James Madison » JMU BaBo Neg

JMU BaBo Neg

Last modified by Administrator on 2012/10/17 22:29

#	Entry	Date
	Bing Rd 3 - Cornell GL Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h1 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA"><span>1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK alliance</p><p class="Cite">Kim 9-6-11</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Despite</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> these </span><span class="UnderlineBold">hurdles</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">the time has come</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">finally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</p><p class="Cite">Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">to justify nation-building in foreign countries."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggression</p><p class="Cite"><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hwang</span>, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 200<span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">6</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">At the heart of our discussion about the</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">of mistrust for that country</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> in the region.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of case</p><p class="Cite"><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">The consequences of failing to address the proliferation</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">that warrants priority consideration from the international community.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="H1NC2013EUCP"><span>1NC – EU CP</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Text: The European Union should provide political party building and communication assistance for opposition groups in Syria.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">EU solves best – money, markets, and influence</p><p class="Cite"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Ashton</span>, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 20<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">I shall set out what </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the European Union</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">practice to sell goods and services into Europe.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="H1NC2013TetiK"><span>1NC – Teti K</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">Teti, </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>A crucial implication of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">this</span> new kind of</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>AND</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>and thus <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">threat – both external and internal.</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">Shome</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Communication, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">1996</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><p style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="HSyrianCivilWar"><span>Syrian Civil War</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Steven A. </span><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cook</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 </span><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">2007</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Finally,</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">there is no precedent for Arab</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>International efforts to oust Assad coming now – they will create incentives for a more stable Middle East – no risk of war, proliferation or of the ‘devil we know.’</p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">Yadlin and Satloff May 19, 2011</span></ins><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> -  Amos, Kay Fellow in Israeli national security at The Washington Institute, is a retired major general in the Israel Defense Forces and former head of Israel's defense intelligence. Robert Satloff is executive director of the Institute.( Syria: The Case for 'The Devil We Don't Know, Washington Institute, may 19, 2011, , MCL)</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Arguments for "The Devil We Know"</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline0" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline0" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">will help empower Syrians to make that change.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Tag">US aid would aggravate the Syrian situation</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">Kevin </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gosztola</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">, August 8, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">2011</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters </span>, BK</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">Sending</span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;"> a </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">US</span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;"> envoy </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">to open lines of</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">been very suspicious of US interference in Syria.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Democracy promotion in Syria will trigger violence to defend US interests</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">Kevin </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gosztola</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">, August 8, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">2011</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters </span><span class="small">, BK</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">Democracy promotion is code for “regime change</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">interests and “values” advance in tandem…</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">US Action in Syria will be ineffective – polls show strong anti-Americanism</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;">Larison July 8, 2011</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> – Daniel, named one of America’s greatest political blogger by the Atlantic, Ph.D. graduate from the University of Chicago, contributing editor at The American Conservative and writes a column for The Week online (The Options for the U.S. in Syria Are Still Very Limited, Eunomia (blog), , MCL)</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline0" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline0" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">It is possible that </span><span class="underline0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">association with the U</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">these protests and the brutal crackdown against them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">The Syrian business community is key to the success of the opposition</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">Randa </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">Slim, August 5th,</span><span class="small"> 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, , BK</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">The decision by the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">current regime. What could change their course?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">The traditional business community will not support the opposition due to the threat of instability or a new Islamist regim</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">Randa </span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">Slim, August 5th,</span><span class="small"> 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, </span>, BK</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">The traditional and larger Syrian business community is</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small">Aleppo. What would accelerate their calculus shift?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>US Middle East leadership is in decline – supporting transitions is key</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Etzioni ’11</strong> <strong>professor of international relations at George Washington University</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal">Amitai, “Shifting Sands”, The Journal of International Security Affairs, www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2011/20/etzioni.php, CMR]</p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">It is already clear that </span><ins>the greatest effect</ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">or could be) advanced in unprecedented fashion.</span></p><p style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>US not pursuing hegemonic strategies</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Clark 09, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal">Ian,  “Bringing hegemony back in: the United States and international order” International Affairs 85: 1 (2009) 23–36 © 2009 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Affairs</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">However, in the specific terms advanced here</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">towards the perceptions and responses of the ‘followers’</span></p><h1 id="HIran"><span>Iran</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel</p><p class="Cite"><span class="UnderlineChar">Guardian 2010</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean</span></p><p class="stand-first-alone" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 </span>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Both </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">America and Israel believe that Israel should</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">a collective as well as an individual matter.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them</p><p class="Cite">Waltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007</p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Kenneth</span><span class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”, </span></p><p class="card"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">First, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">nuclear proliferation is not a problem</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">the Cultural Revolutionbehaves with such caution</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Iran is not close to developing a nuclear weapon</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;"><strong><span class="UnderlineChar">Fitzpatrick 2011</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt;">(Mark Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Programme<br class="lineBreak"> The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London  Thursday 3 February 2011http:www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/irans-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-capabilities/press-statement/)</span></p><p style="font-size: 8pt;"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The most pressing proliferation concern stems from</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">hamper its ability to rapidly expand uranium production.</span></p>	10/24/11
	Bing Rd 6 - Army Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h1 id="HT2013DemocracyAssistance"><span>T – Democracy Assistance</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span class="tag0" style="font-size: 14pt;">A. Interpretation -</span></strong><strong><span class="pagenumber" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="tag0" style="font-size: 14pt;">Carothers 2000</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (</span><span class="smalltexttChar" style="font-size: 8pt;">Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 12pt;">The term ‘</span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;">democracy assistance</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 12pt;">’ is sometimes used</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 12pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 12pt;">.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="tag0" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="tag0" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA"><span>1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK alliance</p><p class="Cite">Kim 9-6-11</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Despite</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> these </span><span class="UnderlineBold">hurdles</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">the time has come</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">finally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</p><p class="Cite">Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">Obama</span> administration<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">'s efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">to justify nation-building in foreign countries."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggression</p><p class="Cite"><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hwang</span>, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 200<span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">6</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">At the heart of our discussion about the</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">of mistrust for that country</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> in the region.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of case</p><p class="Cite"><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;">The consequences of failing to address the proliferation</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">that warrants priority consideration from the international community.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="HEUCP"><span>EU CP</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Text: The European Union should increase support for the ABA Rule of Law Initiative judicial assistance programs for Yemen.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</p><p class="Cite">Tocci and Cassarino 2011</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The Arab revolts do not call for Europe</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="H1NC2013TetiK"><span>1NC – Teti K</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">Teti, </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>A crucial implication of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">this</span> new kind of</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>AND</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>and thus <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">threat – both external and internal.</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong>The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">Shome</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Communication, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 11pt;">1996</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><p style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HCase"><span>Case</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Dehumanization and “no value to life” claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicide</p><p class="Cite"><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal;">Rayburn</span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 20</span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">04</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Why then, against what these advocates "</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">in arguing that rape is worse than death.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a truly unknowable Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create</p><p class="Cite"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Spivak</span><span class="UnderlineBold">, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 19</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">99</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">What happens to the critique of the sovereign</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">The affirmative sets up a hierarchal relation to the oppressed – they are only allowed to speak to their confessors after sacrificing their agency</p><p class="Cite"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Teti</span>, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 20<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The first ‘effect of power’ which a</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">that truth and the ‘reality’ it oversaw.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Humans Rights leads to the State of Exclusion and the creation of the “other”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Baxi 98 - Professor of Law, University of Warwick,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Upendra, Fall, accessed 8/1/05 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, lexis</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The notion of human rightshistorically the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">rights though certainly no stranger to its rhetoric.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypes</p><p class="Cite">Kapur 2002</p><p class="Cite"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, <em>Harvard Human Rights Journal</em>,</span><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="CardText"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE">In the international arena, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">the victim subject</span></p><p class="CardText"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">AND</span></p><p class="CardText"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">enjoy the powers of moral surveillance and regulation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Tag">Victimization dooms political reform – leads to conservative statist actions that turn the aff</p><p class="Cite">Kapur 2002</p><p class="Cite"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, <em>Harvard Human Rights Journal</em>,</span><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="CardText"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE">Finally, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">the victim subject</span><span class="UnderlineBold" lang="X-NONE"> and the focus</span></p><p class="CardText"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE">AND</span></p><p class="CardText"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE">de-centering the power of sovereign states.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="Tag">Rights discourses try to hide the evil’s of liberalism – turns the case by masking violence and human suffering</p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">Brown 4</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Wendy, Professor of Political Theory @ UC Berkeley, “The Most We Can Hope For…Human Rights and the Politics of Fatalism.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 103:2/3, Spring/Summer p 461-2)</span></p><p></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline">It is an old ruse of liberal reformers</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline">might render those other political possibilities more faint. </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p>	10/24/11
	JMU Rd 2 - Liberty LS Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h1 id="HOffCaseShenanigans"><span>Off Case Shenanigans</span></h1><h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK"><span>1NC – Teti K</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare."><span>The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>A crucial implication of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">this new</span> kind of</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>AND</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower"><span>The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Shome</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Communication, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">1996</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><ins>the postcolonial critique of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Western discursive</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP-Generic"><span><span lang="ES">1NC – EU CP - Generic</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovideOpenMeshtechnologytoadvocacygroupslocatedinBahrain."><span>Text: The European Union should provide OpenMesh technology to advocacy groups located in Bahrain.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies"><span>CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Tocci and Cassarino 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The Arab revolts do not call for Europe</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA"><span>1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish"><span>1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Korean Herald 10-3-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.</span></p><p></p><p></p><h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget"><span>2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">to justify nation-building in foreign countries."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony"><span>3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</span></h3><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Hormats 9-13-11</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KORUS In line with these objectives, we</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea"><span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 10pt;">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines</span> global<span class="cite" style="font-size: 10pt;"> hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Goh, 08</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">not doing so would appear to be much worse</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict"><span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Gray, 05</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">6. Interstate War, Down but Far</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">war: “fear, honor, and interest</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h1 id="HSolvency"><span>Solvency</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HInternet2013ATSolvency2013DDoS"><span>Internet – AT Solvency – DDoS</span></h2><h3 id="HMeshtechnologyissusceptibletoDDoSattacks"><span>Mesh technology is susceptible to DDoS attacks</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Siddiqui and Hong 2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Muhammad Shoaib, Ph.D Candidate & Choong Seon, Professor of Computer Engineering, “Security Issues in Wireless Mesh Networks,” paper presented at the 2007 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">High level security issues for WMNs are</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">basically</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">/IPS is difficult to deploy in WMNs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTakesoutthecase2013moreaccessmeansmoreattacks2Ccollapsesthenetwork"><span>Takes out the case – more access means more attacks, collapses the network</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Thomas, IT Journalist of 14 years, 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Keir, “Will DDoS Attacks Take Over the Internet?” 2/2/11, </span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">In its Network Infrastructure Security Report, published</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">in DDoS attacks launched by their desktop brethren</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013Bahrain2013ATSolvency"><span>1NC – Bahrain – AT Solvency</span></h2><h3 id="HToolateforeffectivechangeinBahrain2013royalfamily"><span>Too late for effective change in Bahrain – royal family</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Whatever </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">opening</span> there was <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">for real dialogue in</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">enduring hostility and the potential for perennial violence</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HPlanfails2013Saudirejectstheplan"><span>Plan fails – Saudi rejects the plan</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Al-Tamimi 6-19-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Aymenn Jawad, The American Thinker, “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">But here is the catch: </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Saudi Arabia</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the hands of the Saudis and the GCC</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HCredibiltiyFlow"><span>Credibiltiy Flow</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013USCred2013Palestine"><span>1NC – US Cred – Palestine</span></h2><h3 id="HCredibilitycollapseinevitable2013domesticpolitics2CObama2CNATO2Cforeignpolicy"><span>Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature line</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">not happen quickly if</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> it happens </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">at all.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurnsthecase2013wrecksassistance"><span>Turns the case – wrecks assistance</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Brinkley 9-16-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">After four decades of failed negotiations with Israel</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">wrote</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> in The New York Times on Monday.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013Iran2013ATProlif"><span>1NC – Iran – AT Prolif</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HIranproliferationunlikely2013evenifIrangetsnukesitwon2019tusethem"><span>Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Waltz,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Kenneth</span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”, </span></p><p class="card"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">First, </span><span class="UnderlineBold">nuclear proliferation is not a problem</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">the Cultural Revolutionbehaves with such caution</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></p><p style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </p><h3 id="HNoimpacttoIranprolifandturn2013communicationnetworkschecks2Ccausesoverallstability"><span>No impact to Iran prolif and turn – communication networks checks, causes overall stability</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Sadr 2005</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Ehsaneh I.</span><strong> </strong><span class="cite" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Sadr</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">graduate student in the department of government and politics at the University of Maryland, College Park) SUMMER </span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">2005</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “THE IMPACT OF IRAN’S NUCLEARIZATION ON ISRAEL” MIDDLE EAST POLICY, VOL. XII, NO. 2</span></p><p class="HotRoute" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="HotRoute" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The above analysis indicates that </span><span class="UnderlineBold">a </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Israel into its neighborhood.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013Iran2013ATAdventurism"><span>1NC – Iran – AT Adventurism</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion"><span>No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Walt,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Professor of IR at Harvard, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Third, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">they overstate Iran's capacity to subvert</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, however; it's just another </span>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013MiddleEastProlif2013Inevitable"><span>1NC – Middle East Prolif – Inevitable</span></h2><h3 id="HMiddleEastprolifinevitable2013Israel"><span>Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">The </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Guardian</span> 20<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean</span></p><p class="stand-first-alone" style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 </span>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Both </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">America and Israel believe that Israel should</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">a collective as well as an individual matter.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HMediaAdvantage"><span>Media Advantage</span></h1><h2 id="H1NC2013SectarianViolenceKTurn2013Bahrain"><span>1NC – Sectarian Violence K Turn – Bahrain</span></h2><h3 id="HClaimsof201Csectarianviolence201DinBahrainisnothingmorethanaracistredherringtojustifyimperialismanddestablization"><span>Claims of “sectarian violence” in Bahrain is nothing more than a racist red herring to justify imperialism and destablization</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Dabashi</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Hamid, Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York, “The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” Last Modified: 27 May 2011, </span>JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">The democratic uprising in Bahrain is integral to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">into the opening picture of the Arab Spring.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013NuclearTerrorism"><span>1NC – Nuclear Terrorism</span></h2><h3 id="HThechanceofnuclearterrorismis1in3-billion2013multiplereasons"><span>The chance of nuclear terrorism is 1 in 3-billion – multiple reasons</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Mueller</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(John, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science & Technology, Winter2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In contrast to these predictions</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">terrorist groups</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">terrorist group might be infiltrated by foreign intelligence.</span></p><h3 id="HEconomicdeclinedoesn2019tcausewar2013recessionproves"><span>Economic decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Barnett</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">09</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">When the global financial crisis struck</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> roughly </span><span class="UnderlineBold">a</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">-World War II international liberal trade order.</span></p>	10/24/11
	JMU Rd 4 - WVU Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="H1NC2013T2013DA3DDemocracyisPrimaryGoal"><span><strong><span class="tag">1NC – T – DA = Democracy is Primary Goal</span></strong></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span class="tag" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span class="tag" style="font-size: 14pt;">A. Interpretation -</span></strong><strong><span class="pagenumber" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Carothers 2000</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (</span><span class="smalltexttChar">Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">The term ‘</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">democracy assistance’</span><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;"> is sometimes used</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="small" style="font-size: 8pt;">.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span class="tag" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP2013CivilSociety"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1NC – EU CP – Civil Society</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldpromotepoliticalcapacitybuildingthroughoutYemenbyfundingwomen2019sorganizations."><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Text: The European Union should promote political capacity building throughout Yemen by funding women’s organizations.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HEUsolvesbest2013money2Cmarkets2Candinfluence"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">EU solves best – money, markets, and influence</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Ashton</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">I shall set out what </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the European Union</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">practice to sell goods and services into Europe.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</span></span></h2><h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Korean Herald 10-3-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.</span></p><h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">to justify nation-building in foreign countries."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</span></span></h3><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Hormats 9-13-11</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KORUS In line with these objectives, we</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea"><span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> global</span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Goh, 08</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">not doing so would appear to be much worse</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict"><span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Gray, 05</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">6. Interstate War, Down but Far</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">war: “fear, honor, and interest</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1NC – Teti K</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare."><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>A crucial implication of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">this new</span> kind of</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>AND</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Shome</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Communication, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">1996</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><ins>the postcolonial critique of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Western discursive</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HCase"><span>Case</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal">harms</p><h3 id="HEthicalpolicymakingmustbegroundedinconsequences"><span>Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Isaac</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Political Science at Indiana, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">02</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Jeffrey C., James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent 49:2, Spring 2002, p32)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Power is not a dirty word or an</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">promotes arrogance. And</span><span class="UnderlineBold"> it </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">undermines political effectiveness.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h3 id="HPatriarchy2019snottherootcauseofwar2013theirmonocasualexplanationdoomspolicymaking"><span>Patriarchy’s not the root cause of war – their monocasual explanation dooms policymaking</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Martin</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongon, 19</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">90</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">(Brian</span><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, “</span></strong><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Uprooting War,” 1990 edition, , accessed 9/2/11)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In this chapter and in the six preceding</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h3 id="HExtinctionoutweighs2013existenceisaprerequisitefortheself"><span>Extinction outweighs – existence is a prerequisite for the self</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Wapner</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Associate Professor of Global Environmental Politics at American, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">03</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[Paul Wapner is associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT / Winter 2003] JFS</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">All attempts to listen to nature are,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTURN:Blurringdiscrepanciesbetweendemocracyandadvancementofwomen2019srightsleadstoincreasedmistrustandexacerbatescurrentissuesofU.S.perceptionsbyMiddleEast"><span>TURN: Blurring discrepancies between democracy and advancement of women’s rights leads to increased mistrust and exacerbates current issues of U.S. perceptions by Middle East</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ottaway 4</span> (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracy and Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TM</p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Advancing women’s rights in the Arab world is</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">officials say and what different Arab constituencies hear.</span></p><h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sfocuson5Bpatriarchy2Fracism5Dattemptstoseparateoppressionintodimensionslikegenderandrace.Thisreinforcessubordinationandfailstoaddresstheintersections."><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Turn – the affirmative’s focus on [patriarchy/racism] attempts to separate oppression into dimensions like gender and race. This reinforces subordination and fails to address the intersections.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineChar" style="font-weight: normal;">Crenshaw ‘88</span></p><p class="Smalltext"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams. Professor of Law at UCLA and Columbia, Critical Race Theorist. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color” 1988) TA</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt;">The concept of</span><strong> <span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">political intersectionality highlights the fact</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">discourse that more fully empowers women of color.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sattempttospeakonbehalfofa201Cknowable201DOtherisviolent2013itconflatesthemeaningof201Crepresentation201Dandleadstoviolentutopianpoliticsbasedoffoftheimagetheycreate"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a “knowable” Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Spivak</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 19</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">99</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">What happens to the critique of the sovereign</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h3 id="HFocusonthevictimsubjectdoomspolitics2013reinforcesracistandexclusionarystereotypes"><span>Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypes</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Kapur 2002</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, <em>Harvard Human Rights Journal</em>,</span> <span style="font-size: 8pt;">15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="CardText"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE">In the international arena, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">the victim subject</span></p><p class="CardText"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">AND</span></p><p class="CardText"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" lang="X-NONE">enjoy </span><span class="UnderlineBold" lang="X-NONE">the powers of </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">moral surveillance and regulation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurn-Theirdehumanizationclaimsdisempowerindividualsandjustifymasssuicide"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Turn - Their dehumanization claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicide</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Rayburn</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">04</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Why then, against what these advocates "</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">in arguing that rape is worse than death.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThereisalwaysvaluetolife2013externalclaimsaboutothers2019valuetolifedestroyindividualautonomy"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">There is always value to life – external claims about others’ value to life destroy individual autonomy</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Schwartz</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">03</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The second assertion made by supporters of the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">by the person concerned and not by others.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTheyovergeneralizebiopower2013liberaldemocracieschecktheterminalimpacts"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">They overgeneralize biopower – liberal democracies check the terminal impacts</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>Dickinson</ins></span></strong><strong><ins>, Professor of History at UC Berkley, 20<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">04</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Edward, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About Modernity ‘Modernity,’” Central European History 7:1, p-48)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In short, </span><strong><ins>the continuities between early twentieth</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">modern societies </span><strong><ins>with</ins></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> quite </span><strong><ins>radically differing potentials.</ins></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">91</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">solvency</p><h3 id="HWomen2019srightsreformcannotbeachievedthroughdemocracyassistance2Cthetwomustbeseenasindependententities"><span>Women’s rights reform cannot be achieved through democracy assistance, the two must be seen as independent entities</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ottaway 4</span> (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracy</p><p class="MsoNormal">and Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TM</p><p class="card"><span class="underline">Support for women’s rights in the Arab world</span></p><p class="card"><span class="underline">AND</span></p><p class="card"><span class="underline">automatically solve the problem of equality for women.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNGOsinYemenareeitherineffective2Cdon2019tfocusondemocracypromotionorareobstructedbythegovernment."><span>NGOs in Yemen are either ineffective, don’t focus on democracy promotion or are obstructed by the government.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal">Ed <span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Burke (</span> Middle East researcher at FRIDE, the Foundation for International Relations and External Dialogue, in Madrid) “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen” May <span class="StyleBoldUnderline">2010</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The proliferation of Yemeni democracy and human rights</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">YWU’s activities to limited in range and scale.</span></p>	10/24/11
