Text: The European Union should [plan text]

CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies

Tocci and Cassarino 2011

(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” http://www.iai.it/pdf/DocIAI/iaiwp1106.pdf) JDB

The Arab revolts do …..societies of the neighbouring countries too.

CP builds EU soft power-elections

David Martin, June 14^th, 2011; Scotland's senior Member of the European Parliament, “‘Soft Power’ Supporting Democracy – in Tanzania – and throughout the World” http://www.blogmartinmep.eu/?p=94

I believe that election …..

policy objectives, in particular peace building.

EU democracy assistance increases soft power in the Middle East

E.A., Fakhro, 9 LLB from Queen Mary College, University of London, and is currently studying for an LLM in international human rights law at Harvard Law School,  “The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World”, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Fakhro_low_2.pdf

Having examined both the …..and partner of the Arab world.

EU soft power is key to solve climate change, it’s modeled globally
 Hugh Richardson 2008, Head of the Delegation of the European Commission to Japan, “Smartening the EU's soft power” http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/home/speech_en_Speech%2005/2008.php

The ‘EU-3’ (France, Germany, U.K. & the EU itself) decided on …..

market forces to protect the environment.

EU soft power key to prevent climate change

Jofre M.Rocabert, May 4, 2010  “International Climate Policy Post-Copenhagen: what role for the EU?”, http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/International-Climate-Policy-Post-Copenhagen-what-role-for-the-EU

The United Nations Climate …..

 much hope left for the climate.

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(% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="tag" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %)A. Interpretation -(% class="PageNumber1" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="tag" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %)Carothers 2000(% style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %) ((% class="smalltexttChar" %)Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion ) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="small" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" %)The term ‘(% class="highlight" style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)democracy assistance(% class="small" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %)’ …..aid falls into three general categories. Voting Issue (% class="MsoNormal" %) A. Interpretation - (% class="PageNumber1" %)**Democracy assistance excludes coercion** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Huber 2008 (% class="small" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" %)**(Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="small" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" %)** ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="small" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" %)**The American researcher Thomas …..visualizes the different democracy promotion instrument.** Voting issue

A. Interpretation - Democracy Assistance must directly help domestic actors achieve predetermined goals

Lappin 2010 (Richard, Ph .D . candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium . Richard has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center and has recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon and Romania . Richard is currently a visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE programme What We Talk About When We Talk About

Democracy Assistance: The Problem  of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches

to Democratisation)

Finally, on the positive ….. within a broader democracy  promotion paradigm .

B. Violation - The Affirmative is working through an external agent to effectually support domestic actors. 

C. Standards

1. Predictable Limits - The negative prepares for affirmative cases by seeing what goals domestic actors in each of these countries hopes to achieve. There’s no way to research every agent that the U.S. could effectually agent through.

3. Extra topicality – Their interpretation allows for advantages to be gained from the intermediate actor that the US provides funding to.

D. Topicality is a Voting Issue for fairness

T – It’s – No 3^rd Parties

A. Interpretation - “Its democracy assistance” means aid must be provided to recipients directly or through intermediaries under the control of the United States.

“Its” denotes possession

Glossary of English 12

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html, accessed 1-7-12) JDB

Mine, yours, his, hers, ….. is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Possession means control over

Oxford Dictionaries 12

(http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/possession, accessed 1-7-12) JDB

possession Pronunciation: /pəˈzɛʃ(ə)n/ noun ….. in full possession of his sanity

T No third parties

Violation – The US does not control aid routed through third parties – it is no longer “offered by” the US

Weiss, Congressional Research Service, 2008

(Martin A., Analyst in International Trade and Finance,  Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade, “The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA),” 4-1-08, http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/3225.pdf, accessed 1-7-12) JDB

On the other hand, …… United States for domestic political reasons.

C. Vote negative

1. Ground – the only core negative ground across all 6 countries is based on US implementation – third party implementation destroys this

2. Predictable Limits – there’s a huge unpredictable limit of potential third parties AND those third parties change implementation methods – explodes aff mechanisms and advantage ground based on relations, country heg, etc.

Voter for education, fairness and ground

Text: The President will issue an executive order providing civil resistance assistance for Syrian democratic political organizations that oppose the government of Bashar al Assad

Executive orders are key to maintaining and projecting Presidential Powers

Mayer, 2001 (Kenneth R., Professor of political science at University of Wisconsin-Madison, With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power, Princeton University Press, p.28-29, 2001)

This theoretical perspective offered …..over which they have no control. 

PTC will pass – compromise coming

New York Times 2.10.12 lexis PM

The committee still has …..

before Congress takes a holiday break.

Obama key to pushing payroll

Washington Post February 4t^h 2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/obama-urges-public-to-press-congress-on-housing-proposal/2012/02/04/gIQAOIk3oQ_story.html “Obama urges public to press Congress on housing proposal”

Republicans say they want …..families and small businesses much-needed certainty.”

Syria aid costs capital.

