Plan text

Text: The United States federal government should engage in anti-money laundering and corruption cooperation with prosecutors, judicial and law enforcement personnel in Yemen

1AC Inherency

Contention 1 is inherency

US sending military aid now in a vain attempt at democracy assistance – the result is uniquely counterproductive – capacity building key

Boucek 2010

[Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs February 3, 2010 YEMEN ON THE BRINK: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0203_transcript_boucek_testimony.pdf]

It is essential that Washington … indirectly to improving domestic security.

Yemen wants to fight terrorism funding and money laundering now – better law enforcement cooperation required

Alp 11

(INONU AKGUN, Financial Crimes Specialist MASAK-Turkish FIU MINISTRY of FINANCE-TURKEY, “Yemen: Workshop on money laundering and terrorist financing kicks off,” January 22, http://aml-cft.blogspot.com/2011/01/yemen-workshop-on-money-laundering-and.html)

The Governor of the Central … cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

But, corruption is rampant – solving is a necessary pre-requisite to engaging other areas of the economy

Al-Shamahi August 8

(Abubakr, British-Yemeni freelance journalist and is the editor of Comment Middle East, “Taking a chance on a democratic Yemen,” 2011, AlJazeera English, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/2011847134790380.html)

A Yemen without the endemic … industries both have strong potential.

1AC Riyal advantage

Advantage 1 is the Yemeni economy

Money laundering removes money from Yemen which devalues the Riyal

Novak 10

(Jane, Yemen expert and analyst, advocate for Yemeni journalists, “Excessive Money Laundering Devalued Yemeni Riyal, Professor Jubran,” http://armiesofliberation.com/archives/2010/04/30/excessive-money-laundering-devalued-yemeni-riyal-professor-jubran/)

Dr. Mohamed Jubran, professor of … 40 percent and hotels are empty.

A weak riyal collapses the Yemeni economy – current policies put Yemen on the brink

Fielding-Smith 11

(Abigail, Middle East Editor at IB Tauris Publishers and a freelance writer on Middle East issues, “Yemen stalemate stifles economy,” April 3, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3cef5900-5e1c-11e0-b1d8-00144feab49a.html#axzz1VSFf3KYa)

But another nightmare is weighing … IMF country representative in Yemen.

Reform now is key to stabilize Yemen – continued economic decline prevents political reforms

Saeed August 11

(Ali, journalist for the Yemen Times, “Yemen’s economy under risk,” Yemen Times, 2011, http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=36444)

The six month-nationwide uprising … proposals to end the crisis.”

Scenario 1 is Iranian hegemony

Iran is seeking regional hegemony now – they want a full-blown revolution – prolif is inevitable as long as they continue down this path

Spyer 11                    

(Jonathan, Middle East reporter and analyst, “Iran Hasn’t Won the Cold War Yet,” April 5, http://jonathanspyer.com/2011/04/05/iran-hasnt-won-the-cold-war-yet-2/)

The salient strategic fact in … its influence across the region.    

Any further Yemeni instability causes an Iran regional heg that destabilizes the Middle East

Masiky 11

(Hassan, advisor to Amnesty International USA on African and Middle Eastern affairs, “AN AMERICAN NIGHTMARE IN YEMEN; SALEH MUST REFORM AND STAY,” February 15, http://moroccoboard.com/viewpoint/68-hassan-massiki/5081-an-american-nightmare-in-yemen-saleh-must-reform-and-stay-)

American security concerns in Yemen … the security of the homeland.

Iranian hegemony causes Mideast instability and war, which goes nuclear

Ben-Meir 7

(Alon, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance,” February 6)

That Iran stands today able … not halting its nuclear program.

Scenario 2 is Saudi takeover

Yemeni instability leads to a fundamentalist takeover of Saudi Arabia

Caparico 11

(Sheila, Professor of political science at University of Richmond and the American University in Cairo, “Yemen: The Final Days of Ali Abdullah Saleh?”, POMEPS briefings,  March 23, http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/POMEPS_BriefBooklet3_Yemen_WEB-Rev.pdf)

What, then, are the possible … interests of the United States.

A radical takeover of Saudi Arabia leads to oil shocks that cause US military intervention

Cohen 06

(Ariel, heritage’s finest, “reducing US dependence on middle eastern oil” http://www.heritage.org/Research/Features/NationalSecurity/bg1926.cfm 4/7)

Even more frightening is the … could not be ruled out.

Even the smallest oil shocks lead to a full-blown resource war – squo is on the brink

Hilliker 11

(Joe, staff writer at thetrumpet.com, “Oil Shock Is Coming,” March 2, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=8042.6667.0.0)

Even modest disruptions in our … precious resources, including energy wealth!

Resource wars lead to extinction

Lendmen 7

(Stephen,Progressive Radio Newshour host, 6-6-7, global research.ca, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5892 )

The new "Great Game's" begun, … part of it, would have survived.

1AC Terrorism advantage

Advantage 2 is AQAP

AQAP relies on poor regulation in Yemen to launder money – law enforcement is key to destroy AQAP – military actions fail

Knoetgen 11

(Peter, Commanding Officer US Naval Forces Central, “Chaos and Terrorism: How to Fight al-Qaeda in Yemen Amid Political Turmoil,” Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, May 16)

Like most terror organisations, AQAP … forces to inflame public opinion.

Yemen is the central stronghold of AQAP worldwide – US-led political reforms are key

Clark 11

[Ashley, Press Secretary Bipartisan Policy Center, Calls on U.S. to Give Yemen Governance Assistance Not Just Military Aid, BPC Releases Case Study on Yemen’s Security Risks and Recommendations for U.S. Policy March 3, 2011http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/news/press-releases/2011/03/bipartisan-policy-center-calls-us-give-yemen-governance-assistance-not-j]

Washington, DC—The Bipartisan Policy Center’s (… , the future is wide open.”

AQAP is becoming more aggressive by the minute – immediate non-military counter-terrorism measures are key

Boucek 10

(Chris, Associated Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Yemen: terrorism is not its only problem,” NATO review, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2010/Yemen/Yemen_Terrorism/EN/)

AQAP’s trajectory plainly shows that … to state collapse in Yemen.

But, the death of Rahman has left Al Qaeda desperate and on the ropes – further pressure is key to prevent attacks and destroy Al Qaeda

Winkler September 2

(Amanda, reporter at the Christian Post, “Al-Qaida 'On the Ropes,' Says Counterterrorism Chief,” 2011, http://www.christianpost.com/news/al-qaeda-on-the-ropes-says-counterterrorism-chief-54932/)

Al-Qaida is “on a steady … ability to carry out attacks."

Scenario I is nuclear attack

AQAP is acquiring nukes now

Fissile Materials Working Group 11

(The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5/13, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

Osama bin Laden's death may … securing this potential source material.

The impact is extinction

Sid-Ahmed ‘4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

A nuclear attack by terrorists … , we will all be losers.

Scenario II is food supplies

AQAP is on the brink of poisoning world food supplies now – spreads over into wider disruption and the industry is uniquely vulnerable – assumes the E. Coli outbreak

Nimmo June 5

(Kurt, staff writer at InfoWars.com, “British Intelligence: al-Qaeda May Contaminate Food After E.Coli Scare,” Infowars.com, 2011, http://www.infowars.com/british-intelligence-al-qaeda-may-contaminate-food-after-e-coli-scare/)

Britain’s MI5 is exploiting an E.… on the highly speculative threat.

Even an isolated terror attack on food supplies raises prices, crashes the stock market and collapses the global econ – the timeframe is overnight

Wefald 99

(Jon, former president of Kansas State University in a speech supported by over 40 scientists, FDCH Political Transcripts October 27)

So the key thing is … system that we have today.

These high prices rapidly increase food insecurity.

Masami Kojima of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division, World Bank; Donald Mitchell of the Development Prospects Group, Development Economics, World Bank; and William A. Ward 2007, Professor and Director, Center for International Trade, Clemson University. 2007 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Considering Trade Policies for Liquid Biofuels

Rising prices of maize—and … than 16 million (Runge and Senauer 2007).

Foods insecurity outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable

Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

Today, more than 842 million people - … in the days to come.

Scenario III is oil tankers

Al-Qaeda is on the verge of attacking oil tankers now

RTT News 11

(“US: Al-Qaeda Planned Terror Strikes On Oil Tankers,” May 20, http://www.rttnews.com/Content/Policy.aspx?Id=1629392)

The US administration has said al-… sea," the DHS statement said.

The oceans have a hidden break point – every oil spill has the unique potential to send us spilling over the brink into widespread biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse

Sindermann 96

(NOAA Oxford Lab, Ocean Pollution: effects on living resources and humans)

With this scenario, an expanding … rising levels of toxic chemicals.

Oil spills lead to extinction

Dempsey 84

(Professor of international law and business, Journal of International Law and Business, Summer, 6 459)

In the short term, oil … the destruction of the environment.

1AC Solvency

Contention 2 is solvency

Plan key – solves financial regulation and terrorism AND spills over globally

Bergenas 11

(Johan, Research Associate at the Stimson Center, “Bridging the Security-Development Divide,” The Will and the Wallet, World Politics Review, 3/7, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:lc2dctcBOqgJ:thewillandthewallet.org/2011/03/07/bridging-the-security-development-divide/+security+sector+reform+egypt+donor+assistance&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com)

The current U.S. financial support to … East but throughout the world.

OPDAT solves money laundering best – short- and long-term mechanisms, multi-sector training and self-sufficiency

State Department 10

(“Bilateral Activities,” International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, pp 4, Lexis)

The U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) … ; and international mutual legal assistance.

OPDAT empirically solves corruption best – collaborative efforts

Breuer 10

(ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, “ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL LANNY A. BREUER SPEAKS AT THE UNITED NATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION DAY,” December 9, Lexis)

Since 1991, in partnership with the U.S. … eradicating it across the globe.

Plan text

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase the democracy assistance portions of Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training services to Yemen.

Advantage I – US intelligence gathering

First, Squo intelligence sharing with Yemen is high, but future consistency is key – Yemen has proven to be an unreliable partner

Zimmerman 9/21

(Katherine, writer at Right Side News, “Ten Years After 9/11: Al Qaeda's Reemergence in Yemen,” 2011, http://www.rightsidenews.com/2011092114543/world/terrorism/ten-years-after-911-al-qaedas-reemergence-in-yemen.html)

AQAP is now al Qaeda’s … , the threat remains in Yemen. 

And, long-term commitment to building information sharing networks in Yemen is critical

Hoffman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221 DENYING SAFE HAVENS: HOMELAND SECURITY’S EFFORTS TO COUNTER THREATS FROM PAKISTAN, YEMEN, AND SOMALIA Professor Bruce Hoffman Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Testimony Presented Before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management 3 June 2011)

At the foundation of the … and launch international terrorist strikes.

And, the potential for government turn-over makes it even more important to reach out to ensure channels of communication remain open

Byman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221, Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management of the House Committee on Homeland Security June 3, 2011 Dr. Daniel Byman Professor, Security Studies Program School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution)

More quietly, the United States … terrorism threat continues to evolve.

And, OPDAT uniquely signals a strong commitment to the host country – Romania proves

Embassy of the US to Romania No Date

(“U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies,” http://romania.usembassy.gov/embassy/law_enforcement.html)

The Resident Legal Advisor ["RLA"] … for prosecutors, including Romanian prosecutors.

And, success in intelligence cooperation stops full military interventions

Berger 10 (Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

While increasing the number of … in the War on Terror.

Scenario I – targeted bombing campaigns

First, US targeted bombings in the squo are rapidly increasing – they’re key to kill high-raking AQAP leaders, but in the wake of the Al-Awlaki killing, they’ve drawn criticism and have quickly begun to erode overall US human rights credibility due to civilian casualties

Bellinger 10/2                                                                                                                                                                  

(John B., Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Will Drone Strikes Become Obama’s Guantanamo?,” 2011, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/drone-strikes-become-obamas-guantanamo/p26100)

The killing of the U.S.-born al-… to condemn the Awlaki killing.

And, human rights credibility is essential to solving human rights violations internationally

San Diego Union-Tribune, May 11, 2001

As a sovereign country, the United … credibility of its own record.

And, strengthened human rights outweighs everything—it leads to war, outweighs all 20^th century wars combined, and leads to genocide and environmental destruction

John Shattuck, former Assistant Secretary of State, 9-12-1994, Federal News Service

On the disintegration side, we … ecological nightmares of Eastern Europe.

