OBSVERATION 1.) BACKGROUND
A.) Female Genital Mutilation-reduction programs have been identified as democracy assistance for years; but are piecemeal and inadequately funded.
Blatchfield, [et al] July 26, 2011 [Luisa, International Relations Specialist, Congressional Research Service, International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues; Rhoda Magesson, Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy, CRS, Tiaji Salaam-Blyther; Specialist in Global Health, Nina M. Serafino Specialist in International Security Affairs; AILA InfoNet Doc. No. 11081666. (Posted 08/16/11)]
U.S. policymakers have ...to combat violence against women
B.) Egypt has the highest rate of FGM in the world.
Lucy Emmerson, July 27, 2011 [Promise of Arab Spring Failing to Deliver for Middle-Eastern Women; http://mideastposts.com/2011/07/27/promise-of-arab-spring-failing-to-deliver-for-middle-eastern-women/]
In Egypt, a general ...still be widely practiced
Plan: the United States federal government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Egypt by increasing its positive deviance approach for female genital mutilation and cutting abandonment pilot programs to long-term and full-scale implementation.
OBSERVATION 2.) SOLVENCY
A.) USAID already has a pilot program in 24 communities in Egypt for FGM reduction and its proven to work.
McCloud and Aly, 2003 [Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]
Since 1998, CEPDA ... first three phases.
Positive Deviance works. We have the empirical evidence from the pilot studies of 24 villages in Egypt.
McCloud and Aly, 2003 [Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]
Over 73 percent of ...perceptions of the practice.
POSITIVE DEVIANCE PROGRAMS OPEN UP SPACES FOR OUTLIERS IN THE POLITICAL REALM.
Boston Globe, 2009 [“The
power of positive deviants A promising new tactic for changing communities from the inside”]
This initiative is an ...deviance is a powerful concept.
US STILL THE KEY PLAYER IN HR AND IS MODELED
Ignatief, Harvard’02, [Michael, Professor, Kennedy School] Is the Human Rights Era Ending?, February 5, http://www.alanalexandroff.com/ignatieffhr.pdf
Of course, just ...stopping human rights abuses.
OBSERVATION 3.) PATRIARCHY
FIRST, Absent eradication, Three Million female children per year will suffer massive rights violations.
World Health Organization, 2008 [Eliminating Female genital mutilation
An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO; ISBN 978 92 4 159644 2 (NLM classification: WP 660)]
The term ‘female genital...procedure results in death.
SECOND, FGC IS DEHUMANIZATION – CHILDREN ARE PUT THROUGH TERRIBLE PROCEDURE THAT KILLS THE GIRLS AND THE CHILDREN THEY WILL DELIVER
Hosken 89 (Fran, editor of Women’s International Network—coined the term “female genital mutilation,” March, http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/hosken.html)
Female genital mutilation...educational programs have not been tried.
THIRD, Traditional understanding of warfare as great power conflict of nations over territory contributes to the invisibility of an ongoing systemic war against women—Ray 1997
Amy E. Ray, Law Clerk at U.S. Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit and JD at Florida State, “The Shame of It: Gender-Based Terrorism in the Former Yugoslavia and the Failure of International Human Rights Law to Comprehend the Injuries,” Pg. 46, Am. U.L. Rev. 793, February 1997]
The international community must ...."in the by-ways of daily life."
Patriarchy promotes rape, domestic violence, environmental destruction, warism, nuclear proliferation, and will culminate in extinction.
Warren and Cady, 94 (Karen and Duane, Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections, Hypatia, Vol. 9, No. 2, Spring, p4-20)
Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy .....impossible. It is a stark message, but it is plausible. Its plausibility lies in understanding the conceptual roots of various women-nature-peace connections in regional, national and global contexts.
FOURTH, Discourse of national security threats are socially constructed and reliant on a masculine understanding of the world that makes a self-perpetuating cycle of global violence inevitable—Peterson and Runyan 1999 [V. Spike Peterson, Professor of Political Science at University of Arizona, Anne Runyan, Professor of Women’s Studies at Wright State University, “Global Gender Issues,” 2nd Edition, Pg. 56-57]
A willingness to engage...these self-destructive cycles.
OBSERVATION FOUR, NOTHING ELSE MATTERS
FIRST, Structural violence like inequality and patriarchy produce vast physical and psychological effects. These conditions justify war, authoritarian rule, and a nuclear holocaust
Betty A. Reardon, Director of the Peace Education Program at Teacher's College Columbia University, 1993, Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, p. 30-2
In an article entitled "Naming the Cultural Forces That Push Us toward War" (1983),
This dehumanization outweighs every other impact—Berube 1997 [David Berube, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side,” NanoTechnology Magazine, July 1997, p. 1-6]
And, every rejection of exclusion and action on female oppression counts—Spender 1981 [Dale Spender, Feminist Scholar and Author, Professor and Consultant from Australia, “Man Made Language,” Pg. 74-75, 1981]
The judge should make an ethical decision about violence against women – this requires setting aside issues of political expediency. Concerns with political will or scarce resources makes possible violence against women—
Enloe 2004 [Cynthia Enloe, Professor of IR, University of California Berkeley, “The Curious Feminist,” p. 74]