Kurtzer et al. 11. [Daniel, former U.S. ambassador to Egypt and Israel, Advisor to the 2010 Princeton Policy Workshop, Jessica Baen, Nazir Harb. Derek Kilner, Nathaniel Myers, Amber Oliva, Brian Paler, Brian Phillips, Christian Sahner, Ray Thornton, Sarita Vanka, Eugen Yazdani, and Hazem Zayed, all MA candidates @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and In’tl Affairs and Department of History, “Exploring Engagement: US Policy towards Syria and Hamas” January -- http://wws.princeton.edu/research/pwreports_fy10/WWS591d.pdf]

Political sensitivities are heightened …..in the U.S. House of Representatives.

PTC k/t econ

Wazshington Post February 9th 2012 “Wonkbook: Economy poised to beat expectations in 2012. But will Congress get in its way?” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/wonkbook-economy-poised-to-beat-expectations-in-2012-but-will-congress-get-in-its-way/2012/02/09/gIQAmKcA1Q_blog.html

The other option -- perhaps the ….. won't prove so pessimistic after all

Economic decline causes war – multiple warrants and the best research flows Neg

Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010

(Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p.213-215) JDB

Less intuitive is how ……be considered ancillary to those views.

Democracy assistance is the discursive frame used by the U.S. and other neoliberal imperialist partners to intervene, manipulate and even militarily control target countries and populations - stopping democracy and breeding resistance.

Sussman 2006 (Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” Monthly Review, 58:7, December, http://monthlyreview.org/2006/12/01/the-myths-of-democracy-assistance-u-s-political-intervention-in-post-soviet-eastern-europe) PM

U.S. interventionism, except perhaps ……

and other expressions of neocolonial hegemony.

Affirmative democracy assistance participates in a political rationality that creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable.

Pinar Batur 7, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin

War and genocide are ……will be harmful to its existence (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002).

Efforts to topple the Syrian regime are part of the Imperialist strategy in the Middle East

Mazda Majidi, September 9, 2011, Liberation: Newspaper of the Party for Socialism and Liberation, Are US/NATO powers aiming to make Syria into Libya 2.0? Progressives should oppose imperialist intervention, http://pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/are-usnato-powers-aiming.html, BK

After NATO overthrew the ……

different, and sometimes contradictory, political demands.

Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. The affirmative political rationality creates the target populations as an Other to be accommodated and/or annihilated. We must critique this form of knowledge production.

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique …...

in as well as contribute to.

Asad has pledged to stay in power.

Washington Post, 12(“Syria’s Assad vows ‘iron fist’ against opposition” By Liz Sly, Published: January 10 Staff writers Colum Lynch in New York and Karen DeYoung in Washington contributed to this report. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-vows-iron-fist-against-opposition/2012/01/10/gIQA5IWtnP_story.html) KH

BEIRUT — A defiant President Bashar …..

were briefly hospitalized after the attack.

Turn- increased support for Syrian opposition will increase Assad’s violent reign.

Washington Post, 12(“Syria’s Assad vows ‘iron fist’ against opposition” By Liz Sly, Published: January 10 Staff writers Colum Lynch in New York and Karen DeYoung in Washington contributed to this report. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-vows-iron-fist-against-opposition/2012/01/10/gIQA5IWtnP_story.html) KH

Assad’s speech indicated that …..

the capital to express their support.

Alt cause and no impact to Saudi-Iran– UAE island disputes creating tensions and neither side wants war

Al-Jamal & Farid  4-20-11

(Moussa Mahmoud and Sonia, “Is Iran ‘sectarianizing’ Bahrain conflict?”  Al Arabiya News, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/04/20/146144.html) EK/JB

Both Mr. Salman and …..against the Western agenda,” he said.

No Iran-Saudi war – US deterrence solves and Iran won’t use nukes

Spindle, et al 2011

(April, Bill, Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services for the University of Alaska Anchorage and Journalist, “The New Cold War,” Wall Street Journal, 4-16-11, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704116404576262744106483816.html] EK/JB

The Saudis currently rely …..renounced the use of nuclear weapons.

Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel

The Guardian 2010

(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean

Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/25/israel-nuclear-weapons-editorial)

Both America and Israel …..as well as an individual matter.

No impact to proliferation – empirically denied, no incentive

Mueller, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 2010

(John, “Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, “ Issues in Science and Technology 26:2, Winter 2010) JDB

The fearsome destructive power …..suffered at Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined. (At Hiroshima and Nagasaki, about 67,000 people died immediately and 36,000 more died over the next four months. Most estimates of the Iraq war have put total deaths there at about the Hiroshima-Nagasaki levels, or higher.)

Turn – Assad removal causes sectarian violence

Blomfield, Telegraph Middle East Correspondent, 12-4-11

(Adrian, “Syria: fall of Bashar al-Assad will bring war to Middle East, warns Iraq,” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8934317/Syria-fall-of-Bashar-al-Assad-will-bring-war-to-Middle-East-warns-Iraq.html, accessed 12-6-11) JDB

Mouri al-Maliki gave his …..and who may harbour secessionist intentions.