Human rights credibility is key to fostering world stability

Weinstein 02  US Senior District Judge, US District Court for Eastern District of New York

Jack B., opinion in Beharry v. Reno, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 757, http://www.aclu.org/hrc/WomensRights.pdf, p. 7)

E. Policy Reasons for Honoring … their conduct of foreign relations."

Human right credibility solves extinction

Copelan 99

(Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework … both domestic and foreign policy.  

Independently, effective drone strikes are the BEST option we have to stop Al Qaeda – drone prolif is inevitable

Boot 10/9

(http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes”, Max)

The … the part of dictatorial states.

And, AQAP is acquiring nukes now

Fissile Materials Working Group 11

(The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5/13, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

Osama bin Laden's death may … securing this potential source material.

And, the impact is extinction

Sid-Ahmed ‘4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

A nuclear attack by terrorists … , we will all be losers.

And, increasing intelligence cooperation with Yemen reduces civilian casualties and creates long term stability                                                                                                                                                                            

Berger 10                                                                                                                                                                         

(Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

Focusing American resources on intelligence … role in long-term stability.

And, we don’t have to win a significant decline in casualties – perception alone is enough – other countries actively watch how the US uses drones

Horton 10

(Scott, A New York attorney known for his work in emerging markets and international law, especially human rights law and the law of armed conflict, Horton lectures at Columbia Law School, “The Trouble with Drones” May 3 2010, http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/05/hbc-90006980, 06/25/10. HR)

No weapons system remains indefinitely … as a vehicle for targeted killings.

Scenario II – domestic agro-terror

First, the Al-Awlaki killing has ensured more attacks INSIDE the US

Arrabyee 10/20

(Nasser, writer at the Yemen Observer, “Yemen based al-Qaeda, tribesmen threaten to attack Americans and kill French hostages,” 2011, http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021549.html)

Al Qaeda and tribesmen vowed … overrun by Al Qaeda militants.

And, they’re uniquely targeting US food supplies – spreads over into wider disruption and the industry is uniquely vulnerable

Nimmo June 5

(Kurt, staff writer at InfoWars.com, “British Intelligence: al-Qaeda May Contaminate Food After E.Coli Scare,” Infowars.com, 2011, http://www.infowars.com/british-intelligence-al-qaeda-may-contaminate-food-after-e-coli-scare/)

Britain’s MI5 is exploiting an E.… on the highly speculative threat.

And, even an isolated terror attack on food supplies raises prices, crashes the stock market and collapses the global econ – the timeframe is overnight

Wefald 99

(Jon, former president of Kansas State University in a speech supported by over 40 scientists, FDCH Political Transcripts October 27)

So the key thing is … system that we have today.

And, that rapidly increases food insecurity

Masami Kojima of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division, World Bank; Donald Mitchell of the Development Prospects Group, Development Economics, World Bank; and William A. Ward 2007, Professor and Director, Center for International Trade, Clemson University. 2007 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Considering Trade Policies for Liquid Biofuels

Rising prices of maize—and … than 16 million (Runge and Senauer 2007).

And, foods insecurity outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable

Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

Today, more than 842 million people - … in the days to come.

And, intelligence sharing has empirically prevented domestic terror attacks – increasing efforts is key to keeping pace

Longley 10

(Robert, guide at About.com, “Preventing Attacks by Homegrown Muslim Jihadists,” May 25, http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/defenseandsecurity/a/preventattacks.htm)

Effective intelligence gathering and a lack … terrorism will occur," he said.

And, it’s specifically key in Yemen

Telegraph 10                                                            

(“Yemen: the new breeding ground for terror”, http://www.peopleforum.cn/viewthread.php?tid=46175, 10/31)

For an organisation that is … in both Europe and America.

Advantage II – Domestic money laundering

First, Yemen is enacting very effective money laundering campaigns on its own now

Darham 9/10

(2011, Faisal, Al-Shorfa, http://al-shorfa.com/cocoon/meii/xhtml/en_GB/features/meii/features/main/2011/09/10/feature-01 “Yemen reports fewer cases of money laundering and terrorism financing”

Yemeni officials confirmed that the … in accordance with international recommendations.

But, cooperation with the US on money laundering issues is very low now

Alp 11

(INONU AKGUN, Financial Crimes Specialist MASAK-Turkish FIU MINISTRY of FINANCE-TURKEY, “Yemen: Workshop on money laundering and terrorist financing kicks off,” January 22, http://aml-cft.blogspot.com/2011/01/yemen-workshop-on-money-laundering-and.html)

The Governor of the Central … cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

And, federal government resources for fighting organized crime have declined

Finklea 10        

(Kristin M., Analyst in domestic security at the Congressional Research Service, “Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress,” December 22, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf)

As previously discussed, in FY2004, … be utilized in those domains.

And, OPDAT allows domestic prosecutors to study foreign systems to combat domestic organized crime effectively

Creegan 11                                                                                                                                   

(Erin, Trial Attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Division, Counterterrorism Section; and an Adjunct Professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Maryland-College Park, “COOPERATION IN FOREIGN TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS,” Georgetown Journal of International Law Vol 42, http://gjil.org/wp-content/uploads/archives/42.2/CooperationInForeignTerrorism.PDF)

For the most part, both … , drug trafficking, or human trafficking.

The scenario is the Mexican Cartel

First, if unchecked the cartel will collapse Mexico – the Mexican government cannot do it on their own

Al Erayani 10/3

(Ausan, Ausan Al-Eryani is a regular columnist at the Virginia Tech Collegiate Times. 2011 "Mexico's drug war effects US as well" was first published by the Collegiate Times on Sep. 26, 2011 “The Drug War in Mexico is a North American Problem”, http://www.mexidata.info/id3153.html)

If that doesn't convince you … and State departments, among others.

And, cartel fueled Mexico collapse causes failed states throughout Latin America

Manwaring 7

Max G., the General Douglas MacArthur Chair and is Professor of Military Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. He is a retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, “A CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO STATE SOVEREIGNTY: GANGS AND OTHER ILLICIT TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA, EL SALVADOR, MEXICO, JAMAICA, AND BRAZIL,” Strategic Studies Institute, December, http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Transnational_Criminal_Organizations.pdf

This convoluted array of Mexican … which the gang phenomenon operates.

And, failed states cause great power war – they’re the largest risk of escalation                                                  
Grygiel 9

Jakub, George H.W. Bush Assoc Prof, IR, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Int’l Studies, Johns Hopkins U (“Vacuum Wars: The Coming Competition Over Failed States,” American Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622)

This prevailing view of failed … are good examples of this.

And, attacking money laundering is key to collapse cartel power

O'Neil 9

Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Shannon, July/August, “The Real War in Mexico,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, Iss. 4; pg. 63, 16 pgs, 2009

Even more important than guns, … go after drug-related money.

The underview

State behavior is driven by security competition according to the dictates of offensive realism.  Critical theory does not have the ability to unseat realism as the dominant discourse of IR – your impact is inevitable

John J. Mearsheimer, realism heavyweight champion – he goes for gold, 1995 International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Summer 1995), pp. 82-93.

Realists believe that state behavior … in the international relations literature.

The fact that international relations is constructed doesn’t deny the accuracy of our impact claims – violence still exists and only the 1AC solves it

Darryl Jarvis (Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney) 2000 “International relations and the challenge of postmodernism” p. X

Just because we acknowledge that … otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40

Prefer our empiricism over their epistemology concerns

David Patrick (Associate Professor of I.R. Theory at the University of Central Florida) 2008 “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics (2008), 45)

As long ago as 1981, Yale … the international relations scene today.

Discourse doesn’t shape state behavior – no ‘fidelity’ can change ideologies at large

Mearsheimer 95

John (International Relations professor at the University of Chicago), The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol 19 Number 3 Winter, pp 43-44.

The main goal of critical … the theory they are challenging.159  

Plan text

Text: Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training should substantially increase democracy assistance services to Yemen.

Advantage I – US intelligence gathering

First, Squo intelligence sharing with Yemen is high, but future consistency is key – Yemen has proven to be an unreliable partner

Zimmerman 9/21

(Katherine, writer at Right Side News, “Ten Years After 9/11: Al Qaeda's Reemergence in Yemen,” 2011, http://www.rightsidenews.com/2011092114543/world/terrorism/ten-years-after-911-al-qaedas-reemergence-in-yemen.html)

AQAP is now al Qaeda’s … , the threat remains in Yemen. 

And, long-term commitment to building information sharing networks in Yemen is critical

Hoffman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221 DENYING SAFE HAVENS: HOMELAND SECURITY’S EFFORTS TO COUNTER THREATS FROM PAKISTAN, YEMEN, AND SOMALIA Professor Bruce Hoffman Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Testimony Presented Before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management 3 June 2011)

At the foundation of the … and launch international terrorist strikes.

And, the potential for government turn-over makes it even more important to reach out to ensure channels of communication remain open

Byman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221, Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management of the House Committee on Homeland Security June 3, 2011 Dr. Daniel Byman Professor, Security Studies Program School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution)

More quietly, the United States … terrorism threat continues to evolve.

And, OPDAT uniquely signals a strong commitment to the host country – Romania proves

Embassy of the US to Romania No Date

(“U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies,” http://romania.usembassy.gov/embassy/law_enforcement.html)

The Resident Legal Advisor ["RLA"] … for prosecutors, including Romanian prosecutors.

And, success in intelligence cooperation stops full military interventions

Berger 10 (Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

While increasing the number of … in the War on Terror.

The scenario is agro-terror

First, the Al-Awlaki killing has ensured more attacks INSIDE the US

Arrabyee 10/20            

(Nasser, writer at the Yemen Observer, “Yemen based al-Qaeda, tribesmen threaten to attack Americans and kill French hostages,” 2011, http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021549.html)

Al Qaeda and tribesmen vowed … overrun by Al Qaeda militants.

And, US military focus is failing now – the result is increased AQAP support

Carlstrom 10                                                                                 

(Gregg, journalist based in Washington, DC, “Yemen’s 15 Minutes of Fame”, POMEPS briefings, February 26,

http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/POMEPS_BriefBooklet3_Yemen_WEB-Rev.pdf)

Another unanswered question is the … country in search of work.

And, they’re uniquely targeting US food supplies – spreads over into wider disruption and the industry is uniquely vulnerable

Nimmo June 5

(Kurt, staff writer at InfoWars.com, “British Intelligence: al-Qaeda May Contaminate Food After E.Coli Scare,” Infowars.com, 2011, http://www.infowars.com/british-intelligence-al-qaeda-may-contaminate-food-after-e-coli-scare/)

Britain’s MI5 is exploiting an E.… on the highly speculative threat.

And, even an isolated terror attack on food supplies raises prices, crashes the stock market and collapses the global econ – the timeframe is overnight

Wefald 99

(Jon, former president of Kansas State University in a speech supported by over 40 scientists, FDCH Political Transcripts October 27)

So the key thing is … system that we have today.

And, that rapidly increases food insecurity

Masami Kojima of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division, World Bank; Donald Mitchell of the Development Prospects Group, Development Economics, World Bank; and William A. Ward 2007, Professor and Director, Center for International Trade, Clemson University. 2007 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Considering Trade Policies for Liquid Biofuels

Rising prices of maize—and … than 16 million (Runge and Senauer 2007).

And, foods insecurity outweighs all other impacts – it makes every impact inevitable

Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

Today, more than 842 million people - … in the days to come.

And, intelligence sharing has empirically prevented domestic terror attacks – increasing efforts is key to keeping pace

Longley 10

(Robert, guide at About.com, “Preventing Attacks by Homegrown Muslim Jihadists,” May 25, http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/defenseandsecurity/a/preventattacks.htm)

Effective intelligence gathering and a lack … terrorism will occur," he said.

And, OPDAT signals a policy shift towards rule of law

Breuer 10                          

(ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, “COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEETING;  SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT: RULE OF LAW, ANTI- CORRUPTION, AND BEYOND;  SPEAKER: LANNY BREUER, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,” May 4, Lexis)

OPDAT and ICITAP have stationed … in the area of corruption.

Advantage II – Domestic money laundering

First, Yemen is enacting very effective money laundering campaigns on its own now

Darham 9/10

(2011, Faisal, Al-Shorfa, http://al-shorfa.com/cocoon/meii/xhtml/en_GB/features/meii/features/main/2011/09/10/feature-01 “Yemen reports fewer cases of money laundering and terrorism financing”

Yemeni officials confirmed that the … in accordance with international recommendations.

