KCKCC Bowers-Gillette Aff

Trafficking Aff

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Yemen by having the USAID provide financial support and technical assistance to the Higher Council for Motherhood and Childhood and associated non-governmental organizations to fully implement Yemen’s national strategy for addressing trafficking in persons.

Obs 1.)  Background

First, Yemen established a national plan of action to eliminate human trafficking

United States State Department 2010 [released 2011; http://www.philipbrennan.net/2011/02/14/cablegate-10sanaa295-yemen-tenth-annual-trafficking-in-persons-tip-report/]

According to Higher Council for Motherhood and Childhood (HCMC) General Secretary Dr. Nafisa H. al-Jaifi, the government acknowledges ………….

due to lack of funds.

Yemen is the primary source country of sex trafficking in the Middle East; hundreds of thousands are enslaved.

U.N. 2010. [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,,,4c1883b625,0.html]

Yemen is a …….forced labor in Yemen.

Obs 2.)  Solvency

First, Yemen should fully implement its Rule of law and civil society programs regarding human trafficking.

United Nations, 2010 [United Nations, 2010. [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,,,4c1883b625,0.html]

Recommendations for Yemen: …..National Plan of Action.

Second, USAID has the ability to provide law enforcement training and support of NGO’s to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers and to rehabilitate victims of trafficking in target countries.

United States Department of State, 2011 [http://www.state.gov/g/tip/response/usg/index.htm]

Agency for International Development (USAID): USAID ……to combat it.

THE US HAS A UNIQUE CHANCE TO BE A GLOBAL MODEL FOR ANTI-TRAFFICKING EFFORTS

Polaris Project 10’.  (“Goals and Strategies”, program to end human trafficking.  http://www.polarisproject.org/about-us/introduction/goals-and-strategy)

The United States offers …………..is increasingly possible.

Adv. 1.)  Trafficking of persons

TRAFFICKING FORCES THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE INTO SEX TOURISM AND FORCED LABOR, EFFORTS TO STOP TRAFFICKING ARE INADEQUATE NOW

Downs,  Ray.  August 26, 2011.  “Saudi Arabia Prevents Efforts to Fight Child Sex Trafficking, Wikileaks Says”.  Christian Science Monitor.  Online (http://www.christianpost.com/news/saudi-arabia-prevents-efforts-to-fight-child-sex-trafficking-wikileaks-says-54618)

Yemeni authorities are ……….its neighbor’s population. In 2009, Yemeni authorities had an embarrassing five thousand dollars earmarked to combat child trafficking.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING ALLOWS SEVERE FORMS OF DEHUMANIZATION

Rome, Aaron.  2011.  Made By Survivors LLC.  Online (http://www.madebysurvivors.com/AboutSlavery)

Slavery was outlawed in the ……………..and other diseases.

DEHUMANIZATION OUTWEIGHS ALL --  IT’S THE FIFTH HORSEMAN OF THE APOCALYPSE

Montagu and Matson 83 (Ashley and Floyd- Esteemed Scientist and Writer; and Professor of American Studies at University of Hawaii, The dehumanization of man, http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:hnDfqSFkJJwJ:www.cross-x.com/vb/archive/index.php/t-939595.html+montagu+matson+dehumanization&hl=en]

The contagion is ……course, is dehumanization.

Sex trafficking causes economic decline, geopolitical instability, disease spread, human rights violations, and international conflict

Bertone 1999

(Andrea Marie, Professor of Government and Politics at George Washington University, “Sexual Trafficking in Women: International Political Economy and the Politics of Sex”, Gender Issues, Vol #18, #1, EBSCOhost, LV)

What are …………..of women's bodies (Enloe, 1990a, p. 38; Pettman, 1996a, pp. 200-202).

TRAFFICKING GENERATES AN ONGOING SYSTEMIC DESTRUCTION OF THE LIVES OF MILLIONS

CLINE 07.  (Kathryn, Human Trafficking in the 21st Century: U.S. Response to Prevention & Treatment http://www.explorationsjournal.com/uploads/2007/KathyrnCline.pdf)

Effects of Human Trafficking  Health. ……………throughout their lives (Bales, Fletcher, & Stover,

2005).

ADV 2--Patriarchy

Yemen is the primary source country of sex trafficking in the Middle East; hundreds of thousands are enslaved.

U.N. 2010. [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,,,4c1883b625,0.html]

Yemen is a country ………forced labor in Yemen.