	JMU Rd 6 - Mary Wash SY Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK"><span>1NC – Teti K</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare."><span>The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>A crucial implication of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">this new</span> </ins></strong></p><p><strong><ins>AND</ins></strong></p><p><strong><ins>both external and internal.</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower"><span>The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Shome</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Communication, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">1996</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><ins>the postcolonial critique of </ins></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 8pt;">in as well as contribute to.</span></p><h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP-Generic"><span><span lang="ES">1NC – EU CP - Generic</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovidenecessaryresourcesandtrainingfortransparencyandaccountabilityofgovernmentinstitutionsincludingactivepublicandgovernmentinternalmonitoringforEgypt."><span>Text: The European Union should provide necessary resources and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions including active public and government internal monitoring for Egypt.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies"><span>CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Tocci and Cassarino 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The Arab revolts do not call for Europe</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</span></span></h2><h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Korean Herald 10-3-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.</span></p><h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">to justify nation-building in foreign countries."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</span></span></h3><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Hormats 9-13-11</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KORUS In line with these objectives, we</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea"><span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> global</span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Goh, 08</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p class="smalltextt"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">not doing so would appear to be much worse</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict"><span><span class="Heading3Char1" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Gray, 05</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">6. Interstate War, Down but Far</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">war: “fear, honor, and interest</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HSolvency"><span>Solvency</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTheEgyptmilitaryinpowerkilltheplan2013they2019llrejectanythingtheyperceiveasinterference"><span>The Egypt military in power kill the plan – they’ll reject anything they perceive as interference</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>Peters, Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan, 2011</ins></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Abbe Mariel, “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt,” Foreign Policy, 2/14/11, , accessed 7/18/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">T</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">he Egyptian leadership has always strongly resisted an</span>y</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">small number of groups involved in annual negotiations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTheyputthecartbeforethehorse2013aidnowwillonlyleadtofurthercorruptionandfinancialissues"><span>They put the cart before the horse – aid now will only lead to further corruption and financial issues</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>Ammous,</ins></span></strong><strong><ins> Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, 6/7/<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Saifedean, Lecturer on Economics at the Lebanese American University, “Too much aid will hobble Arab spring,” Financial Times, , accessed 7/5/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">Within months of toppling their dictatorships, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Egyptians</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">be responsive to the demands of their people.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HCred"><span>Cred</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HCredibilitycollapseinevitable2013domesticpolitics2CObama2CNATO2Cforeignpolicy"><span>Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature line</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">not happen quickly if</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> it happens </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">at all.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurnsthecase2013wrecksassistance"><span>Turns the case – wrecks assistance</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Brinkley 9-16-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">After four decades of failed negotiations with Israel</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">wrote</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> in The New York Times on Monday.</span></p><h3 id="HSoftpowerfails20133reasons."><span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Soft power fails – 3 reasons.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Gray 11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">(Dr. Colin Gray: </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading. “HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY.” April 2011. Strategic Studies Institute. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt;">7. Soft power cannot sensibly be regarded</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">, or both, deny it political traction</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h3 id="HSoftpowercannotsustainhegemony2013Britainproves."><span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Soft power cannot sustain hegemony – Britain proves.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Ferguson 6</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">(Niall Ferguson: </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Herzog Professor of History at the Stern School of Business, New York University and a Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. “An Empire in Denial.” May 6, 2006. Harvard International Review. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">One argument sometimes advanced to distinguish US “</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">precipitous decline of British power after the 1930s.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion"><span>No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Walt,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Professor of IR at Harvard, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Third, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">they overstate Iran's capacity to subvert</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, however; it's just another .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranianaggression2013toomanystructuralbarriersandit2019sjustrhetoricWehreyetal.2010"><span>No Iranian aggression – too many structural barriers and it’s just rhetoric<br class="lineBreak"> <span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Wehrey et al. 2010</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Frederic - Senior Analyst at RAND and PhD candidate at Oxford, Dalia Dassa Kaye - Senior Political Scientist at RAND and former prof at George Washington with PhD in political science from Berkley, Jeffrey Martini – Middle East research project associate at RAND, Jessica Watkins, Robert A. Guffey, “The Iraq Effect: The Middle East after the Iraq War,” Report prepared for the Air Force, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">To accurately gauge the strategic challenges from Iran</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">groups, and ability to influence Arab public opinion</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h1 id="HEgypt"><span>Egypt</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoEgyptiandemocracy"><span><span class="apple-style-span">No Egyptian democracy</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Reid 8-19-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt;">(Colston, Research Assistant at the Fund for Peace, “On Egyptian Democracy: Time to Start Organizing”, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Sadly, the revolution billed as Egypt’s rebirth</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">, that by itself may not be enough</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HAltcausetoEgyptecon-subsidies"><span>Alt cause to Egypt econ - subsidies</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Schenker 7-5-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(David, Washington Institute, The Cutting Edge News, “Egypt’s Enduring Challenges: The Economic Priority,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Egypt’s perennial subsidies are</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> also </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">a significant drag</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">a practice that has promoted extensive corruption</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HMiddleEastwarwon2019tescalate2013precedent"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Steven A. </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Cook </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">2007</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Finally,</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">there is no precedent for Arab</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.</span></p><h3 id="HNoEgypt-Israelwar2013rationalactorsandUSaid"><span><span style="font-weight: normal;">No Egypt-Israel war – rational actors and US aid</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Haynes 8-25-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Christopher, pursuing a Master's degree in political science at the American University in Cairo, Atlantic Sentinel, “Egypt-Israel Relations Cool But Will Endure,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Tension between Egypt and Israel mounted in recent</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">into a state of war any time soon</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p>2NC - K Cards</p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>The affirmative discourses continue these violent political rationalities through the particular technology of democracy assistance - their constant call to claims of emancipation and democratization beg the question. Who are we saving? To what end are we willing to go to save the political body? The duty of care ultimately recreates the situations in which they seek to intervene</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Teti,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">The hypothesis of </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the </span>implantation/<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">creation of</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">liberal forces which it sought to undermine.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">50</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HVotenegativeaspermanentcritique2013weexamineandrevealthediscoursesunderlyingtheaffirmativewhichcreatearacializedanddisorderedotherneedingassistance.Thecritiqueisapre-conditionforbetterpoliciesandpoliticalrationalities.Viewtheroundasawindowofopportunitytoexperimentwithnewdiscoursesthatrespondtoourhistoricalposition"><span>Vote negative as permanent critique – we examine and reveal the discourses underlying the affirmative which create a racialized and disordered other needing assistance. The critique is a pre-condition for better policies and political rationalities. View the round as a window of opportunity to experiment with new discourses that respond to our historical position</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Schmidt,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Professor of International Relations at Boston, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Viven A., “Speaking of change; why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation,” Critical Policy Studies 5:1, p106-126) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In the extensive literature on policy change,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">time takes us into another set of debates.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019spredictiveclaimsaredoomedtofail2013theMiddleEastrevolutionsprovethataccuratepoliticalpredictionsareimpossible"><span>The affirmative’s predictive claims are doomed to fail – the Middle East revolutions prove that accurate political predictions are impossible</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>Gardner</ins></span></strong><strong><ins>, Masters in History, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">and Tetlock</span>, PhD in Psychology, 20<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></ins></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Dan and Philip E., “Overcoming Our Aversion to Acknowledging Our Ignorance,” CATO Unbound, 7/11/11, , accessed 7/14/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">But only to some extent, unfortunately.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">along</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, or so they believe in hindsight.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HThenotionofthesuperiorityofdemocracyandthenecessityofDemocratizationisusedtodefinetheOrientalOtherasdeviantfromtheWesternselfandtojustifyviolentdisciplineoftheOther"><span>The notion of the superiority of democracy and the necessity of Democratization is used to define the Oriental Other as deviant from the Western self and to justify violent discipline of the Other</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">At this point, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the ‘grid of</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">-politics of confession</span><span class="UnderlineBold"> – as a whole.</span></p>	10/24/11
	West Point R2 - CUNY CF Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="H1NC2013Framework2013Longer"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306304196"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306374215"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC – Framework – Longer</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HA.Interpretation2013Theaffirmativemustaffirmtheresolutionbydefendingthehypotheticalimplementationofatopicalplan.Thedebatersareandthejudgeshouldrole-playaspolicymakerswiththeroundbeingdecidedbasedonthedesirabilityofimplementingtheplan."><span>A. Interpretation – The affirmative must affirm the resolution by defending the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan. The debaters are and the judge should role-play as policymakers with the round being decided based on the desirability of implementing the plan.</span></h3><h3 id="HB.Violation20135B5D"><span>B. Violation – [ ]</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HC.Thisisavotingissueontheoreticalgrounds"><span>C. This is a voting issue on theoretical grounds</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H1.Topicalitybeforeadvocacy2013theresolutionistheonlystablelocusforpredictableground.Allowingtheafftopickgroundandframeworksoutsideofthismakesitimpossibleforthenegativetopredictandprepare2013thisisavotingissueforcompetitiveequityandisapriorquestiontotheaffirmative"><span>1. Topicality before advocacy – the resolution is the only stable locus for predictable ground. Allowing the aff to pick ground and frameworks outside of this makes it impossible for the negative to predict and prepare – this is a voting issue for competitive equity and is a prior question to the affirmative</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Shively</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">2000</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="reduce2" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="reduce2" style="font-size: 8pt;">The requirements given thus far are primarily negative</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="reduce2" style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="reduce2" style="font-size: 8pt;">contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.</span></p><h3 id="H2.Clash2013lackofpredictableorfairgroundpreventsusfromhavingadebatethatactuallyteststheiradvocacyorapproach-theyjustifynon-falsifiableandsubjectiveframeworksthatprecludetestingthetruth-valueoftheirclaims2013evaluationcomesfromimplementation"><span>2. Clash – lack of predictable or fair ground prevents us from having a debate that actually tests their advocacy or approach - they justify non-falsifiable and subjective frameworks that preclude testing the truth-value of their claims – evaluation comes from implementation</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Ignatieff 2004</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Professor of Human Rights at Harvard, (Michael, Lesser Evils, pages 18-19)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="SmallText">As for mor1al perfectionism, this would be</p><p class="SmallText"><span class="UnderlineChar" style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="SmallText"><span class="UnderlineChar" style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">one right  might lead us to betray another</span><span class="UnderlineChar" style="font-size: 10pt;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H3.Education2013theyskirtalltopicbasededucationresultingfromhowdemocracyassistanceintopicalcountriesisimplementedanditseffects.Prefertopicaleducation2013it2019sthebeststandardbyensuringnewyearlyeducationinsteadofrecycling.Alloftheireducationclaimsarepreservedbyreadingtheiraffontheneg."><span>3. Education – they skirt all topic based education resulting from how democracy assistance in topical countries is implemented and its effects. Prefer topical education – it’s the best standard by ensuring new yearly education instead of recycling. All of their education claims are preserved by reading their aff on the neg.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H5.Affconditionality2013resolutionalplanfocuspreventstheafffromshiftingadvocacies2013theirframeworkjustifiesvagueadvocaciesandallowtheafftobeamovingtarget2013thatdestroysdiscussion2Cadvocaciesskills2Canyground2Candallowsthemtospikeoutofanynegativearguments2Cmakingbeingnegativeimpossible."><span>5. Aff conditionality – resolutional plan focus prevents the aff from shifting advocacies – their framework justifies vague advocacies and allow the aff to be a moving target – that destroys discussion, advocacies skills, any ground, and allows them to spike out of any negative arguments, making being negative impossible.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HD.Ourframeworkissubstantivelypreferable"><span>D. Our framework is substantively preferable</span></h3><h3 id="H1.Roleplayingaspolicymakersgeneratesproductiveeducationthatovercomesourpoliticalexclusion2013theaffirmativere-entrenchespassivity"><span><span class="reduce2">1. Roleplaying as policymakers generates productive education that overcomes our political exclusion – the affirmative re-entrenches passivity</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Kulynych</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop, 19</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">97</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Jessica, Winthrop University, Polity 32:2, Winter, p. 344-5)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Unfortunately, it is precisely </span><span class="UnderlineBold">these elements of</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="UnderlineBold">, thereby </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">refusing their construction as passive clients.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="H2.Engagingtheformalnotionofthepoliticalisgood2013alternativeframeworksbreednarcissismthatcausesnarcissisticdisengagementwithpoliticalpragmatism2013thismeansweproducethebestpedagogy"><span>2. Engaging the formal notion of the political is good – alternative frameworks breed narcissism that causes narcissistic disengagement with political pragmatism – this means we produce the best pedagogy</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Chandler</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of IR at Westminster, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere” – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at:</span> PE/JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">However, </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">politics is no less important to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">used to understand and engage with the world .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="HAndwecontrolanexternalimpact2013disengagementfromthepoliticalprovidesroomforelitisttakeoverwithoutactuallyshiftingpowerstructures2013thatcauseswar2Cslavery2Candauthoritarian"><span>And we control an external impact – disengagement from the political provides room for elitist takeover without actually shifting power structures – that causes war, slavery, and authoritarian</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Boggs</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Political Science at Southern California, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">2000</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(CAROL, 2000, THE END OF POLITICS, 250-1)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">But it is a very deceptive and misleading</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">antirationalism of Oakeshott’s Burkean muddling-through theories. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="H3.Switch-sidedebateisgood2013itprovidesthebesteducationbyforcingdebaterstoresearchbothsidesofissuesinsteadofbecomingdogmatic2013beingforcedtoexamineopposingviewsiskeytochallengeus2Fthemdichotomies"><span>3. Switch-side debate is good – it provides the best education by forcing debaters to research both sides of issues instead of becoming dogmatic – being forced to examine opposing views is key to challenge us/them dichotomies</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">English et al, 2007<br class="lineBreak"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Eric, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief & Carly Woods. Univ. of Pittsburgh Communication Dept. “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction.” Routledge. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 221-225 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">This episode is a representative anecdote for the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">of such polar categories find debate so threatening.</span></p><h2 id="H1NC2013HistoricalMaterialism-Baudrillard"><span>1NC – Historical Materialism - Baudrillard</span></h2><h3 id="HThe1AC2019srejectionoftruthclaimsaboutthematerialroleofactorsandstructuresinhistoryprecludesthemostpoliticizingmodesofanalysisbasedonclass"><span>The 1AC’s rejection of truth claims about the material role of actors and structures in history precludes the most politicizing modes of analysis based on class</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Palmer 96</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Canada Research Chair in Canadian Labour History and Canadian Studies @ Trent University, Bryan D., "Old Positions/New Necessities: History, Class, and Marxist Metanarrative," in "In Defense of History," Ed. by E. Meiskins Wood & John Foster, p.65-72shree)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">On one level this is not particularly new</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver;">the global dimensions of exploitation</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> and oppression.5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HD-Rule2014Capitalismleadstomassexterminationandturnscase"><span>D-Rule—Capitalism leads to mass extermination and turns case</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Zizek and Daly 4</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">For Zizek it is imperative that we cut</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="HVotednegativetoendorsehistoricalmaterialism"><span>Voted negative to endorse historical materialism</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Lapointe 7</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> [Thierry. "Beyond an Historicism Without Subject: Agency and the Elusive Genealogies of State Sovereignty" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Feb 28, 2007 <]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The primary objective of this volume is to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">and reproducing quite different set of social practices.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013DifferenceK"><span>1NC – Difference K</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sapproachof201Cliberating201Dusfromthingslikelanguageandliteralmeaningsrobscriticismofanymaterialpraxisorhistoricalmeaning.Theirapproachviolentlyusesdeconstructiontolevelalldifference."><span>The affirmative’s approach of “liberating” us from things like language and literal meanings robs criticism of any material praxis or historical meaning. Their approach violently uses deconstruction to level all difference.</span></h3><p class="SmallText"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt;">Spanos 1993</span></p><p class="SmallText">(William V., Heidegger and Criticism, p. 121-123) PM</p><p class="SmallText"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Derrida's differance</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> "without positive terms" reveals</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">) pyrotechnical interpretive practice is willing to dance.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="HThealternativeisHeideggariandestruction.Thealternativebetterapproachesthepresentbyavoidingtextualizingordepoliticizingdifference.Instead2Citretrievesthequestionoftemporalitybyapproachingdifferenceasonesitealongthecontinuumofbeing2Clikeagreeingwiththecriticismofthe1ACbutattendtothespecificmaterialandsociopoliticallimitsoftoday."><span>The alternative is Heideggarian destruction. The alternative better approaches the present by avoiding textualizing or depoliticizing difference. Instead, it retrieves the question of temporality by approaching difference as one site along the continuum of being, like agreeing with the criticism of the 1AC but attend to the specific material and sociopolitical limits of today.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>Spanos 1993</ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(William V., <em>Heidegger and Criticism</em>, p. 82-84) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In what follows, I intend to explore</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">an indissoluble relay encompassing the totality of being.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></ins></p><h2 id="HKatoCP1NC"><span>Kato CP 1NC</span></h2><h3 id="HText:TheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentshoulddismantleitsnuclearweaponsarsenal."><span>Text: The United States federal government should dismantle its nuclear weapons arsenal.</span></h3><h3 id="HNUCLEARWARFAREISNOTIMMATERIALANDNEVERHASBEEN.Theaffirmative2019srepresentationofthebombas201Cnolonger201Dthe201Cphysical2Cmechanicalstrugglebetween201Dgroups2Cbut201Ccollaborationsinthelogisticsofperception201DreproducestheWest2019sownhegemonicideology.TheUnitedStatesnuclearweaponsarsenalisnowandalwayshasbeenarealmaterialweaponinthewaragainstindigenouspeoplesuchasNativeAmericans"><span><ins>NUCLEAR WARFARE IS NOT IMMATERIAL AND NEVER HAS BEEN</ins>. The affirmative’s representation of the bomb as “no longer” the “physical, mechanical struggle between” groups, but “collaborations in the logistics of perception” reproduces the West’s own hegemonic ideology. The United States nuclear weapons arsenal is now and always has been a real material weapon in the war against indigenous people such as Native Americans</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><ins>Kato</ins></strong>, Department of Political Science at the University of Hawai’i, <strong><ins>1993</ins> </strong>[Masahide, “Nuclear Globalism: Traversing Rockets, Satellites, and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze,” Alternatives 18 (1993), 339-360]         </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Nuclear War Imagined and Nuclear War as Real</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins>The vigorous invasion of the logic of capitalist</ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins>AND</ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins>and Indigenous Nations almost on a daily basis.</ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HCase"><span>Case</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H28A29Your1ACisnon-inherentandyouvotenegativeonpresumption2014ifthey2019rerightthatthelanguageoftheresolutionisalwaysalreadyenigmaticandauto-deconstructiveofhumanintent2Cthe1ACisunnecessary2014meaningsarediscardedeffortlesslynowandtheworldconstantlyshowsusthathumansarefarfrommasteringtheuniverse.Additionally2Caskingthejudgetovoteaffisadoubleturn2014bybecomingacriticalconsciousnesstoholdupamirrortotheworldandshowhowabsurditis28ie2Cthroughpoetryandaddingtothelanguageoftheresolution292Ctheydonthegarbofsagestoshowusthefaultsinouractions2014theirownauthorsaythatthisisinitselfaformofmasteryoftheworldandturnscase.Starthiscard."><span>(A)  Your 1AC is non-inherent and you vote negative on presumption—if they’re right that the language of the resolution is always already enigmatic and auto-deconstructive of human intent, the 1AC is unnecessary—meanings are discarded effortlessly now and the world constantly shows us that humans are far from mastering the universe. Additionally, asking the judge to vote aff is a double turn—by becoming a critical consciousness to hold up a mirror to the world and show how absurd it is (ie, through poetry and adding to the language of the resolution), they don the garb of sages to show us the faults in our actions—their own author say that this is in itself a form of mastery of the world and turns case.  Star this card.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span class="Heading3CharCharChar" style="font-size: 12pt;">Baudrillard 96</span></ins><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"> (Jean, Tupac of Academia, The Perfect Crime, p. 73-74shree)</span></p><p class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span class="underline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">Irony</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> is the only spiritual form in the</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;">, superconductive of illusion and non-meaning.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HFocusondiscourseandrepresentationstradesoffwithconcretepoliticalchangeandmakesnodifferencetothoseengagedinpoliticalstruggles."><span>Focus on discourse and representations trades off with concrete political change and makes no difference to those engaged in political struggles.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Taft-Kaufman, 95</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Jill Speech prof @ CMU, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="underline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">homeless represents both a cultural and humane failure.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HThereisalwaysvaluetolife2013externalclaimsaboutothers2019valuetolifedestroyindividualautonomy"><span>There is always value to life – external claims about others’ value to life destroy individual autonomy</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Schwartz</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">03</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The second assertion made by supporters of the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">by the person concerned and not by others.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>	10/24/11
