1

1AC

Plan
The United States federal government should increase its democracy assistance by substantially expanding the International Military Education and Training budget for Egypt.

Contention 1: The Squo
Egyption IMET Budget will be cut soon
Sharp, 11 (Jeremy, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, “Egypt in Transition.”)
The Administration has ... reduction in net assistance. 

Expansion of IMET budget is necessary
Korski 11 (Daniel, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, 7/8, “Without Military Reform, Egypt Can't Democratize” http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2011/07/08/without_military_reform_egypt_cant_democratize_99584.html)gw
The creation of this Military I...reshape the military to address these. 

The plan’s financial certainty solves
Bruneau, Et al, 8 (“IMET Assesment,” Defense Security Cooperation Agency, PDF)
Increase the IMET budget to the $.... significant budget and resource problems. 

IMET leads to interoperability
Bruneau, Et al, 8 (“IMET Assesment,” Defense Security Cooperation Agency, PDF)
IMET improves interoperability. ... thus improving interoperability. 

The plan has a Pollination effect – solves widespread democracy
Bruneau, Et al, 8 (“IMET Assesment,” Defense Security Cooperation Agency, PDF)
IMET has a cross fertilization, ...e.g. Defense Resource Management Institute (DRMI). 

Only US can help shape the Egyptian military
Kitfield 11 (James, national security and foreign affairs correspondent for National Journal magazine, an independent and non-partisan newsweekly on politics and government published by Atlantic Media Company, “Ghosts of the ‘Arab Spring,”’National Journal Magazine, February 12, 2011, found on Academic Search Premier) MNC
"Arab regimes tend to politicize their .... in the high-stakes game in Egypt. 

Contention 2: Relations

Relations are deteriorating now – government and media
World Tribune, 8/15/11 (Egypt's new regime accuses U.S. of attempting to buy reforms Monday, August 15, 2011)
Egypt's new military regime ...e to be there for Egypt."

Relations are only getting worse due to NGO aid
Allam, 8/17/11 (Hannah, McClatchy Washington DC News Bureau, “New u.s. ambassador faces cooler relations in Egypt,” proquest)
"Ambassador Patterson told Field ... and the rise of militant groups. 

Contention 2: Relations

IMET crucial to US-Egypt relations
Roberts 11 (James, researcher for the Heritage Foundation, “Not All Foreign Aid is Created Equal,” Backgrounder, No 2523, March 1, 2011, pg 2.) KJS
The value of U.S. international security a....f international peacekeeping operations.

The plan salvages our relationship with Egypt
Moss, 11
Mon, 2011-02-28 18:08 | Foreign Policy | Lorianne Woodrow Moss BA in International Relations from the George Washington University and an MA in International Relations from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). http://americanactionforum.org/content/americas-role-during-arab-spring
Some of our strongest relationships in the r....IMET is one of the best investments we can make.

U.S. – Egyptian relations solve war with Israel
CFR 2 (Council on Foreign Relations, May, “Strengthening the U.S.-Egyptian Relationship” http://www.cfr.org/egypt/strengthening-us-egyptian-relationship-cfr-paper/p8666)gw
The U.S.-Egyptian relationship is r... the management of the Middle East.

An Egypt-Israeli war is likely – tensions are boiling now
Allam and Frenkel, 8/19/11 (Hannah, Sheera, McClatchy Washington DC News Burea, “Tensions boil after Egypt-Israel border clash,” Proquest)
CAIRO  Furious over a murky ...mostly controlled by Bedouin tribes. 

Egypt-Israeli conflict escalates to nuclear war
Eldar 3 (Dan Eldar, adjunct research fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, former senior analyst at the Israeli prime minister's office, “Egypt and Israel: A Reversible Peace,” The Middle East Quarterly, Fall 2003, pp. 57-65)
In addition, there is a risk that relations .... consequences for the entire region.
 

Relation’s key to solve terrorism
Hall and Wolf, 11 (Mimi and Richard, February, USA Today News, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/egypt-crisis-transition-weaken-us-anti-terror-efforts/story?id=12837899)
Egypt has long been "a good intelligence partner," ....That could mark a turning point."

Global terrorist motivations are growing – only a matter of time
Coker 5/3/11 (Margaret, Middle East Correspondent for the Wall Street Journal, “As Al Qaeda Adapts Its Tactics, Threat From Splinter Group Persists, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703703304576299041912668436.html), LC
Al Qaeda leader....the group's "continued menace."
 

Terrorism causes extinction – draws in Russia and China
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, ...the chances of nuclear restraint.

There will be retaliation that draws in great powers
Corsi ‘5  
(Jerome, PhD in political science from Harvard, excerpt from Atomic Iran, http://911review.org/Wget/worldnetdaily.com/NYC_hit_by_terrorist_nuke.html)
The combination of horror ...looked while the great nations focus on attacking one another.