But, cooperation with the US on money laundering issues is very low now

Alp 11

(INONU AKGUN, Financial Crimes Specialist MASAK-Turkish FIU MINISTRY of FINANCE-TURKEY, “Yemen: Workshop on money laundering and terrorist financing kicks off,” January 22, http://aml-cft.blogspot.com/2011/01/yemen-workshop-on-money-laundering-and.html)

The Governor of the Central … cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

And, federal government resources for fighting organized crime have declined

Finklea 10        

(Kristin M., Analyst in domestic security at the Congressional Research Service, “Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress,” December 22, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf)

As previously discussed, in FY2004, … be utilized in those domains.

And, OPDAT allows domestic prosecutors to study foreign systems to combat domestic organized crime effectively

Creegan 11                                                                                                                                   

(Erin, Trial Attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Division, Counterterrorism Section; and an Adjunct Professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Maryland-College Park, “COOPERATION IN FOREIGN TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS,” Georgetown Journal of International Law Vol 42, http://gjil.org/wp-content/uploads/archives/42.2/CooperationInForeignTerrorism.PDF)

For the most part, both … , drug trafficking, or human trafficking.

The scenario is the Mexican Cartel

First, if unchecked the cartel will collapse Mexico – the Mexican government cannot do it on their own

Al Erayani 10/3

(Ausan, Ausan Al-Eryani is a regular columnist at the Virginia Tech Collegiate Times. 2011 "Mexico's drug war effects US as well" was first published by the Collegiate Times on Sep. 26, 2011 “The Drug War in Mexico is a North American Problem”, http://www.mexidata.info/id3153.html)

If that doesn't convince you … and State departments, among others.

And, cartel fueled Mexico collapse causes failed states throughout Latin America

Manwaring 7

Max G., the General Douglas MacArthur Chair and is Professor of Military Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. He is a retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, “A CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO STATE SOVEREIGNTY: GANGS AND OTHER ILLICIT TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA, EL SALVADOR, MEXICO, JAMAICA, AND BRAZIL,” Strategic Studies Institute, December, http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Transnational_Criminal_Organizations.pdf

This convoluted array of Mexican … which the gang phenomenon operates.

And, failed states cause great power war – they’re the largest risk of escalation                                                  
Grygiel 9

Jakub, George H.W. Bush Assoc Prof, IR, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Int’l Studies, Johns Hopkins U (“Vacuum Wars: The Coming Competition Over Failed States,” American Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622)

This prevailing view of failed … are good examples of this.

And, attacking money laundering is key to collapse cartel power

O'Neil 9

Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Shannon, July/August, “The Real War in Mexico,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, Iss. 4; pg. 63, 16 pgs, 2009

Even more important than guns, … go after drug-related money.

The underview

Yemen assistance now

A. Waivers

Lobe 10/10/11

(Jim analyzes U.S. policy in the Middle East and graduated magna cum laude from Williams College in Williamstown (Massachusetts), with highest honors in History received a law degree from University of California, Berkeley. Has served as Washington D.C. correspondent and chief of the Washington , bureau of Inter Press Service (IPS) “Obama Backs Military Aid to Countries that Use Child Soldiers” http://truth-out.org/obama-backs-military-aid-countries-use-child-soldiers/1318264796)

Of the four countries granted … problem during the past year.

B. Funding

Engelhardt 11 – graduated from Yale University and took a Master's degree in Area Studies from Harvard University, where he was a founding member of the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (Tom, 04/29 “Hueys Over Yemen,” Lexis)

The recent helicopter deal is … helicopter parts, among other materiel.

State behavior is driven by security competition according to the dictates of offensive realism.  Critical theory does not have the ability to unseat realism as the dominant discourse of IR – your impact is inevitable

John J. Mearsheimer, realism heavyweight champion – he goes for gold, 1995 International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Summer 1995), pp. 82-93.

Realists believe that state behavior … in the international relations literature.

The fact that international relations is constructed doesn’t deny the accuracy of our impact claims – violence still exists and only the 1AC solves it

Darryl Jarvis (Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney) 2000 “International relations and the challenge of postmodernism” p. X

Just because we acknowledge that … otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40

Prefer our empiricism over their epistemology concerns

David Patrick (Associate Professor of I.R. Theory at the University of Central Florida) 2008 “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics (2008), 45)

As long ago as 1981, Yale … the international relations scene today.

Discourse doesn’t shape state behavior – no ‘fidelity’ can change ideologies at large

Mearsheimer 95

John (International Relations professor at the University of Chicago), The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol 19 Number 3 Winter, pp 43-44.

The main goal of critical … the theory they are challenging.159  

Plan text

Text: Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training should substantially increase democracy assistance services to Yemen.

Advantage I – US intelligence gathering

First, Squo intelligence sharing with Yemen is high, but future consistency is key – Yemen has proven to be an unreliable partner

Zimmerman 9/21

(Katherine, writer at Right Side News, “Ten Years After 9/11: Al Qaeda's Reemergence in Yemen,” 2011, http://www.rightsidenews.com/2011092114543/world/terrorism/ten-years-after-911-al-qaedas-reemergence-in-yemen.html)

AQAP is now al Qaeda’s … , the threat remains in Yemen. 

And, long-term commitment to building information sharing networks in Yemen is critical

Hoffman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221 DENYING SAFE HAVENS: HOMELAND SECURITY’S EFFORTS TO COUNTER THREATS FROM PAKISTAN, YEMEN, AND SOMALIA Professor Bruce Hoffman Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Testimony Presented Before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management 3 June 2011)

At the foundation of the … and launch international terrorist strikes.

And, the potential for government turn-over makes it even more important to reach out to ensure channels of communication remain open

Byman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221, Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management of the House Committee on Homeland Security June 3, 2011 Dr. Daniel Byman Professor, Security Studies Program School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution)

More quietly, the United States … terrorism threat continues to evolve.

And, OPDAT uniquely signals a strong commitment to the host country – Romania proves

Embassy of the US to Romania No Date

(“U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies,” http://romania.usembassy.gov/embassy/law_enforcement.html)

The Resident Legal Advisor ["RLA"] … for prosecutors, including Romanian prosecutors.

And, success in intelligence cooperation stops full military interventions

Berger 10 (Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

While increasing the number of … in the War on Terror.

The scenario is targeted bombing campaigns

First, US targeted bombings in the squo are rapidly increasing – they’re key to kill high-raking AQAP leaders, but in the wake of the Al-Awlaki killing, they’ve drawn criticism and have quickly begun to erode overall US human rights credibility due to civilian casualties

Bellinger 10/2                                                                                                                                                                  

(John B., Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Will Drone Strikes Become Obama’s Guantanamo?,” 2011, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/drone-strikes-become-obamas-guantanamo/p26100)

The killing of the U.S.-born al-… to condemn the Awlaki killing.

And, human rights credibility is essential to solving human rights violations internationally

San Diego Union-Tribune, May 11, 2001

As a sovereign country, the United … credibility of its own record.

And, strengthened human rights outweighs everything—it leads to war, outweighs all 20^th century wars combined, and leads to genocide and environmental destruction

John Shattuck, former Assistant Secretary of State, 9-12-1994, Federal News Service

On the disintegration side, we … ecological nightmares of Eastern Europe.

Human rights credibility is key to fostering world stability

Weinstein 02  US Senior District Judge, US District Court for Eastern District of New York

Jack B., opinion in Beharry v. Reno, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 757, http://www.aclu.org/hrc/WomensRights.pdf, p. 7)

E. Policy Reasons for Honoring … their conduct of foreign relations."

Human right credibility solves extinction

Copelan 99

(Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework … both domestic and foreign policy.  

Independently, effective drone strikes are the BEST option we have to stop Al Qaeda – drone prolif is inevitable

Boot 10/9

(http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes”, Max)

The … the part of dictatorial states.

And, AQAP is acquiring nukes now

Fissile Materials Working Group 11

(The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5/13, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

Osama bin Laden's death may … securing this potential source material.

And, the impact is extinction

Sid-Ahmed ‘4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

A nuclear attack by terrorists … , we will all be losers.

And, increasing intelligence cooperation with Yemen reduces civilian casualties and creates long term stability                                                                                                                                                                            

Berger 10                                                                                                                                                                         

(Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

Focusing American resources on intelligence … role in long-term stability.

And, we don’t have to win a significant decline in casualties – perception alone is enough – other countries actively watch how the US uses drones

Horton 10

(Scott, A New York attorney known for his work in emerging markets and international law, especially human rights law and the law of armed conflict, Horton lectures at Columbia Law School, “The Trouble with Drones” May 3 2010, http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/05/hbc-90006980, 06/25/10. HR)

No weapons system remains indefinitely … as a vehicle for targeted killings.

Advantage II – Domestic money laundering

First, Yemen is enacting very effective money laundering campaigns on its own now

Darham 9/10

(2011, Faisal, Al-Shorfa, http://al-shorfa.com/cocoon/meii/xhtml/en_GB/features/meii/features/main/2011/09/10/feature-01 “Yemen reports fewer cases of money laundering and terrorism financing”

Yemeni officials confirmed that the … in accordance with international recommendations.

But, cooperation with the US on money laundering issues is very low now

Alp 11

(INONU AKGUN, Financial Crimes Specialist MASAK-Turkish FIU MINISTRY of FINANCE-TURKEY, “Yemen: Workshop on money laundering and terrorist financing kicks off,” January 22, http://aml-cft.blogspot.com/2011/01/yemen-workshop-on-money-laundering-and.html)

The Governor of the Central … cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

And, federal government resources for fighting organized crime have declined

Finklea 10        

(Kristin M., Analyst in domestic security at the Congressional Research Service, “Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress,” December 22, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf)

As previously discussed, in FY2004, … be utilized in those domains.

And, OPDAT allows domestic prosecutors to study foreign systems to combat domestic organized crime effectively

Creegan 11                                                                                                                                   

(Erin, Trial Attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Division, Counterterrorism Section; and an Adjunct Professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Maryland-College Park, “COOPERATION IN FOREIGN TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS,” Georgetown Journal of International Law Vol 42, http://gjil.org/wp-content/uploads/archives/42.2/CooperationInForeignTerrorism.PDF)

For the most part, both … , drug trafficking, or human trafficking.

The scenario is the Mexican Cartel

First, if unchecked the cartel will collapse Mexico – the Mexican government cannot do it on their own

Al Erayani 10/3

(Ausan, Ausan Al-Eryani is a regular columnist at the Virginia Tech Collegiate Times. 2011 "Mexico's drug war effects US as well" was first published by the Collegiate Times on Sep. 26, 2011 “The Drug War in Mexico is a North American Problem”, http://www.mexidata.info/id3153.html)

If that doesn't convince you … and State departments, among others.

And, cartel fueled Mexico collapse causes failed states throughout Latin America

Manwaring 7

Max G., the General Douglas MacArthur Chair and is Professor of Military Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. He is a retired U.S. Army colonel and an Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, “A CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO STATE SOVEREIGNTY: GANGS AND OTHER ILLICIT TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA, EL SALVADOR, MEXICO, JAMAICA, AND BRAZIL,” Strategic Studies Institute, December, http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Transnational_Criminal_Organizations.pdf

This convoluted array of Mexican … which the gang phenomenon operates.

And, failed states cause great power war – they’re the largest risk of escalation                                                  
Grygiel 9

Jakub, George H.W. Bush Assoc Prof, IR, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced Int’l Studies, Johns Hopkins U (“Vacuum Wars: The Coming Competition Over Failed States,” American Interest, Jul/Aug 2009, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622)

This prevailing view of failed … are good examples of this.

And, attacking money laundering is key to collapse cartel power

O'Neil 9

Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Shannon, July/August, “The Real War in Mexico,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, Iss. 4; pg. 63, 16 pgs, 2009

Even more important than guns, … go after drug-related money.

The underview

There’s always a value to life – it’s that which we create

Augustine 2k       

Keith, “Death and the Meaning of Life” http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/features/2000/augustine1.html

These considerations show that we … and thus would be irrelevant.

Life is a prerequisite to value

Piper 79

John, Pastor, June 1, 1979 (“the Ethics of Ayn Rand,”) http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Articles/ByDate/1979/1486_the_ethics_of_ayn_rand/

Rand argued that “life is … makes his very devaluation possible.

State behavior is driven by security competition according to the dictates of offensive realism.  Critical theory does not have the ability to unseat realism as the dominant discourse of IR – your impact is inevitable

John J. Mearsheimer, realism heavyweight champion – he goes for gold, 1995 International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Summer 1995), pp. 82-93.

Realists believe that state behavior … in the international relations literature.