	West Point R3 - Navy BH Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="H1NCIMETT"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span lang="X-NONE">1NC IMET T</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Democracy assistance is only transfer of funds, expertise and material related to institutions already working towards democracy.</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lappin ‘10</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal">Richard Lappin, a PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, He has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center, visiting Scholar  at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE programme. “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation”. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. Vol.4, No.1, May (2010). </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Democracy assistance can be most accurately defined as</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal">AND</p><p class="MsoNormal">civil society groups, media groups and political parties</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Democracy Assistance different than Military Assistance</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dina </span><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Guirguis 2009</span></ins><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> “Promoting Democracy in Egypt”  (executive director of the Washington-based Voices for a Democratic Egypt, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law) </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The history of U.S. support</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">at approximately $1.3 billion annually.</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; page-break-after: avoid;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IMET is XT- technical training not related to democracy assistance</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fas.org accessed on September 15<sup>th</sup> 2011. </span></ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“International Military Education and Training (IMET)” and Process</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Courses made available to </span></ins><ins><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">IMET grant recipients are</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">using specific U.S.-manufactured weapons sytems</span></ins></p><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></ins></p><h2 id="H1NC2013ShomeK"><span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="X-NONE">1NC – Shome K</span></span></h2><h3 id="HDemocracyassistanceisadiscursiveframeusedtojustifyneoliberalimperialistintervention2013turnstheaffbypreventingdemocratizationandbreedingresistance"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Sussman 2006</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” <em>Monthly Review</em>, 58:7, December, ) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">U.S. interventionism</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, except perhaps</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">political spin and other expressions of neocolonial hegemony.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThispoliticalrationalitycreatesculturalandracializedothers2Cmakingannihilationinevitable"><span><span lang="X-NONE">This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Pinar </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Batur 7</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">War and genocide are</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> horrid, and taking</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">its existence</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HVotenegativetorejecttheaffirmative2019scallforincreasingU.S.democracyassistance.Wemustcritiquetheaffirmative2019sknowledgeproductionwhichallowsfortheannihlation"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Shome</span>, Professor of Communication, <span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">1996</span><strong> </strong>(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><ins>the postcolonial critique of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Western discursive</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Post col best – focuses on current colonial structures – still relationships</p><h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP2013Generic"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306306354"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span lang="ES">1NC – EU CP – Generic</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="ES"> </span></p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovide2.1milliondollarstoBahraininaformofassistancemodeledoffoftheUnitedStatesIMETprogram."><span><span lang="X-NONE">Text: The European Union should provide 2.1 million dollars to Bahrain in a form of assistance modeled off of the United States IMET program.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies"><span><span lang="X-NONE">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Tocci and Cassarino 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The Arab revolts do not call for Europe</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013BoehnerDA"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306958471"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306906109"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span lang="X-NONE">1NC – Boehner DA</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HBoehnerisusingPCtopreventthedischargepetition"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Boehner is using PC to prevent the discharge petition</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Reuters October 13th</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 2011 “Analysis: Boehner stands firm against yuan bill” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Other tactics may yet be tried. An</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Council, which opposes the China currency legislation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HTeapartyhatestheplanandlovesthecurrencybill"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Tea party hates the plan and loves the currency bill</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Harvey M. </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Sapolsky 2010</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Professor of Public Policy and Organization, Emeritus at MIT and was until recently the Director of the MIT Security Studies Program) “ The Tea Party’s Foreign Policy” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">What then can be gleaned on where this</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">and any version of football that isn’t American.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HAnynewfundingorreallocationsfacemassiveoppositionfromtheright."><span><span lang="X-NONE">Any new funding or reallocations face massive opposition from the right.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Richter</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">,</span> Chicago Tribune Washington bureau<span class="StyleBoldUnderline">, 4/13/</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">’11</span> (Paul, “Spending concerns sidetrack aid efforts,” )</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">two nations has been linked since the early 1980</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HMovestocompromisewithObamaonissuesliketheplanempiricallyforceBohnertotherightonotherissuestoconsolidatesupportforhisspeakership-likethecurrencybill"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Moves to compromise with Obama on issues like the plan empirically force Bohner to the right on other issues to consolidate support for his speakership- like the currency bill</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Boston Globe</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">July 28, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">  “Boehner can’t please Tea Party, but bipartisan deal could work” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Boehner</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">’s</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> mind, his </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">speakership depends on</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">financial disaster that would be entirely self-inflicted</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HVoteguaranteespassage"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Vote guarantees passage</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Washington Times  </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">October 17th</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 2011</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “Washington contemplates tougher China trade policy” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Of course, these are only the opening</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">a bill if it got to his desk.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNewtariffsonChinesegoodstriggeratradewar"><span><span lang="X-NONE">New tariffs on Chinese goods trigger a trade war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Forbes,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 9-17, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">,</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">At the hearing, Senator Charles Schumer declared</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>war</ins></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> that would benefit nobody and damage everybody.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HUS-Chinatradewartriggersashootingwar"><span><span lang="X-NONE">US-China trade war triggers a shooting war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ben </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Landy</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines. Landy served in various research and project management positions at the Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies, two leading public policy think tanks in Washington, D.C. Ben holds a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University. April 3, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><ins>T<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">he greatest threat for the 21st century is</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>increases in military budgets and anti-satellite tests</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HGoesnuclear2013dragsinothergreatpowersandcausesextinction"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Goes nuclear – drags in other great powers and causes extinction</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Straits Times 2000</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">(Ching Cheong, staff writer, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” 6/25/00, LexisNexis, accessed 6/18/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">THE high-intensity scenario postulates </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">a cross</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HCaseDebate"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Case Debate</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HToolateforeffectivechangeinBahrain2013royalfamily"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Too late for effective change in Bahrain – royal family</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Whatever </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">opening</span> there was <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">for real dialogue in</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">enduring hostility and the potential for perennial violence</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HPlanfails2013Saudirejectstheplan"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Plan fails – Saudi rejects the plan</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Al-Tamimi 6-19-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Aymenn Jawad, The American Thinker, “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">But here is the catch: </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Saudi Arabia</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the hands of the Saudis and the GCC</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoimpactandturn2013lossoftheFifthFleetwon2019thurtGulfsecurity2013otheractorscheck.RemovaloftheFifthFleetallowsforreallocationofresourcestocounterterrorismanddrugtraffickingefforts"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No impact and turn – loss of the Fifth Fleet won’t hurt Gulf security – other actors check. Removal of the Fifth Fleet allows for reallocation of resources to counterterrorism and drug trafficking efforts</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Gresh</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">However, </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the U</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">nited </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">S</span>tates <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">is able to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">confront more pressing situations at home and abroad.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTurn2013FifthFleetcausesrecklessregionalactors2013removalsolvesandothernavalfacilitiespreventescalation"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Turn – Fifth Fleet causes reckless regional actors – removal solves and other naval facilities prevent escalation</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” ) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">There are a number of reasons why</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">but has enabled their dangerous behavior as well.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoimpactandturn2013FifthFleetunnecessarytoprotecttheStraitsofHormuzordeterIran2013navalpresencejustmakesusvulnerableandincreasestensionwithIran"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No impact and turn – Fifth Fleet unnecessary to protect the Straits of Hormuz or deter Iran – naval presence just makes us vulnerable and increases tension with Iran</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Gresh</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">The United States has long employed a strategy</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">on the carrier group or instill fear</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> <!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="r5"~~><!~~stopmacro~~></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HFifthfleetwon2019tmove2013onlyrumors"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Fifth fleet won’t move – only rumors</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Toumi, Bureau Chief of Gulf News, 7-22-11</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><br class="lineBreak"> (Habib, “US Navy dismisses reports it is moving out of Bahrain,” )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">The </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">US</span> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Navy has denied</span> media reports <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">it</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">the Gulf, </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">has little desire to move</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HEconomicdeclinedoesn2019tcausewar2013recessionproves"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Economic decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Barnett</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">09</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, )</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">When the global financial crisis struck</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> roughly </span><span class="UnderlineBold">a</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">-World War II international liberal trade order.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTheUSeconomyisresilient"><span><span lang="X-NONE">The US economy is resilient</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Zakaria</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Editor of Newsweek International, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">09</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Fareed, “The Secrets of Stability,” 12/11/09, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">One year ago, the world seemed as</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">reinforcing the other and each historical in nature.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranianaggressionBahrain2013empiricallydenied2Cnoteventokengestures"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No Iranian aggression Bahrain – empirically denied, not even token gestures</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">A. Savyon</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, director of the Iranian Media Project at the Middle East Media Research Institute, 7-4-</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(“Iran's Defeat in the Bahrain Crisis: A Seminal Event in the Sunni-Shi'ite Conflict”. ) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Despite Bahrain's historic</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">, ethnic, and religious</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">noted that </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">none of these calls were implemented.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Walt,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Professor of IR at Harvard, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Third, </span><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">they overstate Iran's capacity to subvert</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, however; it's just another .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoIranianhegemonyoradventurism"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No Iranian hegemony or adventurism</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Tisdall</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Assistant Editor of the Guardian and Foreign Affairs columnist, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Simon, “Iran has been isolated by the Arab spring,” 5/17/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Snap judgments</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> in Washington and Jerusalem th</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">at Iran</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Whether Cairo or Tehran, death to tyrants!"</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNoimpact2013theirhegemonyscenariospresumeanoldstrategicmodel"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No impact – their hegemony scenarios presume an old strategic model</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Koplovsky, 2006.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Michael. Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office. 10-23-2006. “Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain.” ) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Large, permanent, </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">forward U.S</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">U.S. deterrent and operational presence.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HHegemonyisunsustainable2013counterbalancingisinevitable"><span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" lang="X-NONE">Hegemony is unsustainable – counterbalancing is inevitable</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Maher 11 Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science d<!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="OLE_LINK1"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>epartment at Brown University</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Richard, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union and</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">strengthened once this period of unipolarity has passed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HSlowandpeacefultransitionfromhegisinevitable2013sustainingonlycausesviolentinstability"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Slow and peaceful transition from heg is inevitable – sustaining only causes violent instability</span></span></h3><p class="tiny"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pape 09</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="tiny"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago (Robert, Empire Falls, National Interest, 1/22)</span></p><p class="tiny"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="tiny"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Clearly, major shifts in the balance of</span></p><p class="tiny"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></p><p class="tiny"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">. Washington must adopt more realistic foreign commitments. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>	10/24/11
	West Pointt R6 - Cornell LP Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="H1NC-T"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306958471"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306906109"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span lang="X-NONE">1NC - T</span></span></h2><h3 id="HA.Interpretation" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span lang="X-NONE">A.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span>Interpretation</span></h3><h3 id="H"><span></span></h3><h3 id="H1.Democracyassistanceisnecessarilydirect"><span><span lang="X-NONE">1. </span><strong><span class="PageNumber2" style="font-size: 12pt;">Democracy assistance is necessarily direct</span></strong></span></h3><h3 id="HHuber200828DepartmentofInternationalRelations2CHebrewUniversityofJerusalem2CIsrael29201CDemocracyAssistanceintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica:AComparisonofUSandEUPolicies201D"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Huber 2008 </span><strong><span class="small">(Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”</span></strong></span></h3><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span class="small" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span class="small" style="font-size: 10pt;">The American researcher Thomas Carothers gives a deﬁnition</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span class="small" style="font-size: 10pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span class="small" style="font-size: 10pt;">Table 1 visualizes the different democracy promotion instrument.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span class="small" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="H2.DemocracyAssistancemustbedirectedtowardsimprovingoneofthefollowingthreecategories"><span><strong><span class="PageNumber2" style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Democracy Assistance must be directed towards improving one of the following three categories</span></strong></span></h3><h3 id="HCarothers200028ThomasvicepresidentforstudiesattheCarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace2C201CTakingStockofDemocracyAssistance201DAmericanDemocracyPromotion29"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Carothers 2000</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (</span><span class="smalltexttChar" style="font-size: 8pt;">Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 6pt;">The term</span><span class="highlight" style="font-size: 12pt;"> ‘democracy assistance’</span><span style="font-size: 6pt;"> is sometimes used</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">AND</p><p class="MsoNormal">seminars on democracy, and educational exchange programmes.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="H3.Increasemeanstomakegreater2Cnottocreate."><span><span lang="X-NONE">3. Increase means to make greater, not to create.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Buckley</span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;">, Attorney, 20</span><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">06</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">(Jeremiah, Attorney, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 8pt;">First, the court said that the ordinary</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">phrase gathers meaning from the words around it”)</span></p><h3 id="HInterpretation2013increasemustbeanoverallincreaseindemocracyassistanceindemocracyassistance2Cotherwisethetopicisbidirectional."><span><span lang="X-NONE">Interpretation – increase must be an overall increase in democracy assistance in democracy assistance, otherwise the topic is bidirectional.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h2 id="H1NC2013ShomeK"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="X-NONE">1NC – Shome K</span></span></h2><h3 id="HDemocracyassistanceisadiscursiveframeusedtojustifyneoliberalimperialistintervention2013turnstheaffbypreventingdemocratizationandbreedingresistance"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Sussman 2006</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” <em>Monthly Review</em>, 58:7, December, ) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">U.S. interventionism</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, except perhaps</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">political spin and other expressions of neocolonial hegemony.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThispoliticalrationalitycreatesculturalandracializedothers2Cmakingannihilationinevitable"><span><span lang="X-NONE">This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Pinar </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">Batur 7</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">War and genocide are</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> horrid, and taking</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">its existence</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002).</span></p><h3 id="HTheirviolentrepresentationsareareasontovoteneg-wecan2019tevaluatetheimplementationoftheaffbecausetheirtruthclaimsarerootedinneoliberalandracistlogic.AllbenefitsofdemocratizationaretautologicalandpresumethesuperiorityoftheWest"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Their violent representations are a reason to vote neg - we can’t evaluate the implementation of the aff because their truth claims are rooted in neoliberal and racist logic. All benefits of democratization are tautological and presume the superiority of the West</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Teti,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">In this epistemic framework, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">truth about the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ikhwan, Hamas, Hizballah, etc.).31</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HVotenegativetorejecttheaffirmative2019scallforincreasingU.S.democracyassistance.Wemustcritiquetheaffirmative2019sknowledgeproductionwhichallowsfortheannihlation"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Shome</span>, Professor of Communication, <span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">1996</span><strong> </strong>(Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” <em>Communication Theory</em>, February, p. 50-52) PM</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second, </span><strong><ins>the postcolonial critique of <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Western discursive</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">to engage in as well as contribute to.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Post col best – focuses on current colonial structures – still relationships</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP"><span><span lang="X-NONE">1NC – EU CP</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldcommissionparticipatoryevaluationsofitsso-calleddemocracyassistanceprogramsforSyria.EvaluationsshouldemploythemethodologyusedforprovidingUnitedStatesReligiousFreedomReports."><span><span lang="X-NONE">Text: The European Union should commission participatory evaluations of its so-called democracy assistance programs for Syria. Evaluations should employ the methodology used for providing United States Religious Freedom Reports.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies"><span><span lang="X-NONE">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Tocci and Cassarino 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">The Arab revolts do not call for Europe</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold">the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HEUcommittedtopromotingreligiousfreedominMiddleEast2Ccounterplansolves"><span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" lang="X-NONE">EU committed to promoting religious freedom in Middle East, counterplan solves</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Reuters</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> May </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">2011</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> , date accessed September 17, 2011 PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Reuters) - </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">E</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">uropean </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">U</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">nion </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">leaders assured</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">with fear for the future of those societies."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="H1NC2013BoehnerDA"><span><span lang="X-NONE">1NC – Boehner DA</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HBoehnerisusingPCtopreventthedischargepetition"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Boehner is using PC to prevent the discharge petition</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Reuters October 13th</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 2011 “Analysis: Boehner stands firm against yuan bill” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Other tactics may yet be tried. An</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Council, which opposes the China currency legislation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HTeapartyhatestheplanandlovesthecurrencybill"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Tea party hates the plan and loves the currency bill</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Harvey M. </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Sapolsky 2010</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Professor of Public Policy and Organization, Emeritus at MIT and was until recently the Director of the MIT Security Studies Program) “ The Tea Party’s Foreign Policy” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">What then can be gleaned on where this</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">and any version of football that isn’t American.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HAnynewfundingorreallocationsfacemassiveoppositionfromtheright."><span><span lang="X-NONE">Any new funding or reallocations face massive opposition from the right.</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Richter</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">,</span> Chicago Tribune Washington bureau<span class="StyleBoldUnderline">, 4/13/</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">’11</span> (Paul, “Spending concerns sidetrack aid efforts,” )</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reporting from Washington — </span><span class="UnderlineBold">The Obama administration's efforts</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">two nations has been linked since the early 1980</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span></strong></p><h3 id="HMovestocompromisewithObamaonissuesliketheplanempiricallyforceBohnertotherightonotherissuestoconsolidatesupportforhisspeakership-likethecurrencybill"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Moves to compromise with Obama on issues like the plan empirically force Bohner to the right on other issues to consolidate support for his speakership- like the currency bill</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Boston Globe</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">July 28, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">  “Boehner can’t please Tea Party, but bipartisan deal could work” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Boehner</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">’s</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> mind, his </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">speakership depends on</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">financial disaster that would be entirely self-inflicted</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HVoteguaranteespassage"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Vote guarantees passage</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Washington Times  </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">October 17th</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 2011</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “Washington contemplates tougher China trade policy” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Of course, these are only the opening</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">a bill if it got to his desk.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HNewtariffsonChinesegoodstriggeratradewar"><span><span lang="X-NONE">New tariffs on Chinese goods trigger a trade war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Forbes,</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt"> 9-17, </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">,</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">At the hearing, Senator Charles Schumer declared</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>war</ins></span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> that would benefit nobody and damage everybody.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HUS-Chinatradewartriggersashootingwar"><span><span lang="X-NONE">US-China trade war triggers a shooting war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ben </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Landy</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines. Landy served in various research and project management positions at the Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies, two leading public policy think tanks in Washington, D.C. Ben holds a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University. April 3, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">07</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><ins>T<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">he greatest threat for the 21st century is</span></ins></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>AND</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.2in;"><strong><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"><ins>increases in military budgets and anti-satellite tests</ins></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HGoesnuclear2013dragsinothergreatpowersandcausesextinction"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Goes nuclear – drags in other great powers and causes extinction</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Straits Times 2000</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">(Ching Cheong, staff writer, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” 6/25/00, LexisNexis, accessed 6/18/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">THE high-intensity scenario postulates </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">a cross</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HCase"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Case</span></span></h2><h3 id="HInherency:"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Inherency:</span></span></h3><h3 id="HNoneedforaidinSyria"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc177611059"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc177611093"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc177651667"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span lang="X-NONE">No need for aid in Syria</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><ins><span class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;">Russian ForMin  9/8/2011</span></ins><span class="cite" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(No need in emergency int'l humanitarian aid to Syria, LexisNexis, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Syria has no need in an emergency humanitarian</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">transparently with U.N. specialized agencies."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HSecviolence"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Sec violence</span></span></h3><h3 id="HNoSyriancivilwar2013notdiverseenough"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No Syrian civil war – not diverse enough</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Abdul-Hussain, Washington Bureau Chief of Al-Rai newspaper, 2011 <br class="lineBreak"></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Hussain, "No civil war after Assad," NOW Lebanon, 4/27/11, ) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sub> </sub></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Since the outbreak of the Syrian uprising</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline"> five</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Islamist, nor head into a civil war</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">.</span></p><h3 id="HSyriacivilwarwon2019tspillover2013nointerestedneighbors"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Syria civil war won’t spillover – no interested neighbors</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Smith, Weekly Standard senior editor, 2011 <br class="lineBreak"></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Lee, "Israel’s Not Protecting Assad—Obama Is," Weekly Standard, 5-13-11, www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/israel-s-not-protecting-assad-obama_561004.html?page=1)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Second argument is that there will be a</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Syria’s neighbors have any interest in civil war</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HCartbeforethehorse-sectarianismtakesoutsolvency"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Cart before the horse - sectarianism takes out solvency</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal">Steven <span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Heydemann</span>, senior vice president at the United States Institute of Peace, 4/4/<span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">2011</span><span class="author-date"> </span>(</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Perhaps . Yet this </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">grand vision of a truly new Middle East rest on exceptionally wobbly foundations</span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> . This is certainly the moment for the U .S . to lend support to Syrians</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">struggling against the Asad regime . Yet </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">in the Levant, with potentially devastating consequences .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HClaimsof201Csectarianviolence201Darenothingmorethanaracistredherringtojustifyimperialismanddestablization"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Claims of “sectarian violence” </span>are<span lang="X-NONE"> nothing more than a racist red herring to justify imperialism and destablization</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Dabashi</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Hamid, Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York, “The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” Last Modified: 27 May 2011, JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">The democratic uprising in Bahrain is integral to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">into the opening picture of the Arab Spring.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sattempttospeakonbehalfofa201Cknowable201DOtherisviolent2013itconflatesthemeaningof201Crepresentation201Dandleadstoviolentutopianpoliticsbasedoffoftheimagetheycreate"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a “knowable” Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Spivak</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 19</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">99</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">What happens to the critique of the sovereign</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h2 id="HMuslimBroterhood"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Muslim Broterhood</span></span></h2><h3 id="HNoimpacttoMuslimBrotherhoodtakeover2013governanceconcernsandtheSCAF"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No impact to Muslim Brotherhood takeover – governance concerns and the SCAF</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Nelson</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Director of the Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program of CSIS, 4-6-</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Rick “Ozzie,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Statement before the House Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence, “Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa: Ramifications for U.S. Homeland Security,” </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Egypt, meanwhile, faces a much different</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">moved to become a state sponsor of terrorism.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HMiddleEastwarwon2019tescalate2013precedent"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Steven A. </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Cook </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">2007</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="SmalltextChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Finally,</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">there is no precedent for Arab</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt;">AND</span></p><p class="card" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size: 10pt;">local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HMiddleEastconflictdoesn2019tspillover2013Israel-Palestineproves"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Middle East conflict doesn’t spillover – Israel-Palestine proves</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Satloff</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, 20</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">06</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Robert, "Forget the Domino Theories," 12/9/06 </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Linkage also has its more ominous side.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">from Shiite ethnic cleansing </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">is far-fetched</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><h3 id="HAltcauseandnoimpacttoSaudi-Iran2013UAEislanddisputescreatingtensionsandneithersidewantswar"><span><span lang="X-NONE">Alt cause and no impact to Saudi-Iran– UAE island disputes creating tensions and neither side wants war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Al-Jamal & Farid  4-20-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Moussa Mahmoud and Sonia, “Is Iran ‘sectarianizing’ Bahrain conflict?”  Al Arabiya News, </span>) EK/JB</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Both Mr. Salman and Mr. Mousavi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">together against the Western agenda,” he said.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";" lang="X-NONE"><br class="lineBreak"></span></strong></p><h3 id="HNoIran-Saudiwar2013USdeterrencesolvesandIranwon2019tusenukes"><span><span lang="X-NONE">No Iran-Saudi war – US deterrence solves and Iran won’t use nukes</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt">Spindle, et al 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(April, Bill, Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services for the University of Alaska Anchorage and Journalist, “The New Cold War,” Wall Street Journal, 4-16-11, ] EK/JB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">The Saudis currently rely on the U.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">AND</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleBoldUnderline">it has renounced the use of nuclear weapons.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>	10/24/11