Contention 3: Stability
Egyptian military unable to curb instability
Saleh and Millership, 11 (Yasmine and Peter, “Egypt’s military rulers hope swift transition will restore stability,” http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-02/16/content_12024836.htm)
CAIRO - Egypt's military rulers... to celebrate the revolution. 

Egyptian economy and government is unstable—military education solves
Henry and Springborg 11 (Clement professor of government and middle east studies at the University of Texas at Autstin, and Robert, professor of national security affairs at the naval post graduate school and program manager for the middle east at the Center for Civil-Military Relations, “A Tunisian Solution for Egypt’s Military, Foreign Affairs Online, February 21, 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67475/clement-m-henry-and-robert-springborg/a-tunisian-solution-for-egypts-military?page=show) KJS
But Egypt faces dire economic c....“Tunisia is the solution.” 

Contention 3: Stability
IMET intervention is key to stabilizing Egypt
Peters 11 (Anne Mariel, govt prof @ WU, Jan 31, “Protests in Egypt: the real reason for Obama’s two-handed game,” http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/content/view/print/359955)
On the other hand, t...its own borders. 

Food prices will only get worse – stability in Egypt is key
Marlow, 11 (Jen, February, “Egypt Uprising: Climate Change, Food Security, and Political Stability,” http://threedegreeswarmer.org/2011/02/egypt-uprising-climate-change-food-security-and-political-stability/)
While world food prices w....that the current food price surge may be just the beginning.” 

Egypt Stability key to solve suez canal take over
Khalifa, 7/17/11 (Rana, http://yallafinance.com/2011/07/17/the-effect-tension-in-suez-city-has-on-the-suez-canal/)
The ongoing events i....logistical level in the short-term. 

Egypt stability solves European economy
Hilliker, 11 (Joel, February, “Will the Muslim Brotherhood close the Suez Canal?” http://www.thetrumpet.com/print.php?q=7928.6537.0.0)
A particular concern is ....the Suez Canal remains very significant strategically. 

Collapse of the EU economy sky rockets global food prices
EIU ViewsWire, The Economic Intelligence Unit, 6/18/08, “EU Economy: Inflation Fears,” Proquest MH
The Economist Intelligence Unit .... mitigate the effects on incomes of rising prices. 

Food wars likely – rising prices are causing unrest – the brink is now
Malone, 8/24/11 (Barry, Reuters, “Study: High Food prices Driving Unrest,” http://crisisboom.com/2011/08/24/study-high-food-prices-driving-unrest/)
The waves of social unrest a...that it will soon breach a threshold.
 

Food shortages lead to nuclear war
William Calvin, theoretical neurophysiologist at the University of Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, Vol 281, No. 1, 1998, p. 47-64
The population-crash scenario...g from the North Atlantic.

Increased food prices cause Chinese econ collapse
Lester Brown, 1995, founded the Earth Policy Institute. 23 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet.
, “Who Will Feed China?” p. 133-4, Worldwatch Institute, KAPUSTINA
In the new era, p.... nation’s economic miracle to a premature end. 

The impact is global nuclear war
Epoch Times 5 [Aug 3, http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-3/30975.html]
Since the Party’s life is “above all else....and gamble with their lives.

CJohnFemale Genital Mutilation-reduction programs have been identified as democracy assistance for years; but are piecemeal and inadequately funded.

Blatchfield, [et al] July 26, 2011

[Luisa, International Relations Specialist, Congressional Research Service, International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues; Rhoda Magesson, Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy, CRS, Tiaji Salaam-Blyther; Specialist in Global Health, Nina M. Serafino Specialist in International Security Affairs; AILA InfoNet Doc. No. 11081666. (Posted 08/16/11)]

U.S. policymakers have ..........violence against women.

Egypt has the highest rate of FGM in the world.

 Lucy Emmerson, July 27, 2011

[Promise of Arab Spring Failing to Deliver for Middle-Eastern Women; http://mideastposts.com/2011/07/27/promise-of-arab-spring-failing-to-deliver-for-middle-eastern-women/]

In Egypt, a ......... be widely practiced.

Contention 2 Solvency

Positive Deviance works. We have the empirical evidence from the pilot studies of 24 villages in Egypt.

McCloud and Aly,  2003

 [Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]

Over 73 percent ........ perceptions of the practice.

USAID already has a pilot program in 24 communities in Egypt for FGM reduction and its proven to work.

McCloud and Aly,  2003

[Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]

Since 1998, CEPDA .......first three phases.

 Community based programs premised on human rights offer the best long term and large scale solvency. World Health Organization, 2008

[Eliminating Female genital mutilation

An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO WHO; ISBN 978 92 4 159644 2 (NLM classification: WP 660)]

Programmes that are ........ female genital mutilation.