The possibility of extinction requires the assessment of risks despite probability

Yudkowsky 8

(Full-time Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Cofounder Eliezer, January 22^nd 2008, “Circular Altruism”)JFS

Overly detailed reassurances can also … awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

The fact that international relations is constructed doesn’t deny the accuracy of our impact claims – violence still exists and only the 1AC solves it

Darryl Jarvis (Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney) 2000 “International relations and the challenge of postmodernism” p. X

Just because we acknowledge that … otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40

Prefer our empiricism over their epistemology concerns

David Patrick (Associate Professor of I.R. Theory at the University of Central Florida) 2008 “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics (2008), 45)

As long ago as 1981, Yale … the international relations scene today.

Discourse doesn’t shape state behavior – no ‘fidelity’ can change ideologies at large

Mearsheimer 95

John (International Relations professor at the University of Chicago), The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol 19 Number 3 Winter, pp 43-44.

The main goal of critical … the theory they are challenging.159  

Plan text

Text: The United States federal government should substantially increase the democracy assistance portions of Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training services to Yemen.

Advantage I – US intelligence gathering

First, Squo intelligence sharing with Yemen is high, but future consistency is key – Yemen has proven to be an unreliable partner

Zimmerman 9/21

(Katherine, writer at Right Side News, “Ten Years After 9/11: Al Qaeda's Reemergence in Yemen,” 2011, http://www.rightsidenews.com/2011092114543/world/terrorism/ten-years-after-911-al-qaedas-reemergence-in-yemen.html)

AQAP is now al Qaeda’s … , the threat remains in Yemen. 

And, long-term commitment to building information sharing networks in Yemen is critical

Hoffman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221 DENYING SAFE HAVENS: HOMELAND SECURITY’S EFFORTS TO COUNTER THREATS FROM PAKISTAN, YEMEN, AND SOMALIA Professor Bruce Hoffman Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Testimony Presented Before U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management 3 June 2011)

At the foundation of the … and launch international terrorist strikes.

And, the potential for government turn-over makes it even more important to reach out to ensure channels of communication remain open

Byman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221, Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management of the House Committee on Homeland Security June 3, 2011 Dr. Daniel Byman Professor, Security Studies Program School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution)

More quietly, the United States … terrorism threat continues to evolve.

And, OPDAT uniquely signals a strong commitment to the host country – Romania proves

Embassy of the US to Romania No Date

(“U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies,” http://romania.usembassy.gov/embassy/law_enforcement.html)

The Resident Legal Advisor ["RLA"] … for prosecutors, including Romanian prosecutors.

And, success in intelligence cooperation stops full military interventions

Berger 10 (Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

While increasing the number of … in the War on Terror.

The scenario is human rights credibility

The military focus in Yemen now is failing now

Carlstrom 10                                                                                 

(Gregg, journalist based in Washington, DC, “Yemen’s 15 Minutes of Fame”, POMEPS briefings, February 26,

http://www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/POMEPS_BriefBooklet3_Yemen_WEB-Rev.pdf)

Another unanswered question is the … country in search of work.

And, OPDAT signals a policy shift towards rule of law

Breuer 10                          

(ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, “COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEETING;  SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT: RULE OF LAW, ANTI- CORRUPTION, AND BEYOND;  SPEAKER: LANNY BREUER, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,” May 4, Lexis)

OPDAT and ICITAP have stationed … in the area of corruption.

The perception of a shift towards rule of law solves US human rights cred – outweighs other internal links

Hilde 9

(Thomas C., a professor at the university of Maryland school of Public Policy where he teaches seminars in ethics and policy and international environmental and development law and politics, “Beyond Guantánamo: Restoring U.S. Credibility On Human Rights,” http://www.boell.de/downloads/Guantanamo-Layout.pdf)

A second critical element for … concrete steps towards genuine accountability.

And, human rights credibility is essential to solving human rights violations internationally

San Diego Union-Tribune, May 11, 2001

As a sovereign country, the United … credibility of its own record.

And, strengthened human rights outweighs everything—it leads to war, outweighs all 20^th century wars combined, and leads to genocide and environmental destruction

John Shattuck, former Assistant Secretary of State, 9-12-1994, Federal News Service

On the disintegration side, we … ecological nightmares of Eastern Europe.

Human rights credibility is key to fostering world stability

Weinstein 02  US Senior District Judge, US District Court for Eastern District of New York

Jack B., opinion in Beharry v. Reno, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 757, http://www.aclu.org/hrc/WomensRights.pdf, p. 7)

E. Policy Reasons for Honoring … their conduct of foreign relations."

Human right credibility solves extinction

Copelan 99

(Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework … both domestic and foreign policy.  

Independently, loss of human rights credibility tanks US soft power.

Doug Cassel, Director of the Center for Civil and Human Rights at the University of Notre Dame Law School. “Next President Must Restore America’s Human Rights Credibility.” May 21, 2008. http://www.wbez.org/content.aspx?audioid=23280

What can the next President … weakens this nation’s voice abroad.”

Soft power preserves peace, re-builds failed states, deters rogues, and prevents terrorism

Michael Hirsh, former Foreign Editor of Newsweek, Foreign Affairs, September/October, 2002

There is a middle choice between … summed it up, "We need friends."

Advantage II – Domestic money laundering

First, Yemen is enacting very effective money laundering campaigns on its own now

Darham 9/10

(2011, Faisal, Al-Shorfa, http://al-shorfa.com/cocoon/meii/xhtml/en_GB/features/meii/features/main/2011/09/10/feature-01 “Yemen reports fewer cases of money laundering and terrorism financing”

Yemeni officials confirmed that the … in accordance with international recommendations.

But, cooperation with the US on money laundering issues is very low now

Alp 11

(INONU AKGUN, Financial Crimes Specialist MASAK-Turkish FIU MINISTRY of FINANCE-TURKEY, “Yemen: Workshop on money laundering and terrorist financing kicks off,” January 22, http://aml-cft.blogspot.com/2011/01/yemen-workshop-on-money-laundering-and.html)

The Governor of the Central … cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

And, federal government resources for fighting organized crime have declined

Finklea 10        

(Kristin M., Analyst in domestic security at the Congressional Research Service, “Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress,” December 22, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf)

As previously discussed, in FY2004, … be utilized in those domains.

And, OPDAT allows domestic prosecutors to study foreign systems to combat domestic organized crime effectively

Creegan 11                                                                                                                                   

(Erin, Trial Attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Division, Counterterrorism Section; and an Adjunct Professor of International Criminal Law at the University of Maryland-College Park, “COOPERATION IN FOREIGN TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS,” Georgetown Journal of International Law Vol 42, http://gjil.org/wp-content/uploads/archives/42.2/CooperationInForeignTerrorism.PDF)

For the most part, both … , drug trafficking, or human trafficking.

The scenario is the Russian Mafia

First, Russian syndicates funnel extreme amounts of money through the US – money laundering statues key

Finklea 10

(Kristin M., Analyst in domestic security at the Congressional Research Service, “Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress,” December 22, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf)

The discussion of Russian organized … as expanding its international capabilities. 6

And, US-based Russian crime groups with government ties are more dangerous than ever – NSC report proves

Rapoza 11

(Kenneth, contributor to Forbes, “Russian Organized Crime Strategic Threat to US – NSC,” July 25, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/07/25/russian-organized-crime-strategic-threat-to-us-nsc/)

A National Security Council report … FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list.

And, the Russian Mafia in America is the right arm of the government's anti-American agenda – the Mafia will lead the effort to start a superpower war with the United States

Ryan Mauro, former geopolitical analyst for Tactical Defense Concepts, February 9th 2004

http://www.worldthreats.com/russia_former_ussr/Russias%20Anti-American%20Destiny.htm, "Russia's Anti-American Destiny", date accessed 8/26/2004

The Russian free market system … war to minimize that threat.

And, the risk of a war outweighs – highest probability and magnitude

Bostrom 2

Nick, PhD, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html

A much greater existential risk … encounter in the 21st century.

The underview

State behavior is driven by security competition according to the dictates of offensive realism.  Critical theory does not have the ability to unseat realism as the dominant discourse of IR – your impact is inevitable

John J. Mearsheimer, realism heavyweight champion – he goes for gold, 1995 International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Summer 1995), pp. 82-93.

Realists believe that state behavior … in the international relations literature.

The fact that international relations is constructed doesn’t deny the accuracy of our impact claims – violence still exists and only the 1AC solves it

Darryl Jarvis (Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney) 2000 “International relations and the challenge of postmodernism” p. X

Just because we acknowledge that … otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40

Prefer our empiricism over their epistemology concerns

David Patrick (Associate Professor of I.R. Theory at the University of Central Florida) 2008 “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics (2008), 45)

As long ago as 1981, Yale … the international relations scene today.

Discourse doesn’t shape state behavior – no ‘fidelity’ can change ideologies at large

Mearsheimer 95

John (International Relations professor at the University of Chicago), The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol 19 Number 3 Winter, pp 43-44.

The main goal of critical … the theory they are challenging.159  

Plan text

Text: Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training should substantially increase democracy assistance services to Yemen.

The advantage is drone strikes

First, US targeted bombings in the squo are rapidly increasing – in the wake of the Al-Awlaki killing, they have drawn attention due to civilian casualties

Bellinger 10/2                                                                                                                                                                  

(John B., Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Will Drone Strikes Become Obama’s Guantanamo?,” 2011, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/drone-strikes-become-obamas-guantanamo/p26100)

The killing of the U.S.-born al-… to condemn the Awlaki killing.

Drones make the rules of war relevant again – surveillance and precision mean combatants on both sides can and will be held accountable for their actions on the battlefield, especially civilian deaths

Beard 9

Jack M, Professorial Lecturer, UCLA School of Law; former Associate Deputy General Counsel (International Affairs), Department of Defense, “Law and War in the Virtual Era,”  103 A.J.I.L. 409, Lexis, July

Although most military theorists once … to the legal norms themselves.

We have three scenarios –

First scenario, intel cooperation –

First, Squo intelligence sharing with Yemen is high, but future consistency is key – Yemen has proven to be an unreliable partner

Zimmerman 9/21

(Katherine, writer at Right Side News, “Ten Years After 9/11: Al Qaeda's Reemergence in Yemen,” 2011, http://www.rightsidenews.com/2011092114543/world/terrorism/ten-years-after-911-al-qaedas-reemergence-in-yemen.html)

AQAP is now al Qaeda’s … , the threat remains in Yemen. 

Saleh’s deal hasn’t changed Yemen – the only difference is the head of state – cooperation will still be possible in the name of counterterrorism, but the turn-over will alter intelligence structures

Lin 11/25

(Evelyn, Taiwan News, Staff Writer, “5 protesters died for supporting Yemen President regime,” 2011, http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1769190)

The agreement makes President Ali … push through its suggested reforms.

Government turn-over makes it even more important to reach out to ensure channels of intelligence communication remain open

Byman 6/3

(http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=4221, Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management of the House Committee on Homeland Security June 3, 2011 Dr. Daniel Byman Professor, Security Studies Program School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution)

More quietly, the United States … terrorism threat continues to evolve.

OPDAT uniquely signals a strong commitment to the host country – Romania proves

Embassy of the US to Romania No Date

(“U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies,” http://romania.usembassy.gov/embassy/law_enforcement.html)

The Resident Legal Advisor ["RLA"] … for prosecutors, including Romanian prosecutors.

Increasing intelligence cooperation with Yemen reduces civilian casualties                                                        

Berger 10                                                                                                                                                                         

(Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

Focusing American resources on intelligence … role in long-term stability.

Our approach in Yemen is the litmus-test of future counter-terrorism strategy

Cilluffo 11

(Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm)

Debates over the legality of … an inevitable attack from AQAP.

 
 The plan would be a shift to a more comprehensive approach – that’s key to successful international cooperation

Boyle and Scmid 9 (A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009

One of the greatest challenges … counter-terrorism cooperation thus far.

This shift is critical to larger multilateral cooperation – there’s a unique spillover effect                 

Boyle and Scmid 9 (A Global Compact for Counter-Terrorism: Towards a Robust Multilateral Counter-Terrorism Regime Dr. Michael J. Boyle and Professor Alex P. Schmid Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence University of St. Andrews Sponsored by the The New Ideas Fund, 2009

The war on terror has … it would have otherwise been.

Only multilateral cooperation prevents great power wars that make extinction inevitable

Gwynne Dyer, former senior lecturer … War, The Toronto Star, p. lexis

The "firebreak" against nuclear weapons … repeat itself and everybody loses.

