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A. Interpretation – Democracy assistance must be a quid pro quo – distinctive American approach

Thomas Carothers is vice-president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is the author or editor of many books on democracy promotion, January 2009. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?” JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY, Volume 20, Number 1

Identifying the essential elements .......approach is dominant is difficult.

C. Standards

1. MECHANISM-based limit is real-world – productive starting point for clash

David L. Phillips is a project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy and currently a visiting scholar at Columbia University’s Center for the Study of Human Rights. He has worked as a senior adviser to the U.S. Department of State and the United Nations Secretariat and Lincoln A. Mitchell is the Arnold A. Saltzman assistant professor in the Practice of International Politics at Columbia University’s School of International and Political Affairs. Dr. Mitchell is also a practitioner of democracy Assistance, 2008. “Enhancing Democracy Assistance,” AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY INSTERESTS, 30: 156-175

A toolbox of approaches a........ democracy assistance techniques.

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3/ Foreign assistance is issued on a quid pro quo basis to governments

Brainard 7[Lael Brainard Brookings, Global Economy and Development Program director, 2007. A Unified Framework for U.S. Foreign Assistance http://www3.brookings.edu/press/books/chapter_1/securitybyothermeans.pdf

Establishing a coherent conceptual framework requires … feckless country such as Russia.

Quid pro quo is the most common and predictable format of democracy assistance

Richard Lappin, as badgered by William ‘flash in the pan’ Mosley-Jensen, posted September 12, 2011. “Defining Democracy Assistance,” http://www.georgiadebate.org/2011/09/defining-democracy-assistance

Although many would wish that … the advance of democracy everywhere.'

=== The 1AC is a paradigmatic example of humanist cultural criticism – this perpetuates speciesism and dooms them to failure === (% class="MsoBodyText2" %) Deckha 6 – Maneesha, UC Hastings College of the Law (% class="MsoBodyText3" %) http:~/~/www.animallaw.info/articles/arus17hstwlj1.htm (% class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent2" %) (% class="Underline" %)Cultural critics have painstakingly demonstrated(%%) the (% class="Underline" %)social c.......(%%) a property status of (% class="Underline" %)non-human animals(%%). === This strategy is not innocent – rather, it reflects a specific form of affected ignorance, which is culpable in sustaining and promoting speciesism === (% class="MsoBodyText2" %) Williams 8 – Nancy, Philosopher at Wofford College (% class="MsoBodyText3" %) [“Affected Ignorance and Animal Suffering” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (2008) 21:371-384] (% class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent2" %) (% class="Underline" %)Affected ignorance, the phenomenon of ......... form of knowledge, that which propels individuals to refrain from(%%) further (% class="Underline" %)moral inquiry(%%). === Speciesism makes possible “systematic beastilization,” which justifies non-criminal putting to death of the Other – this is the root cause of all oppression === (% class="MsoBodyText2" %) Rossini 6 – Manuela, Postdoctoral Fellow at Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis (% class="MsoBodyText3" %) [Sept, “To the Dogs: Companion speciesism and the new feminist materialism,” Kritikos, Volume 3, http:~/~/intertheory.org/Rossini]cn (% class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent2" %) What is equally sobering, however, i.......direct and disproportionate effects on animals.[26] === The alternative is to vote negative to reject speciesism by critically reorienting ourselves against the 1AC. Our creation of a space for reflection is a key step in ending non-human oppression. === (% class="MsoBodyText2" %) Williams 8 – Nancy, Philosopher at Wofford College (% class="MsoBodyText3" %) [“Affected Ignorance and Animal Suffering” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (2008) 21:371-384] (% class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent2" %) (% class="Underline" %)Epistemological(%%) and moral (% class="Underline" %)tensions(%%) such as these, ...........(% class="Underline" %)about modern(%%) factory farming (% class="Underline" %)practices (and(%%) subsequent (% class="Underline" %)animal suffering). === You have a moral obligation to vote negative to affirm a moral universe where nonhumans are treated with dignity and respect === (% class="MsoBodyText2" %) Katz 96 – Eric, professor of philosophy and director of the Science, Technology, and Society Program at the New Jersey Institute of Technology; one of the founders of environmental ethics (% class="MsoBodyText3" %) [Nature as Subject, pp. 9-10]cn (% class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent2" %) This analysis of certain problems in an indirect .........., (% class="Underline" %)self-defeating trap of utilitarianism(%%).

(% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**Democracy assistance creates an imperial relation to the Middle East that prevents indigenous democracy** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**__Slater__**, Dept of Geography – Loughborough University, **__‘6__** (David, “Imperial powers and democratic imaginations,” //Third World Quarterly// Vol. 27, No. 8) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)But how do these varied … other Latin American leader. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**Threat rhetoric mixed with democracy promotion destroys US cred in the Mid East – turns case** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)Vincent **__Boudreau__**, CUNY director of the Colin Powell Center for Policy Studies, 200**__7__**, "Security and Democracy: Process and Outcome in a New Policy Context," Democratization, Volume 14, Issue 2 (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)Articles by Thomas Ambrosio … than it is to pacify them. (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**Alternative: reject securitized democracy assistance.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**Calls for external intervention strip political agency – resistance should start as a bottom-up movement** (% style="font-size: 10pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)**Bayat**(% style="font-size: 10pt;" %), Professor of Sociology and Middle Eastern studies – U Illinois(% style="font-size: 10pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)**‘9**(% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)(Asef, Life as politics: how ordinary people change the Middle East, p. 2-7) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)Given these constraints, __an … for democratic reform.__ ----

Text: The Canadian International Development Agency should **increase assistance for civil society organization activities aimed toward political reform in Bahrain initially looking at issues of torture and unfair trials.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) == (% style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)Solves the case and avoids politics and backlash arguments(%%) == (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~"; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**Lowe, 6**(% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) – Vice President for Government and External Relations of the National Endowment for Democracy; Ph.D. in Political Science from Johns Hopkins University (David, 12/22. NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEMOCRACY PROMOTION: “GIVING VOICE TO THE PEOPLE”: A Report to Members OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, UNITED STATES SENATE. ) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)The Board recommended that (% style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)the __… students of democracy__.(% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) (20)