Turn - Regime change in Syria triggers civil war and war between Saudi Arabia and Iran

Grace Wyler, May 3, 2011, a politics reporter at the Business Insider, Syria’s Arab Spring Could Unleash Chaos Across the Middle East, http://www.businessinsider.com/syrias-arab-spring-could-unleash-chaos-across-the-middle-east-2011-5, BK

As the …..proxy battle fought by regional powers [including] (Saudi Arabia [and] Iran).

No escalation – moments of truth remain localized.

Luttwak 7

(Edward, Senior adviser at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, “The middle of nowhere”, Prospect Magazine, p. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2007/05/themiddleofnowhere/)

Western analysts are forever …..a season of conflict in Darfur.

Escalation is impossible – there is no modern military force in the Middle East.

Luttwak 7 (Edward, Senior adviser at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, “The middle of nowhere”, Prospect Magazine, p. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2007/05/themiddleofnowhere/)

The second repeated mistake …..middle eastern façade without fighting substance.

No Iranian hegemony or adventurism

Tisdall, Assistant Editor of the Guardian and Foreign Affairs columnist, 2011

(Simon, “Iran has been isolated by the Arab spring,” 5/17/11, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/may/17/iran-arab-spring) JDB

Snap judgments in Washington …..Cairo or Tehran, death to tyrants!"

No Iranian aggression – too many structural barriers and it’s just rhetoric

Wehrey et al. 2010

(Frederic - Senior Analyst at RAND and PhD candidate at Oxford, Dalia Dassa Kaye - Senior Political Scientist at RAND and former prof at George Washington with PhD in political science from Berkley, Jeffrey Martini – Middle East research project associate at RAND, Jessica Watkins, Robert A. Guffey, “The Iraq Effect: The Middle East after the Iraq War,” Report prepared for the Air Force, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG892.pdf) JDB

To accurately gauge the ……ability to influence Arab public opinion.

U.S. China relations strong now

Xinhuae News 11.11.11 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-11/11/c_131241234.htm

China is willing to …..

reached by the two countries' leaders.

Plan collapses US China relations – they see it as a shift to democracy promotion, threatening internal stability
 Hill 11 [Fiona Hill is director of the Brookings Institution's Center on the United States and Europe and senior fellow in its foreign-policy program. From 2006 to 2009, she was on leave from Brookings as the national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the U.S. National Intelligence Council. “How Russia and China See the Egyptian Revolution” Foreign Policy. FEBRUARY 15, 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/15/how_russia_and_china_see_the_egyptian_revolution]

One of the principal …..

goal of U.S. policy moving forward.

Yemen assistance angers China – security and energy relationships

Zambelis 6 (Chris - Researcher with Helios Global, Inc., a risk management group based in the Washington, DC area, specializes in Middle East politics, “Burgeoning China-Yemen Ties Showcase Beijing's Middle East Strategy”, China Brief, Volume 6, Issue 11, 5/24, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3952)

On the surface, Chinese …..

partner in furthering its regional agenda.

Good Sino-US relations needed to prevent three scenarios of nuclear war.

Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, 2004

[Yab Dato' Sri Mohd Najib Tun, Keynote Address at the 2nd Asia Economic Summit, 8-11-04,

http://domino.kln.gov.my/kln/statemen.nsf/0/683b631d02c2168b48256eef0017fdab?OpenDocument, accessed 8-19-05]

The key post Cold …..be exposed as a 'paper tiger'.

US assistance is bad for Yemen stability

Hill 08 (Ginny, Freelance journalist, Chatham House, “Yemen: Fear of Failure” January, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/108925)

Future stability depends on political and economic reforms; Western donors need to demonstrate commitment and consistency. Brussels, London and Washington must resist the temptation of knee-jerk reactions to short-term security violations. In particular, they must avoid volatile aid flows, which make it hard for ministers to manage their budgets and which compromise Yemeni reformers who are pushing for controversial measures.35 Western governments must also accept that as long as they view Yemen primarily through the prism of security, the authorities there will play on those fears – appealing for aid money and political legitimacy to pursue their own internal agenda.  Western governments must also accept that as long as they view Yemen primarily through the prism of security, the authorities there will play on those fears – appealing for aid money and political legitimacy to pursue their own internal agenda. Selective insistence on the rule of law creates cynicism about donors’ motives in a country that is widely hostile to US foreign policy. Yemen is already suffering a blowback effect, in which the arrest and assassination of suspected terrorists have provoked violent retaliation.

US aid money is responsible for Yemen’s problem; more is worsse

Milroy 10 (Anthony, Former advisor to Yemen’s agricultural Minister, “We Fuelled Yemen’s

‘Failure’”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/21/yemen-poverty-terrorism-failure, 1/21)

If Yemen is a …..their family size through birth control

US assistance in Yemen will only further terrorism- empirically proven

Milroy 10 (Anthony, Former advisor to Yemen’s agricultural Minister, “We Fuelled Yemen’s

‘Failure’”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/21/yemen-poverty-terrorism-failure, 1/21)

But haven't we yet …..desperate further into the terrorist corral

Reframing the US-Yemeni relationship is key to progress. Military and Security assistance alone can’t solve terrorism.

