professor at Rice University, “The Seduction of Unreason,” pg. 159-162)

In the worldview

Nanacy, and Jacques Derrida.

C. Real World Impacts

The philosophy behind language and postmodernism causes degeneration in education leading to real world impacts – This creates a narrow way of thinking preventing real world solvency

Ferrari 2008 (Justine, Education Writer, “Postmodern path to student failure,” http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/postmodern-path-to-failure/story-e6frg6nf-1111117099095) 

POSTMODERNISM is hobbling

sarcastically, doubtingly, aggressively."