Adv 1 – 5^th Fleet

Plan – The United States federal government should increase funding for youth conferences, media groups, and civil society organizations aimed toward political reform in Bahrain initially looking at issues of torture and unfair trials.

Advantage 1 – The Fifth Fleet

Lack of the US enforcing human rights in Bahrain is causing a massive increase of anti-American sentiments among the population threatening our base there

Justin Gengler, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the University in Michigan and former Fulbright Fellow to Bahrain, Foreign Policy “”, July 15, 2011,

The rise of this … days of the crisis.

Current instability radicalizes opposition, causes Iran rise and 5^th Fleet kick out – action to support democracy is key

Ali al-Ahmed, Director & Joshua Jacobs, Gulf Policy Analyst at the Institute for Gulf Affairs “The Crisis in Bahrain” Policy Brief May 2011

The US cannot … for the United States.

Scenario 1- Iran Containment

Bahrain’s base is key to contain Iran because of its location

Ali al-Ahmed, Director & Joshua Jacobs, Gulf Policy Analyst at the Institute for Gulf Affairs “The Crisis in Bahrain” Policy Brief May 2011

The principle reason …region by taking a sterner stance.

Containment solves Iran Prolif; it shows resolve which changes Iran’s calculations

James M. Lindsay is Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair at the Council on Foreign Relations.  Ray Takeyh is a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations Foreign Affairs Mar/Apr 2010, Vol. 89, Issue 2 “After Iran Gets the Bomb” EBSCO

Containment could buy … national aspirations.

Most likely scenario for global nuclear war

Kam ‘7 (Ephraim Kam, A Nuclear Iran, Deputy Head, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo88.pdf)

The serious consequences … reducing the risk do not yet exist.

Scenario 2- Hegemony

Because of its strategic location the Fifth Fleet is uniquely key to projecting U.S. military power, allowing for a withdraw undermines this goal

Michael Koplovsky, Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387

Former Joint Chiefs of … contributes to economic development.

Hegemony solves multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict between nationalist regional hegemons – a multipolar or offshore balancing role is a fantasy

Robert Kagan, 2007 senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [“End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, web)

This is a good thing, and it …involvement will provide an easier path.

Adv 2 – Arab Spring

The failed National Dialogue and recent riots are destabilizing Bahrain proving a revolt is coming without reform

Jane Kinninmont, Senior Research Fellow at the Middle East and North Africa Program at Chatham House, Foreign Policy, “”, July 18, 2011

Bahrain's National Dialogue … little ground for optimism in the coming months.

Scenario 1- Unions

Bahrain’s unions are being dismantled but are key because they are progressive

Jane Slaughter, Labor Notes, “Union Leaders Arrested in Bahrain Crackdown”, May 27. 2011,

Labor Notes: What was the Bahrain … federation were fired.

Change that happens in Bahrain spills over the rest of the Middle East and World

Arabic Knowledge@Wharton, Public Policy and Management, “Reform, Not Repression: Lessons from the Deadly Unrest in Libya and Bahrain”, Feb. 23, 2011,

"Domestic Bahraini problems …can contain those disputes."

That’s key to the global peace movement: Labor emerged as the leader of the global peace movement during the Iraq War

MARSHALL, chair of the Labor Commission of the Communist Party USA, Political Affairs, “Our Best Defense: Labor and the Anti-war movement”, Jan. 22, 2004,

In response to … working people to improve also.

Scenario 2- Saudi-Arabia Iran Instability

Lack of reforms leads to empowerment of hardline extremists resulting in sectarian violence – spills over to the rest of the middle east

Diwan ’11 (Kristin Smith, Assistant Professor, American University School of International Service, “The Failed Revolution,” March 31//mm)

This outcome is bad for … legitimized such transnational appeals.

Instability in Bahrain will draw in Iran and Saudi Arabia – causes broader regional conflict

[Kenneth Katzman, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, “Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy”, July 7, 2011, online, CMR]

Well before intervening in … on Bahrain’s foreign policy.

Saudi-Arabia/Iran war goes Global

London 10 (Herbert I. London, President of the Hudson Institute, a New York University based political think tank, and professor of Humanities at New York University, Hudson New York, 6/28/10, http://www.hudson-ny.org/1387/coming-crisis-in-the-middle-east)

The coming storm in … falls, the tent collapses.