Boucek 2009  (Christopher associate in the Carnegie Middle East Program where his research focuses on security  Carnegie PAPERS Yemen: Avoiding a Downward  Spiral Middle East Program  Number 102 September 2009)

it is essential that …..contribute indirectly to improving domestic security.

No Yemen civil war – awareness of violence and tribal culture

Phillips 2011

(Sarah, Ph.D. from the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies at Australian National University in 2007, currently a lecturer at the Center for International Security Studies at the University of Sydney, “Who Tried to Kill Ali Abdullah Saleh? The hidden feud behind the revolution in Yemen.,” 6/13/11, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/13/who_tried_to_kill_ali_abdullah_saleh?page=0,2)

Yet even though Saleh's …..considering the amount of firepower used.

Multiple alt causes overwhelm the aff

Boucek 2011

[Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs Washington, D.C. July 19, 2011, http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=6dfc834d-5056-a032-5221-41d3cf94e791]

Yemen is facing an …..foreign policy and national security interests.

US involvement can’t solve-Yemen’s problems are to big

Boucek 2011

[Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs Washington, D.C. July 19, 2011, http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=6dfc834d-5056-a032-5221-41d3cf94e791]

There is little disagreement …..U.S. security and bolster Yemeni stability.

US influence irrelevant – Saudi Arabia will control the transition

Al Ahmed, director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs, 2011

(Ali, the Institute for Gulf Affairs is a non-profit research organization. He is a journalist and expert on Saudi Arabian political affairs including terrorism, Islamic movements, Wahhabi Islam, Saudi political history, Saudi-American relations, and the al-Saud family history, “How Saudi Arabia Thwarted Uprisings in Yemen and Bahrain,” 7/19/11, http://fikraforum.org/2011/07/how-saudi-arabia-thwarted-uprisings-in-yemen-and-bahrain/comment-page-1/#comment-90) JDB

As for Yemen, the …..things for those who defy them.

Mid-east conflict doesn’t escalate- self-interest contains war. History overwhelmingly proves.

Satloff 6 (12-19, Robert, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, "Forget the Domino Theories," www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1011, accessed 10-2-10) atw

The wise men (and woman) don't …..Damascus may enjoy seeing America squirm

Middle East escalation empirically denied

Drum 7 (9-9, Kevin, "The Chaos Hawks," www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2007_09/012029.php, accessed 10-2-10) atw

Needless to say, this …..for a decade. No regional conflagration.

Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them

Waltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007

(Kenneth,  Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/21918/Sagan_Nuclear_Iran.pdf)

First, nuclear proliferation is …..the Cultural Revolution--behaves with such caution.

Turn - Low oil prices cause oil shocks and massive civil wars

Amy Myers Jaffe, former Senior Economist for Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, directs the Energy Research Program at the Institute for Public Policy at Rice, and Robert Manning, Senior Fellow and Director of Asian Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Feb. 2000, Foreign Affairs

Neither, frankly, is Washington. …..policy. Washington had better gird itself.

Yemen is key to global LNG – reserves, infrastructure, and location

Dahan, Ph.D. and Faculty of Business at Ajman University of S&T, 2011

(Abdulkarim, “Natural Gas of Yemen: The Challenge of Growth in the World’s Gas Markets,” World Journal of Social Sciences 1:2, May 2011, http://wbiaus.org/11.Ali%20Dahan.pdf, accessed 1-6-12) JDB

The increase in LNG …..potential gas exporters in the region.

The Aff’s Plan is a mask for Capitalism’s drive for hegemonic imperialism will inevitably result in extinction

John Bellamy Foster Ph.D. York University, Prof. Sociology Oregon University Monthly Review, September 2005 http://www.monthlyreview.org/nakedimperialism.htm

From the longer view ……period in the history of imperialism.

Our alternative is to vote negative. Refuse participation in rescuing capitalism, this universal rejection

James Herod author of several books on capitalism and social activist since 1968 Getting Free 2004 http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm

It is time to …..

the shape of their social world. 

Text: The United States federal government should issue a diplomatic statement promising the recognition of the outcome of the Egyptian elections as legitimate.  The statement should promise a policy of peaceful relations and non-intervention but should threaten coercive retaliation, including a reduction of aid, if the Egyptian government participates in conflicts beyond Egypt’s borders, including but not limited to it instigating conflicts with Israel.  The United States should not require Egypt to uphold the Camp David Accords but should require and issue a statement of support for a peaceful relationship with Israel.

CP solves the case – moderates the Muslim Broterhood

Trager, Washington Institute fellow and doctoral candidate of PoliSci at UPenn, 2011

(Eric, “The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt,” Foreign Policy, September-October 2011, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1704) JDB

Precisely because the Muslim …..of Tahrir Square fought so valiantly. 

BRINK: The spread of democracy in Middle East is creating dangerous levels of Anti-Semitic violence

Cohen 11 (Richard, Reporter whom has received the Sigma Delta Chi and Washington-Baltimore Newspaper Guild Awards for his investigative reporting “Can the Arab World leave anti-Semitism behind?” The Washington Post, February 28)http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022805199.html?hpid=opinionsbox1 

During World War II, …..only of Israel, I’d be ashamed.