	Navy Neg vs Liberty LaSi Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: <h2 id="HOff1"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Off 1</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshould5Bplantext5D."><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Text: The European Union should [plan text].</span></span></h3><h3 id="HCPsolvesandiskeytoEUcredibility"><span><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">CP solves and is key to EU credibility</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Ash et al, Professor of European Studies at Oxford, 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt;">(Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," Huffington Post, 06/3/11, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Europe's response to the Arab … to rise to the events</span><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThat2019skeytopreventextinction"><span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">That’s key to prevent extinction</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Bruton</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, former prime minister of Ireland, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">02</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(John, also former ambassador of the EU to the US, “The Future of the European Union,” The Irish Times, 01/31/02, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… </span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">forces</span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> that will otherwise overwhelm us.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h2 id="HOff2"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Off 2</span></span></h2><h3 id="HChinaCurrencyManipulationbillwon2019tpassnow2013Republicanleadersholdingthelinebutpressurebuilding"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">China Currency Manipulation bill won’t pass now – Republican leaders holding the line but pressure building</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">The Hill 12/27</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">/11 “Treasury: China not a … /201459-treasury-chinas-not-a-currency-manipulator</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Even though the House passed … currency appreciate at a faster rate.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> </span></p><h3 id="HForeignaidspendingkillsRepublicanleadership2013Boehnerwon2019tbeabletocorralvotes"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Foreign aid spending kills Republican leadership – Boehner won’t be able to corral votes</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Hulse 11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Carl Hulse, NY Times, 2/9/11, House Republicans Battle Turmoil in Their Ranks, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Under pressure to make</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">deeper </span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">… </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">was described as a productive lunch.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HCauseseconomiccollapseandaUS-Chinawar2013defensedoesn2019tapply"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Causes economic collapse and a US-China war – defense doesn’t apply</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Martin</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 10-7-</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Patrick, WSWS, “Anti-China rhetoric raises threat of war,” </span>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The White House, together with … </span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">of</span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> their close </span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">economic ties.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNuclearextinction"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Nuclear extinction</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">STRAIT TIMES</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, June 25, </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">2K</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Pg. l/n)<br class="lineBreak"> <br class="lineBreak">THE … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">see the destruction of civilization</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h2 id="HOff3"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Off 3</span></span></h2><h3 id="HUShegemonyattemptstouniversalizecommonvaluesandsecurityinterests2Cdelegitimizingallwhoopposesuchanorganizationofpowerandcoveringupitsimperialistandexceptionalnature"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">US hegemony attempts to universalize common values and security interests, delegitimizing all who oppose such an organization of power and covering up its imperialist and exceptional nature</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Rasch</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana, 20</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">03</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54, Spring 2003, p121-123, accessed 12-30-11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The only power to emerge … mere shadowboxing in the end.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HThealternativeistoaffirmproperpoliticalenmitythroughmultipolarity2013absentashiftawayfromuniversalizingliberalismintheformofhegemony2Cviolenceandterrorismwillcontinuetoproliferate"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">The alternative is to affirm proper political enmity through multipolarity – absent a shift away from universalizing liberalism in the form of hegemony, violence and terrorism will continue to proliferate</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Mouffe</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, Professor of Politics and IR at Westminster, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">05</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Chantal, “Schmitt’s Vision of a Multipolar World Order,” Spring 2005, South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, accessed 12-29-11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">How could one envisage an … discourse is in fact contributing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h2 id="HFifthFleet"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Fifth Fleet</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNosolvency2013nomiddlegroundmeansSunni-Shiatensionsoverwhelmtheplan"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No solvency – no middle ground means Sunni-Shia tensions overwhelm the plan</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Gardner</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, BBC security correspondent, 11-22-</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Frank, “Will Bahrain's crackdown report heal divided nation?” BBC News Middle East, , accessed 12-6-11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">The kingdom</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, which previously prided … of Bahrain's numerous police stations.</span></p><h3 id="HTheKingrejectstheplan2013seenasaredline"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">The King rejects the plan – seen as a red line</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Ghezali</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> 9-13-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Rabah Ghezali, member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, and special to CNN, 9-13-2011, “Bahrain at the heart of Middle East tensions,” CNN, </span>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Inside the regime, </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">the</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;"> gap … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Prime Minister </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">are red lines.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HKingblocksreform2013nocompromise"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">King blocks reform – no compromise</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Genger</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 12-12-</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Justin, Doctoral Candidate at UMich studying Sunni-Shi'i conflict and political mobilization in the rentier societies of the Arab Gulf, in particular in Bahrain, “What if Bahrain Has a Sunni Awakening?” , accessed 1-8-12)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The basic idea of the … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">for any</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> government </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">political concessions.</span></p><h3 id="HNoIranianaggressioninBahrain2013empiricallydenied2Cnoteventokengestures"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No Iranian aggression in Bahrain – empirically denied, not even token gestures</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">A. Savyon</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, director of the Iranian Media Project at the Middle East Media Research Institute, 7-4-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(“Iran's Defeat in the Bahrain Crisis: A Seminal Event in the Sunni-Shi'ite Conflict”. </span>) JK/JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Despite Bahrain's historic</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">, ethnic, and … </span><span class="IntenseEmphasis1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">of these calls were implemented.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurn2013FifthFleetisn2019tkey2026-terrorismandanti-drugtrafficking"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Turn – Fifth Fleet isn’t key … -terrorism and anti-drug trafficking</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Gresh</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">However, </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">the U</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">nited </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">S</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">tates </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">is … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">other naval facilities prevent escalation</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Jones</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” </span>) JK/JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">There are a number of reasons … </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">their dangerous behavior as well.</span></p><h3 id="HMilitaryprimacyisirrelevanttohegemony2013becomesa2018powerproblem2019"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Military primacy is irrelevant to hegemony – becomes a ‘power problem’</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Carranza, Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, 2010</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> (Mario E., “Reality Check: America’s Continuing Pursuit of Regional Hegemony,” Contemporary Security Policy 31:3, 406-440, 12/14/10, accessed 6/15/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Other scholars argue that the … paradigm of US security thinking</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);">.51</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HImpactstohegemonicdeclinearemyths2013declineisgoodandcausesretrenchment-solvesgreatpowerwars2Clongterminfluence2Candinterventionism"><span><!~~startmacro:id\|-\|name="_Toc296666544"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Impacts to hegemonic decline are myths – decline is good and causes retrenchment - solves great power wars, long term influence, and interventionism</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">MacDonald and Parent 11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Paul K. MacDonald is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College. Joseph M. Parent is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security 35:4, Spring 2011, accessed 1-9-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Other observers advocate retrenchment policies, … retrench recovered their relative position.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HTurn-China2019srisewillbepeaceful2013onlycontinuinghegemonyriskstransitionwars"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Turn - China’s rise will be peaceful – only continuing hegemony risks transition wars</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Layne, Professor of Government at Texas A&M University, 2009</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Christopher, also Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and national Security at the George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality? A Review Essay", International Security 34:1,  Summer 2009, p. 17-18, accessed 6/19/11) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">As Mahbubani sees it, </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">the West … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">urges, is an open question.</span></p><h3 id="HNoimpact2013theirhegemonyscenariospresumeanoldstrategicmodel"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No impact – their hegemony scenarios presume an old strategic model</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Koplovsky, 2006.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Michael. Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office. 10-23-2006. “Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain.” </span>) JK/JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Large, permanent, </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">forward U.S. bases (MOBs) … constant U.S. deterrent and operational presence.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNoimpacttonavalpower28orhegemony29"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No impact to naval power (or hegemony)</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Rhodes, PhD dean for the Social and Behavioral Sciences at Rutgers University, 2005</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Edward, and a former International Affairs Fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, he has served in the Strategy and Concepts Branch of the Navy Staff, ““. . . From the Sea” and Back Again: Naval Power in the Second American Century,” Naval War College Review 52:2, Spring, , p. 172-6, accessed 1-11-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The lack of evidence in … the nation or the Navy.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HHegemonyisunsustainable2013challengers2Coverstretch2Canddomesticfinancialconcerns"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Hegemony is unsustainable – challengers, overstretch, and domestic financial concerns</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Layne 10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A&M's George H.W. Bush School of Government & Public Service. "</span>". The American Conservative. May 2010. ) AK</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">China's economy has been growing </span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">… themselves afflicted with </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline1" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">hegemony fatigue</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h2 id="HAdvantage22013Iran"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Advantage 2 – Iran</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Walt,</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"> Professor of IR at Harvard, 20</span><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, </span>) JDB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Third, </span><span class="StyleBoldUnderline1" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">they overstate Iran's capacity … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNoIranaggressionoradventurism2013multiplefactorsconstrain2013statusquoisacomparativelybetterpolicyoption"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No Iran aggression or adventurism – multiple factors constrain – status quo is a comparatively better policy option</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="stylestylebold12pt0" style="font-size: 8pt;">Wehrey et. al. 2009</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="stylestylebold12pt0" style="font-size: 8pt;">(Frederic, Senior Analyst at RAND, and David E. Thaler • Nora Bensahel • Kim Cragin Jerrold D. Green • Dalia Dassa Kaye • Nadia Oweidat • Jennifer Li, “Dangerous but Not Omnipotent,” </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span><span class="stylestylebold12pt0"> accessed 1-11-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="stylestylebold12pt0" style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">To accurately gauge the strategic … to influence Arab public opinion.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HNoStraitofHormuzimpact2013it2019sjustrhetoricandaltcausesnowshould2019vetriggered"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No Strait of Hormuz impact – it’s just rhetoric and alt causes now should’ve triggered</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">UPI 1-5</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">-12</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(United press International, “EU ban on Iranian oil hikes Strait of Hormuz tensions,” , accessed 1-8-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">DUBAI, United Arab Emirates, Jan. 5 (… on its contentious nuclear program.</span></p><h3 id="HNoimpact2013oilstockscheck"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No impact – oil stocks check</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">Reuters 1-8</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">-12</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(found on Fin24, “West readies oil stocks release,” , accessed 1-8-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Tehran/London - Iran announced on … halted by an Iranian blockade.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HBahrainisadeathknellforUS-Saudirelations"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Bahrain is a death knell for US-Saudi relations</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="stylestylebold12pt0" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">ICG 11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(The International Crisis Group is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation committed to preventing and resolving global conflicts "POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII):BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM" July 28 , accessed 1-11-12) JDB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Following on the heels of … Syria, but not in Bahrain.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HDeterioratingrelationscausesSaudiprolif2013securityconcerns2013turnsthecase"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Deteriorating relations causes Saudi prolif – security concerns – turns the case</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Lippman</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, 8-8-</span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;">11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Thomas W., Saudi-US Relations Information Service, </span>)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">So </span><span class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">let us suppose that … </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">less secure, rather than more.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><h3 id="HAltcauseandnoimpacttoSaudi-Iran2013UAEislanddisputescreatingtensionsandneithersidewantswar"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Alt cause and no impact to Saudi-Iran– UAE island disputes creating tensions and neither side wants war</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Al-Jamal & Farid  4-20-11</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Moussa Mahmoud and Sonia, “Is Iran ‘sectarianizing’ Bahrain conflict?”  Al Arabiya News, </span>) EK/JB</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Both Mr. Salman and Mr. Mousavi, however, … the Western agenda,” he said.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"></p><p></p><h3 id="HNoIran-Saudiwar2013USdeterrencesolvesandIranwon2019tusenukes"><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">No Iran-Saudi war – US deterrence solves and Iran won’t use nukes</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">Spindle, et al 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(April, Bill, Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services for the University of Alaska Anchorage and Journalist, “The New Cold War,” Wall Street Journal, 4-16-11, ] EK/JB</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="StyleStyleStyleBold12ptCite11pt" style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;">The Saudis currently rely on … the use of nuclear weapons.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p>	01/15/12
	Navy Neg vs Liberty BH Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: 1NC – Politics China Currency Manipulation bill won’t pass now – Republican leaders holding the line but pressure building The Hill 12/27/11 “Treasury: China not a … /201459-treasury-chinas-not-a-currency-manipulator Even though the House passed … currency appreciate at a faster rate. Foreign aid spending kills Republican leadership – Boehner won’t be able to corral votes Hulse 11 Carl Hulse, NY Times, 2/9/11, House Republicans Battle Turmoil in Their Ranks, www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/us/politics/10congress.html Under pressure to make deeper … was described as a productive lunch. Causes economic collapse and a US-China war – defense doesn’t apply Martin 10-7-11 (Patrick, WSWS, “Anti-China rhetoric raises threat of war,” www.wsws.org/articles/2011/oct2011/pers-o07.shtml) The White House, together with … of their close economic ties. Nuclear extinction (STRAIT TIMES, June 25, 2K, Pg. l/n) THE … see the destruction of civilization 1NC – T – Democracy Asisstance A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan Carothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for … Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion ) The term ‘democracy assistance’ is … falls into three general categories. B. Violation - Fostering Democracy is a secondary purpose of the plan C. Standards 1. Ground – they can spike out of any “democracy bad” links which is core negative kritik and policy ground – even if mechanisms are vague, purpose is a better brightline 2. Limits – their interpretation explodes the topic by making anything germane to or resulting in democracy topical – this mixes burdens and grants the aff infinite, unpredictable mechanisms and advantages D. This is a voting issue for fairness and education – default to competing interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards 1NC – T – Substantial A. Interpretation – substantial is quantitative Merriam-Webster 11 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantially, accessed 1-3-12) Definition of SUBSTANTIAL 1 a : consisting of … : significantly great <earned a substantial wage> Substantial is $2.5 billion in context of democracy assistance Carothers, Vice President of the Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 2009 (Thomas, “Revitalizing U.S. democracy assistance: the challenge of USAID, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/revitalizing_democracy_assistance.pdf, accessed 1-3-12) JDB Over the past 25 years, the … in the democracy aid domain. B. Violation – the plan’s assistance is less than $2.5 billion C. Standards 1. Limits – allowing any small … to moot any negative strategy D. Voting issue for fairness and education – default to competition interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards. 1NC – EU CP – EU Cred NB Text: The European Union should increase democracy assistance for Yemen by establishing an International Counter-Narcotics and Law Enforcement program for Yemen in order to support the rule of law. CP solves and is key to EU credibility Ash et al, Professor of European Studies at Oxford, 2011 (Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," Huffington Post, 06/3/11, www.huffingtonpost.com/emma-bonino/post_2032_b_870924.html) JDB Europe's response to the Arab … to rise to the events. That’s key to prevent extinction Bruton, former prime minister of Ireland, 2002 (John, also former ambassador of the EU to the US, “The Future of the European Union,” The Irish Times, 01/31/02, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm) JDB As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… forces that will otherwise overwhelm us. 1NC – Shome K Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance Sussman 2006 Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” Monthly Review, 58:7, December, http://monthlyreview.org/2006/12/01/the-myths-of-democracy-assistance-u-s-political-intervention-in-post-soviet-eastern-europe) PM U.S. interventionism, except perhaps in … other expressions of neocolonial hegemony. This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable Pinar Batur 7, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. … Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin War and genocide are horrid, … to its existence (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002). Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “… "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, the postcolonial critique of … in as well as contribute to. Advantage 1 No AQ in Yemen threat – no support, tactile failure, local concerns Koehler-Derrick, Instructor at West Point and Associate at the Combating Terrorism Center, 10-3-11 (Gabriel, "A False Foundation? AQAP, Tribes and Ungoverned Spaces in Yemen," www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/CTC_False_Foundation2.pdf, accessed 1-7-12) JDB Yet there is reason for … far more pressing local concerns AQ in Yemen is not a threat – hype by Saleh, divided, tribe resistance Spencer 2011 (James, retired British infantry commander and strategic analyst on political, security, and trade issues in the Middle East and North Africa and specificalist on Yemen, “A False Dawn for Yemen’s Militants,” Foreign Affairs, 6/8/11, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/67814?page=show) JDB Throughout Yemen's political crisis, the … group's capability will be lost. No solvency – drone strikes and revolutionary resistance Gundun, US Spokesman for Yemen’s Coordinating Council for the Youth Revolution of Change, 2011 (James, “Commentary: Out of the fry pan,” Al Ahram Weekly, 21 - 27 July 2011 Issue No. 1057, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1057/re9.htm) JDB The White House and State … from tyranny and foreign interference. Police are extremely corrupt preventing solvency, empirically proven UK, Egypt and Jordan Assistance proves Jane’s IHS 2011 “Security and foreign … -and-foreign-forces-Yemen.html The national police force is … counter the rising terrorism threat 1AC Economy impact is empirically denied – 2008 financial crisis should’ve triggered the threshold – there’s no differential Economic growth causes war - economic decline solves Deudney, Hewlett Fellow at Princeton, 1991 (Daniel, Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, “Environment and Security: Muddled Thinking,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 47:3, Proquest, accessed 12-14-11) JDB In a second scenario, declining living … industrial products.and surplus wealth. Economic decline is key to solving warming and prevent extinction – best scientific models go our way Li, Assistant Professor of Economics at Utah, 2011 (Minqi, “The 21st Century Crisis: Climate Catastrophe or Socialism,” Review of Radical Political Economics 43:3, 8-23-11, p.289-301, accessed 12-14-11) JDB The global average surface temperature … and society-wide planning (section 6). Economic collapse solves growth rates – forces a peaceful shift away from globalization and industrialization Lewis 2000 (Chris, PhD American Studies Univ of Colorado Boulder. “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization,” June 2000, www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf) With the collapse of … themselves face collapse and ruin. Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2008 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Economic Collapse and Global Ecology,” http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB Humanity and the Earth are … be a final, fatal death swoon. Advantage 2 Saudi Arabia wants geopolitical dominance in Yemen – plan undermines that Gause, Professor of Political Science at Vermont, December 2011 (Gregory Gause III, "Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East" www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-new-middle-east/p26663, accessed 1-11-12) JDB Saudi policy toward Yemen is … are with their monarchical neighbors. Saudi Arabia will hate the plan and intervene – tanks relations and solvency Nasr, Professor of International Politics at Tufts, 2011 (Vali, “Will the Saudis … ) The kingdom has emerged as … , which qualify on neither count. Stability isn’t a link turn – Saudi Arabia wants to orchestrate events and see the US as interference Democracy Digest 2011 (“Saudi Arabia: countervailing power or ‘midwives of change’ in Yemen?”, 06/06/11, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/06/saudi-arabia-countervailing-power-or-midwives-of-change-in-yemen/”) With Yemen finely poised between … at the University of Sydney. Iran won’t proliferate - capability Fitzpatrick 2011 (Mark Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Programme The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London Thursday 3 February 2011http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/irans-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-capabilities/press-statement/) The most pressing proliferation … to rapidly expand uranium production. Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel The Guardian 2010 (Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/25/israel-nuclear-weapons-editorial) Both America and Israel believe … well as an individual matter. 2NC KRITIK Their violent representations are a reason to vote neg - we can’t evaluate the implementation of the aff because their truth claims are rooted in neoliberal and racist logic. All benefits of democratization are tautological and presume the superiority of the West - means you can’t LOGICALLY weigh the aff regardless of “fairness” Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007 (Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf) JDB In this epistemic framework, truth … , Egypt’s Ikhwan, Hamas, Hizballah, etc.).31 Rejecting the affirmative is a pre-condition to better policymaking and political rationalities – the round is a window of opportunity for us to respond to our historical position Schmidt, Professor of International Relations at Boston, 2011 (Viven A., “Speaking of change; why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation,” Critical Policy Studies 5:1, p106-126) JDB In the extensive literature on … into another set of debates. 2NC – AT Perm – Do Both 4. The perm gets hijacked by military interests – leads to future intervention Cooper, Lecturer in IR and Security at Bradford, 2005 (Neil, “Picking out the Pieces of the Liberal Peaces: Representations of Conflict Economies and the Implications for Policy,” Security Dialogue 36:4 p472-474) Nevertheless, it is also the … underlying dynamics driving such networks. Alt isn’t vague – it’s reject the aff – Shome just discusses the effects of rejection You can’t evaluate the plan outside the rhetorical framing – calls for democracy assistance form a biased form of knowledge production that legitimizes violence – means their reforming arguments are wrong Robinson 2005 (William I., Professor of Sociology … ) PM You ask me if academics from the "democracy promotion" industry actually believe they are promoting democracy. Antonio Gramsci once pointed out that popular masses don't have a false consciousness; they have a contradictory consciousness, due to their lived experience. But intellectuals—who are never free-floating, always attached to the projects of dominant or of subordinate groups—they have a false consciousness. Perhaps Gramsci was giving the … civilizational proportions we face in 2005. Advantage 1 Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2008 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Economic Collapse and Global Ecology,” http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB Humanity and the Earth are … be a final, fatal death swoon. And it’s linear—the longer we wait, the worse it will be Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2010 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Resisting Global Ecological Change,” 1-5-10, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB The human family faces … Earth remains to be renewed. UQ goes negative – The status quo is unsustainable exponential growth Martenson, PhD in Economics, 2009 (Dr. Chris, also a Post Carbon Institute Fellow for Economy and Preparedness, “Copenhagen & Economic Growth - You Can't Have Bothm” published 12-24-09, archieved 1-19-10, http://www.energybulletin.net/node/51229, accessed 12-24-11) JDB It's The Money, Stupid As … in the system be seen. More evidence – lack of resources prevents transition wars and resolves rivalries Bennet and Nordstrom, Professors of Political Science at Penn State, 2000 (D. Scott and Timothy, “Foreign Policy Substitutability and the Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:33, February 2000, accessed 12-14-11) JDB In this analysis, we focus … account for substitutability between them. And - policymakers will learn from past mistakes and shift to local solutions Lewis 2000 (Chris, PhD American Studies Univ of Colorado Boulder. “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization,” June 2000, www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf) The only alternative we now … web of life on earth. Extend 1NC #1 – 2008 financial crisis disproves their economic decline scenario – here’s evidence Barnett 2009 (Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules--security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx) When the global financial crisis … connecting evangelicalism as disconnecting fundamentalism. And its empirically denied – 93 cases disprove Miller, Economist and Adjunct Professor at Ottawa, 2K (Morris Miller, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter 2000, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?”) The question may be reformulated. … of violence to abort another). B. The analogy is backwards – Germany recovered first then got aggressive Ferguson, Professor of History at Harvard, 2006 (Niall, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, Foreign Affairs, “The Next War of the World”, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61916/niall-ferguson/the-next-war-of-the-world, accessed 6/27/11) JDB Nor can economic crises explain … were not followed by wars. More evidence - economic growth accelerates greenhouse gas emissions and causes warming – studies prove Associated Press 07 (“Climate Change happening faster, scientist says”, October 7, 2007, http://www.thestar.com/News/World/article/264903) Worldwide economic growth has accelerated … reports published earlier this year.	01/15/12