Solvency

The status quo approach of quiet diplomacy is failing – the plan by engaging the youth, media, pushing the government for reform, and holding conferences with civil society groups reverses Anti-Americanism AND creates momentum for reform instead of revolt

Project on Middle East Democracy 11 (6/29, , “Tensions in the Persian Gulf – Roundtable Discussion, Participants included: On Wednesday, the Project on Middle East Democracy hosted a panel discussion on recent developments in Bahrain and the impact on political dynamics in the Gulf region. Stephen McInerney, Executive Director, POMED, moderated the discussion. Panelists included Joe Stork, Deputy Director of Middle East and North Africa Division, Human Rights Watch; Hans Hogrefe, Chief Policy Officer and Washington Director, Physicians for Human Rights; Leslie Campbell, Senior Associate and Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa, National Democratic Institute; and Ambassador Martin Indyk, Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Program, Brookings Institution.)

Stork reiterated the necessity that the U.S. “… impact” on U.S. foreign policy in the region.

Non-violent youth movements no longer have control – engaging the youth is critical to stop radicalized violent groups from having boots on the ground

International Crisis Group 11 “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” , Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011

In addition to the … taken the lead.

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People in Bahrain are struggling for self determination. Most of this movement has been led by the youth movement who are made up of university students. In order to not lose power the current Regime has responded by calling for help from the GCC who sent in military troops. These troops attacked protestors with live ammunition. Those who were injured were unable to receive medical treatment because the troops also stopped people from entering the hospital- Swami 11

Praveen Swami, Diplomatic Editor, “Bahrain faces ‘war of annihilation’”, The Telegraph, March 16, 2011, 

At least three protesters … kingdom's Shi'a majority by its Sunni rulers.

The regime cracked down on institutions of higher learning to crush the revolution. They use fear to create a passive student who only learns what the regime wanted them to and not to question it. Those who do question it are systematically excluded. It has created a type of knowledge production that is only beneficial for the Regime- Wheeler 11

David L. Wheeler, The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21 2011, “Bahrain’s Crackdown on Protest Extends to Academe, with interrogations, firings and explusions”, 

The Bahraini government … Bahrain had been punished.

Contention 2- U.S. students

We don’t think it is a coincidence that the University was the first thing targeted in Bahrain. We see a parallel situation developing in the United States. From McCarthy to the Reagan Revolution to the current assault on the academy, we learn that institutions of thought are always the first victims of imperial interventions.

The twentieth century witnessed a growing divide between those who study the Middle East and those who dictate policy towards it.  What we see is the gradual replacement of intellectual interest with sound bites and conformism.  As Zachary Lockman explains:

(Zachary, “critique from the right: the neo-conservative assault on middle east studies” CR: the new centennial review 5.1 project muse)

But there was a price to … mistakenly thought dead as a doornail.

In this context, we recognize that we have been produced as consumers of information passed down from the authoritative structures of established knowledge.  We refuse this passivity in affirmation of our student resistance in the here and now.

Sophia McClennan explains the importance of this resistance:

(Sophia a. college literature, the geopolitical war on us higher education 33.4 project muse)

Consequently, the right's educational … fearfulness may very well be our best weapon.

While these two experiences are different we choose to recognize that the stories are tied by their mutual participation in the modern dynamic of imperial knowledge production. Vote aff to disrupt the vision of the visionless student

The University is a key site for the recognition of the hybrid contingency of imperial culture.  We ask you to affirm this explorative possibility towards non-imperial ways of knowing.  As Said continues,

(edward, prof. comp lit @ Columbia.  Culture and Imperialism xxv-xxvi)

We are still the inheritors of … do than reject the emerging groups.

Our questioning of U.S. policy towards Bahrain disrupts the empire’s promise project. It is this disruption of complicity that allows us to question the knowledge production that has been a tool of the empire to fragment, divide and conquer people- Agathangelou 8

Anna M. Agathangelou, 2008M. Daniel Bassichis, and Tamara L. Spira, 2008. “Intimate Investments: Homonormativity, Global Lockdown, and the Seductions of Empire” Accessed August 17, 2010

In the place of this vision, we offer … based in collectivity and healing.

Perm do both – Democracy assistance is consistent with locally-determined transitions.  Means we don’t link and case is a net benefit to the perm

G. John Ikenberry 11, is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.  “A World of Our Making”, Issue #21, Summer 2011, , MCJ

This spring’s dramatic upheaval …congenial to its long-term security.

Unions key to developing the global class consciousness necessary to challenge right wing foreign policy. This solves all the harmful aspects of neolib – Marshall 4

MARSHALL, chair of the Labor Commission of the Communist Party USA, Political Affairs, “Our Best Defense: Labor and the Anti-war movement”, Jan. 22, 2004,

It was a good thing the fog … key components of class consciousness.