Iran Emboldened by Arab Spring to Justify Attacks on Israel

CBN News 11 (Chris Mitchen and Julie Stahl, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2011/December/Irans-Rhetoric-Grows-Are-They-Preparing-for-War-/)

This is all part …..East and those who live there.

IMPACT: Increasing approval of Anti-Semitic violence and hopes for democracy in the Middle East will cause a Jihad against Israel. Iran-Israeli war causes massive loss of life, and a downward spiral of violence.

Beres 11 (Louis, Ph.D. Princeton and is Prof. of International Law at Purdue. Born in Zürich, he is the author of several major books on nuclear war “A Hard Look at What We Must Not Allow” 9/4/11) http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=236584 

For a variety of …..“martyrdom” would fade in a flash.

Turn -The plan fails – aid now will only lead to further corruption and financial issues

Ammous, Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, 6/7/11 (Saifedean, Lecturer on Economics at the Lebanese American University, “Too much aid will hobble Arab spring,” Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/12174874-9147-11e0-9668-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Og6IvE2H, accessed 7/5/11) JDB

Within months of toppling …..to the demands of their people.

Corrupt governments in power doom the plan – Mubarak proves

Peters, Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan, 2011 (Abbe Mariel, “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt,” Foreign Policy, 2/14/11, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/14/why_obama_shouldn_t_increase_democracy_aid_to_egypt, accessed 7/18/11) JDB

Not only did the …..not mean more democracy in Egypt.

Military corruption prevents any power change – the military is heavily tied to the economy

Ludden, NPR, 2011

(Jennifer, “Democracy in Egypt an Uncertainty, Analysts Fear,” 2/11/11, http://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133687326/democracy-still-an-uncertainty-analysts-fear, accessed 8/11/11) JDB

On Friday, Egypt's military …..in having an investigation of that."

No impact on the global economy

Momani, Associate Professor of Political Science at Waterloo, 2011

(Bessma, PhD in Political Science and Senior Fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation, “Egyptian revolution will have little impact on global economy,” CIGI, http://www.cigionline.org/articles/2011/02/egyptian-revolution-will-have-little-impact-global-economy) JDB

The uprising in Egypt …..

could benefit from stronger political-economy analysis.

Egypt isn’t key to the global economy and won’t tank

Parksinon 2011

(David, Globe and Mail, “Could Egypt destabilize global economy? Markets say no,” 2/7/11, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/features/market-lab/could-egypt-destabilize-global-economy-markets-say-no/article1895155/_) JDB

But despite some jittery …..danger levels are still far off.

No Israel aggression - multiple constraints

Ravid, diplomatic correspondent for Haaretz, 8-23-11

(Barak, “Netanyahu tells cabinet: Israel lacks legitimacy for major Gaza operation,” http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/netanyahu-tells-cabinet-israel-lacks-legitimacy-for-major-gaza-operation-1.380121, accessed 1-10-12) JDB

The cabinet voted Monday …..prepare instead of rushing into war."

No Egypt Israel war – multiple warrants

Eiland 11-28-11

(Giora, Ynet News, “Op-ed: Any future Egyptian ruler knows that the price of war with Israel would be too high” http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4154089,00.html, accessed 12-6-11) JDB

The latest events in …...to help the Palestinians or Hezbollah.

A. Empirically denied

Lawfield 10 – Thomas Lawfield is an MA candidate at the University for Peace. Water Security: War or Peace? Thomas Lawfield May 03, 2010 http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=715

In reality, water does …..market driven solutions to water scarcity.[27]

a. Food shortages coming now.

Sydney Morning Herald ’08 [Jun 20, “Food shortages curb global appetite for free trade,” http://business.smh.com.au/food-shortages-curb-global-appetite-for-free-trade-20080620-2trb.html]

Global food prices have …..tariffs and subsidies around the world.

Turn – plan tanks US-Egypt relations – empirically proven

Chick, Christian Science Monitor, 8-12-2011

(Kristen, “Why Egypt is angry over $65 million in US democracy grants,” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0812/Why-Egypt-is-angry-over-65-million-in-US-democracy-grants) JDB

The Egyptian government’s hostile …..there’s no easy fix for it.”

The Egypt military in power kill the plan – they’ll reject anything they perceive as interference

Peters, Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan, 2011 (Abbe Mariel, “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt,” Foreign Policy, 2/14/11, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/14/why_obama_shouldn_t_increase_democracy_aid_to_egypt, accessed 7/18/11) JDB

The Egyptian leadership has …..of groups involved in annual negotiations.

Plan causes backlash – the Egyptian public will perceive aid negatively

Carlston, Al-Jazeera, 6-5-11

(Gregg, “Poll: Egypt optimistic but worried about jobs,” http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/06/201165172136316445.html) JDB

Neither poll focused much …..oppose American aid to political groups. (US president Barack Obama recently announced $1bn in debt relief for Egypt, and another $1bn in loan guarantees.) 