Entry

Date

Bing Rd 3 - Cornell GL
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h1 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</h1> 1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK allianceKim 9-6-11(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB Despite these hurdles, the time has comeANDfinally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.  2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budgetRichter, Los Angeles Times, 2011(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDto justify nation-building in foreign countries."   3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggressionHwang, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 2006(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10) At the heart of our discussion about theANDof mistrust for that country in the region.  Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of caseHamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11] The consequences of failing to address the proliferationANDthat warrants priority consideration from the international community. <h1 id="H1NC2013EUCP">1NC – EU CP</h1> Text: The European Union should provide political party building and communication assistance for opposition groups in Syria. EU solves best – money, markets, and influenceAshton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 2011(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB I shall set out what the European UnionANDpractice to sell goods and services into Europe.  <h1 id="H1NC2013TetiK">1NC – Teti K</h1> The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB <ins>A crucial implication of this new kind of</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins>  The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory towerShome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to. <h1 id="HSyrianCivilWar">Syrian Civil War</h1> Middle East war won’t escalate – precedentSteven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune Finally, there is no precedent for ArabANDlocal conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.  International efforts to oust Assad coming now – they will create incentives for a more stable Middle East – no risk of war, proliferation or of the ‘devil we know.’<ins>Yadlin and Satloff May 19, 2011</ins> -  Amos, Kay Fellow in Israeli national security at The Washington Institute, is a retired major general in the Israel Defense Forces and former head of Israel's defense intelligence. Robert Satloff is executive director of the Institute.( Syria: The Case for 'The Devil We Don't Know, Washington Institute, may 19, 2011, , MCL) Arguments for "The Devil We Know"ANDwill help empower Syrians to make that change.  US aid would aggravate the Syrian situationKevin Gosztola, August 8, 2011, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters , BK Sending a US envoy to open lines ofANDbeen very suspicious of US interference in Syria.  Democracy promotion in Syria will trigger violence to defend US interestsKevin Gosztola, August 8, 2011, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters , BK Democracy promotion is code for “regime changeANDinterests and “values” advance in tandem…  US Action in Syria will be ineffective – polls show strong anti-AmericanismLarison July 8, 2011 – Daniel, named one of America’s greatest political blogger by the Atlantic, Ph.D. graduate from the University of Chicago, contributing editor at The American Conservative and writes a column for The Week online (The Options for the U.S. in Syria Are Still Very Limited, Eunomia (blog), , MCL) It is possible that association with the UANDthese protests and the brutal crackdown against them. The Syrian business community is key to the success of the oppositionRanda Slim, August 5th, 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, , BK The decision by theANDcurrent regime. What could change their course?  The traditional business community will not support the opposition due to the threat of instability or a new Islamist regimRanda Slim, August 5th, 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, , BK The traditional and larger Syrian business community isANDAleppo. What would accelerate their calculus shift? US Middle East leadership is in decline – supporting transitions is keyEtzioni ’11 professor of international relations at George Washington UniversityAmitai, “Shifting Sands”, The Journal of International Security Affairs, www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2011/20/etzioni.php, CMR]<ins> </ins>It is already clear that <ins>the greatest effect</ins>ANDor could be) advanced in unprecedented fashion. US not pursuing hegemonic strategiesClark 09, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, AberystwythIan,  “Bringing hegemony back in: the United States and international order” International Affairs 85: 1 (2009) 23–36 © 2009 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International AffairsHowever, in the specific terms advanced hereANDtowards the perceptions and responses of the ‘followers’<h1 id="HIran">Iran</h1>  Middle East prolif inevitable – IsraelGuardian 2010(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come cleanIsrael must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 ) Both America and Israel believe that Israel shouldANDa collective as well as an individual matter. Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use themWaltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007(Kenneth,  Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”,  First, nuclear proliferation is not a problemANDthe Cultural Revolutionbehaves with such caution.  Iran is not close to developing a nuclear weaponFitzpatrick 2011(Mark Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Programme  The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London  Thursday 3 February 2011http:www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/irans-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-capabilities/press-statement/)The most pressing proliferation concern stems fromANDhamper its ability to rapidly expand uranium production.

10/24/11

Bing Rd 6 - Army
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h1 id="HT2013DemocracyAssistance">T – Democracy Assistance</h1> A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the planCarothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion ) The term ‘democracy assistance’ is sometimes usedAND.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.  <h1 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</h1> 1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK allianceKim 9-6-11(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB Despite these hurdles, the time has comeANDfinally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.  2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budgetRichter, Los Angeles Times, 2011(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDto justify nation-building in foreign countries."    3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggressionHwang, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 2006(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10) At the heart of our discussion about theANDof mistrust for that country in the region.  Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of caseHamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11] The consequences of failing to address the proliferationANDthat warrants priority consideration from the international community. <h1 id="HEUCP">EU CP</h1> Text: The European Union should increase support for the ABA Rule of Law Initiative judicial assistance programs for Yemen. CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policiesTocci and Cassarino 2011(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB The Arab revolts do not call for EuropeANDthe civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.  <h1 id="H1NC2013TetiK">1NC – Teti K</h1> The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB <ins>A crucial implication of this new kind of</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins>  The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory towerShome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to.  <h1 id="HCase">Case</h1>  Dehumanization and “no value to life” claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicideRayburn, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 2004(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” ) Why then, against what these advocates "ANDin arguing that rape is worse than death.  Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a truly unknowable Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they createSpivak, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 1999(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM What happens to the critique of the sovereignANDthe history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold.      The affirmative sets up a hierarchal relation to the oppressed – they are only allowed to speak to their confessors after sacrificing their agencyTeti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB The first ‘effect of power’ which aANDthat truth and the ‘reality’ it oversaw.    Humans Rights leads to the State of Exclusion and the creation of the “other”Baxi 98 - Professor of Law, University of Warwick,Upendra, Fall, accessed 8/1/05 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, lexis The notion of human rightshistorically theANDrights though certainly no stranger to its rhetoric. Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypesKapur 2002Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1 In the international arena, the victim subjectANDenjoy the powers of moral surveillance and regulation.  Victimization dooms political reform – leads to conservative statist actions that turn the affKapur 2002Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1 Finally, the victim subject and the focusANDde-centering the power of sovereign states. Rights discourses try to hide the evil’s of liberalism – turns the case by masking violence and human suffering<ins>Brown 4</ins>(Wendy, Professor of Political Theory @ UC Berkeley, “The Most We Can Hope For…Human Rights and the Politics of Fatalism.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 103:2/3, Spring/Summer p 461-2)It is an old ruse of liberal reformersANDmight render those other political possibilities more faint.

10/24/11

JMU Rd 2 - Liberty LS
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h1 id="HOffCaseShenanigans">Off Case Shenanigans</h1><h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK">1NC – Teti K</h2> <h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare.">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</h3>Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB <ins>A crucial implication of this new kind of</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins> <h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower">The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</h3>Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to.<h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP-Generic">1NC – EU CP - Generic</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovideOpenMeshtechnologytoadvocacygroupslocatedinBahrain.">Text: The European Union should provide OpenMesh technology to advocacy groups located in Bahrain.</h3> <h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</h3>Tocci and Cassarino 2011(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB The Arab revolts do not call for EuropeANDthe civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.  <h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</h2> <h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish">1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</h3>Korean Herald 10-3-11(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)ANDpolitics," an official said, requesting anonymity.<h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget">2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</h3>Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDto justify nation-building in foreign countries." <h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony">3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</h3>Hormats 9-13-11(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific) KORUS In line with these objectives, we<ins>AND</ins><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins>.  <h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</h3>Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _) The centrality of these mutual processes of assuranceANDnot doing so would appear to be much worse  <h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</h3>Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm) 6. Interstate War, Down but FarANDwar: “fear, honor, and interest <h1 id="HSolvency">Solvency</h1>  <h2 id="HInternet2013ATSolvency2013DDoS">Internet – AT Solvency – DDoS</h2><h3 id="HMeshtechnologyissusceptibletoDDoSattacks">Mesh technology is susceptible to DDoS attacks</h3>Siddiqui and Hong 2007(Muhammad Shoaib, Ph.D Candidate & Choong Seon, Professor of Computer Engineering, “Security Issues in Wireless Mesh Networks,” paper presented at the 2007 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, ) JDB High level security issues for WMNs are basicallyAND/IPS is difficult to deploy in WMNs. <h3 id="HTakesoutthecase2013moreaccessmeansmoreattacks2Ccollapsesthenetwork">Takes out the case – more access means more attacks, collapses the network</h3>Thomas, IT Journalist of 14 years, 2011(Keir, “Will DDoS Attacks Take Over the Internet?” 2/2/11, In its Network Infrastructure Security Report, publishedANDin DDoS attacks launched by their desktop brethren. <h2 id="H1NC2013Bahrain2013ATSolvency">1NC – Bahrain – AT Solvency</h2><h3 id="HToolateforeffectivechangeinBahrain2013royalfamily">Too late for effective change in Bahrain – royal family</h3>Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet”  Whatever opening there was for real dialogue inANDenduring hostility and the potential for perennial violence.  <h3 id="HPlanfails2013Saudirejectstheplan">Plan fails – Saudi rejects the plan</h3>Al-Tamimi 6-19-11(Aymenn Jawad, The American Thinker, “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?,” ) JDB But here is the catch: Saudi ArabiaANDthe hands of the Saudis and the GCC. <h1 id="HCredibiltiyFlow">Credibiltiy Flow</h1>   <h2 id="H1NC2013USCred2013Palestine">1NC – US Cred – Palestine</h2><h3 id="HCredibilitycollapseinevitable2013domesticpolitics2CObama2CNATO2Cforeignpolicy">Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy</h3>Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” ) JDB The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature lineANDnot happen quickly if it happens at all.   <h3 id="HTurnsthecase2013wrecksassistance">Turns the case – wrecks assistance</h3>Brinkley 9-16-11(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, ) JDB After four decades of failed negotiations with IsraelANDwrote in The New York Times on Monday. <h2 id="H1NC2013Iran2013ATProlif">1NC – Iran – AT Prolif</h2> <h3 id="HIranproliferationunlikely2013evenifIrangetsnukesitwon2019tusethem">Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them</h3>Waltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007(Kenneth,  Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”,  First, nuclear proliferation is not a problemANDthe Cultural Revolutionbehaves with such caution. <h3 id="HNoimpacttoIranprolifandturn2013communicationnetworkschecks2Ccausesoverallstability">No impact to Iran prolif and turn – communication networks checks, causes overall stability</h3>Sadr 2005(Ehsaneh I. Sadr graduate student in the department of government and politics at the University of Maryland, College Park) SUMMER 2005 “THE IMPACT OF IRAN’S NUCLEARIZATION ON ISRAEL” MIDDLE EAST POLICY, VOL. XII, NO. 2 The above analysis indicates that a ANDIsrael into its neighborhood.  <h2 id="H1NC2013Iran2013ATAdventurism">1NC – Iran – AT Adventurism</h2> <h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</h3>Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB Third, they overstate Iran's capacity to subvertAND, however; it's just another .   <h2 id="H1NC2013MiddleEastProlif2013Inevitable">1NC – Middle East Prolif – Inevitable</h2><h3 id="HMiddleEastprolifinevitable2013Israel">Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel</h3>The Guardian 2010(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come cleanIsrael must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 ) Both America and Israel believe that Israel shouldANDa collective as well as an individual matter.  <h1 id="HMediaAdvantage">Media Advantage</h1><h2 id="H1NC2013SectarianViolenceKTurn2013Bahrain">1NC – Sectarian Violence K Turn – Bahrain</h2><h3 id="HClaimsof201Csectarianviolence201DinBahrainisnothingmorethanaracistredherringtojustifyimperialismanddestablization">Claims of “sectarian violence” in Bahrain is nothing more than a racist red herring to justify imperialism and destablization</h3>Dabashi, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia, 2011(Hamid, Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York, “The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” Last Modified: 27 May 2011, JDB The democratic uprising in Bahrain is integral toANDinto the opening picture of the Arab Spring.  <h2 id="H1NC2013NuclearTerrorism">1NC – Nuclear Terrorism</h2><h3 id="HThechanceofnuclearterrorismis1in3-billion2013multiplereasons">The chance of nuclear terrorism is 1 in 3-billion – multiple reasons</h3>Mueller, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 2010(John, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science & Technology, Winter2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2) In contrast to these predictions, terrorist groupsANDterrorist group might be infiltrated by foreign intelligence.<h3 id="HEconomicdeclinedoesn2019tcausewar2013recessionproves">Economic decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves</h3>Barnett 2009(Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, ) When the global financial crisis struck roughly aAND-World War II international liberal trade order.

10/24/11

JMU Rd 4 - WVU
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="H1NC2013T2013DA3DDemocracyisPrimaryGoal">1NC – T – DA = Democracy is Primary Goal</h2> A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the planCarothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion ) The term ‘democracy assistance’ is sometimes usedAND.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.  <h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP2013CivilSociety">1NC – EU CP – Civil Society</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldpromotepoliticalcapacitybuildingthroughoutYemenbyfundingwomen2019sorganizations.">Text: The European Union should promote political capacity building throughout Yemen by funding women’s organizations.</h3> <h3 id="HEUsolvesbest2013money2Cmarkets2Candinfluence">EU solves best – money, markets, and influence</h3>Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 2011(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB I shall set out what the European UnionANDpractice to sell goods and services into Europe. <h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</h2><h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish">1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</h3>Korean Herald 10-3-11(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)ANDpolitics," an official said, requesting anonymity.<h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget">2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</h3>Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDto justify nation-building in foreign countries." <h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony">3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</h3>Hormats 9-13-11(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific) KORUS In line with these objectives, we<ins>AND</ins><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins>.  <h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</h3>Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _) The centrality of these mutual processes of assuranceANDnot doing so would appear to be much worse  <h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</h3>Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm) 6. Interstate War, Down but FarANDwar: “fear, honor, and interest  <h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK">1NC – Teti K</h2> <h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare.">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</h3>Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB <ins>A crucial implication of this new kind of</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>and thus threat – both external and internal.</ins> <h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower">The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</h3>Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to.   <h2 id="HCase">Case</h2>harms<h3 id="HEthicalpolicymakingmustbegroundedinconsequences">Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences</h3>Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana, 2002(Jeffrey C., James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent 49:2, Spring 2002, p32) Power is not a dirty word or anANDpromotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.  <h3 id="HPatriarchy2019snottherootcauseofwar2013theirmonocasualexplanationdoomspolicymaking">Patriarchy’s not the root cause of war – their monocasual explanation dooms policymaking</h3>Martin, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongon, 1990(Brian, “Uprooting War,” 1990 edition, , accessed 9/2/11) In this chapter and in the six precedingANDdeveloping strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them. <h3 id="HExtinctionoutweighs2013existenceisaprerequisitefortheself">Extinction outweighs – existence is a prerequisite for the self</h3>Wapner, Associate Professor of Global Environmental Politics at American, 2003[Paul Wapner is associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT / Winter 2003] JFS All attempts to listen to nature are,AND, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.  <h3 id="HTURN:Blurringdiscrepanciesbetweendemocracyandadvancementofwomen2019srightsleadstoincreasedmistrustandexacerbatescurrentissuesofU.S.perceptionsbyMiddleEast">TURN: Blurring discrepancies between democracy and advancement of women’s rights leads to increased mistrust and exacerbates current issues of U.S. perceptions by Middle East</h3>Ottaway 4 (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracy and Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TMAdvancing women’s rights in the Arab world isANDofficials say and what different Arab constituencies hear.<h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sfocuson5Bpatriarchy2Fracism5Dattemptstoseparateoppressionintodimensionslikegenderandrace.Thisreinforcessubordinationandfailstoaddresstheintersections.">Turn – the affirmative’s focus on [patriarchy/racism] attempts to separate oppression into dimensions like gender and race. This reinforces subordination and fails to address the intersections.</h3>Crenshaw ‘88(Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams. Professor of Law at UCLA and Columbia, Critical Race Theorist. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color” 1988) TA The concept of political intersectionality highlights the factANDdiscourse that more fully empowers women of color. <h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sattempttospeakonbehalfofa201Cknowable201DOtherisviolent2013itconflatesthemeaningof201Crepresentation201Dandleadstoviolentutopianpoliticsbasedoffoftheimagetheycreate">Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a “knowable” Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create</h3>Spivak, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 1999(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM What happens to the critique of the sovereignANDthe history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold. <h3 id="HFocusonthevictimsubjectdoomspolitics2013reinforcesracistandexclusionarystereotypes">Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypes</h3>Kapur 2002Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1 In the international arena, the victim subjectANDenjoy the powers of moral surveillance and regulation.    <h3 id="HTurn-Theirdehumanizationclaimsdisempowerindividualsandjustifymasssuicide">Turn - Their dehumanization claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicide</h3>Rayburn, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 2004(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” ) Why then, against what these advocates "ANDin arguing that rape is worse than death.  <h3 id="HThereisalwaysvaluetolife2013externalclaimsaboutothers2019valuetolifedestroyindividualautonomy">There is always value to life – external claims about others’ value to life destroy individual autonomy</h3>Schwartz, Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow, 2003(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” ) The second assertion made by supporters of theANDby the person concerned and not by others.   <h3 id="HTheyovergeneralizebiopower2013liberaldemocracieschecktheterminalimpacts">They overgeneralize biopower – liberal democracies check the terminal impacts</h3><ins>Dickinson</ins><ins>, Professor of History at UC Berkley, 2004</ins>(Edward, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About Modernity ‘Modernity,’” Central European History 7:1, p-48) In short, <ins>the continuities between early twentieth</ins>ANDmodern societies <ins>with</ins> quite <ins>radically differing potentials.</ins>91 solvency<h3 id="HWomen2019srightsreformcannotbeachievedthroughdemocracyassistance2Cthetwomustbeseenasindependententities">Women’s rights reform cannot be achieved through democracy assistance, the two must be seen as independent entities</h3>Ottaway 4 (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracyand Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TMSupport for women’s rights in the Arab worldANDautomatically solve the problem of equality for women. <h3 id="HNGOsinYemenareeitherineffective2Cdon2019tfocusondemocracypromotionorareobstructedbythegovernment.">NGOs in Yemen are either ineffective, don’t focus on democracy promotion or are obstructed by the government.</h3>Ed Burke ( Middle East researcher at FRIDE, the Foundation for International Relations and External Dialogue, in Madrid) “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen” May 2010 The proliferation of Yemeni democracy and human rightsANDYWU’s activities to limited in range and scale.