As the labor movement aligns with social justice movements they can put the brakes on capitalist exploitation. Mainstream citizens must redefine politics to prevent the destruction of the planet.

It is only by building a large …, by what you do with your life!

Unions use the capitalist system to deconstruct it from the inside and solve the environment, poverty and all war- Marshall 4

MARSHALL, chair of the Labor Commission of the Communist Party USA, Political Affairs, “Our Best Defense: Labor and the Anti-war movement”, Jan. 22, 2004,

The worldwide anti-globalization … social movements opposing the war.

The 1AC is a prerequisite – Accumulating wins is key to capturing the utopian energy of the alternative. Their alternative will never solve

Žižek, 2K7 [IJZS, Volume One, Number Two, pp 28 - 43 “Babiou: Notes from an ongoing debate” lacan.com, ACC. 3-9-08, JT]

There is, however, a limit to this … but the accumulation of defeats.

Relations at an all time low

Herald, 2011 (International Herald Tribune, 3-19, "For Obama, Bahrain is Mideast's hottest spot; Region in Revolt" LEXIS, SRM)

The brutal crackdown … Mubarak was forced from office.

The US has promised millions in democracy aid for Tunisia

White House Fact Sheet 10/7 Office of the Press Secretary, "FACT SHEET: The President's Framework for Investing in Tunisia," m.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/07/fact-sheet-presidents-framework-investing-tunisia AD 10/18/11

U.S. President Barack Obama … president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali.

Relation is resilient—public outrage doesn’t determine direction of relations

Teitelbaum 11[JD from Harvard and PhD from Cornell, visiting assistant professor at Cornell, senior lecturer in Middle Eastern History, and a research associate at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, at Bar-Ilan University (7/17, Joshua, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Perspectives Papers on Current Affairs, “Empty Words: Saudi Blustering and US-Saudi Realities”, ]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Saudis are truly angry at the Obama Administration, and are threatening to turn away from their alliance with Washington. But the Saudis … by some Saudi officials.

Other issues swamp democracy assistance, the plan won’t crush relations

CNN July 3, 2011 ["Obama adviser discusses 'scratchy' ties with Arab allies" http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-03/us/mideast_1_saudi-arabia-saudi-monarchy-washington-and-riyadh?_s=PM:US, SRM]

Washington and Riyadh "have a … work with the Saudis."

Turn climate – cutting ties key to spark transition stopping global extinction

Myerson 11 (J.A., FOREIGN POLICY IN FOCUS, Op-Ed, , J.A. Myerson is an independent journalist who is involved in the Media and Labor Outreach committees at

Occupy Wall Street. Time to … secularists and youth instead

Perm – do both -solves every issue – the EU alone can’t solve

Serfaty 3 (Simon, director of European Studies CSIS, “Studies Renewing the Transatlantic Partnership” May, , pp 23)

Concomitantly, but also … community known as the West.

The CP can’t solve because the regime won’t compromise if they think the US is in their pocket

Leigh 11 [Journalist at Time and Hindustan Times The U.S. and Bahrain: How to Talk Just Tough Enough with an Ally, Karen Leigh, Wednesday, June 08, 2011, Time http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2076559,00.html

On Tuesday — just seven days … enclaves with rubber bullets and tear gas.

EU undermines the credibility of US heg

Associated Press 7 (“Could EU's global sway be rising as U.S. clout ebbs?” January 16)

BRUSSELS, Belgium: The European Union's … the EU, China, India and others," Gardiner predicted.

Discourses of power, like whiteness, are determined by the power-knowledge combination. The University is a key place where things like whiteness is reproduced, our 1ac disrupts this vision which is a prerequisite to challenging whiteness

Spanos ’93 [Heiddeger and Criticism, pp. 223-225, JT (yes, JT cut a Spanos card!)

Heidegger failed to adhere to the radically … functioning of an apparatus of truth.

Disads – Binaries

A. The 1AC operates within a paradigm of the black/white binary this binary operates to exclude Latino/as from discussions of racism

Juan F. Perea , October 1997, “RACE, ETHNICITY & NATIONHOOD: ARTICLE: The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought”, California Law Review

[*1214] This Article is about … of race and race relations.

B.) The Black/White paradigm is bad All of these culminate in the reinforcement of white citizenry. Turns the case

Alcoff 2003 (Linda,  Latino/As, Asian Americans, and the Black-White Binary, Journal of Ethics, 7(1), JSTOR)

Put in more general terms, these … of inevitability to white domination.