Text: The USFG should covertly ________________

Overt aid risks severe backlash turning the case - only covert assistance solves

Patrick Seale, September 1, 2011, leading British writer on the Middle East. His latest book is The Struggle for Arab Independence: Riad el-Solh and the Makers of the Modern Middle East, Middle East Online, Remaking the Arab State, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=47880; BK

For many Arabs, indeed …..

alone to determine their own destiny.

Text—The United States federal government should solicit local requests for [aff’s form of democracy assistance], and fulfill those requests.

Consultation with local groups is key to solvency – avoids backlash

Carter Center 2007

(The Carter Center, non-profit organization at Emory University founded by former president Jimmy Carter, “How U.S. Aid Can Undermine Middle East Democracy Activists,” 8/23/07, http://www.cartercenter.org/peace/human_rights/defenders/news/syria_iran_feature.html) JDB/PE

Many human rights defenders …..kinds of consultations don't take place."

Backlash kills democracy – turns the case

Gershman and Allen 2006

(Carl, president of the National Endowment for Democracy, and Michael, special assistance to the vice president for government and external relations at NED, “The Assault on Democracy Assistance,” Journal of Democracy 17:2, April 2006) JDB

Just as this trend …..the advance and consolidation of democracy.

Text: The government of the Republic of Turkey should [plan]

Baroud 11 (Ramzy, Ramzy Baroud is an internationally-syndicated columnist and the editor of PalestineChronicle.com. His latest book is My Father Was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story. http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/arabs-should-follow-turkish-model-1.824859)

The third consecutive victory …..specific political agendas and military ambitions.

Turkey Big Winner of Arab Spring, US Mistrusted and No Cred

Asia Times 11 (Jim Lobe, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MK23Ak01.html

Despite repeated expressions of …..a "negative" impact on the region.

Saudi Arabia will hate the plan and intervene – tanks relations and solvency

Nasr, Professor of International Politics at Tufts, 2011

(Vali, “Will the Saudis Kill the Arab Spring?” Bloomberg News, 5/23/11, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-23/will-the-saudis-kill-the-arab-spring-.html)

The kingdom has emerged …..Morocco, which qualify on neither count.

Deteriorating relations causes Saudi prolif – security concerns

Lippman, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, 8-8-11

(Thomas W., Saudi-US Relations Information Service, http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia’s-nuclear-policy-lippman/)

So let us suppose …..emerge less secure, rather than more.

The impact is nuclear war

Edelman et al 2011

(ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S.  Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic  and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and  Budgetary Assessments  Foreign Affairs The Dangers of NATO a Nuclear Iran  Andrew F. Krepinevich, and Evan Braden Montgomery Subtitle: The Limits of Containment January 2011 - February 2011 SECTION: Pg. 66 Vol. 90 No. 1 )

The Islamabad option raises …..potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Us econ Public Saudi statements prove relations aren’t resilient – they’re stable now because the US has made up for mistakes in Bahrain – the plan is a major flip flop

Karasik, Lecturer of IR at Dubai, 8-1-11

(Theodore, also Director of Research and Development at the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, “A Conversation with Dr. Theodore Karasik of INEGMA on the ‘Arab Spring’”, http://www.arabialink.com/2011/08/01/a-conversation-with-dr-theodore-karasik-of-inegma-on-the-arab-spring/, accessed 1-11-12) JDB

SUSRIS: How do you …..at their own pace and scope.

Bahrain is a death knell for relations

ICG 11

(The International Crisis Group is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation committed to preventing and resolving global conflicts "POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII):BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM" July 28 http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Bahrain/111-%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20-%20%20Bahrains%20Rocky%20Road%20to%20Reform.pdf, accessed 1-11-12) JDB

Following on the heels ….. and Syria, but not in Bahrain.

US Saudi relations key to stop middle east prolif

McInnis 2005 (Kathleen j. researcher @ csis “extended deterrence: the us credibility gap in the middle east” Washington quarterly 28:3 acc proj muse)

U.S. relationships in the ….. region, creating a uniquely dangerous situation.

Saudi us relations key to Pakistan stability, troop withdrawal, and containing iran

LEVINE 2011 (STEVE Contributing editor at Foreign Policy Frenemies Forever How Washington stopped worrying and learned to love Saudi Arabia, again. JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/opening_gambit_frenemies_forever?page=0,1)

The verdict: Guilty. But ….. trust Washington, can play this role.

Unstable Pakistan gives terrorists access to nuclear weapons and trigers an indo-pak war

Benjamin 2011 (Mark award-winning investigative reporter based in Washington and a contributing writer at TIMe The politics of nukes and why the U.S. can't dump Pakistan

Read more: http://battleland.blogs.time.com/2011/05/10/the-politics-of-nukes-and-why-the-u-s-cant-dump-pakistan/#ixzz1bQ327wcD May 10,)

In June 2009, Mustafa ….. Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation.

Saudi prolif causes nuclear terrorism

Blank, analyst of international security affairs, 2003

(Stephen, Asia Times, “Saudi Arabia's nuclear gambit,” 11-7-03, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EK07Ak01.html)

Obviously, that kind of ….. technology becomes that much more real. 