10/24/11

JMU Rd 6 - Mary Wash SY
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="H1NC2013TetiK">1NC – Teti K</h2> <h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sdemocracyassistancepolicyisrootedinaviolentdiscourseofemancipationthatframestheUSasneedingtosavethebarbaricpopulationsof5Binsertcountry.5DThisleadstoframingofcertainpopulations2CliketheIslamicother2Casthreatstiedtoadestructivepoliticsofcare.">The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.</h3>Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB <ins>A crucial implication of this new </ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>both external and internal.</ins> <h3 id="HThealternativeispostcolonialcritique2013votenegativeasanactofcritiquingthediscursiveimperialismthroughouttheplan2Cadvantages2Candframingofdemocracyassistance2013thisisnecessarytoavoidtrappingcritiqueinanivorytower">The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower</h3>Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of </ins>ANDin as well as contribute to.<h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP-Generic">1NC – EU CP - Generic</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovidenecessaryresourcesandtrainingfortransparencyandaccountabilityofgovernmentinstitutionsincludingactivepublicandgovernmentinternalmonitoringforEgypt.">Text: The European Union should provide necessary resources and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions including active public and government internal monitoring for Egypt.</h3> <h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</h3>Tocci and Cassarino 2011(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB The Arab revolts do not call for EuropeANDthe civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.   <h2 id="H1NC2013PoliticsDA2013SKFTA">1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA</h2><h3 id="H1.SKFTAwillpassnow2013TAA2CSK2CandBoeheronboard2Ccapitalkeytogetitoverthefinish">1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish</h3>Korean Herald 10-3-11(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)ANDpolitics," an official said, requesting anonymity.<h3 id="H2.Plancostscapital2013sparksbattleoverbudget">2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget</h3>Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDto justify nation-building in foreign countries." <h3 id="H3.RejectionofSKFTAcollapsesUScredibilityinAsiaandglobalhegemony">3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony</h3>Hormats 9-13-11(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific) KORUS In line with these objectives, we<ins>AND</ins><ins>country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence</ins>.  <h3 id="H4.Failuretoprojectregionalstabilityunderminesglobalhegemony2CcausesrapidJapanremilitarization2CTaiwanconflictandinstabilityinIndia-PakistanandKorea">4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea</h3>Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _) The centrality of these mutual processes of assuranceANDnot doing so would appear to be much worse  <h3 id="H5.Thiscausesgreatpowernuclearconflict">5. This causes great power nuclear conflict</h3>Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm) 6. Interstate War, Down but FarANDwar: “fear, honor, and interest  <h1 id="HSolvency">Solvency</h1> <h3 id="HTheEgyptmilitaryinpowerkilltheplan2013they2019llrejectanythingtheyperceiveasinterference">The Egypt military in power kill the plan – they’ll reject anything they perceive as interference</h3><ins>Peters, Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan, 2011</ins> (Abbe Mariel, “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt,” Foreign Policy, 2/14/11, , accessed 7/18/11) JDB The Egyptian leadership has always strongly resisted anyANDsmall number of groups involved in annual negotiations.  <h3 id="HTheyputthecartbeforethehorse2013aidnowwillonlyleadtofurthercorruptionandfinancialissues">They put the cart before the horse – aid now will only lead to further corruption and financial issues</h3><ins>Ammous,</ins><ins> Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, 6/7/11</ins>(Saifedean, Lecturer on Economics at the Lebanese American University, “Too much aid will hobble Arab spring,” Financial Times, , accessed 7/5/11) JDB Within months of toppling their dictatorships, EgyptiansANDbe responsive to the demands of their people.  <h1 id="HCred">Cred</h1> <h3 id="HCredibilitycollapseinevitable2013domesticpolitics2CObama2CNATO2Cforeignpolicy">Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy</h3>Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” ) JDB The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature lineANDnot happen quickly if it happens at all.   <h3 id="HTurnsthecase2013wrecksassistance">Turns the case – wrecks assistance</h3>Brinkley 9-16-11(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, ) JDB After four decades of failed negotiations with IsraelANDwrote in The New York Times on Monday.<h3 id="HSoftpowerfails20133reasons.">Soft power fails – 3 reasons.</h3>Gray 11(Dr. Colin Gray: Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading. “HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY.” April 2011. Strategic Studies Institute.  7. Soft power cannot sensibly be regardedAND, or both, deny it political traction. <h3 id="HSoftpowercannotsustainhegemony2013Britainproves.">Soft power cannot sustain hegemony – Britain proves.</h3>Ferguson 6(Niall Ferguson: Herzog Professor of History at the Stern School of Business, New York University and a Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. “An Empire in Denial.” May 6, 2006. Harvard International Review.  One argument sometimes advanced to distinguish US “ANDprecipitous decline of British power after the 1930s. <h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</h3>Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB Third, they overstate Iran's capacity to subvertAND, however; it's just another .  <h3 id="HNoIranianaggression2013toomanystructuralbarriersandit2019sjustrhetoricWehreyetal.2010">No Iranian aggression – too many structural barriers and it’s just rhetoric Wehrey et al. 2010</h3>(Frederic - Senior Analyst at RAND and PhD candidate at Oxford, Dalia Dassa Kaye - Senior Political Scientist at RAND and former prof at George Washington with PhD in political science from Berkley, Jeffrey Martini – Middle East research project associate at RAND, Jessica Watkins, Robert A. Guffey, “The Iraq Effect: The Middle East after the Iraq War,” Report prepared for the Air Force, ) JDB To accurately gauge the strategic challenges from IranANDgroups, and ability to influence Arab public opinion  <h1 id="HEgypt">Egypt</h1>  <h3 id="HNoEgyptiandemocracy">No Egyptian democracy</h3>Reid 8-19-11(Colston, Research Assistant at the Fund for Peace, “On Egyptian Democracy: Time to Start Organizing”, ) JDB Sadly, the revolution billed as Egypt’s rebirthAND, that by itself may not be enough. <h3 id="HAltcausetoEgyptecon-subsidies">Alt cause to Egypt econ - subsidies</h3>Schenker 7-5-11(David, Washington Institute, The Cutting Edge News, “Egypt’s Enduring Challenges: The Economic Priority,” ) JDB Egypt’s perennial subsidies are also a significant dragAND, a practice that has promoted extensive corruption.  <h3 id="HMiddleEastwarwon2019tescalate2013precedent">Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent</h3>Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune Finally, there is no precedent for ArabANDlocal conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.<h3 id="HNoEgypt-Israelwar2013rationalactorsandUSaid">No Egypt-Israel war – rational actors and US aid</h3>Haynes 8-25-11 (Christopher, pursuing a Master's degree in political science at the American University in Cairo, Atlantic Sentinel, “Egypt-Israel Relations Cool But Will Endure,” ) JDB Tension between Egypt and Israel mounted in recentANDinto a state of war any time soon. 2NC - K CardsThe affirmative discourses continue these violent political rationalities through the particular technology of democracy assistance - their constant call to claims of emancipation and democratization beg the question. Who are we saving? To what end are we willing to go to save the political body? The duty of care ultimately recreates the situations in which they seek to interveneTeti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDBThe hypothesis of the implantation/creation ofANDliberal forces which it sought to undermine.50   <h3 id="HVotenegativeaspermanentcritique2013weexamineandrevealthediscoursesunderlyingtheaffirmativewhichcreatearacializedanddisorderedotherneedingassistance.Thecritiqueisapre-conditionforbetterpoliciesandpoliticalrationalities.Viewtheroundasawindowofopportunitytoexperimentwithnewdiscoursesthatrespondtoourhistoricalposition">Vote negative as permanent critique – we examine and reveal the discourses underlying the affirmative which create a racialized and disordered other needing assistance. The critique is a pre-condition for better policies and political rationalities. View the round as a window of opportunity to experiment with new discourses that respond to our historical position</h3>Schmidt, Professor of International Relations at Boston, 2011(Viven A., “Speaking of change; why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation,” Critical Policy Studies 5:1, p106-126) JDB In the extensive literature on policy change,ANDtime takes us into another set of debates.  <h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019spredictiveclaimsaredoomedtofail2013theMiddleEastrevolutionsprovethataccuratepoliticalpredictionsareimpossible">The affirmative’s predictive claims are doomed to fail – the Middle East revolutions prove that accurate political predictions are impossible</h3><ins>Gardner</ins><ins>, Masters in History, and Tetlock, PhD in Psychology, 2011</ins> (Dan and Philip E., “Overcoming Our Aversion to Acknowledging Our Ignorance,” CATO Unbound, 7/11/11, , accessed 7/14/11) JDB But only to some extent, unfortunately.ANDalong, or so they believe in hindsight.  <h3 id="HThenotionofthesuperiorityofdemocracyandthenecessityofDemocratizationisusedtodefinetheOrientalOtherasdeviantfromtheWesternselfandtojustifyviolentdisciplineoftheOther">The notion of the superiority of democracy and the necessity of Democratization is used to define the Oriental Other as deviant from the Western self and to justify violent discipline of the Other</h3>Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB At this point, the ‘grid ofAND-politics of confession – as a whole.

10/24/11

West Point R2 - CUNY CF
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="H1NC2013Framework2013Longer"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306304196"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306374215"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC – Framework – Longer</h2> <h3 id="HA.Interpretation2013Theaffirmativemustaffirmtheresolutionbydefendingthehypotheticalimplementationofatopicalplan.Thedebatersareandthejudgeshouldrole-playaspolicymakerswiththeroundbeingdecidedbasedonthedesirabilityofimplementingtheplan.">A. Interpretation – The affirmative must affirm the resolution by defending the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan. The debaters are and the judge should role-play as policymakers with the round being decided based on the desirability of implementing the plan.</h3><h3 id="HB.Violation20135B5D">B. Violation – [ ]</h3> <h3 id="HC.Thisisavotingissueontheoreticalgrounds">C. This is a voting issue on theoretical grounds</h3> <h3 id="H1.Topicalitybeforeadvocacy2013theresolutionistheonlystablelocusforpredictableground.Allowingtheafftopickgroundandframeworksoutsideofthismakesitimpossibleforthenegativetopredictandprepare2013thisisavotingissueforcompetitiveequityandisapriorquestiontotheaffirmative">1. Topicality before advocacy – the resolution is the only stable locus for predictable ground. Allowing the aff to pick ground and frameworks outside of this makes it impossible for the negative to predict and prepare – this is a voting issue for competitive equity and is a prior question to the affirmative</h3>Shively, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, 2000(Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2) The requirements given thus far are primarily negativeANDcontestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.<h3 id="H2.Clash2013lackofpredictableorfairgroundpreventsusfromhavingadebatethatactuallyteststheiradvocacyorapproach-theyjustifynon-falsifiableandsubjectiveframeworksthatprecludetestingthetruth-valueoftheirclaims2013evaluationcomesfromimplementation">2. Clash – lack of predictable or fair ground prevents us from having a debate that actually tests their advocacy or approach - they justify non-falsifiable and subjective frameworks that preclude testing the truth-value of their claims – evaluation comes from implementation</h3>Ignatieff 2004, Professor of Human Rights at Harvard, (Michael, Lesser Evils, pages 18-19) As for mor1al perfectionism, this would beANDone right  might lead us to betray another.  <h3 id="H3.Education2013theyskirtalltopicbasededucationresultingfromhowdemocracyassistanceintopicalcountriesisimplementedanditseffects.Prefertopicaleducation2013it2019sthebeststandardbyensuringnewyearlyeducationinsteadofrecycling.Alloftheireducationclaimsarepreservedbyreadingtheiraffontheneg.">3. Education – they skirt all topic based education resulting from how democracy assistance in topical countries is implemented and its effects. Prefer topical education – it’s the best standard by ensuring new yearly education instead of recycling. All of their education claims are preserved by reading their aff on the neg.</h3> <h3 id="H5.Affconditionality2013resolutionalplanfocuspreventstheafffromshiftingadvocacies2013theirframeworkjustifiesvagueadvocaciesandallowtheafftobeamovingtarget2013thatdestroysdiscussion2Cadvocaciesskills2Canyground2Candallowsthemtospikeoutofanynegativearguments2Cmakingbeingnegativeimpossible.">5. Aff conditionality – resolutional plan focus prevents the aff from shifting advocacies – their framework justifies vague advocacies and allow the aff to be a moving target – that destroys discussion, advocacies skills, any ground, and allows them to spike out of any negative arguments, making being negative impossible.</h3> <h3 id="HD.Ourframeworkissubstantivelypreferable">D. Our framework is substantively preferable</h3><h3 id="H1.Roleplayingaspolicymakersgeneratesproductiveeducationthatovercomesourpoliticalexclusion2013theaffirmativere-entrenchespassivity">1. Roleplaying as policymakers generates productive education that overcomes our political exclusion – the affirmative re-entrenches passivity</h3>Kulynych, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop, 1997(Jessica, Winthrop University, Polity 32:2, Winter, p. 344-5) Unfortunately, it is precisely these elements ofAND, thereby refusing their construction as passive clients.   <h3 id="H2.Engagingtheformalnotionofthepoliticalisgood2013alternativeframeworksbreednarcissismthatcausesnarcissisticdisengagementwithpoliticalpragmatism2013thismeansweproducethebestpedagogy">2. Engaging the formal notion of the political is good – alternative frameworks breed narcissism that causes narcissistic disengagement with political pragmatism – this means we produce the best pedagogy</h3>Chandler, Professor of IR at Westminster, 2007(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – “The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere” – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: PE/JDB However, politics is no less important toANDused to understand and engage with the world .  <h3 id="HAndwecontrolanexternalimpact2013disengagementfromthepoliticalprovidesroomforelitisttakeoverwithoutactuallyshiftingpowerstructures2013thatcauseswar2Cslavery2Candauthoritarian">And we control an external impact – disengagement from the political provides room for elitist takeover without actually shifting power structures – that causes war, slavery, and authoritarian</h3>Boggs, Professor of Political Science at Southern California, 2000(CAROL, 2000, THE END OF POLITICS, 250-1) But it is a very deceptive and misleadingANDantirationalism of Oakeshott’s Burkean muddling-through theories.    <h3 id="H3.Switch-sidedebateisgood2013itprovidesthebesteducationbyforcingdebaterstoresearchbothsidesofissuesinsteadofbecomingdogmatic2013beingforcedtoexamineopposingviewsiskeytochallengeus2Fthemdichotomies">3. Switch-side debate is good – it provides the best education by forcing debaters to research both sides of issues instead of becoming dogmatic – being forced to examine opposing views is key to challenge us/them dichotomies</h3>English et al, 2007  (Eric, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief & Carly Woods. Univ. of Pittsburgh Communication Dept. “Debate as a Weapon of Mass Destruction.” Routledge. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 4, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 221-225  This episode is a representative anecdote for theANDof such polar categories find debate so threatening.<h2 id="H1NC2013HistoricalMaterialism-Baudrillard">1NC – Historical Materialism - Baudrillard</h2><h3 id="HThe1AC2019srejectionoftruthclaimsaboutthematerialroleofactorsandstructuresinhistoryprecludesthemostpoliticizingmodesofanalysisbasedonclass">The 1AC’s rejection of truth claims about the material role of actors and structures in history precludes the most politicizing modes of analysis based on class</h3>Palmer 96 (Canada Research Chair in Canadian Labour History and Canadian Studies @ Trent University, Bryan D., "Old Positions/New Necessities: History, Class, and Marxist Metanarrative," in "In Defense of History," Ed. by E. Meiskins Wood & John Foster, p.65-72shree) On one level this is not particularly newANDthe global dimensions of exploitation and oppression.5 <h3 id="HD-Rule2014Capitalismleadstomassexterminationandturnscase">D-Rule—Capitalism leads to mass extermination and turns case</h3>Zizek and Daly 4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16) For Zizek it is imperative that we cutANDa ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.  <h3 id="HVotednegativetoendorsehistoricalmaterialism">Voted negative to endorse historical materialism</h3>Lapointe 7 [Thierry. "Beyond an Historicism Without Subject: Agency and the Elusive Genealogies of State Sovereignty" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Feb 28, 2007 <] The primary objective of this volume is toANDand reproducing quite different set of social practices.    <h2 id="H1NC2013DifferenceK">1NC – Difference K</h2> <h3 id="HTheaffirmative2019sapproachof201Cliberating201Dusfromthingslikelanguageandliteralmeaningsrobscriticismofanymaterialpraxisorhistoricalmeaning.Theirapproachviolentlyusesdeconstructiontolevelalldifference.">The affirmative’s approach of “liberating” us from things like language and literal meanings robs criticism of any material praxis or historical meaning. Their approach violently uses deconstruction to level all difference.</h3>Spanos 1993(William V., Heidegger and Criticism, p. 121-123) PM Derrida's differance "without positive terms" revealsAND) pyrotechnical interpretive practice is willing to dance.   <h3 id="HThealternativeisHeideggariandestruction.Thealternativebetterapproachesthepresentbyavoidingtextualizingordepoliticizingdifference.Instead2Citretrievesthequestionoftemporalitybyapproachingdifferenceasonesitealongthecontinuumofbeing2Clikeagreeingwiththecriticismofthe1ACbutattendtothespecificmaterialandsociopoliticallimitsoftoday.">The alternative is Heideggarian destruction. The alternative better approaches the present by avoiding textualizing or depoliticizing difference. Instead, it retrieves the question of temporality by approaching difference as one site along the continuum of being, like agreeing with the criticism of the 1AC but attend to the specific material and sociopolitical limits of today.</h3><ins>Spanos 1993</ins>(William V., Heidegger and Criticism, p. 82-84) PM In what follows, I intend to exploreANDan indissoluble relay encompassing the totality of being. <ins> </ins><h2 id="HKatoCP1NC">Kato CP 1NC</h2><h3 id="HText:TheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentshoulddismantleitsnuclearweaponsarsenal.">Text: The United States federal government should dismantle its nuclear weapons arsenal.</h3><h3 id="HNUCLEARWARFAREISNOTIMMATERIALANDNEVERHASBEEN.Theaffirmative2019srepresentationofthebombas201Cnolonger201Dthe201Cphysical2Cmechanicalstrugglebetween201Dgroups2Cbut201Ccollaborationsinthelogisticsofperception201DreproducestheWest2019sownhegemonicideology.TheUnitedStatesnuclearweaponsarsenalisnowandalwayshasbeenarealmaterialweaponinthewaragainstindigenouspeoplesuchasNativeAmericans"><ins>NUCLEAR WARFARE IS NOT IMMATERIAL AND NEVER HAS BEEN</ins>. The affirmative’s representation of the bomb as “no longer” the “physical, mechanical struggle between” groups, but “collaborations in the logistics of perception” reproduces the West’s own hegemonic ideology. The United States nuclear weapons arsenal is now and always has been a real material weapon in the war against indigenous people such as Native Americans</h3><ins>Kato</ins>, Department of Political Science at the University of Hawai’i, <ins>1993</ins> [Masahide, “Nuclear Globalism: Traversing Rockets, Satellites, and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze,” Alternatives 18 (1993), 339-360]         Nuclear War Imagined and Nuclear War as Real<ins> </ins><ins>The vigorous invasion of the logic of capitalist</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>and Indigenous Nations almost on a daily basis.</ins>  <h2 id="HCase">Case</h2> <h3 id="H28A29Your1ACisnon-inherentandyouvotenegativeonpresumption2014ifthey2019rerightthatthelanguageoftheresolutionisalwaysalreadyenigmaticandauto-deconstructiveofhumanintent2Cthe1ACisunnecessary2014meaningsarediscardedeffortlesslynowandtheworldconstantlyshowsusthathumansarefarfrommasteringtheuniverse.Additionally2Caskingthejudgetovoteaffisadoubleturn2014bybecomingacriticalconsciousnesstoholdupamirrortotheworldandshowhowabsurditis28ie2Cthroughpoetryandaddingtothelanguageoftheresolution292Ctheydonthegarbofsagestoshowusthefaultsinouractions2014theirownauthorsaythatthisisinitselfaformofmasteryoftheworldandturnscase.Starthiscard.">(A)  Your 1AC is non-inherent and you vote negative on presumption—if they’re right that the language of the resolution is always already enigmatic and auto-deconstructive of human intent, the 1AC is unnecessary—meanings are discarded effortlessly now and the world constantly shows us that humans are far from mastering the universe. Additionally, asking the judge to vote aff is a double turn—by becoming a critical consciousness to hold up a mirror to the world and show how absurd it is (ie, through poetry and adding to the language of the resolution), they don the garb of sages to show us the faults in our actions—their own author say that this is in itself a form of mastery of the world and turns case.  Star this card.</h3><ins>Baudrillard 96</ins> (Jean, Tupac of Academia, The Perfect Crime, p. 73-74shree) Irony is the only spiritual form in theAND, superconductive of illusion and non-meaning.  <h3 id="HFocusondiscourseandrepresentationstradesoffwithconcretepoliticalchangeandmakesnodifferencetothoseengagedinpoliticalstruggles.">Focus on discourse and representations trades off with concrete political change and makes no difference to those engaged in political struggles.</h3>Taft-Kaufman, 95Jill Speech prof @ CMU, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "ANDhomeless represents both a cultural and humane failure. <h3 id="HThereisalwaysvaluetolife2013externalclaimsaboutothers2019valuetolifedestroyindividualautonomy">There is always value to life – external claims about others’ value to life destroy individual autonomy</h3>Schwartz, Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow, 2003(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” ) The second assertion made by supporters of theANDby the person concerned and not by others.

10/24/11

West Point R3 - Navy BH
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="H1NCIMETT"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC IMET T</h2>Democracy assistance is only transfer of funds, expertise and material related to institutions already working towards democracy.Lappin ‘10Richard Lappin, a PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, He has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center, visiting Scholar  at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE programme. “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation”. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. Vol.4, No.1, May (2010).  <ins>Democracy assistance can be most accurately defined as</ins>ANDcivil society groups, media groups and political parties Democracy Assistance different than Military Assistance Dina <ins>Guirguis 2009</ins> “Promoting Democracy in Egypt”  (executive director of the Washington-based Voices for a Democratic Egypt, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law)  The history of U.S. support<ins>AND</ins><ins>at approximately $1.3 billion annually.</ins> <ins> </ins>IMET is XT- technical training not related to democracy assistance <ins>Fas.org accessed on September 15th 2011. </ins>“International Military Education and Training (IMET)” and Process <ins>Courses made available to </ins><ins>IMET grant recipients are</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>using specific U.S.-manufactured weapons sytems</ins><ins> </ins><h2 id="H1NC2013ShomeK">1NC – Shome K</h2><h3 id="HDemocracyassistanceisadiscursiveframeusedtojustifyneoliberalimperialistintervention2013turnstheaffbypreventingdemocratizationandbreedingresistance">Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance</h3>Sussman 2006Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” Monthly Review, 58:7, December, ) PM U.S. interventionism, except perhapsANDpolitical spin and other expressions of neocolonial hegemony. <h3 id="HThispoliticalrationalitycreatesculturalandracializedothers2Cmakingannihilationinevitable">This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable</h3>Pinar Batur 7, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin War and genocide are horrid, and takingANDits existence (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002). <h3 id="HVotenegativetorejecttheaffirmative2019scallforincreasingU.S.democracyassistance.Wemustcritiquetheaffirmative2019sknowledgeproductionwhichallowsfortheannihlation">Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation</h3>Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to.  Post col best – focuses on current colonial structures – still relationships<h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP2013Generic"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306306354"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC – EU CP – Generic</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldprovide2.1milliondollarstoBahraininaformofassistancemodeledoffoftheUnitedStatesIMETprogram.">Text: The European Union should provide 2.1 million dollars to Bahrain in a form of assistance modeled off of the United States IMET program.</h3> <h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</h3>Tocci and Cassarino 2011(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB The Arab revolts do not call for EuropeANDthe civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.   <h2 id="H1NC2013BoehnerDA"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306958471"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306906109"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC – Boehner DA</h2> <h3 id="HBoehnerisusingPCtopreventthedischargepetition">Boehner is using PC to prevent the discharge petition</h3>Reuters October 13th 2011 “Analysis: Boehner stands firm against yuan bill”  Other tactics may yet be tried. AnANDCouncil, which opposes the China currency legislation. <h3 id="HTeapartyhatestheplanandlovesthecurrencybill">Tea party hates the plan and loves the currency bill</h3>Harvey M. Sapolsky 2010 (Professor of Public Policy and Organization, Emeritus at MIT and was until recently the Director of the MIT Security Studies Program) “ The Tea Party’s Foreign Policy”  What then can be gleaned on where thisANDand any version of football that isn’t American. <h3 id="HAnynewfundingorreallocationsfacemassiveoppositionfromtheright.">Any new funding or reallocations face massive opposition from the right.</h3>Richter, Chicago Tribune Washington bureau, 4/13/’11 (Paul, “Spending concerns sidetrack aid efforts,” ) Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDtwo nations has been linked since the early 1980 <h3 id="HMovestocompromisewithObamaonissuesliketheplanempiricallyforceBohnertotherightonotherissuestoconsolidatesupportforhisspeakership-likethecurrencybill">Moves to compromise with Obama on issues like the plan empirically force Bohner to the right on other issues to consolidate support for his speakership- like the currency bill</h3>Boston Globe July 28, 2011  “Boehner can’t please Tea Party, but bipartisan deal could work”  In Boehner’s mind, his speakership depends onANDfinancial disaster that would be entirely self-inflicted <h3 id="HVoteguaranteespassage">Vote guarantees passage</h3>Washington Times  October 17th 2011 “Washington contemplates tougher China trade policy”  Of course, these are only the openingANDa bill if it got to his desk. <h3 id="HNewtariffsonChinesegoodstriggeratradewar">New tariffs on Chinese goods trigger a trade war</h3>Forbes, 9-17, 10,  At the hearing, Senator Charles Schumer declared<ins>AND</ins><ins>war</ins> that would benefit nobody and damage everybody.  <h3 id="HUS-Chinatradewartriggersashootingwar">US-China trade war triggers a shooting war</h3>Ben Landy, Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines. Landy served in various research and project management positions at the Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies, two leading public policy think tanks in Washington, D.C. Ben holds a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University. April 3, 2007, <ins>The greatest threat for the 21st century is</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>increases in military budgets and anti-satellite tests</ins> <h3 id="HGoesnuclear2013dragsinothergreatpowersandcausesextinction">Goes nuclear – drags in other great powers and causes extinction</h3>Straits Times 2000(Ching Cheong, staff writer, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” 6/25/00, LexisNexis, accessed 6/18/11) JDB THE high-intensity scenario postulates a crossAND, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.  <h2 id="HCaseDebate">Case Debate</h2> <h3 id="HToolateforeffectivechangeinBahrain2013royalfamily">Too late for effective change in Bahrain – royal family</h3>Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet”  Whatever opening there was for real dialogue inANDenduring hostility and the potential for perennial violence.  <h3 id="HPlanfails2013Saudirejectstheplan">Plan fails – Saudi rejects the plan</h3>Al-Tamimi 6-19-11(Aymenn Jawad, The American Thinker, “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?,” ) JDB But here is the catch: Saudi ArabiaANDthe hands of the Saudis and the GCC. <h3 id="HNoimpactandturn2013lossoftheFifthFleetwon2019thurtGulfsecurity2013otheractorscheck.RemovaloftheFifthFleetallowsforreallocationofresourcestocounterterrorismanddrugtraffickingefforts">No impact and turn – loss of the Fifth Fleet won’t hurt Gulf security – other actors check. Removal of the Fifth Fleet allows for reallocation of resources to counterterrorism and drug trafficking efforts</h3>Gresh, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2010(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB However, the United States is able toANDconfront more pressing situations at home and abroad.   <h3 id="HTurn2013FifthFleetcausesrecklessregionalactors2013removalsolvesandothernavalfacilitiespreventescalation">Turn – Fifth Fleet causes reckless regional actors – removal solves and other naval facilities prevent escalation</h3>Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” ) JK/JDB There are a number of reasons why theANDbut has enabled their dangerous behavior as well.   <h3 id="HNoimpactandturn2013FifthFleetunnecessarytoprotecttheStraitsofHormuzordeterIran2013navalpresencejustmakesusvulnerableandincreasestensionwithIran">No impact and turn – Fifth Fleet unnecessary to protect the Straits of Hormuz or deter Iran – naval presence just makes us vulnerable and increases tension with Iran</h3>Gresh, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2010(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB The United States has long employed a strategyANDon the carrier group or instill fear. <!~~startmacro:id|-|name="r5"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>  <h3 id="HFifthfleetwon2019tmove2013onlyrumors">Fifth fleet won’t move – only rumors</h3>Toumi, Bureau Chief of Gulf News, 7-22-11  (Habib, “US Navy dismisses reports it is moving out of Bahrain,” ) The US Navy has denied media reports itANDthe Gulf, has little desire to move.  <h3 id="HEconomicdeclinedoesn2019tcausewar2013recessionproves">Economic decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves</h3>Barnett 2009(Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, ) When the global financial crisis struck roughly aAND-World War II international liberal trade order. <h3 id="HTheUSeconomyisresilient">The US economy is resilient</h3>Zakaria, Editor of Newsweek International, 2009(Fareed, “The Secrets of Stability,” 12/11/09,  One year ago, the world seemed asANDreinforcing the other and each historical in nature.  <h3 id="HNoIranianaggressionBahrain2013empiricallydenied2Cnoteventokengestures">No Iranian aggression Bahrain – empirically denied, not even token gestures</h3>A. Savyon, director of the Iranian Media Project at the Middle East Media Research Institute, 7-4-11(“Iran's Defeat in the Bahrain Crisis: A Seminal Event in the Sunni-Shi'ite Conflict”. ) JK/JDB Despite Bahrain's historic, ethnic, and religiousANDnoted that none of these calls were implemented. <h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</h3>Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB Third, they overstate Iran's capacity to subvertAND, however; it's just another . <h3 id="HNoIranianhegemonyoradventurism">No Iranian hegemony or adventurism</h3>Tisdall, Assistant Editor of the Guardian and Foreign Affairs columnist, 2011(Simon, “Iran has been isolated by the Arab spring,” 5/17/11, ) JDB Snap judgments in Washington and Jerusalem that IranANDWhether Cairo or Tehran, death to tyrants!"    <h3 id="HNoimpact2013theirhegemonyscenariospresumeanoldstrategicmodel">No impact – their hegemony scenarios presume an old strategic model</h3>Koplovsky, 2006.(Michael. Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office. 10-23-2006. “Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain.” ) JK/JDB Large, permanent, forward U.SANDU.S. deterrent and operational presence.  <h3 id="HHegemonyisunsustainable2013counterbalancingisinevitable">Hegemony is unsustainable – counterbalancing is inevitable</h3>Maher 11 Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science d<!~~startmacro:id|-|name="OLE_LINK1"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>epartment at Brown UniversityRichard, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”,  Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union andANDstrengthened once this period of unipolarity has passed.  <h3 id="HSlowandpeacefultransitionfromhegisinevitable2013sustainingonlycausesviolentinstability">Slow and peaceful transition from heg is inevitable – sustaining only causes violent instability</h3>Pape 09 professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago (Robert, Empire Falls, National Interest, 1/22) Clearly, major shifts in the balance ofAND. Washington must adopt more realistic foreign commitments.