Yemen is the main transit hub for female sex trafficking and the exploitation of Somali refugees.

United Nations, 2010. [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,,,4c1883b625,0.html]

To a lesser extent, ………human smuggling crimes.

Prostitution is part of the construction of the man as a ‘protector’ of the ‘feminized nation’ which legitimizes masculinized modes of militarization in the name of ‘protection’—props up dominant male structures that allow women to be constantly abused

Enloe 93 – Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, Ph.D in Political Science from UC Berkeley (Cynthia Enloe, “The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War” p. 238-239, MT)

When they are ……..the goal of the war." 16 A European Community investigation team estimated that twenty thousand Muslim women were raped in Bosnia between April 1992 and January 1993. 17

Traditional understanding of warfare as great power conflict of nations over territory contributes to the invisibility of an ongoing systemic war against women

Ray 1997 Amy E. Ray, Law Clerk at U.S. Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit and JD at Florida State, “The Shame of It: Gender-Based Terrorism in the Former Yugoslavia and the Failure of International Human Rights Law to Comprehend the Injuries,” Pg. 46, Am. U.L. Rev. 793, February 1997]

The international community …………"in the by-ways of daily life."

Discourse of national security threats are socially constructed and reliant on a masculine understanding of the world that makes a self-perpetuating cycle of global violence inevitable—Peterson and Runyan 1999 [V. Spike Peterson, Professor of Political Science at University of Arizona, Anne Runyan, Professor of Women’s Studies at Wright State University, “Global Gender Issues,” 2^nd Edition, Pg. 56-57]

A willingness …….self-destructive cycles.

Adv 3.)  Slavery

Yemen is the main source of child slaves for the Middle East.

Ecpat International, 2010 [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ymqXsRCcS2oJ:www.ecpat.net/EI/Publications/Trafficking/Factsheet_Middle_East.pdf+Yemen+Sex+Trafficking&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgu7MVNhxh1TnhCjdwZKk_vKzUTsI9F3-WWHhd9aq BMq_PgumV4BtNEJpnGy4EVPMoWft8Q0Zmfl3VPXlN3qnXpXlHfuFXhsOl1p_z1lhBgi1Pwxb_9-kwZk48T4kPJlsmJBke&sig=AHIEtbTOmTa5e5jgur9UxAPAUUckyijmfQ]

Source countries in ….a good constitution."

Must reject slavery, even under a utilitarian framework.

R. M. Hare 1979 (“What is Wrong with Slavery,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 2, Winter 1979, pp. 103-121) Hare was Oxfords’ professor of ethics for 17 years, the creator of prescriptivism, and a former POW.

That, perhaps, will …………….I am a utilitarian.

Eco Aff

The United States federal government should substantially increase its EcoGov2 environmental governance for Egypt by providing all technical support necessary for full implementation.

Obs 1.)  Background

Policymakers are ignoring the ecological dimensions of the Arab Spring.

Ahmed, 2011 [Dr. Mushtaque Ahmed is the Director of the Center for Environmental Studies and Research(CESAR) and Associate Professor of the Department of Soils, Water, and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) of Oman.Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Environment and the Middle East, Vol 1 February, 2011]:

Egypt enters the …………..multitude of challenges.

The Middle East and North Africa stand at a cross roads between environmental sustainability and total environmental collapse. But there is still time to prevent it.

Muawya Ahmed Hussein is a professor at Dhofar University, College of Commerce & Business Administration, Salalah,Oman, 2011[Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Environment and the Middle East, Vol 1 February, 2011]:

Over the past century…….. for timely intervention.

A shift to environmental governance and civil society is necessary for planetary survival.

John Lash, President of the World Resources Institute writes in Opening the Door for Environmental Democracy, 2008:

As humanity strains …………and global levels.

ADV 1.)  Russia

The US has backtracked direct aid to Egypt
Devex, 11 (Che de los Reyes As a senior staff writer, Che focuses on international development breaking news coverage as well as interviews and features. Prior to joining Devex, Che handled communications for local and international development NGOs and government institutions in the Philippines, In Egypt, Compromise on US Funds for NGOs Raises Fears of Government Control, http://www.devex.com/en/blogs/development-assistance-under-obama/in-egypt-compromise-on-us-funds-for-ngos-raises-fears-of-government-control-2)

After months of ……..the distribution of funds.