US China Relations are high – new Ambassador to China enters in a new era of relations

Knox July 27, 2011 – Olivier, correspondent who covers the US Congress and politics generally for AFP (US Senate confirms Locke as China ambassador, AFP, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5itGyFVCu0Pqzy4rPZ8Z17EinhYDw?docId=CNG.96d029e6aa8114a2432f65fea5b5b9f8.2f1, MCL)

Former US commerce secretary …..norms, rules and institutions," he said.

China is watching the Middle East now – over-exerting US policy would terminally collapse cooperation

Paal February 28, 2011 – Douglas, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He previously served as vice chairman of JPMorgan Chase International (2006–2008), and as unofficial U.S. representative to Taiwan as director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2002–2006). He was on the National Security Council staffs of Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush between 1986 and 1993 as director of Asian Affairs, and then as senior director and special assistant to the President. (China Reacts to Middle East Unrest, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/02/28/china-reacts-to-middle-east-unrest/6yy, MCL)

Beijing is very far …..with little prospect for an upside.

U.S.-China alliance is key to Asian stability

VOA News 11 (VOA News: Reflecting the Views of the United States Government, “Asia-Pacific Consultations,” http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/asia/Asia-Pacific-Consultations-124947204.html, 7/3/11)

U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Kurt Campbell recently hosted Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cui Tiankai for the inaugural U.S.-China Consultations on the Asia-Pacific …..China at a mutually convenient time.

US China cooperation stops climate change and prevents proliferation in North Korea and Iran- China is willing to cooperate

Schiffer 11 (Michael Deputy is the Assistant Secretary of Defense for East Asia. “Building Cooperation in the US–China Military-to-Military Relationship” January 6^th http://www.iiss.org/about-us/offices/washington/iiss-us-events/iiss-us-address-building-cooperation-in-the-us-china-military-to-military-relationship/)

President Obama has expressed …..from both Iran and North Korea.

North Korean nuclearization triggers multiple scenarios for nuclear war – first strikes, proliferation, and loose nukes.

Baltutis, 2009

[Aaryn, writer for the San Antonio Examiner, “North Korea's Infinitesimal Threat” 7-22-09, http://www.examiner.com/x-16803-San-Antonio-Political-Buzz-Examiner~y2009m7d22-North-Koreas-Infinitesimal-Threat]  

Despite U.S. State Department …..the world right now more precarious.

Nuclear war outweighs nuclear terrorism---it’s the only scenario for extinction

Rothstein 2004 (Linda, editor, Catherine Auer, managing editor, and Jonas Siegel, assistant editor of the

Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, BAS, November/December, http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=nd04rothstein)

Nuclear terrorism would be …..the planet--still the true doomsday scenario.

Iran prolif causes extinction.

Hirsch, 2005

[Jorge Hirsch, CAN A NUCLEAR STRIKE ON IRAN BE AVERTED, NOVEMBER 21, 2005,

HTTP://WWW.ANTIWAR.COM/ORIG/HIRSCH.PHP?ARTICLEID=8089]

The Bush administration has …..erase Earth's population many times over.

US China cooperation can solve warming, scarcity, proliferation, genocide, and disease

Gewirtz 11 (Paul is a professor at Yale Law School and director of The China Law Center. He served in the Clinton Administration and worked on the two summit meetings between President Bill Clinton and China’s then-president, Jiang Zemin. “What America and China Must Not Forget” January 18 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/opinion/19iht-edgewirtz19.html)

However, the fact that …..large incentives and responsibilities to cooperate.

China relations key to the economy, disease control, and national security

Christensen 11 (Thomas J. Christensen is Professor of Politics and International Affairs and Director of the Princeton-Harvard China and the World Program at Princeton University. “The Need to Pursue Mutual Interests in U.S.-PRC Relations” April http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR269Christensen.pdf)

There are many additional …..to solutions to these global problems. 

The affirmative’s discourse of aiding in emancipating the Middle East through democratization represents a biopolitical and Orientalist framing – they care for the Other only in so far as they wish to manipulate it and to save themselves from it.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf) JDB

A crucial implication of …..and thus threat – both external and internal.

The notion of the superiority of democracy and the necessity of Democratization is used to define the Oriental Other as deviant from the Western self and to justify violent discipline of the Other

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf) JDB

At this point, the …..the bio-politics of confession – as a whole. 

Democracy assistance is epistemic hegemony based on the presupposed universal value of democracy – this denies the possibility of just enemies and leads to exceptionalist violence

Bishai and Behnke 07

(Linda S., Senior Program Officier in the Education Program at the US Institute of Peace, and Andreas, Lecturer in the Department of Politics at IR at the University of Reading, “War, violence, and the political” in “The international political thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War, and the Crisis of Global Order,” pg.115-18 accessed via Google Books on 12-22-11) JDB

Koskenniemi’s observation about the …..purportedly votes for the incumbent’s list.

Vote negative to reject democratic universalism in favor of affirming proper political enmity – war is inevitable, but only an affirmation of equal divisions between friends and enemies allow us to bracket and limit violence

Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Indiana, 2005

(William, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, p258-261, accessed 1-5-12) JDB

How is this possible? …..asphyxiating political nightmares of absolute exclusion.