Disads – Monolithy

A. Treating whiteness in monolithic terms undermines our ability to challenge institutional norms and avoid co-option

Ahmed, 2K4 Sara Ahmed, University of London Race and Cultural studies reader, "Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism," , Borderlands, Vol 3 No 2, ACC. 11-10-10, JT

6. Dyer is right, I think, to feel … culture that measures value through performance.

B. Even if race is performative, anti-racism is not.  Declarations of whiteness are not evidence of anti-racist commitment to action

Ahmed, 2K4 Sara Ahmed, University of London Race and Cultural studies reader, "Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism," , Borderlands, Vol 3 No 2, ACC. 11-10-10, JT

11. My commentary on the risks of …feminists of color labeled a white problem in the late 1970s’ (1997, 10).

C. White Supremacy The negative frames their struggle as a struggle against WHITE SUPREMACY –

It justifies racism against excluded groups deemed “white” – anti-semitism, traveller communities, and muslim communities just to name a few

Mike Cole 2007 “'Racism' is about more than colour” November 23rd

A second problem with "white supremacy" …historical circumstances of Western capitalist development".

Perm do both – The affirmative is a perquisite to learning the dharma, we must recognize the not too little part of the middle way without it there is not the possibility to accomplish a Buddhist ethic

Rita M. Gross, Senior Teacher of Shambhala Buddhism, a network of meditation centers founded by Chogyam Trungpa. Hooked; Buddhist Writings on Greed, Desire, and the Urge to Consume. edited by Stephanie Kaza. 2005 p. 162-164

At this point in the … a potent testimonial to this understanding.

8. Threats are real- Theiler ’03

(review of int’l studies 29.2, “societal security and social psychology.” ’03 p 251-‘2)

Though they hesitate to do … to take extraordinary emergency measures.7

Extinction comes first the right to life is the highest value to uphold in extreme situations based upon a consequentialist loose utilitarianism

Kateb ‘92 George, professor of politics @ Princeton University.  "The Inner Ocean:  Individualism and Democratic Culture."

What does a theory of rights … attempt to end the threat.)

Everyone has a desire to find meaning to life and they can and will find it even in the worst of circumstances

Oral Cancer Foundation, The Last Taboo (Part 1). March 02, 2009 http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/emotional/last_taboo.htm

The concepts of Viktor Frankl, … . . . . Death ends a life, not a relationship."

Realism is inevitable – states live in an anarchic world, and there is little that can be done to change that—all states operate this way

Mearsheimer ‗95 John J., professor of political science at the University of Chicago. ―The False Promise of International Institutions.‖ International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3., Winter 94/95.

Realism, paints a rather grim picture … break out in this world.

Turn –

A. focusing on your own karma enocurages individuals to ignore their social surroundings, increasing poverty, misery, despair, and environmental destruction

GUATIER ’03(Francois Guatier, a French journalist and writer, who was for eight years the political correspondent in India and South Asia for " Le Figaro " and now works for Ouest-France, the largest circulation daily (I million copies) in France and LCI, France's 24 hour TV news channel. François Gautier has written several books, 2003, http://www.francoisgautier.com/Written%20Material/buddhism-ie.rtf)

The second unfortunate legacy which … anybody beyond their own doorstep

B.  Buddhism is a form of narcissism

HORGAN ‘03 (John Horgan, Philosopher, WHY I CAN’T EMBRACE BUDDHISM, Feb. 12, http://www.american-buddha.com/)

All religions, including Buddhism, stem … any form of spirituality can.

C. As a result, their alternative is a form of complicity in the suffering that occurs – we must confront complicity or genocide is doomed to continually repeat

KETELS ‘96 (Violet B. Ketels, Associate Professor of English at Temple University, The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, November, p. l/n]

Even though, as Americans, we … spirit, human responsibility, human reason." 

Containment would be credible- US would get support of allies

James M Lindseyis Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair at the Council on Foreign Relations andRay Takeyhis a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations August 2010 “The Containment Conundrum Subtitle: How Dangerous Is a Nuclear Iran?” lexis

Rubin begins with one point … is the outcome they prefer.

Iran containment is possible- they are rational enough

James M Lindseyis Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair at the Council on Foreign Relations andRay Takeyhis a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations August 2010 “The Containment Conundrum Subtitle: How Dangerous Is a Nuclear Iran?” lexis

Rubin's pessimism about containing Iran … from the one Rubin outlines.

Turn- Failure to contain Iran results in globa l nuclear war

Alon Ben-Meir, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, UPI, February 6, 2007, Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance

That Iran stands today able … not halting its nuclear program.