10/24/11

West Pointt R6 - Cornell LP
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="H1NC-T"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306958471"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306906109"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_GoBack"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC - T</h2><h3 id="HA.Interpretation" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">A.    Interpretation</h3><h3 id="H"></h3><h3 id="H1.Democracyassistanceisnecessarilydirect">1. Democracy assistance is necessarily direct</h3><h3 id="HHuber200828DepartmentofInternationalRelations2CHebrewUniversityofJerusalem2CIsrael29201CDemocracyAssistanceintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica:AComparisonofUSandEUPolicies201D">Huber 2008 (Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”</h3> The American researcher Thomas Carothers gives a deﬁnitionANDTable 1 visualizes the different democracy promotion instrument. <h3 id="H2.DemocracyAssistancemustbedirectedtowardsimprovingoneofthefollowingthreecategories">2. Democracy Assistance must be directed towards improving one of the following three categories</h3><h3 id="HCarothers200028ThomasvicepresidentforstudiesattheCarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace2C201CTakingStockofDemocracyAssistance201DAmericanDemocracyPromotion29">Carothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )</h3> The term ‘democracy assistance’ is sometimes usedANDseminars on democracy, and educational exchange programmes. <h3 id="H3.Increasemeanstomakegreater2Cnottocreate.">3. Increase means to make greater, not to create.</h3>Buckley, Attorney, 2006(Jeremiah, Attorney, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al,  First, the court said that the ordinaryANDphrase gathers meaning from the words around it”)<h3 id="HInterpretation2013increasemustbeanoverallincreaseindemocracyassistanceindemocracyassistance2Cotherwisethetopicisbidirectional.">Interpretation – increase must be an overall increase in democracy assistance in democracy assistance, otherwise the topic is bidirectional.</h3> <h2 id="H1NC2013ShomeK"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>1NC – Shome K</h2><h3 id="HDemocracyassistanceisadiscursiveframeusedtojustifyneoliberalimperialistintervention2013turnstheaffbypreventingdemocratizationandbreedingresistance">Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance</h3>Sussman 2006Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” Monthly Review, 58:7, December, ) PM U.S. interventionism, except perhapsANDpolitical spin and other expressions of neocolonial hegemony. <h3 id="HThispoliticalrationalitycreatesculturalandracializedothers2Cmakingannihilationinevitable">This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable</h3>Pinar Batur 7, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin War and genocide are horrid, and takingANDits existence (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002).<h3 id="HTheirviolentrepresentationsareareasontovoteneg-wecan2019tevaluatetheimplementationoftheaffbecausetheirtruthclaimsarerootedinneoliberalandracistlogic.AllbenefitsofdemocratizationaretautologicalandpresumethesuperiorityoftheWest">Their violent representations are a reason to vote neg - we can’t evaluate the implementation of the aff because their truth claims are rooted in neoliberal and racist logic. All benefits of democratization are tautological and presume the superiority of the West</h3>Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB In this epistemic framework, truth about theANDIkhwan, Hamas, Hizballah, etc.).31 <h3 id="HVotenegativetorejecttheaffirmative2019scallforincreasingU.S.democracyassistance.Wemustcritiquetheaffirmative2019sknowledgeproductionwhichallowsfortheannihlation">Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation</h3>Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM Second, <ins>the postcolonial critique of Western discursive</ins>ANDto engage in as well as contribute to.  Post col best – focuses on current colonial structures – still relationships  <h2 id="H1NC2013EUCP">1NC – EU CP</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshouldcommissionparticipatoryevaluationsofitsso-calleddemocracyassistanceprogramsforSyria.EvaluationsshouldemploythemethodologyusedforprovidingUnitedStatesReligiousFreedomReports.">Text: The European Union should commission participatory evaluations of its so-called democracy assistance programs for Syria. Evaluations should employ the methodology used for providing United States Religious Freedom Reports.</h3> <h3 id="HCPsolvesbest2013EUhastheinfrastructureandbetterengagementpolicies">CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies</h3>Tocci and Cassarino 2011(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB The Arab revolts do not call for EuropeANDthe civil societies of the neighbouring countries too. <h3 id="HEUcommittedtopromotingreligiousfreedominMiddleEast2Ccounterplansolves">EU committed to promoting religious freedom in Middle East, counterplan solves</h3>Reuters May 2011 , date accessed September 17, 2011 PM (Reuters) - European Union leaders assuredANDwith fear for the future of those societies."   <h2 id="H1NC2013BoehnerDA">1NC – Boehner DA</h2> <h3 id="HBoehnerisusingPCtopreventthedischargepetition">Boehner is using PC to prevent the discharge petition</h3>Reuters October 13th 2011 “Analysis: Boehner stands firm against yuan bill”  Other tactics may yet be tried. AnANDCouncil, which opposes the China currency legislation. <h3 id="HTeapartyhatestheplanandlovesthecurrencybill">Tea party hates the plan and loves the currency bill</h3>Harvey M. Sapolsky 2010 (Professor of Public Policy and Organization, Emeritus at MIT and was until recently the Director of the MIT Security Studies Program) “ The Tea Party’s Foreign Policy”  What then can be gleaned on where thisANDand any version of football that isn’t American. <h3 id="HAnynewfundingorreallocationsfacemassiveoppositionfromtheright.">Any new funding or reallocations face massive opposition from the right.</h3>Richter, Chicago Tribune Washington bureau, 4/13/’11 (Paul, “Spending concerns sidetrack aid efforts,” ) Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's effortsANDtwo nations has been linked since the early 1980 <h3 id="HMovestocompromisewithObamaonissuesliketheplanempiricallyforceBohnertotherightonotherissuestoconsolidatesupportforhisspeakership-likethecurrencybill">Moves to compromise with Obama on issues like the plan empirically force Bohner to the right on other issues to consolidate support for his speakership- like the currency bill</h3>Boston Globe July 28, 2011  “Boehner can’t please Tea Party, but bipartisan deal could work”  In Boehner’s mind, his speakership depends onANDfinancial disaster that would be entirely self-inflicted <h3 id="HVoteguaranteespassage">Vote guarantees passage</h3>Washington Times  October 17th 2011 “Washington contemplates tougher China trade policy”  Of course, these are only the openingANDa bill if it got to his desk. <h3 id="HNewtariffsonChinesegoodstriggeratradewar">New tariffs on Chinese goods trigger a trade war</h3>Forbes, 9-17, 10,  At the hearing, Senator Charles Schumer declared<ins>AND</ins><ins>war</ins> that would benefit nobody and damage everybody.  <h3 id="HUS-Chinatradewartriggersashootingwar">US-China trade war triggers a shooting war</h3>Ben Landy, Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines. Landy served in various research and project management positions at the Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies, two leading public policy think tanks in Washington, D.C. Ben holds a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University. April 3, 2007, <ins>The greatest threat for the 21st century is</ins><ins>AND</ins><ins>increases in military budgets and anti-satellite tests</ins> <h3 id="HGoesnuclear2013dragsinothergreatpowersandcausesextinction">Goes nuclear – drags in other great powers and causes extinction</h3>Straits Times 2000(Ching Cheong, staff writer, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” 6/25/00, LexisNexis, accessed 6/18/11) JDB THE high-intensity scenario postulates a crossAND, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.    <h2 id="HCase">Case</h2><h3 id="HInherency:">Inherency:</h3><h3 id="HNoneedforaidinSyria"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc177611059"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc177611093"~~><!~~stopmacro~~><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc177651667"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>No need for aid in Syria</h3><ins>Russian ForMin  9/8/2011</ins> (No need in emergency int'l humanitarian aid to Syria, LexisNexis,  Syria has no need in an emergency humanitarianANDtransparently with U.N. specialized agencies." <h3 id="HSecviolence">Sec violence</h3><h3 id="HNoSyriancivilwar2013notdiverseenough">No Syrian civil war – not diverse enough</h3>Abdul-Hussain, Washington Bureau Chief of Al-Rai newspaper, 2011 (Hussain, "No civil war after Assad," NOW Lebanon, 4/27/11, ) JDB Since the outbreak of the Syrian uprising fiveANDIslamist, nor head into a civil war.<h3 id="HSyriacivilwarwon2019tspillover2013nointerestedneighbors">Syria civil war won’t spillover – no interested neighbors</h3>Smith, Weekly Standard senior editor, 2011 (Lee, "Israel’s Not Protecting Assad—Obama Is," Weekly Standard, 5-13-11, www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/israel-s-not-protecting-assad-obama_561004.html?page=1) Second argument is that there will be aANDSyria’s neighbors have any interest in civil war.  <h3 id="HCartbeforethehorse-sectarianismtakesoutsolvency">Cart before the horse - sectarianism takes out solvency</h3>Steven Heydemann, senior vice president at the United States Institute of Peace, 4/4/2011 (  Perhaps . Yet this grand vision of a truly new Middle East rest on exceptionally wobbly foundations . This is certainly the moment for the U .S . to lend support to Syriansstruggling against the Asad regime . Yet theANDin the Levant, with potentially devastating consequences . <h3 id="HClaimsof201Csectarianviolence201Darenothingmorethanaracistredherringtojustifyimperialismanddestablization">Claims of “sectarian violence” are nothing more than a racist red herring to justify imperialism and destablization</h3>Dabashi, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia, 2011(Hamid, Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York, “The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” Last Modified: 27 May 2011, JDB The democratic uprising in Bahrain is integral toANDinto the opening picture of the Arab Spring. <h3 id="HTurn2013theaffirmative2019sattempttospeakonbehalfofa201Cknowable201DOtherisviolent2013itconflatesthemeaningof201Crepresentation201Dandleadstoviolentutopianpoliticsbasedoffoftheimagetheycreate">Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a “knowable” Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create</h3>Spivak, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 1999(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM What happens to the critique of the sovereignANDthe history of the unheeded subaltern must unfold.  <h2 id="HMuslimBroterhood">Muslim Broterhood</h2><h3 id="HNoimpacttoMuslimBrotherhoodtakeover2013governanceconcernsandtheSCAF">No impact to Muslim Brotherhood takeover – governance concerns and the SCAF</h3>Nelson, Director of the Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program of CSIS, 4-6-11(Rick “Ozzie,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Statement before the House Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence, “Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa: Ramifications for U.S. Homeland Security,” ) JDB Egypt, meanwhile, faces a much differentANDmoved to become a state sponsor of terrorism. <h3 id="HMiddleEastwarwon2019tescalate2013precedent">Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent</h3>Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune Finally, there is no precedent for ArabANDlocal conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.  <h3 id="HMiddleEastconflictdoesn2019tspillover2013Israel-Palestineproves">Middle East conflict doesn’t spillover – Israel-Palestine proves</h3>Satloff, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, 2006(Robert, "Forget the Domino Theories," 12/9/06 ) JDB Linkage also has its more ominous side.ANDfrom Shiite ethnic cleansing is far-fetched.  <h3 id="HAltcauseandnoimpacttoSaudi-Iran2013UAEislanddisputescreatingtensionsandneithersidewantswar">Alt cause and no impact to Saudi-Iran– UAE island disputes creating tensions and neither side wants war</h3>Al-Jamal & Farid  4-20-11(Moussa Mahmoud and Sonia, “Is Iran ‘sectarianizing’ Bahrain conflict?”  Al Arabiya News, ) EK/JB Both Mr. Salman and Mr. MousaviANDtogether against the Western agenda,” he said.  <h3 id="HNoIran-Saudiwar2013USdeterrencesolvesandIranwon2019tusenukes">No Iran-Saudi war – US deterrence solves and Iran won’t use nukes</h3>Spindle, et al 2011(April, Bill, Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services for the University of Alaska Anchorage and Journalist, “The New Cold War,” Wall Street Journal, 4-16-11, ] EK/JB The Saudis currently rely on the U.ANDit has renounced the use of nuclear weapons.

10/24/11

Navy Neg vs Liberty LaSi
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- <h2 id="HOff1"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc306959679"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>Off 1</h2> <h3 id="HText:TheEuropeanUnionshould5Bplantext5D.">Text: The European Union should [plan text].</h3><h3 id="HCPsolvesandiskeytoEUcredibility">CP solves and is key to EU credibility</h3>Ash et al, Professor of European Studies at Oxford, 2011(Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," Huffington Post, 06/3/11, ) JDB Europe's response to the Arab … to rise to the events.  <h3 id="HThat2019skeytopreventextinction">That’s key to prevent extinction</h3>Bruton, former prime minister of Ireland, 2002(John, also former ambassador of the EU to the US, “The Future of the European Union,” The Irish Times, 01/31/02, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm) JDB As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.  <h2 id="HOff2">Off 2</h2><h3 id="HChinaCurrencyManipulationbillwon2019tpassnow2013Republicanleadersholdingthelinebutpressurebuilding">China Currency Manipulation bill won’t pass now – Republican leaders holding the line but pressure building</h3>The Hill 12/27/11 “Treasury: China not a … /201459-treasury-chinas-not-a-currency-manipulator Even though the House passed … currency appreciate at a faster rate. <h3 id="HForeignaidspendingkillsRepublicanleadership2013Boehnerwon2019tbeabletocorralvotes">Foreign aid spending kills Republican leadership – Boehner won’t be able to corral votes</h3>Hulse 11Carl Hulse, NY Times, 2/9/11, House Republicans Battle Turmoil in Their Ranks,  Under pressure to make deeper … was described as a productive lunch. <h3 id="HCauseseconomiccollapseandaUS-Chinawar2013defensedoesn2019tapply">Causes economic collapse and a US-China war – defense doesn’t apply</h3>Martin 10-7-11(Patrick, WSWS, “Anti-China rhetoric raises threat of war,” ) The White House, together with … of their close economic ties.  <h3 id="HNuclearextinction">Nuclear extinction</h3>(STRAIT TIMES, June 25, 2K, Pg. l/n) THE … see the destruction of civilization. <h2 id="HOff3">Off 3</h2><h3 id="HUShegemonyattemptstouniversalizecommonvaluesandsecurityinterests2Cdelegitimizingallwhoopposesuchanorganizationofpowerandcoveringupitsimperialistandexceptionalnature">US hegemony attempts to universalize common values and security interests, delegitimizing all who oppose such an organization of power and covering up its imperialist and exceptional nature</h3>Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana, 2003(William, “Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54, Spring 2003, p121-123, accessed 12-30-11) JDB The only power to emerge … mere shadowboxing in the end.  <h3 id="HThealternativeistoaffirmproperpoliticalenmitythroughmultipolarity2013absentashiftawayfromuniversalizingliberalismintheformofhegemony2Cviolenceandterrorismwillcontinuetoproliferate">The alternative is to affirm proper political enmity through multipolarity – absent a shift away from universalizing liberalism in the form of hegemony, violence and terrorism will continue to proliferate</h3>Mouffe, Professor of Politics and IR at Westminster, 2005(Chantal, “Schmitt’s Vision of a Multipolar World Order,” Spring 2005, South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, accessed 12-29-11) JDB How could one envisage an … discourse is in fact contributing. <h2 id="HFifthFleet">Fifth Fleet</h2> <h3 id="HNosolvency2013nomiddlegroundmeansSunni-Shiatensionsoverwhelmtheplan">No solvency – no middle ground means Sunni-Shia tensions overwhelm the plan</h3>Gardner, BBC security correspondent, 11-22-11(Frank, “Will Bahrain's crackdown report heal divided nation?” BBC News Middle East, , accessed 12-6-11) JDB The kingdom, which previously prided … of Bahrain's numerous police stations.<h3 id="HTheKingrejectstheplan2013seenasaredline">The King rejects the plan – seen as a red line</h3>Ghezali 9-13-11(Rabah Ghezali, member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, and special to CNN, 9-13-2011, “Bahrain at the heart of Middle East tensions,” CNN, ) Inside the regime, the gap … Prime Minister are red lines.  <h3 id="HKingblocksreform2013nocompromise">King blocks reform – no compromise</h3>Genger 12-12-11(Justin, Doctoral Candidate at UMich studying Sunni-Shi'i conflict and political mobilization in the rentier societies of the Arab Gulf, in particular in Bahrain, “What if Bahrain Has a Sunni Awakening?” , accessed 1-8-12) The basic idea of the … for any government political concessions.<h3 id="HNoIranianaggressioninBahrain2013empiricallydenied2Cnoteventokengestures">No Iranian aggression in Bahrain – empirically denied, not even token gestures</h3>A. Savyon, director of the Iranian Media Project at the Middle East Media Research Institute, 7-4-11(“Iran's Defeat in the Bahrain Crisis: A Seminal Event in the Sunni-Shi'ite Conflict”. ) JK/JDB Despite Bahrain's historic, ethnic, and … of these calls were implemented. <h3 id="HTurn2013FifthFleetisn2019tkey2026-terrorismandanti-drugtrafficking">Turn – Fifth Fleet isn’t key … -terrorism and anti-drug trafficking</h3>Gresh, research fellow and doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2010(Geoffrey F, “Traversing the Persian Gauntlet: U.S. Naval Projection and the Strait of Hormuz”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Medford: Winter 2010. Vol. 34, Iss. 1; pg. 41. ProQuest) JK/JDB However, the United States is … other naval facilities prevent escalationJones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” ) JK/JDB There are a number of reasons … their dangerous behavior as well.<h3 id="HMilitaryprimacyisirrelevanttohegemony2013becomesa2018powerproblem2019">Military primacy is irrelevant to hegemony – becomes a ‘power problem’</h3>Carranza, Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, 2010 (Mario E., “Reality Check: America’s Continuing Pursuit of Regional Hegemony,” Contemporary Security Policy 31:3, 406-440, 12/14/10, accessed 6/15/11) JDB Other scholars argue that the … paradigm of US security thinking.51 <h3 id="HImpactstohegemonicdeclinearemyths2013declineisgoodandcausesretrenchment-solvesgreatpowerwars2Clongterminfluence2Candinterventionism"><!~~startmacro:id|-|name="_Toc296666544"~~><!~~stopmacro~~>Impacts to hegemonic decline are myths – decline is good and causes retrenchment - solves great power wars, long term influence, and interventionism</h3>MacDonald and Parent 11(Paul K. MacDonald is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College. Joseph M. Parent is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security 35:4, Spring 2011, accessed 1-9-12) JDB Other observers advocate retrenchment policies, … retrench recovered their relative position.  <h3 id="HTurn-China2019srisewillbepeaceful2013onlycontinuinghegemonyriskstransitionwars">Turn - China’s rise will be peaceful – only continuing hegemony risks transition wars</h3>Layne, Professor of Government at Texas A&M University, 2009(Christopher, also Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and national Security at the George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, "The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality? A Review Essay", International Security 34:1,  Summer 2009, p. 17-18, accessed 6/19/11) JDB As Mahbubani sees it, the West … urges, is an open question.<h3 id="HNoimpact2013theirhegemonyscenariospresumeanoldstrategicmodel">No impact – their hegemony scenarios presume an old strategic model</h3>Koplovsky, 2006.(Michael. Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office. 10-23-2006. “Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain.” ) JK/JDB Large, permanent, forward U.S. bases (MOBs) … constant U.S. deterrent and operational presence. <h3 id="HNoimpacttonavalpower28orhegemony29">No impact to naval power (or hegemony)</h3>Rhodes, PhD dean for the Social and Behavioral Sciences at Rutgers University, 2005(Edward, and a former International Affairs Fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, he has served in the Strategy and Concepts Branch of the Navy Staff, ““. . . From the Sea” and Back Again: Naval Power in the Second American Century,” Naval War College Review 52:2, Spring, , p. 172-6, accessed 1-11-12) JDB The lack of evidence in … the nation or the Navy. <h3 id="HHegemonyisunsustainable2013challengers2Coverstretch2Canddomesticfinancialconcerns">Hegemony is unsustainable – challengers, overstretch, and domestic financial concerns</h3>Layne 10(Christopher Layne, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas A&M's George H.W. Bush School of Government & Public Service. "". The American Conservative. May 2010. ) AKChina's economy has been growing … themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue. <h2 id="HAdvantage22013Iran">Advantage 2 – Iran</h2> <h3 id="HNoIranadventurism2013threatofUSretaliationandnopopularityintheregion">No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region</h3>Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB Third, they overstate Iran's capacity … .  <h3 id="HNoIranaggressionoradventurism2013multiplefactorsconstrain2013statusquoisacomparativelybetterpolicyoption">No Iran aggression or adventurism – multiple factors constrain – status quo is a comparatively better policy option</h3>Wehrey et. al. 2009(Frederic, Senior Analyst at RAND, and David E. Thaler • Nora Bensahel • Kim Cragin Jerrold D. Green • Dalia Dassa Kaye • Nadia Oweidat • Jennifer Li, “Dangerous but Not Omnipotent,”  accessed 1-11-12) JDB To accurately gauge the strategic … to influence Arab public opinion.  <h3 id="HNoStraitofHormuzimpact2013it2019sjustrhetoricandaltcausesnowshould2019vetriggered">No Strait of Hormuz impact – it’s just rhetoric and alt causes now should’ve triggered</h3>UPI 1-5-12(United press International, “EU ban on Iranian oil hikes Strait of Hormuz tensions,” , accessed 1-8-12) JDB DUBAI, United Arab Emirates, Jan. 5 (… on its contentious nuclear program.<h3 id="HNoimpact2013oilstockscheck">No impact – oil stocks check</h3>Reuters 1-8-12(found on Fin24, “West readies oil stocks release,” , accessed 1-8-12) JDB Tehran/London - Iran announced on … halted by an Iranian blockade. <h3 id="HBahrainisadeathknellforUS-Saudirelations">Bahrain is a death knell for US-Saudi relations</h3>ICG 11(The International Crisis Group is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation committed to preventing and resolving global conflicts "POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII):BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM" July 28 , accessed 1-11-12) JDB Following on the heels of … Syria, but not in Bahrain. <h3 id="HDeterioratingrelationscausesSaudiprolif2013securityconcerns2013turnsthecase">Deteriorating relations causes Saudi prolif – security concerns – turns the case</h3>Lippman, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, 8-8-11(Thomas W., Saudi-US Relations Information Service, ) So let us suppose that … less secure, rather than more. <h3 id="HAltcauseandnoimpacttoSaudi-Iran2013UAEislanddisputescreatingtensionsandneithersidewantswar">Alt cause and no impact to Saudi-Iran– UAE island disputes creating tensions and neither side wants war</h3>Al-Jamal & Farid  4-20-11(Moussa Mahmoud and Sonia, “Is Iran ‘sectarianizing’ Bahrain conflict?”  Al Arabiya News, ) EK/JB Both Mr. Salman and Mr. Mousavi, however, … the Western agenda,” he said. <h3 id="HNoIran-Saudiwar2013USdeterrencesolvesandIranwon2019tusenukes">No Iran-Saudi war – US deterrence solves and Iran won’t use nukes</h3>Spindle, et al 2011(April, Bill, Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services for the University of Alaska Anchorage and Journalist, “The New Cold War,” Wall Street Journal, 4-16-11, ] EK/JB The Saudis currently rely on … the use of nuclear weapons.