Claims of providing emancipation recreates the violent logic of universalized freedom that only seeks to control and dominate

Gorden, Professor of Poli Sci at Charleston, 2004

(Kea, Ph.D. from UCSD in Politics and Masters in IR from American, former Fulbright Fellow in South Africa, “Depoliticizing Effects of International Development as the Praxis of Liberal Institutionalism,” 5-10-04, accessed from http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/QEs/Gorden.Dev.QE2.pdf on 12-28-11) JDB

In the chapter entitled …..constructed values in which it believes.”61

Human rights justify wars of extermination – once the enemy is labeled as opposed to abstract concepts, they cease to be legitimate or human and are targeted for annihilation

Odysseos, Professor of Politics at the University of London, 2004

(Louiza, “Crossing the Line? Carl Schmitt on the ‘spaceless universalism’ of cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, liberal war and the crisis of global order, p.133-134, accessed 12-31-11) JDB

Finally and most importantly, …..a dreadful nihilistic of all law’ (NE 187).

Appeals to a universal humanity as the foundation of human rights necessitates creation of those in opposition as “inhuman” and targets of violence

Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana, 2003

(William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54, Spring 2003, 135-136, accessed 12-30-11) JDB

Yes, this passage attests …..irrefutable benefits of the liberal order.

Turn – Fifth Fleet isn’t key to Gulf security and there are no Iran or Al-Qaeda threats – kickout allows for critical funding reallocation to counter-terrorism and anti-drug trafficking

Gresh, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2010

(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB

However, the United States …..pressing situations at home and abroad.

Turn – 5^th Fleet guarantees overreaction – crushes confidence and and forces US over-commitment – turns case

Gholz, Associate Professor of Poli Sci at UTA, 2008

(Eugene, “Strait of Hormuz: Assessing Threats to Energy Security in the Persian Gulf,” http://www.strausscenter.org/Research/strait-of-hormuz-assessing-threats-to-energy-security-in-the-persian-gulf.html)

Our analysis reveals limits …..should fear and react – from exaggeration.

Turn – basing causes terrorism

Koplovsky, 2006.

(Michael. Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office. 10-23-2006. “Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain.” http://govwin.com/knowledge/precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387) JK/JDB

Forward operating bases can …..like the U.S. facilities in Bahrain.

Turn – naval presence provokes, not deters, piracy

Pein 2006

(Corey, award-winning investigative reporter and long-form narrative journalist who writes about the military industrial complex, money, politics and violence from London, UK, “Hijacking the Pirate Menace,” 9-12-06, http://www.slate.com/id/2149370/)

For a moment, though,….. a handle on loose radioactive materials.

No Iran takeover – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region

Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010

(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/05/how_not_to_contain_iran) JDB

Third, they overstate Iran's …..however; it's just another convenient bogeyman. 

Impacts to hegemonic decline are myths – decline is good and causes retrenchment - solves great power wars, long term influence, and interventionism

MacDonald and Parent 11

(Paul K. MacDonald is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College. Joseph M. Parent is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security 35:4, Spring 2011, accessed 1-9-12) JDB

Other observers advocate retrenchment ….. retrench recovered their relative position.

4. Plan can’t solve alt causes for instability – tribal infighting
 Miller 11 (Middle East analyist for Global Comment, “Disrupting the Domino Theory: Libya and Bahrain,” http://globalcomment.com/2011/disrupting-the-domino-theory-libya-and-bahrain/).
If Libya’s protests succeed, ….. extensive loss, rather than inspiring hope.

A. US action trades off with indigenous Libyan democracy

Michael Hughes staff writer, 8/20/2011, “Prospects for post-Gaddafi Libya,”
http://www.examiner.com/geopolitics-in-national/prospects-for-post-gaddafi-libya%29

NATO must show restraint …..to play the role of king-maker.

B. Indigenous solutions key democracy in Libya

Savo Heleta advisor on the South Sudan Executive Leadership Program, 9/2011, “Post-Gaddafi Libya – a liberal peace project,” 

There is no question …..and all over Libya, by Libyans.

6. Turn. Democracy assistance reduces government accountability, killing democracy and rule of law.

Knack 4

(Stephen Knack: Lead Economist in the Development Research Group, World Bank. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly. (2004) 48, 251–266. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00299.x/pdf)ZM

Many scholars and aid ….. expenditure decisions are international lending agencies’’ (Brautigam, 1992:11).

US involvement triggers backlash and kills transitions

Wolfram Lacher 8-29-2011, Associate, Middle East and Africa Division, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, "The International Role in Post-Qadhafi Libya? Withdraw" www.mepc.org/articles-commentary/commentary/international-role-post-qadhafi-libya-withdraw

Planning is ongoing in ….. to the success of the revolution.

US involvement in building Libya’s new government delegitimizes it.
 Applebaum, Washington Post, 8-23-11
 [Anne, “Let Libya take charge of its revolution” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/let-libya-take-charge-of-its-revolution/2011/08/23/gIQAmuEuZJ_story.html, accessed 9-18-11,]

The Libyan revolution needn’t ….. we risk immediately making it unpopular.