Success in intelligence cooperation stops full military interventions by creating targeted action

Berger 10 (Collin, “America’s Land of Opportunity: Supporting Yemen’s Fight Against Terrorism”, http://afpprinceton.com/2010/12/america%E2%80%99s-land-of-opportunity-supporting-yemen%E2%80%99s-fight-against-terrorism/, December 1)

While increasing the number of … in the War on Terror.

Second scenario, terrorism –

Effective drone strikes are the BEST option we have to stop Al Qaeda – drone prolif is inevitable

Boot 10/9

(http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes”, Max)

The … the part of dictatorial states.

And, AQAP is acquiring nukes now

Fissile Materials Working Group 11

(The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, “After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,” 5/13, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

Osama bin Laden's death may … securing this potential source material.

And, the impact is extinction

Sid-Ahmed ‘4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

A nuclear attack by terrorists … , we will all be losers.

Third scenario, OPDAT –

US policy is shifting towards full drone usage – this leaves rule of law training behind

Shane and Shanker 10/1

(Scott and Thom, writers at NYT, 2011, “Strike Reflects U.S. Shift to Drones in Terror Fight,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/world/awlaki-strike-shows-us-shift-to-drones-in-terror-fight.html?pagewanted=all)

The C.I.A. drone strike that killed … ground combat or traditional airstrikes.

OPDAT uses a multi-front approach that signals a policy shift towards rule of law

Breuer 10                          

(ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, “COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEETING;  SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT: RULE OF LAW, ANTI- CORRUPTION, AND BEYOND;  SPEAKER: LANNY BREUER, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,” May 4, Lexis)

OPDAT and ICITAP have stationed … in the area of corruption.

Rule of law focus is the key internal link to legal norms – creates a norm-focused environment

Price and Krug 2

(Monroe is the founder and co-director of PCMLP. He is the Joseph and Sadie Danciger Professor of Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, of which he was the dean from 1982-1991; Peter joined the Oxford University law faculty in 1991 after serving for six years as an associate with the Madison, Wisconsin, firm of Foley and Lardner. He teaches courses in communications law, comparative law, international business transactions, and public international law; January, “THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR FREE AND INDEPENDENT MEDIA,” http://global.asc.upenn.edu/fileLibrary/PDFs/ENABLING_ENV.pdf)

The rule of law is … and objectivity, and judicial support.

Lack of adherence to legal norms in US drone strikes set a precedent that justifies unlimited robot warfare across the globe

Hauri 10

Andrin is a research assistant for the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. He holds a master’s of philosophy in political science from the University of Lausanne.  http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?lng=en&id=116243 “Obama’s Drone Handicap.” 

Firstly, it is the use … the US that perpetrates them. 

That escalates to global deployment of drones armed with bioweapons

Engelhardt 10

Tom, co-founder of the American Empire Project, MA Area Studies, Harvard, “America Detached from War: Bush's Pilotless Dream, Smoking Drones, and Other Strange Tales from the Crypt” The Nation Institute, http://smirkingchimp.com/thread/tom-engelhardt/29720/america-detached-from-war-bushs-pilotless-dream-smoking-drones-and-other-strange-tales-from-the-cryp june 25

Maybe what we need is … combination, this globalization of death.

Bioweapons cause extinction and outweigh nuclear war

Ochs 2

(Richard, “Biological weapons must be abolished immediately,” June 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of … ? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Independently, unregulated drone proliferation causes endless escalation of drone use that causes extinction

Engelhardt, ‘9

[Tom Engelhardt, co-founder of the American Empire Project, Drone Wars: Your Future has Arrived, 4/7/09, http://www.pacificfreepress.com/news/1/3990-drone-wars-your-future-has-arrived.html.]

If you want to read … pause for thought... or not.

Independently, unconstrained militarized drones nuclear war is inevitable

Chester 09

Mitchell A. Chester, an attorney and civic activist Failsafe Revisited…Psychology and Robotic Delivery of the Bomb 12/26/2009  d.a. 7-25-10

http://sharedemergency.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/failsafe-revisited-psychology-and-robotic-delivery-of-the-bomb/

As nations assess future military … be subverted to misunderstand logic.

Solvency

Only the plan’s legal commitment can constrain weaponization of drones

McGrath 10

 LIEUTENANT COLONEL SHAUN R. MCGRATH  United States Air Force 

 STRATEGIC MISSTEP: “IMMORTAL” ROBOTIC WARFARE, INVITING COMBAT TO SUBURBAN AMERICA March 18, 2010 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA521822&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf  d.a. 7-27-10

The concept of “at risk” … we would become found of it.”114

Even if the US has the edge now, other countries will catch up.  New legal norms are the only way to prevent drone technologies from becoming a global threat.

Singer 10

P.W., Director of the 21^st Century Defense Initiative at The Brookings Institute, “We, Robot,” 5/19 http://www.slate.com/id/2253692/

The challenge in much of … and act like nothing happened.        

The squo is the brink – drones are in a zeitgeist moment in the international community

Engelhardt 10

Tom, co-founder of the American Empire Project, MA Area Studies, Harvard, “America Detached from War: Bush's Pilotless Dream, Smoking Drones, and Other Strange Tales from the Crypt” The Nation Institute, http://smirkingchimp.com/thread/tom-engelhardt/29720/america-detached-from-war-bushs-pilotless-dream-smoking-drones-and-other-strange-tales-from-the-cryp june 25

If there are zeitgeist moments … there’s a price to be paid.

No turns – drone prolif is inevitable – the only question is whether the US controls the curve

Rogan, March 29 2010

(Christopher, army cadet, “INCREASING THE COMBAT POWER OF THE SQUAD ON PATROL: THE POTENTIAL OF THE SOLDIER-PORTABLE DRONE AS A TACTICAL FORCE MULTIPLIER” , accessed June 24 2010)

Another important consideration is the … its national security interests abroad.

11Plan: The Office of Transition Initiatives should substantially increase its democracy assistance good governance programs to the Ennahda party of Tunisia focusing on effective governance for new governmental coalitions.

Contention I is the squo

No disads – aid now and in the future

DoS 9/22                                          

(Department of State, “Statement on U.S.-Tunisia Political and Economic Partnership,” 2011, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2011/09/20110922190633su0.1183085.html#axzz1fIpNfEva)

Though our bilateral friendship has … clean technology in the country.

Only takes out the disads – focus is entirely on accountability on the civil society level, including the OTI.  No aid is going directly to political parties

USAID 11               

(United States Agency for International Development, “Transition Initiatives: Tunisia,” 2011, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/transition_initiatives/country/tunisia/index.html)

Program Description After a month of … and engage with decision makers.

However, Ennahda has never governed before

Novotný 11/28                  

(Daniel, currently affiliated with Monash University as an Endeavour Research Fellow and is also lecturing at Deakin University, Melbourne. He specializes, in general, in international relations and security of the Asia-Pacific and the EU foreign policy strategy; “Op-ed: Moroccan Elections and the ‘Islamist Challenge’: A Reason for EU Concern?,” 2011, http://www.eu-review.com/articles/daniel-novotny-moroccan-elections-and-the-islamist-challenge-a-reason-for-eu-concern)

However, it is misleading to … as utmost hostile and unacceptable.

And, the US hasn’t engaged Ennahda directly and will only give political posturing, not engagement

Fitouri 11/9      

(Samia, Tunisian university student and writer at Tunisia Live, “Ennahda Responds Positively to Clinton Speech,” 2011, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/11/09/ennahdas-positive-response-to-secretary-clintons-speech/)

An Ennahda spokesman said that … made with the Obama administration.

And that means basic governance assistance is key.  The alternative is a loss of cred and governmental instability

Olsen, et al 10                         

(Jonathan, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside, USA. He has published widely on German and European politics; Michael Koß, Lecturer in Politics at the University of Potsdam, Germany. He has published widely on political parties, comparative European politics and left-wing politics; Dan Hough, Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of Sussex, UK. He has published widely on political parties, German politics, multi-level politics and left-wing politics; “From Pariahs to Players? Left Parties in National Governments,” July 16, http://www.palgrave.com/PDFs/9780230236509.Pdf)

Deciding to enter government is … political risks at a later date.

Contention II is smart power

Unconditional and positively perceived support for democracy is key to a transition to smart power, which ensures stability and economic recovery.  Without it, failed states and US power collapse are inevitable.
 Peter Fettner 11, prof and PhD candidate in philosophy at Temple, published writer and researcher on US foreign policy, (writing under the pseudonym Byron), “Investigative Analysis: Soft Power in the Middle East – Reforming American Foreign Policy”, August 26, http://www.presstorm.com/2011/08/soft-power-in-the-middle-east-reforming-american-foreign-policy/

“The soft power of a … citizen diplomacy and international friendship.

Directly engaging Ennahda is key to signal a policy shift toward positive Islamist acceptance.  It’s key to regional support

POMED 11/10

(Project ob Middle East Democracy, “Islamist Victory in Tunisia Opportunity for U.S. Engagement,” 2011, http://pomed.org/blog/2011/11/islamist-victory-in-tunisia-opportunity-for-u-s-engagement.html/#.TtgsDGOVrUB)

Stephen McInerney, the Executive Director … as this the transition continues.”

We have the biggest internal link – the world is watching Tunisia and Ennahda

Bryant 11/28

(Elizabeth, writer for Religion News Service, “In Tunisia, popular Ennahda party tests ‘moderate’ Islam,” 2011, http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-11/tunisia-test-what-moderate-islam-looks)

The Tunisian uprising triggered the … is a reappropriation of their identity."

And, we have empirical evidence.  The OTI was crucial after the ouster of Kyrgyzstan’s former government

USAID 10                                                                                                                         

(“Transition Initiatives: Kyrgyzstan,” May, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/transition_initiatives/country/kyrgyzstan/index.html)

Program Description In May 2010, USAID's … information for informed decision making.

Advantage 1 is Iran

The region is on the brink of war now due to irrational Iranian behavior – conflict escalates quickly and causes oil shocks, econ stagnation, escalating civil wars and proxy wars.  Miscalc is inevitable without US credibility

Apps 12/5                                                                      

(Peter, political risk correspondent at Reuters, “Analysis: "Cold War" with Iran heats up across Mideast,” 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/05/us-iran-coldwar-idUSTRE7B41GC20111205)

Worries of Israel striking Iran … analyst at Japanese bank Nomura.

Causes CBW use, nuke use and extinction – escalation checks don’t apply

Russell 9

(James, senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Nava Postgraduate School, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East, in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Commission, http://www.nps.edu academics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/russell/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)

Strategic stability in the region … risk for the entire world.

Credibility from appeal to popular transitions solves Iran aggression
 Marc Lynch 11, associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Upheaval: U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East”, June,http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf

America’s interest in preventing…. that commitment in practice

America’s interest in preventing Iran … demonstrate that commitment in practice.

Advantage 2 is EU interoperability

US-EU cooperation exists now, but lacks true synergy

MEI 11

(Middle East Initiative, “Resettlement as a Durable Solution and Strategic Tool in Protracted Displacement Situations: Transatlantic Views and Visions,” June 6, http://www.refugeecooperation.org/events/20110606.php)

US and EU officials recognize … and to “showcase” resettlement successes.

Smart power is key to EU relations and security multilateralism

Lecoutre 10                                    

(Sophie Lecoutre holds a Master’s degree in European Studies (2008) from the Institute of Political Science of Lille, France, which included an exchange year at the University of Virginia’s College of Arts and Sciences, United States (2007). In 2009, she completed the MA in EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies (Marcus Aurelius promotion) at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. She is currently carrying out an internship at the French Permanent Representation to NATO in Brussels; “The US Shift Towards ‘Smart Power’ and its Impact on the Transatlantic Security Partnership,” February, http://aei.pitt.edu/13209/1/EDP_2_2010_Lecoutre.pdf)

As the President of the … common, they are not wise”.92

The incentive of smart power-driven relations will drive the EU to coherence and unification causing EU military modernization and credibility

Lecoutre 10                                                                                                                   

(Sophie Lecoutre holds a Master’s degree in European Studies (2008) from the Institute of Political Science of Lille, France, which included an exchange year at the University of Virginia’s College of Arts and Sciences, United States (2007). In 2009, she completed the MA in EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies (Marcus Aurelius promotion) at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. She is currently carrying out an internship at the French Permanent Representation to NATO in Brussels; “The US Shift Towards ‘Smart Power’ and its Impact on the Transatlantic Security Partnership,” February, http://aei.pitt.edu/13209/1/EDP_2_2010_Lecoutre.pdf)

If the European Union wants … if it wants to succeed.