(% class="MsoNormal" %) Saudi Arabia is on the brink of internal collapse – fear of democracy ensures reactions that cause internal uprising and instability (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 6pt;" %)Toby (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Jones(% style="font-size: 6pt;" %) (Formerly the Gulf Analyst with the International Crisis Group, he is assistant professor of Middle East history at Rutgers University) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)August 24(% style="font-size: 6pt;" %), 2011 "Saudi Arabia's Regional Reaction” http:~/~/www.thenation.com/article/162962/saudi-arabias-regional-reaction (% class="Underline" %)The Arab Spring is …(% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; border: medium none;" %)** them**(% class="Underline" %) considerably (% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; border: medium none;" %)**worse** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Plan destroys Saudi relations – causes US-Saudi-Iran war (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)Vali (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" %)Nasr(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, former Senior Fellow with The Dubai Initiative, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University) May 23, (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" %)2011(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) “Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?” (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)In his speech last …(% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; border: medium none;" %)**middle of the conflict.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) This goes nuclear Herbert (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" %)London(%%) (President Emeritus of Hudson Institute and Professor Emeritus of New York University) June (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" %)2010(%%) “The Coming Crisis in the Middle East “ http:~/~/www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=7101&pubType=HI_Opeds (% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; border: medium none;" %)**The**(% class="Underline" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %) gathering (% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="font-size: 12pt; border: medium none;" %)**storm … a nuclear exchange**(% style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %). ---- 2NC (% class="MsoNormal" %) This goes nuclear Herbert (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)__London__(%%) Saudi Arabia on … (% style="color: black;" %)**__downfall of that straw empire.”__** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" %)Link UQ - Bahrain under the influence of Saudis now (% class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;" %) (% class="cite" %)The Times London, 2011(%%) ("Bahrain must not be allowed to crush its way back to respectability", LEXIS, SRM) (% class="underline0" %)Bahrain(%%) is the home of … (% class="underline0" %)spreading influence of Shia Iran. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" %)No one trusts anyone (% class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;" %) (% class="cite" %)Bhalla, July 2011(%%) (Reva, journalist for STRATFOR; Geopolitical Weekly: "The U.S.-Saudi Dilemma: Iran's Reshaping of Persian Gulf Politics", http:~/~/www.rightsidenews.com/2011071914093/world/geopolitics/the-us-saudi-dilemma-irans-reshaping-of-persian-gulf-politics.html; SRM) (% class="underline0" %)The threat of a double-cross … feels the need to maintain. (% style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: baseline;" %) Best studies show that even a small scale nuclear war would lead to nuclear winter, cause massive climate change, and result in extinction (% style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: baseline;" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)**Robock**, professor of climatology at Rutgers University,** ‘09** (Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers and associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction, "Nuclear winter," The Encyclopedia of Earth, 1-6-09, http:~/~/www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter, accessed 9-9-11, mtf) (% style="font-size: 10pt;" %)There are several wrong impressions … used and are not needed. (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;" %) A. Spin - Saudi Arabia will spin the plan as supporting Iranian influence (% style="text-indent: 0.25in;" %) Ishaan (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Tharoor(%%) (writer for TIME magazine) May 17, (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)2011(%%) “The Saudi-Iranian Cold War: Is This the Future of the Middle East?” http:~/~/globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/05/17/the-saudi-iranian-cold-war-is-this-the-future-of-the-middle-east/ We're in territory here that's … upheaval to its own ends. (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;" %) B. Family loyalty – ensures even if their perception is incorrect they will stick to their guns (% style="text-indent: 0.25in;" %) Bernard (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Haykel(%%) (professor of Near Eastern studies, Princeton University) (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)and(%%) Toby (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Jones(%%) (professor of Middle East history, Rutgers University) June 7, (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)2011(%%) “How The Arab Spring Affects Saudi Society” http:~/~/www.npr.org/2011/06/07/137036450/how-the-arab-spring-affects-saudi-society Well, I think there was a moment, … (% class="Underline" %), (% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="border: medium none;" %)**being correct on a given issue.** (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;" %) C. History – revolutions of the 50s and 60s frame their reaction (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;" %) Bernard (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)Haykel(%%) (Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University) August 16, (% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" %)2011(%%) “Saudis ‘leading counter-revolution’ against Arab Spring” http:~/~/www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/08/saudis-leading-counter-revolution-against-arab-spring/ (% class="HighlightedUnderline" style="border: medium none;" %)**Saudi Arabia is widely perceived … **(%%)unaccountable, corrupt, and brutal governments. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %)

(% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)2/ No evidence that Iranians are behind the protests (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)**Al-Tamimi June 19**, **2011** Aymenn Jawad, intern for the Middle East Forum, student at Brasenose College, Oxford University “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?” MM (% class="tag" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)However, the government …(% class="underline" %) plot behind the protests. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline" style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)3/(% class="underline" style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~"; font-weight: normal;" %) (% style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)Iran has already threatened to attack Fifth Fleet if they continue to interfere in Arab Spring (% class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)Press TV 11 (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)(Iranian news agency, 3/28, “Iran urges US to withdraw warships”, http:~/~/www.presstv.ir/detail/167510.html, SRM) (% class="tag" %) (% class="underline" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;" %)A senior Iranian commander …(% class="underline" style="font-size: 12pt;" %) this fact," (% class="underline" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;" %)the general noted(% class="underline" style="font-size: 12pt;" %). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)4/ Fifth Fleet presence will encourage attack from Iran on fleet, leading to full-scale US-Iran war (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)Salla 07 (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)PhD in Government from the University of Queensland, internationally recognized scholar in international politics, conflict resolution, US foreign policy, and exopolitics, held academic appointment in the School of International Service & the Center for Global Peace, ** **Michael, http:~/~/americasherojourney.com/Article-New-Pearl-Harbour.htm, SRM) (% class="underline" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)The Bush administation …(% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) Persian Gulf to the Arabian sea