U.S. assistance policy to Egypt civil is modeled globally- undermines signal
 McInerney, 10 (Stephen McInerney, Director of Advocacy for the Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED). He has extensive experience in the Middle East and North Africa, including graduate studies of Middle Eastern politics, history, and the Arabic language at the American University of Beirut and the American University in Cairo, “The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011” DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, April 10, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/fy11-budget-analysis-final.pdf)

On top of ………civil   society organizations.  

Strong civil society leadership is critical to Russian civil society- the plan’s key
 Roth, 10 (Kenneth Roth is the executive director of Human Rights Watch, one of the world's leading international human rights organizations, which operates in more than 80 countries. Prior to joining Human Rights Watch in 1987, Roth served as a federal prosecutor in New York and for the Iran-Contra investigation in Washington. A graduate of Yale Law School and Brown University, Roth has conducted numerous human rights investigations and missions around the world. He has written extensively on a wide range of human rights abuses, devoting special attention to issues of international justice, counterterrorism, the foreign policies of the major powers, and the work of the United Nations. “Empty Promises? Obama's Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights,” February 24, 2010,http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/24/empty-promises)

Obama faces the ……….and political freedom.

Russia specifically perceives Egyptian assistance
The Moscow News, 11 (Egypt unrest has Russia worried, 3-2http://themoscownews.com/international/20110203/188390287.html)

“Russia does not have any special levers for influencing how the situation develops,” said Fyodor Lukyanov, editor of Russia in Global Affairs. “For a long time ………its domestic affairs.

US civil society support in Russia is inevitable- but a renewed engagement with Russia is key to democratic reforms
 DemDigest, 10-12 (US ‘must do more’ to promote Russian democracy, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/10/us-must-do-more-to-promote-russian-democracy/)

The Obama administration ……..on-the-ground assessment.

Russian democracy is key to prevent nuclear war
 Arbatov, 05 (Alexei Arbatov is a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; the director of the International Security Center of the Institute of the World Economy and International Relations, the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs, July 30, “Democracy and Nuclear Weapons”http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_5351)

An informed public ………from various directions.

ADV 2.)  CORAL REEFS

Egypt’s coral reefs are on the brink of collapse.

Mayton, October, 2010 [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/oct/14/egypt-red-sea-pollution]

The Red Sea is ……..proving extremely difficult.

EcoGov has empirically worked to improve environmental democracy, saving coastal resources and coral reefs.

Development Alternatives, 2010 [http://www.dai.com/about/newsroom.php?nid=170]

Implemented by DAI since 2001, ………reefs and mangroves.

Reef collapse ensures extinction.

Global news Wire ’02 [Dec 10, “Reefs Under Stress,” Lexis]

Coral reefs are ………in our planet," she said.

ADV 3.)  THE NILE

POOR WATER MANAGEMENT ON THE NILE MAKES VIOLENCE IN AFRICA INEVITABLE

Crowell, Amanda.  (a writer in the Research Communications Office of the Georgia Tech Research Institute.).  September 12, 1996.  Online (http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/reshor/rh-spr96/nile.htm)

THE SPECTACULAR WATERS …….. or years to come.

EGYPT DEMANDS CONTROL OF THE NILE FOR FEAR OF NOT HAVING ENOUGH, WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS WOULD SOLVE THIS.

Cambanis, Thanassis.  September 25, 2010.  Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds over Nile.  Online (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26nile.html?pagewanted=all)

“Not only is ………..Ministry of Irrigation.

WAR BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND EGYPT IS INEVITABLE IN A WORLD WITHOUT MANAGEMENT, CHINA FACTOR DISRUPTS REGIONAL POLITICS.

Tristan McConnell, Nairobi and Addis Ababa.  June 4, 2010.  War clouds gather as nations demand a piece of the Nile. 

Thirty years ago ……….and regional politics.”

Large-scale African conflict will draw in outside powers and escalate to nuclear war

Deutsch 2002 (Jeffrey- Founder of Rabid Tiger Project Political Risk Consulting and Research Firm focusing on Russia and

Eastern Europe,  “SETTING THE STAGE FOR WORLD WAR III,” Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Nov 18, http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)

The Rabid Tiger Project ………love to go fishing.

ECOGOV2 SOLVES THE POTENTIAL FOR A MYRIAD OF ENVIRONEMNTAL PROBLEMS.

USAID  11.Phillipine Environmental Governance Phase 2 Project (EcoGov2) Midterm Evaluation Report. 

Using the experiences …….DENR Secretary, Lito