 You will always prefer our empirical solvency. FGM programs have abolished FGM in 6,000 communities in other countries in Africa. Foryana, 2011.

[Copyright 2011 FOROYAA Newspaper. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media (allAfrica.com).February 14, 2011 Statements On International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM-C]

In Africa, communities ....... rights of girls.

The Egyptian Government is committed to eradicating FGM. State Department, 2001

[Egypt: Report on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC) Released by the Office of the Senior Coordinator for International Women's Issues]

The government remains ........age seven to twelve).

Just an investment of $28 million dollars per year for the next ten years can virtually eliminate FGM globally. Donors Working Group 2010

 [Platform for Action Towards the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) A matter of gender equality The Donors Working Group on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting April 2010]

On this basis, UNICEF has estimated........ improve programme effectiveness.

When community programs are implemented, FGM is rapidly abandoned. World Health Organization, 2008

 [Eliminating Female genital mutilation

An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO WHO; ISBN 978 92 4 159644 2 (NLM classification: WP 660)]

Decades of prevention ....... eliminated very rapidly.

Regardless of fiat, simply engaging in debates about FGM raises awareness of the issue and furthers the cause of abandonment. World Health Organization, 2008

[Eliminating Female genital mutilation: An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO WHO; ISBN 978 92 4 159644 2 (NLM classification: WP 660)]

As female genital ........ abandonment of the practice (WHO, 2000b; Population Reference Bureau, 2001, 2006; UNICEF, 2005b; UNFPA, 2007a).

All major religious leaders in Egypt oppose FGM. Even the Muslim Brotherhood supports abandonment. Women Living Under Muslim Laws, 2007

 [http://www.wluml.org/node/3472; “Egypt: Female genital mutilation persists in Egypt despite renewed opposition]

While the practice........ doesn't require it.

Even if we link to Cultural Imperialism, so what, we are the impact turn. Kristoff, May, 2011

 [New York Times; A Rite Of Torture For Girls, NICHOLAS D. KRISTOFF]

Is it cultural ....... to defer to.

Plan

United States federal government should substantially increase its positive deviance based female genital mutilation/cutting reduction efforts for Egypt.

Contention 3: Gender Inequality

FGM Is the root Cause of Gender inequality and Patriarchy in Egypt, More Education is needed to solve  

2002 New School for Social Research 2002 Gale, Cengage

http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Women,+sexuality,+and+social+change+in+the+Middle+East+and+the...-a094227140

Likewise, the Qur'an ......... inequality in the region. 

PATRIARCHY IS THE ROOT OF THE WAR SYSTEM, Unchecked Extinction is inevitable

Betty A. Reardon, Director of the Peace Education Program at Teacher’s College Columbia University, 1993, Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, p. 30-2 (PDNSS6401)

In an article entitled ......... in world politics.

Patriarchy is the root of all oppression –AND all violence

hooks, professor of English at City College,  2004 (bell, The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity and Love.  P 26-27)

Citizens in this........... people on the planet.

FGM predates the creation of the modern State, Capitalism, Islam, Christianity, and the United States federal government. We are one of the original pillars of patriarchy. Tebajjukira, 2009 [Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media (allAfrica.com) December 21, 2009 'By 2015         Female      Genital    Mutilation Will Be No More' [interview]Madinah Tebajjukira]

It is not clearly......., Sudan and northern DRC.

This dehumanization outweighs every other impact—Berube 1997 [David Berube, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side,” NanoTechnology Magazine, July 1997, p. 1-6]

While it may never.......... most powerful weapon.

We must break down gender inequalities. We as human beings have a moral obligation

Deborah Pryce, R-Congress, 12-15-05, Price Praises House Passage of Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization, http://www.house.gov/pryce/press%20releases/121705_VAWA.htm

"Violence against women ........ protect its victims." 

Contention 4: ILAW

FGM practices violates a child’s right to live under the Convention of the Rights of the Child

Kissaaky, Doctorate of Laws at Georgetown University and affiliated with Human rights and Peace Centre, 02

(The Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experiences, World University Service, London)

FGM also violates children's ......... violation of the Convention. [275]

International Law is inevitable but US is critical to its effectiveness

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, ’02

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, 2002, Rule of Power or Rule of Law? An Assessment of U.S. Policies and Actions Regarding Security-Related Treaties, May, http://www.ieer.org/reports/treaties/execsumm.pdf

The evolution of ...... opted out of compliance.

US needs to support International law to strengthen relations and sustain credibility – key to solve warming, AIDS, and future disease pandemics,

Bellinger 07

(John, the principal adviser on all domestic and international law matters to the Foreign Service. He is also the principal adviser on foreign relations to the President and the National Security Council, “The United States and international Law,” June 6,  http://www.state.gov/s/l/rls/86123.htm).