This realignment of the security relationship creates strategic interoperability that solves overstretch, EU military spending, and UN Security Council credibility through increased international material support

Cogbill 9

(John, appointed by President Bush in June 2001 and served as NCPC chairman until the end of Bush's presidency. He earned a B.S from the U.S. Military Academy in 1970 and a J.D. in 1979 from the T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond; “Crafting a Sustainable Transatlantic Security Partnership: Focusing on Comparative Advantages,” 5/25, http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic706700.files/Crafting_a_Sustainable_Transatlantic_Security_Partnership.pdf)

Even aside from ideological differences … internationally acceptable, foreign policy decisions.

No debt crisis turns – the plan’s unification of the EU solves

Jiang and Zhengfu 12/10

(Xinhua writers Liu Jiang and Zhang Zhengfu, “Commentary: Europe furthers integration to solve debt crisis,” 2011, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2011-12/10/c_122405446.htm)

The downward spiraling continued, as … the end of the tunnel.

Scenario 1 is overstretch

Overstretch on the brink now – failure to draw down will prevent power projection in a multipolar world

Charleston Gazette 12/11

(“Editorial: Too much militarism,” 2011, http://wvgazette.com/Opinion/Editorials/201112120089)

Today, the United States spends … the world's largest military machine.

Unilateralism is unsustainable – the ability to exercise military power on the decline and in the aftermath is the only way to prevent World War III

Walton ‘07

Dale C., Lecturer in IR and Strategic Studies, U of Reading, England (“Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the Twenty-First century,” Google Books

Although international political conditions surely … probability of a great power war.

Scenario 2 is UN Security Council credibility

2011 has made the Security Council’s lack of interoperability and support apparent – only the plan’s increase in resource commitment solves

Gowan December 2011

(Richard, Policy Fellow concentrating on UN affairs. He is based at the Center on International Cooperation at New York University, where he works on peacekeeping and multilalteral security institutions; “The Security Council’s Credibility Problem,” http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/08815-20111220.pdf)

1. The Security Council’s Disappointing … credible force in major crises.

Increased material support and credibility is the only way to prevent and transcend war by creating a central authority to actually maintain international peace – it’s a pre-req to any other political problem

Schlichtmann 11                                                                              

(Klaus, lecturer in peace studies at the Japan Women’s University and the author of Japan in the World: Shidehara Kijūrō and the Abolition of War, “An Enduring Concept for Security Council Reform,” June, Beijing Law Review Vol 2.2, ProQuest)

The main problem is how … 43, "armed forces, assistance, and facilities."15

Now is the key time – further delay prevents key UN reforms.  Even according to realism, the plan snowballs into larger support that forms the core of future engagement.  Failure to start now results in extinction.

Schlichtmann 11                             

(Klaus, lecturer in peace studies at the Japan Women’s University and the author of Japan in the World: Shidehara Kijūrō and the Abolition of War, “An Enduring Concept for Security Council Reform,” June, Beijing Law Review Vol 2.2, ProQuest)

"Every year that the … Germany's Basic Law.32 (See APPENDIX) [48]

People in Bahrain are struggling for self determination. Most of this movement has been led by the youth movement who are made up of university students. In order to not lose power the current Regime has responded by calling for help from the GCC who sent in military troops. These troops attacked protestors with live ammunition. Those who were injured were unable to receive medical treatment because the troops also stopped people from entering the hospital- Swami 11

Praveen Swami, Diplomatic Editor, “Bahrain …

At least three protesters were … majority by its Sunni rulers.

The regime cracked down on institutions of higher learning to crush the revolution. They use fear to create a passive student who only learns what the regime wanted them to and not to question it. Those who do question it are systematically excluded. It has created a type of knowledge production that is only beneficial for the Regime- Wheeler 11

David L. Wheeler, The Chronicle of … of Bahrain had been punished.

Contention 2- U.S. students

We don’t think it is a coincidence that the University was the first thing targeted in Bahrain. We see a parallel situation developing in the United States. From McCarthy to the Reagan Revolution to the current assault on the academy, we learn that institutions of thought are always the first victims of imperial interventions. 

The twentieth century witnessed a growing divide between those who study the Middle East and those who dictate policy towards it.  What we see is the gradual replacement of intellectual interest with sound bites and conformism.  As Zachary Lockman explains:

(Zachary, “critique from the right: the neo-conservative assault on middle east studies” CR: the new centennial review 5.1 project muse)

But there was a price to … mistakenly thought dead as a doornail.

In this context, we recognize that we have been produced as consumers of information passed down from the authoritative structures of established knowledge.  We refuse this passivity in affirmation of our student resistance in the here and now. 

Sophia McClennan explains the importance of this resistance:

(Sophia a. college literature, the geopolitical war on us higher education 33.4 project muse)

Consequently, the right's educational agenda … well be our best weapon.

While these two experiences are different we choose to recognize that the stories are tied by their mutual participation in the modern dynamic of imperial knowledge production. Vote aff to disrupt the vision of the visionless student

The University is a key site for the recognition of the hybrid contingency of imperial culture.  We ask you to affirm this explorative possibility towards non-imperial ways of knowing.  As Said continues,

(edward, prof. comp lit @ … than reject the emerging groups.

Our questioning of U.S. policy towards Bahrain disrupts the empire’s promise project. It is this disruption of complicity that allows us to question the knowledge production that has been a tool of the empire to fragment, divide and conquer people- Agathangelou 8

Anna M. Agathangelou, 2008M. Daniel Bassichis, and Tamara L. Spira, 2008. “Intimate Investments: Homonormativity, Global Lockdown, and the Seductions of Empire” Accessed August 17, 2010

In the place of this … based in collectivity and healing.

Contention I is the squo in Tunisia

No disads – massive aid now and in the future, but focus is entirely on accountability on the civil society level, including the OTI.  No aid is going directly to political parties

USAID 11               

(United States Agency for International Development, “Transition Initiatives: Tunisia,” 2011, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/transition_initiatives/country/tunisia/index.html)

Program Description After a month of … and engage with decision makers.

However, Ennahda has never governed before

Novotný 11/28                  

(Daniel, currently affiliated with Monash University as an Endeavour Research Fellow and is also lecturing at Deakin University, Melbourne. He specializes, in general, in international relations and security of the Asia-Pacific and the EU foreign policy strategy; “Op-ed: Moroccan Elections and the ‘Islamist Challenge’: A Reason for EU Concern?,” 2011, http://www.eu-review.com/articles/daniel-novotny-moroccan-elections-and-the-islamist-challenge-a-reason-for-eu-concern)

However, it is misleading to … as utmost hostile and unacceptable.

And, the US hasn’t engaged Ennahda directly and will only give political posturing, not engagement

Fitouri 11/9      

(Samia, Tunisian university student and writer at Tunisia Live, “Ennahda Responds Positively to Clinton Speech,” 2011, http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/11/09/ennahdas-positive-response-to-secretary-clintons-speech/)

An Ennahda spokesman said that … made with the Obama administration.

Plan: The Office of Transition Initiatives should substantially increase its democracy assistance good governance programs to the Ennahda party of Tunisia focusing on effective governance for new governmental coalitions.

The advantage is credibility

US credibility is tanking now.  Without policies that signal a shift away from support of repressive regimes, the decline will be irreversible.

Hamid, Brookings Doha Center Research Director, 11

(Shadi, 10-1-11, “What Obama and American Liberals Don’t Understand About the Arab Spring,” http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/1001_obama_hamid.aspx, accessed 10-11-11, CMM)

But in an ironic twist … support for “stable,” repressive regimes.

Direct bilateral engagement of Ennahda by the US is the key internal link to rebuild regional relationships.  Failure to engage uncritically will collapse pluralism and destroy regional US support, resulting in cascading anti-Americanism

Schmidt November 2011

(Andrew, Senior at the University of Chicago studying Political Science and Near Eastern Languages and Civ, “Don't Be Afraid of the Big Bad Tunisian Islamists,” no exact date given http://www.policymic.com/articles/don-t-be-afraid-of-the-big-bad-tunisian-islamists)

The final results of the … a free and prosperous civil society.

It’s not just about engagement – the plan’s AID is the BIGGEST internal link – increasing basic governance assistance to new political parties and ensures plurality, credibility and prevents failed states – the best studies prove

Savun and Tirone 11

(Burcu Savun is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh,  Daniel C. Tirone is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, “ Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science,” Volume 55, Issue 2, pages 233–246, April 2011)

We are instead interested in … little or no democracy aid.

We have the biggest internal link – the world is watching Tunisia and Ennahda

Bryant 11/28

(Elizabeth, writer for Religion News Service, “In Tunisia, popular Ennahda party tests ‘moderate’ Islam,” 2011, http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-11/tunisia-test-what-moderate-islam-looks)

The Tunisian uprising triggered the … is a reappropriation of their identity."

Cred is key to prevent conflict escalation to nuclear war – it ensures the ability to mobilize coalitions

Joseph S. Nye Jr., created the theory of “soft power,” distinguished service professor and former dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, PhD in Political Science from Harvard, 1996 (“Conflicts after the Cold War,” Washington Quarterly)

As a result of such disjunctions … and alliances, and global institutions.

Scenario 1 is Iran

The region is on the brink of war now due to irrational Iranian behavior – conflict escalates quickly and causes oil shocks, econ stagnation, escalating civil wars and proxy wars.  Miscalc is inevitable without US credibility

Apps 12/5                                                                      

(Peter, political risk correspondent at Reuters, “Analysis: "Cold War" with Iran heats up across Mideast,” 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/05/us-iran-coldwar-idUSTRE7B41GC20111205)

Worries of Israel striking Iran … analyst at Japanese bank Nomura.

Causes CBW use, nuke use and extinction – escalation checks don’t apply

Russell 9

(James, senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Nava Postgraduate School, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East, in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Commission, http://www.nps.edu academics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/russell/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)

Strategic stability in the region … risk for the entire world.

Causes fast regional war, Hezbollah emboldenment and miscalc
 Marc Lynch 11, associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Upheaval: U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East”, June,http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf

As it struggles to recalibrate … sudden and game-changing war.

We don’t have to win escalation – Hezbollah emboldening with Israeli-Iran conflict causes extinction

London 10

(Herbert, president of Hudson Institute, June 28, 2010, http://www.hudson-ny.org/1387/coming-crisis-in-the-middle-east)

The coming storm in the … could lead to a nuclear exchange.

Credibility from appeal to popular transitions solves Iran aggression
 Marc Lynch 11, associate professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Upheaval: U.S. Policy Toward Iran in a Changing Middle East”, June,http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Upheaval_Lynch_2.pdf

America’s interest in preventing…. that commitment in practice

America’s interest in preventing Iran … demonstrate that commitment in practice.

Scenario 2 is pluralism

Failure to create a pluralistic Constitution will cause rejection – that causes democratic rollback, instability and violence that spills over to failed states throughout Africa.

Paciello 11

Research associate at Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome and lecturer in Economic and Political Geography of Development at La Sapienza University of Rome

Maria Cristina Paciello, Tunisia:  Changes and Challenges of Political Transition, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 3/May 2011

As seen above, Tunisia is … intentions are not yet clear.

Africa is on the brink of widespread state failure

Ndiho 11

(Paul, owner of Vipi Africa, “AFRICAN COUNTRIES TOP THE LIST OF FAILING STATES INDEX – 2011,” July 20, http://www.vipiafrica.com/2011/07/african-countries-top-list-of-failing.html)

A study published by the … to overthrow Somalia's transitional government.

African state failure causes cascading state failure, political polarization, nuclear terrorism, disease spread, nuclear wars throughout Europe, collapsed US-EU relations and massive prolif – deterrence theory wouldn’t apply

African Studies Centre et al 3

(The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,” December, found at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario of … attacks on their national security.

We’ll impact the list out individually –

Nuclear terrorism would cause retaliation and extinction

Sid-Ahmed ‘4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

A nuclear attack by terrorists … , we will all be losers.

Infectious diseases cause extinction

The Scotsman, September 11, 1995, “The Mega Death,” p. 13

Bullets and bombs may be … to engage in biological warfare.

European war causes global nuclear war

Charles Glaser, assistant professor in the Graduate School of Public Policy Studies at the Univ. of Chicago, Summer 1993, International Security, “Why NATO is Still Best,” Vol. 18, No. 1, Academic Search Elite, p. 8-9

However, although the lack of … be unconcerned about Europe’s future.