01/15/12

Navy Neg vs Liberty BH
- Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
- 1NC – Politics
 China Currency Manipulation bill won’t pass now – Republican leaders holding the line but pressure building
 The Hill 12/27/11 “Treasury: China not a … /201459-treasury-chinas-not-a-currency-manipulator
 
 Even though the House passed … currency appreciate at a faster rate.
 
 Foreign aid spending kills Republican leadership – Boehner won’t be able to corral votes
 Hulse 11
 Carl Hulse, NY Times, 2/9/11, House Republicans Battle Turmoil in Their Ranks, www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/us/politics/10congress.html
 
 Under pressure to make deeper … was described as a productive lunch.
 
 Causes economic collapse and a US-China war – defense doesn’t apply
 Martin 10-7-11
 (Patrick, WSWS, “Anti-China rhetoric raises threat of war,” www.wsws.org/articles/2011/oct2011/pers-o07.shtml)
 
 The White House, together with … of their close economic ties.
 
 Nuclear extinction
 (STRAIT TIMES, June 25, 2K, Pg. l/n)
 
 THE … see the destruction of civilization
 
 1NC – T – Democracy Asisstance
 
 A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan
 Carothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for … Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )
 
 The term ‘democracy assistance’ is … falls into three general categories.
 
 B. Violation - Fostering Democracy is a secondary purpose of the plan
 
 C. Standards
 1. Ground – they can spike out of any “democracy bad” links which is core negative kritik and policy ground – even if mechanisms are vague, purpose is a better brightline
 
 2. Limits – their interpretation explodes the topic by making anything germane to or resulting in democracy topical – this mixes burdens and grants the aff infinite, unpredictable mechanisms and advantages
 
 D. This is a voting issue for fairness and education – default to competing interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards
 1NC – T – Substantial
 A. Interpretation – substantial is quantitative
 Merriam-Webster 11
 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantially, accessed 1-3-12)
 
 Definition of SUBSTANTIAL 1 a : consisting of … : significantly great <earned a substantial wage>
 
 Substantial is $2.5 billion in context of democracy assistance
 Carothers, Vice President of the Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 2009
 (Thomas, “Revitalizing U.S. democracy assistance: the challenge of USAID, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/revitalizing_democracy_assistance.pdf, accessed 1-3-12) JDB
 
 Over the past 25 years, the … in the democracy aid domain.
 
 B. Violation – the plan’s assistance is less than $2.5 billion
 C. Standards
 1. Limits – allowing any small … to moot any negative strategy
 D. Voting issue for fairness and education – default to competition interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards.
 
 1NC – EU CP – EU Cred NB
 
 Text: The European Union should increase democracy assistance for Yemen by establishing an International Counter-Narcotics and Law Enforcement program for Yemen in order to support the rule of law.
 CP solves and is key to EU credibility
 Ash et al, Professor of European Studies at Oxford, 2011
 (Timothy Garton; Emma Bonino, Italian Senate vice president; Mark Leonard, European Council on Foreign Relations director; Ana Palacio, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain; Daniel Sachs, CEO of Proventus AB; and all of the above serve on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Europe and Central Asia, "Europe Must Rise to the Challenges Presented by the Arab Spring," Huffington Post, 06/3/11, www.huffingtonpost.com/emma-bonino/post_2032_b_870924.html) JDB
 
 Europe's response to the Arab … to rise to the events.
 
 That’s key to prevent extinction
 Bruton, former prime minister of Ireland, 2002
 (John, also former ambassador of the EU to the US, “The Future of the European Union,” The Irish Times, 01/31/02, 195.7.33.33/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm) JDB
 
 As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.
 
 1NC – Shome K
 Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance
 Sussman 2006
 Gerald, teaches Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University, “The Myths of Democracy Assistance: U.S. Political Intervention in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe,” Monthly Review, 58:7, December, http://monthlyreview.org/2006/12/01/the-myths-of-democracy-assistance-u-s-political-intervention-in-post-soviet-eastern-europe) PM
 
 U.S. interventionism, except perhaps in … other expressions of neocolonial hegemony.
 
 This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable
 Pinar Batur 7, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. … Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin
 
 War and genocide are horrid, … to its existence (Hunter 1991; Buchanan 2002).
 
 Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation
 Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “… "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM
 
 Second, the postcolonial critique of … in as well as contribute to.
 
 Advantage 1
 No AQ in Yemen threat – no support, tactile failure, local concerns
 Koehler-Derrick, Instructor at West Point and Associate at the Combating Terrorism Center, 10-3-11
 (Gabriel, "A False Foundation? AQAP, Tribes and Ungoverned Spaces in Yemen," www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/CTC_False_Foundation2.pdf, accessed 1-7-12) JDB
 
 Yet there is reason for … far more pressing local concerns
 
 AQ in Yemen is not a threat – hype by Saleh, divided, tribe resistance
 Spencer 2011
 (James, retired British infantry commander and strategic analyst on political, security, and trade issues in the Middle East and North Africa and specificalist on Yemen, “A False Dawn for Yemen’s Militants,” Foreign Affairs, 6/8/11, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/67814?page=show) JDB
 
 Throughout Yemen's political crisis, the … group's capability will be lost.
 
 No solvency – drone strikes and revolutionary resistance
 Gundun, US Spokesman for Yemen’s Coordinating Council for the Youth Revolution of Change, 2011
 (James, “Commentary: Out of the fry pan,” Al Ahram Weekly, 21 - 27 July 2011 Issue No. 1057, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1057/re9.htm) JDB
 
 The White House and State … from tyranny and foreign interference.
 
 Police are extremely corrupt preventing solvency, empirically proven UK, Egypt and Jordan Assistance proves
 
 Jane’s IHS 2011 “Security and foreign … -and-foreign-forces-Yemen.html
 
 The national police force is … counter the rising terrorism threat
 
 1AC Economy impact is empirically denied – 2008 financial crisis should’ve triggered the threshold – there’s no differential
 Economic growth causes war - economic decline solves
 Deudney, Hewlett Fellow at Princeton, 1991
 (Daniel, Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, “Environment and Security: Muddled Thinking,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 47:3, Proquest, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 
 In a second scenario, declining living … industrial products.and surplus wealth.
 
 Economic decline is key to solving warming and prevent extinction – best scientific models go our way
 Li, Assistant Professor of Economics at Utah, 2011
 (Minqi, “The 21st Century Crisis: Climate Catastrophe or Socialism,” Review of Radical Political Economics 43:3, 8-23-11, p.289-301, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 
 The global average surface temperature … and society-wide planning (section 6).
 Economic collapse solves growth rates – forces a peaceful shift away from globalization and industrialization
 Lewis 2000
 (Chris, PhD American Studies Univ of Colorado Boulder. “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization,” June 2000, www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf)
 With the collapse of … themselves face collapse and ruin.
 
 Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction
 Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2008
 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Economic Collapse and Global Ecology,” http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 
 Humanity and the Earth are … be a final, fatal death swoon.
 
 Advantage 2
 Saudi Arabia wants geopolitical dominance in Yemen – plan undermines that
 Gause, Professor of Political Science at Vermont, December 2011
 (Gregory Gause III, "Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East" www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-new-middle-east/p26663, accessed 1-11-12) JDB
 
 Saudi policy toward Yemen is … are with their monarchical neighbors.
 
 Saudi Arabia will hate the plan and intervene – tanks relations and solvency
 Nasr, Professor of International Politics at Tufts, 2011
 (Vali, “Will the Saudis … )
 
 The kingdom has emerged as … , which qualify on neither count.
 
 Stability isn’t a link turn – Saudi Arabia wants to orchestrate events and see the US as interference
 Democracy Digest 2011
 (“Saudi Arabia: countervailing power or ‘midwives of change’ in Yemen?”, 06/06/11, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/06/saudi-arabia-countervailing-power-or-midwives-of-change-in-yemen/”)
 
 With Yemen finely poised between … at the University of Sydney.
 
 Iran won’t proliferate - capability
 Fitzpatrick 2011
 (Mark Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Programme
 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London Thursday 3 February 2011http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/irans-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-capabilities/press-statement/)
 The most pressing proliferation … to rapidly expand uranium production.
 
 Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel
 The Guardian 2010
 (Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean
 Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/25/israel-nuclear-weapons-editorial)
 
 Both America and Israel believe … well as an individual matter.
 
 2NC
 KRITIK
 
 Their violent representations are a reason to vote neg - we can’t evaluate the implementation of the aff because their truth claims are rooted in neoliberal and racist logic. All benefits of democratization are tautological and presume the superiority of the West - means you can’t LOGICALLY weigh the aff regardless of “fairness”
 Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007
 (Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf) JDB
 
 In this epistemic framework, truth … , Egypt’s Ikhwan, Hamas, Hizballah, etc.).31
 Rejecting the affirmative is a pre-condition to better policymaking and political rationalities – the round is a window of opportunity for us to respond to our historical position
 Schmidt, Professor of International Relations at Boston, 2011
 (Viven A., “Speaking of change; why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation,” Critical Policy Studies 5:1, p106-126) JDB
 
 In the extensive literature on … into another set of debates.
 
 2NC – AT Perm – Do Both
 4. The perm gets hijacked by military interests – leads to future intervention
 Cooper, Lecturer in IR and Security at Bradford, 2005
 (Neil, “Picking out the Pieces of the Liberal Peaces: Representations of Conflict Economies and the Implications for Policy,” Security Dialogue 36:4 p472-474)
 
 Nevertheless, it is also the … underlying dynamics driving such networks.
 
 Alt isn’t vague – it’s reject the aff – Shome just discusses the effects of rejection
 
 You can’t evaluate the plan outside the rhetorical framing – calls for democracy assistance form a biased form of knowledge production that legitimizes violence – means their reforming arguments are wrong
 Robinson 2005 (William I., Professor of Sociology … ) PM
 
 You ask me if academics from the "democracy promotion" industry actually believe they are promoting democracy. Antonio Gramsci once pointed out that popular masses don't have a false consciousness; they have a contradictory consciousness, due to their lived experience. But intellectuals—who are never free-floating, always attached to the projects of dominant or of subordinate groups—they have a false consciousness.
 Perhaps Gramsci was giving the … civilizational proportions we face in 2005.
 
 Advantage 1
 
 Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction
 Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2008
 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Economic Collapse and Global Ecology,” http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 
 Humanity and the Earth are … be a final, fatal death swoon.
 
 And it’s linear—the longer we wait, the worse it will be
 Barry, PhD in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2010
 (Glen, also with a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University, “Resisting Global Ecological Change,” 1-5-10, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 The human family faces … Earth remains to be renewed.
 UQ goes negative – The status quo is unsustainable exponential growth
 Martenson, PhD in Economics, 2009
 (Dr. Chris, also a Post Carbon Institute Fellow for Economy and Preparedness, “Copenhagen & Economic Growth - You Can't Have Bothm” published 12-24-09, archieved 1-19-10, http://www.energybulletin.net/node/51229, accessed 12-24-11) JDB
 
 It's The Money, Stupid As … in the system be seen.
 
 More evidence – lack of resources prevents transition wars and resolves rivalries
 Bennet and Nordstrom, Professors of Political Science at Penn State, 2000
 (D. Scott and Timothy, “Foreign Policy Substitutability and the Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:33, February 2000, accessed 12-14-11) JDB
 
 In this analysis, we focus … account for substitutability between them.
 
 And - policymakers will learn from past mistakes and shift to local solutions
 Lewis 2000
 (Chris, PhD American Studies Univ of Colorado Boulder. “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization,” June 2000, www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf)
 
 The only alternative we now … web of life on earth.
 
 Extend 1NC #1 – 2008 financial crisis disproves their economic decline scenario – here’s evidence
 Barnett 2009
 (Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules--security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)
 
 When the global financial crisis … connecting evangelicalism as disconnecting fundamentalism.
 And its empirically denied – 93 cases disprove
 Miller, Economist and Adjunct Professor at Ottawa, 2K
 (Morris Miller, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter 2000, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?”)
 
 The question may be reformulated. … of violence to abort another).
 
 B. The analogy is backwards – Germany recovered first then got aggressive
 Ferguson, Professor of History at Harvard, 2006
 (Niall, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, Foreign Affairs, “The Next War of the World”, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61916/niall-ferguson/the-next-war-of-the-world, accessed 6/27/11) JDB
 
 Nor can economic crises explain … were not followed by wars.
 
 More evidence - economic growth accelerates greenhouse gas emissions and causes warming – studies prove
 Associated Press 07
 (“Climate Change happening faster, scientist says”, October 7, 2007, http://www.thestar.com/News/World/article/264903)
 
 Worldwide economic growth has accelerated … reports published earlier this year.

01/15/12

Attachments

Filename	Date	Uploaded By
JMUBaBoNavyNegCites.docx	01/17/2012	JacobBosley

Filename

Date

Uploaded By

JMUBaBoNavyNegCites.docx

01/17/2012

JacobBosley

Tags:

Created by on 2011/10/19 17:14

JMU BaBo Neg

Bing Rd 3 - Cornell GL

Bing Rd 6 - Army

JMU Rd 2 - Liberty LS

JMU Rd 4 - WVU

JMU Rd 6 - Mary Wash SY

West Point R2 - CUNY CF

West Point R3 - Navy BH

West Pointt R6 - Cornell LP

Navy Neg vs Liberty LaSi

Navy Neg vs Liberty BH

1NC – Politics

China Currency Manipulation bill won’t pass now – Republican leaders holding the line but pressure building

Foreign aid spending kills Republican leadership – Boehner won’t be able to corral votes

Causes economic collapse and a US-China war – defense doesn’t apply

Nuclear extinction

1NC – T – Democracy Asisstance

A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan

B. Violation - Fostering Democracy is a secondary purpose of the plan

C. Standards

1. Ground – they can spike out of any “democracy bad” links which is core negative kritik and policy ground – even if mechanisms are vague, purpose is a better brightline

2. Limits – their interpretation explodes the topic by making anything germane to or resulting in democracy topical – this mixes burdens and grants the aff infinite, unpredictable mechanisms and advantages

D. This is a voting issue for fairness and education – default to competing interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards

1NC – T – Substantial

A. Interpretation – substantial is quantitative

Substantial is $2.5 billion in context of democracy assistance

B. Violation – the plan’s assistance is less than $2.5 billion

C. Standards

1. Limits – allowing any small … to moot any negative strategy

D. Voting issue for fairness and education – default to competition interpretations, that’s key to prevent judge intervention and arbitrary evaluation standards.

1NC – EU CP – EU Cred NB

Text: The European Union should increase democracy assistance for Yemen by establishing an International Counter-Narcotics and Law Enforcement program for Yemen in order to support the rule of law.

CP solves and is key to EU credibility

That’s key to prevent extinction

1NC – Shome K

Democracy assistance is a discursive frame used to justify neoliberal imperialist intervention – turns the aff by preventing democratization and breeding resistance

This political rationality creates cultural and racialized others, making annihilation inevitable

Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s call for increasing U.S. democracy assistance. We must critique the affirmative’s knowledge production which allows for the annihlation

Advantage 1

No AQ in Yemen threat – no support, tactile failure, local concerns

AQ in Yemen is not a threat – hype by Saleh, divided, tribe resistance

No solvency – drone strikes and revolutionary resistance

Police are extremely corrupt preventing solvency, empirically proven UK, Egypt and Jordan Assistance proves

1AC Economy impact is empirically denied – 2008 financial crisis should’ve triggered the threshold – there’s no differential

Economic growth causes war - economic decline solves

Economic decline is key to solving warming and prevent extinction – best scientific models go our way

Economic collapse solves growth rates – forces a peaceful shift away from globalization and industrialization

Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction

Advantage 2

Saudi Arabia wants geopolitical dominance in Yemen – plan undermines that

Saudi Arabia will hate the plan and intervene – tanks relations and solvency

Stability isn’t a link turn – Saudi Arabia wants to orchestrate events and see the US as interference

Iran won’t proliferate - capability

Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel

KRITIK

Rejecting the affirmative is a pre-condition to better policymaking and political rationalities – the round is a window of opportunity for us to respond to our historical position

2NC – AT Perm – Do Both

You can’t evaluate the plan outside the rhetorical framing – calls for democracy assistance form a biased form of knowledge production that legitimizes violence – means their reforming arguments are wrong

Advantage 1

Collapse and suffering are inevitable, but immediate collapse is key to prevent extinction

And it’s linear—the longer we wait, the worse it will be

UQ goes negative – The status quo is unsustainable exponential growth

More evidence – lack of resources prevents transition wars and resolves rivalries

And - policymakers will learn from past mistakes and shift to local solutions

Extend 1NC #1 – 2008 financial crisis disproves their economic decline scenario – here’s evidence

And its empirically denied – 93 cases disprove

B. The analogy is backwards – Germany recovered first then got aggressive

More evidence - economic growth accelerates greenhouse gas emissions and causes warming – studies prove

Attachments

Quick Links

Schools