If your information .........r common future rests on them.

Effective international law solves every impact

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, ’02

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and the Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, 2002, Rule of Power or Rule of Law? An Assessment of U.S. Policies and Actions Regarding Security-Related Treaties, May, http://www.ieer.org/reports/treaties/execsumm.pdf

The evolution of international ........opted out of compliance.

AIDS will MUTATE AND GO AIRBORNE, RISKING EXTINCTION

Tom Kerns November 23, 1999 "AIDS and Apocalyptics for Questioning Millennium Madness."  Lecture from Introduction to Medical Ethics course.  http://www.bioethicscourse.info/aidsite/lec-millemad.html

"Whatever else AIDS ....... emergence of pneumonic plague."

Human rights responsibility key to prevent extinction

Copelan 99

(Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

Inattention to the international ......... and foreign policy.

Contention 3: No Disads

Democracy assistance to Egypt coming now but not enough to solve the aff

AP, 9/20 (11, Associated Press, http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/news/national/article_dc751da5-d846-5551-986f-2e510823edb6.html)

The world's major industrialized.........o French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe.  

Ignore short-term impact calc it’s based on a cognitive bias – long-term policy making as been empirically successful 

Burrows (director of the Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program at N.Y.U.) 9

(William, Using Space to Protect Earth, The Survival Imperative: Using Space to Protect Earth By Lifeboat Foundation Scientific Advisory Board member William E. Burrows, http://lifeboat.com/ex/using.space.to.protect.earth)

They are looming. ........pressing concerns than saving civilization.

THIRD, The judge should make an ethical decision about violence against women – this requires setting aside issues of political expediency -Patriarchy produces knowledge is such a way that you should question all of their truth claims – reliance on patriarchal structures silencing those on the margins of society

Enloe, Professor of Women’s Studies at Clark University, 2004 Cynthia, The Curious Feminist, page 4-7

Patriarchy - patriarchy is the structural............ women or drawing them into complicity.

Contention 2: Credibility

U.S. credibility in the Middle East is plummeting
 Zogby 11 (Dr. James J., Founder and President – Arab American Institute, “America in Trouble in the Middle East: Obama Understands, But GOP Gloats”, Huffington Post, 7-16, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-zogby/ameri ca-in-trouble-in-the_b_900649.html?ir=World)

Obama won’t follow through on pledged election assistance for Egypt. That devastates regional influence.
 Dorsey 11 (James A., Senior Research Fellow – Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore, “US Risks Missing Opportunity to Play Leading Role in Middle East Transition”, Al Arabiya News, 7-5, http://english.alarabiya .net/articles/2011/07/05/156264.html)

U.S. technical assistance secures credit and revives Arab relations
 Hamid 11 (Shadi, Director of Research – Brookings Doha Center and Fellow – Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “The Struggle for Middle East Democracy”, Ikhwan Web, 4-28, http://ikhwanmisr.net/article.php?id=28468&ref=search.php)

Tangible signals of U.S. support are critical - Egypt’s the test case
 Elshinnawi 10 (Mohamed, Foreign Affairs Writer – VOA, “Egypt Key to Proving Obama's Commitment to Middle East Democracy”, Voice of America News, 6-30, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/special-reports/american-life/Egypt-Key-to-Proving-Obamas-Commitment-to-Middle-East-Democracy.html)

The impact’s nuclear and biological war in every global hotspot
 Asali 9 (Ziad, President and Founder – American Task Force on Palestine, et al., “Changing Course: A New Direction for U.S. Relations with the Muslim World”, February, p. 9-16)

Egyptian aid boosts regional support necessary for reliable energy access
 HRF 11 (Human Rights First – Nonprofit, Nonpartisan International Human Rights Organization, “How to Seize the Moment in Egypt”, April,http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Egypt-Blueprint-Seize-the-Moment.pdf)

That prevents shocks that go global
 Cohen 5 (William, Cohen Group, Former U.S. Secretary of Defense, and Chair – CSIS Advisory Committee on U.S. Policy in the Arab World, et al., “From Conflict to Cooperation: Writing a New Chapter in U.S.-Arab Relations”, March,http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0503_conflictcooperation.pdf)

Extinction
 Riddoch 4 (Dr. Malcolm, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries – Edith Cowan University, Energy  Bulletin, 6-18,http://www.energybulletin.net/node/729)

Oil shocks cause an Asian War

Halloran, 8 (Richard, Strait Times Correspondent, “Energy outlook for Asia: The future is fraught,” http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2008/02/energy-outlook-for-asia-future-is.html)

Those Asian wars culminate in nuclear war. And draw in the US

Jonathan S. Landray, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, KNIGHT RIDER NEWS SERVICE, March 10, 2000, p. online.