US-EU relations prevent multiple global conflicts

Asmus ‘3

(Ronald D.; Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations) “Rebuilding the Atlantic Alliance” Foreign Affairs Sept/Oct l/n

Meeting in Washington in the … be much the better for it

Prolif makes nuclear war inevitable – the terminal impact is extinction

Stuart Taylor Jr., National Journal senior writer, contributing editor at Newsweek, September 16, 2002, Legal Times, “Worry about Iraq’s intentions, but focus on the bigger threat: nuclear weapons controlled by any terrorist or rogue state,” p. 60

Unless we get serious about … extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

State failure collapses the environment

Kaczynski 10

1/14, Vladimir M., Associate Professor, School of Marine Affairs; Adjunct Associate Professor, Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington, “The US Marine Policy Toward the III World,” UW School of Marine Affairs, http://www.sma.washington.edu/Research/pog/policy_world.html

Tropical deforestation, overfishing, soil erosion, … , Russia, Indonesia, South Africa, Columbia).

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction
 Diner, 94

[David, Ph.D., Planetary Science and … edging closer to the abyss.

Global warming causes extinction

Henderson 6

Bill, Environmental Scientist, Aug 19, “Runaway Global Warming – Denial,” http://www.countercurrents.org/cc-henderson190806.htm.

The scientific debate about human … in the world we share.

Environmental collapse causes global wars

Homer-Dixon 98

[Thomas, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Programme at the University of Toronto, World Security Challenges for a New Century, p. 342-343]

Experts have proposed numerous possible … —and undermining possibilities for cooperation.

The United States federal government should substantially increase funds, knowledge, and material directed towards local advocacy groups who work for women’s legal rights and civic engagement in Yemen including religious dialogue regarding the safe age of marriage.

Working with religious leaders can help overcome opposition AND funding at the local level helps

Dalia Al-Eryani a coordinator for Yemen … where funding was coming from.

And Yemen needs assistance- has one of the highest rates of child marriage globally.

Lee 11 [Derek, USAID Correspondent, “Yemeni Communities Unite Against Child Marriage”

Yemen is one of 20 "hot … their infants are similarly poor.

Extensive research demonstrates child marriage increases infant mortality, exposure to disease, sexual violence and denies AGENCY to the individual

Malhotra 10 [The Causes, Consequences and …  ]

Immediate Consequences The consequences of … same challenges as their mothers.

Even in a world of national security - Rape and sexual violence cannot ever be tolerated – until we confront these forms of sexual violence, domination of individuals is inevitiable.

Straton 89 (Jack speaking on the Kansas State University Campus, “Address to Manhattan, KS May 27 “How to Form a Men Against Rape Group, http://www.europrofem.org/contri/2_04_en/en-viol/29en_vio.htm)

It is time to shred … pain that engulfs his sisters?

And recent US rejection of Child Marriage protection in the Senate sends a global signal that child marriage is OK

Advocacy Net 11 (AdvocacyNet News Bulletin 209 … from the HIV-AIDS virus.

But, reversing this decision and creating US action sends a global signal effecting 100 million girls helping to end modern day slavery

Relief Web 9/19 (Briefing Kit for … girls in the developing world.

The problems of child marriage do not exist independently- there is an underlying issue of why we do not politically prioritize such concerns. This is not an aff about a technical solution to a technical problem but rather it is about a systemic policy failure that happens because of a detached approach towards politics.

We can afford to not care only so long as we refuse to listen. In recognition of a community humanity and vulnerability, we take this opportunity to listen to the words of 12 year old Aisha, as quoted in IRIN news in 2010

IRIN 10 (SANAA, 21 February 2010 (IRIN) - http://… a tear from behind her veil.

Reading and responding to particular stories to engender a sense of compassion which enables us to foster long-term effective political strategies.

Porter 2006

(Elisabeth, head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, “Can Politics Practice Compassion?” hypatia 21:4, project muse)

Second, to be attentive requires a … lead to compassionate, wise responses.

Compassionate, Wise Responses

Third, in addition to attentiveness … need to protect refugee conventions.

Affirming this ethic of compassion is an ethical necessity – only by privileging compassion can we stop otherization which causes violence

Porter 2006

(Elisabeth, head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, “Can Politics Practice Compassion?” hypatia 21:4, project muse)

I am defending the position … development of human well-being.

Responsibility for Connections

The third potential barrier to … response, it broadens political responsibilities.

Political Compassion

Particularly in the current global … of those who are excluded.

Securitizing politics thrust society toward terror and global civil war.

Agamben ‘2   (Giorgio, prof of philosophy, “… control them once they occur.

Fantasmic threats to security are inaccurate – relying on EXTINCTION or WAR comes first automatically falsely frames the debate so that questions of the individual never come into play.

Jef Huysmans, Ph.D. (University of Leuven) … (Bourdieu 1982; Weldes et al 1999; Bigo 2000).

Risk focus bad-

Dillon 08[Underwriting Security Michael Dillon Security Dialogue 2008; 39; 309 http://sdi.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/39/2-3/309] 

Risk, today, is therefore comprised … their variable exposure to contingency.  

Extremely low probabilities should count as zero—even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities

RESCHER 2003 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

On this issue there is a … something that presents a realistic prospect.

The “any risk” logic would make all decision-making impossible—evaluate probability over magnitude

MESKILL 2009 (David, professor at Colorado School of Mines and PhD from Harvard, “The "One Percent Doctrine" and Environmental Faith,” Dec 9, http://davidmeskill.blogspot.com/2009/12/one-percent-doctrine-and-environmental.html)

Tom Friedman's piece today in … (just barely) to take action.

And a politics of compassion offers a way beyond the political stalemate of securitization and realpolitik.

Porter 2006

(Elisabeth, head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, “Can Politics Practice Compassion?” hypatia 21:4, project muse)

First, attentiveness to suffering is … is about priorities and choices.

Compassionate politics requires more than the efforts of a single individual. Just because one actor  intervenes does not mean another should sit on the sidelines.

William Aiken 77, professor of philosophy at Catham College, 1977, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, pg. 53-4

There is a danger in adopting … not a minimal condition for obligation.

Working with women to discuss Child Marriage laws is part of the Democracy and Governance program – Morocco proves

USAID 11 (“Country Snapshot: Morocco and … made available throughout the country.

Women’s rights within marriage are clearly within USAID definitions of Rule of Law

Green of USAID in the Democracy and Governance Programs Codebook 5 (http://www.pitt.edu/~politics/democracy/downloads/Democracy%20Codebook.pdf, Steven Finkel, University of Virginia Andrew T. Green, USAID Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, University of Pittsburgh Mitchell Seligson, Vanderbilt University, Cross-National Research on USAID’s Democracy and Governance Programs Codebook)

From the section RULE OF LAW – Measures of Democratic Development

Funding for civil society groups for women’s empowerment is part of Democracy and Governance

US Global Health Initiative 11 (Global Health Initiative: Bangladesh Strategy, http://www.ghi.gov/country/bangladesh/documents/159681.htm)

Global Health Initiative/Bangladesh Results Framework» (See page 9) GHI principles embody … demand for family planning.

There is no singular ROOT CAUSE of child marriage in Yemen

Al-Eryani 11 (Dalia Al-Eryani, former program coordinator for the "Safe Age of Marriage Project,", http://www.prb.org/Articles/2011/child-marriage-yemen.aspx)

Belay Endeshaw: I think the problem is similar with that of ethiopian women. What are the root causes for such a great number of rampant early marriage in Yemen? Are poverty and religion (belief) determinant factors for this problem thank you!
Dalia Al-Eryani: Culture, poverty and religion … but required not by Islam.

This is not an anti-Islam move – Religions around the globe justify child marriage – it is a matter of tradition AND many people have recently shed this tradition

Al-Eryani 11 (Dalia Al-Eryani, former program coordinator for the "Safe Age of Marriage Project,", http://www.prb.org/Articles/2011/child-marriage-yemen.aspx) At its core, forced child marriage … where it remains common today.

Even discussions about the injustice of child marriage is enough to spur civic engagement and start the formation of a politics of compassion- this round is key!

Porter 2006

(Elisabeth, head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, “Can Politics Practice Compassion?” hypatia 21:4, project muse)

Some feminists see the … failure to practice compassion.

Entirety of the Fullterton rd 1 aff plus...

Failure to Understand the Connection Between Oppression Taking Place in Another Country and the Oppression Occurring Locally is Rooted in White Privilege and Reinforces the Hierarchies of Domination

Wise, Anti-Racist Activist, 08 (Tim J, White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son, P. 145-146, OG)

It's the Same Lesson Still … Sincere Efforts at White Antiracism.

Discourses of Power are Determined by the Power-Knowledge Combination. the University is a Key Place Where Things Like Whiteness is Reproduced, Our 1ac Disrupts this Vision Which is a Prerequisite to Challenging Whiteness

Spanos ’93

Heiddeger and Criticism, Pp. 223-225, JT (Yes, JT Cut a Spanos Card!)

Heidegger Failed to Adhere to … Of An Apparatus Of Truth.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase technical assistance for democratic reconciliation reforms between the Syrian government and opposition groups.

Adv 1 US Russian Relations 1ac

Refusal for engagement with dialogue is straining US / RUSSIA relations

Daily Star 2.9 (Read more: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Feb-09/162718-us-rejects-russias-call-for-syria-dialogue.ashx#ixzz1mlbK90Md 
 The Daily Star :: Lebanon News :: http://www.dailystar.com.lb)

The Daily Star :: Lebanon News :: … how such a mission should work.

Supporting reconciliation is key

Anishchuk 2/8 (“Results of Syria talks must not be set in advance: Russia”, Chicago Tribune, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-syria-russiatre8171gu-20120208,0,3927540.story, Alexei)

The outcome of any talks … for him to cede power.

Visible success spills over – solves alt causes – accommodation enough to provide relations momentum.

Graham ‘9

Thomas Graham served as special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia on the National Security Council staff, 2004–07Resurgent Russia and U.S. Purposes http://tcf.org/events/pdfs/ev257/Graham.pdf

Nothing in Russia’s understanding of … in a search for common ground.

That checks multiple scenarios for extinction.

Graham ‘9

(Thomas Graham served as special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia on the National Security Council staff, 2004–07Resurgent Russia and U.S. Purposes http://tcf.org/events/pdfs/ev257/Graham.pdf)

The challenges facing the United … efficiently, and managing climate change.

Super Terrorism causes extinction

Alexander 3

(Yonah Alexander, Prof and Director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 2003 (August 27, Terrorism Myths and Realities, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/aug/27/20030827-084256-8999r/?page=all)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings … , regional and global security concerns.

Disease spread causes extinction

Singer, 01(Clifford E. Singer, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Professor of nuclear engineering @ University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, "Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?," The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Volume XIII / Number 1 / Spring 2001 pg.  http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu /research/S&Ps/2001-Sp/S&P _XIII/Singer.htm)

There are, however, two technologies … and if this is achieved.

Warming causes extinction

Deibel 7 – Terry L. Deibel, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft, p. 387-389

Finally, there is one major … of life on this planet.

Prolif causes extinction

/\*Victor Utgoff, Deputy Director … hazardous manufacturing and storage activities.

Adv 2 - Russia China Alliance

4

US refusal to encourage dialogue will cause A STRONGER Russia China Alliance

Ching 2/17 (Frank, China may have to pay a price for being more assertive, 2012, http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/sub/views/story/0,4574,478190,00.html 

BEIJING'S veto, along with that … a fig leaf to hide behind.

Several Scenarios for World War

FIRST – draw in

US refusal to engage in dialogue will cause a new cold war between Russia and china and strengthen a US Russia China axis

Khindaria 2/24

(Brij, http://themoderatevoice.com/139525/specter-of-cold-war-between-the-west-and-russia-china/ “Specter of Cold Wwar between the West and Russia-China”)

A specter of Cold War … and a Russia/China/Iran axis.

Instability inevitable in Syria – it is only a question of how we deal with it - Failure to try to engage Assad through diplomacy causes a proxy war in Syria that escalates to global nuclear war between Russia US and China

Bello 2/26

(2/26/2011, Judith Bello is a graduate of Drew University, she has been a member of the non-violent anti-war movement for over 40 years, she  “The Syrian Cauldren: Gateway to Global War”, http://www.easycartsecure.com/CounterPunch/CounterPunch_Books.html)

I’ve long thought that the … bone of the Syrian people.

Second Space Wars -

Russia and China are cooperating on aeronautics ventures now

Karnozov 2/14 (http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/singapore-air-show/2012-02-14/putin-presses-sino-russian-widebody-alliance, Vladimir, Putin Presses for Sino-Russian Widebody Alliance)

Speaking to the Chinese media … to carry 128,000 pounds of cargo.

China’s Space Program is at a crossroads, not sure if aligning with Russia or seeking cooperation – they have tons of money are increasing militarization now – can be reversed – key to getting off the rock

Teitel 9/29 (http://motherboard.vice.com/2011/9/29/a-new-space-race-what-china-s-tiangong-1-launch-means-for-nasa, 2011, Amy, A New Space Race? What China's Tiangong 1 Launch Means for NASA)

China has launched Tiangong 1, a prototype … Space Program undertake a joint mission.

Status quo arms race perpetuates ensures miscalculation through reactionary policies

MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, ‘8

(“China, space weapons, and U.S. security” By Bruce W. MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, 2008, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=o0GkabrNftIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=china+space&ots=OTkniE7uA-&sig=wC4ye20QpZY-ECCnrpPTf-Tr9yY#v=onepage&q&f=false, p. 3, 6.30.10, SWolff)

In a number of fora and … neither went down this path.

***Animosity with Russia and China in space makes a space war inevitable

MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, ‘8

(“China, space weapons, and U.S. security” By Bruce W. MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, 2008, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=o0GkabrNftIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=china+space&ots=OTkniE7uA-&sig=wC4ye20QpZY-ECCnrpPTf-Tr9yY#v=onepage&q&f=false, p. 3, 6.30.10, SWolff)

While China represents the most … that U.S. military space assets provide.

Only joint cooperation by the US / CHINA / and RUSSIA  in Syria can prevent solar storms and asteroids from causing extinction

Denniston 11/25 (2011, As World War Threatens, Russia Proposes 'SDE', Nicholas, EXECUTIVE INTELLIGENCE REVIEW)

During the … Bering Strait rail tunnel connection

Third  – NATO

Russia US cooperation that involves China is critical to prevent a hardening alliance that collapses Russia Nato Cooperation and decreases dependence on the dollar

Zevelev 10/10 (Igor, The China factor in Russian-American relations,2011, http://valdaiclub.com/asia/32800.html, Director of the Russian Office at the John D. and Catherine T.  MacArthur Foundation.)

The increased global competition between … more leverage in world finances.

That solves your disads – integrating Russia into NATO allows for NATO to stop global conflict escalation and proliferation

ORENSTEIN 2 (Mitchell, Editor of Russia Watch Special Edition, Russia Watch, April)

Events since September 11 show clearly … greater than many have imagined.

Exclusion from NATO causes Arctic conflicts

Lisken, Alexander, Staff Writer for Ria Novosti, A Leading Russian News Source, 09

(“ U.S. analyst says NATO-Russia Council ideal for Arctic talks”, http://en.rian.ru/world/20090527/155103313.html)

MOSCOW, May 27 (RIA Novosti) - A leading U.S. … a nuclear test by North Korea.

Left unchecked, these disputes lead to a US-Russia war

Zellen, 07- Barry, Security Innovator, “The Polar Show Down: As the Arctic's ice begins to melt, a new race for its undersea resources begins” August 23, 2007 http://securityinnovator.com/index.php?articleID=12387&sectionID=43

In response to Russia’s aggressive … depleted over the next 20 years.”

Poor Russian NATO relations cause instability in Europe

Commission on U.S. Policy toward Russia 09

a joint project of The Nixon Center and the Belfer Center for Science and

International Affairs at Harvard University; “The Right Direction for U.S. Policy toward Russia” March, 2009; http://www.nixoncenter.org/RussiaReport09.pdf

The potential collapse of the … Union to make specific proposals.

European instability causes nuclear war

Khalilzad 95

Zalmay RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995, p. Lexis

With the shifting balance of … more catastrophic than the last.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase technical assistance for democratic reconciliation reforms between the Syrian government and opposition groups.

Adv 1 US Russian Relations 1ac

Refusal for engagement with dialogue is straining US / RUSSIA relations

Daily Star 2.9 (Read more: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Feb-09/162718-us-rejects-russias-call-for-syria-dialogue.ashx#ixzz1mlbK90Md 
 The Daily Star :: Lebanon News :: http://www.dailystar.com.lb)

The Daily Star :: Lebanon News :: … how such a mission should work.

Supporting reconciliation is key

Anishchuk 2/8 (“Results of Syria talks must not be set in advance: Russia”, Chicago Tribune, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-syria-russiatre8171gu-20120208,0,3927540.story, Alexei)

The outcome of any talks … for him to cede power.

Visible success spills over – solves alt causes – accommodation enough to provide relations momentum.

Graham ‘9

Thomas Graham served as special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia on the National Security Council staff, 2004–07Resurgent Russia and U.S. Purposes http://tcf.org/events/pdfs/ev257/Graham.pdf

Nothing in Russia’s understanding of … in a search for common ground.

That checks multiple scenarios for extinction.

Graham ‘9

(Thomas Graham served as special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia on the National Security Council staff, 2004–07Resurgent Russia and U.S. Purposes http://tcf.org/events/pdfs/ev257/Graham.pdf)

The challenges facing the United … efficiently, and managing climate change.

Super Terrorism causes extinction

Alexander 3

(Yonah Alexander, Prof and Director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 2003 (August 27, Terrorism Myths and Realities, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/aug/27/20030827-084256-8999r/?page=all)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings … , regional and global security concerns.

Disease spread causes extinction

Singer, 01(Clifford E. Singer, Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, Professor of nuclear engineering @ University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign, "Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?," The Bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Volume XIII / Number 1 / Spring 2001 pg.  http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu /research/S&Ps/2001-Sp/S&P _XIII/Singer.htm)

There are, however, two technologies … and if this is achieved.

Warming causes extinction

Deibel 7 – Terry L. Deibel, Professor of National Strategy at the National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft, p. 387-389

Finally, there is one major … of life on this planet.

Prolif causes extinction

/\*Victor Utgoff, Deputy Director … hazardous manufacturing and storage activities.

Adv 2 - Russia China Alliance

4

US refusal to encourage dialogue will cause A STRONGER Russia China Alliance

Ching 2/17 (Frank, China may have to pay a price for being more assertive, 2012, http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/sub/views/story/0,4574,478190,00.html 

BEIJING'S veto, along with that … a fig leaf to hide behind.

Several Scenarios for World War

FIRST – draw in

US refusal to engage in dialogue will cause a new cold war between Russia and china and strengthen a US Russia China axis

Khindaria 2/24

(Brij, http://themoderatevoice.com/139525/specter-of-cold-war-between-the-west-and-russia-china/ “Specter of Cold Wwar between the West and Russia-China”)

A specter of Cold War … and a Russia/China/Iran axis.

Instability inevitable in Syria – it is only a question of how we deal with it - Failure to try to engage Assad through diplomacy causes a proxy war in Syria that escalates to global nuclear war between Russia US and China

Bello 2/26

(2/26/2011, Judith Bello is a graduate of Drew University, she has been a member of the non-violent anti-war movement for over 40 years, she  “The Syrian Cauldren: Gateway to Global War”, http://www.easycartsecure.com/CounterPunch/CounterPunch_Books.html)

I’ve long thought that the … bone of the Syrian people.

Second Space Wars -

Russia and China are cooperating on aeronautics ventures now

Karnozov 2/14 (http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/singapore-air-show/2012-02-14/putin-presses-sino-russian-widebody-alliance, Vladimir, Putin Presses for Sino-Russian Widebody Alliance)

Speaking to the Chinese media … to carry 128,000 pounds of cargo.

China’s Space Program is at a crossroads, not sure if aligning with Russia or seeking cooperation – they have tons of money are increasing militarization now – can be reversed – key to getting off the rock

Teitel 9/29 (http://motherboard.vice.com/2011/9/29/a-new-space-race-what-china-s-tiangong-1-launch-means-for-nasa, 2011, Amy, A New Space Race? What China's Tiangong 1 Launch Means for NASA)

China has launched Tiangong 1, a prototype … Space Program undertake a joint mission.

Status quo arms race perpetuates ensures miscalculation through reactionary policies

MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, ‘8

(“China, space weapons, and U.S. security” By Bruce W. MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, 2008, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=o0GkabrNftIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=china+space&ots=OTkniE7uA-&sig=wC4ye20QpZY-ECCnrpPTf-Tr9yY#v=onepage&q&f=false, p. 3, 6.30.10, SWolff)

In a number of fora and … neither went down this path.

***Animosity with Russia and China in space makes a space war inevitable

MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, ‘8

(“China, space weapons, and U.S. security” By Bruce W. MacDonald, Council on Foreign Relations, 2008, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=o0GkabrNftIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=china+space&ots=OTkniE7uA-&sig=wC4ye20QpZY-ECCnrpPTf-Tr9yY#v=onepage&q&f=false, p. 3, 6.30.10, SWolff)

While China represents the most … that U.S. military space assets provide.

Only joint cooperation by the US / CHINA / and RUSSIA  in Syria can prevent solar storms and asteroids from causing extinction

Denniston 11/25 (2011, As World War Threatens, Russia Proposes 'SDE', Nicholas, EXECUTIVE INTELLIGENCE REVIEW)

During the … Bering Strait rail tunnel connection

Third  – NATO

Russia US cooperation that involves China is critical to prevent a hardening alliance that collapses Russia Nato Cooperation and decreases dependence on the dollar

Zevelev 10/10 (Igor, The China factor in Russian-American relations,2011, http://valdaiclub.com/asia/32800.html, Director of the Russian Office at the John D. and Catherine T.  MacArthur Foundation.)

The increased global competition between … more leverage in world finances.

That solves your disads – integrating Russia into NATO allows for NATO to stop global conflict escalation and proliferation

ORENSTEIN 2 (Mitchell, Editor of Russia Watch Special Edition, Russia Watch, April)

Events since September 11 show clearly … greater than many have imagined.

Exclusion from NATO causes Arctic conflicts

Lisken, Alexander, Staff Writer for Ria Novosti, A Leading Russian News Source, 09

(“ U.S. analyst says NATO-Russia Council ideal for Arctic talks”, http://en.rian.ru/world/20090527/155103313.html)

MOSCOW, May 27 (RIA Novosti) - A leading U.S. … a nuclear test by North Korea.

Left unchecked, these disputes lead to a US-Russia war

Zellen, 07- Barry, Security Innovator, “The Polar Show Down: As the Arctic's ice begins to melt, a new race for its undersea resources begins” August 23, 2007 http://securityinnovator.com/index.php?articleID=12387&sectionID=43

In response to Russia’s aggressive … depleted over the next 20 years.”

Poor Russian NATO relations cause instability in Europe

Commission on U.S. Policy toward Russia 09

a joint project of The Nixon Center and the Belfer Center for Science and

International Affairs at Harvard University; “The Right Direction for U.S. Policy toward Russia” March, 2009; http://www.nixoncenter.org/RussiaReport09.pdf

The potential collapse of the … Union to make specific proposals.

European instability causes nuclear war

Khalilzad 95

Zalmay RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995, p. Lexis

With the shifting balance of … more catastrophic than the last.

Underview

There’s always a value to life – it’s that which we create

Augustine 2k       

Keith, “Death and the Meaning of Life” http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/features/2000/augustine1.html

These considerations show that we … and thus would be irrelevant.

Life is a prerequisite to value

Piper 79

John, Pastor, June 1, 1979 (“the Ethics of Ayn Rand,”) http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Articles/ByDate/1979/1486_the_ethics_of_ayn_rand/

Rand argued that “life is … makes his very devaluation possible.

Saving lives is the ultimate moral act – the right to life is the highest value to uphold in extreme situations based upon a consequentialist loose util

Kateb 1992
 George, professor of politics @ Princeton University.  "The Inner Ocean:  Individualism and Democratic Culture."

What does a theory of rights … attempt to end the threat.)

The possibility of extinction requires the assessment of risks despite probability

Yudkowsky 8

(Full-time Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Cofounder Eliezer, January 22^nd 2008, “Circular Altruism”)JFS

Overly detailed reassurances can also … awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.

Calculations are inevitable – wholesale abandonment allows atrocities

Reynolds 6                                                                                                                                                                      

“Negotiating the Non-negotiable: Rawls, Derrida, and the intertwining of Political Calculation and ‘Ultra politics’” Theory * Event – Volume 9 Issue 3, 2006

Derrida continually insists that these … , but some important questions remain.