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1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA

1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK alliance

Kim 9-6-11

(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB

Despite these hurdles, the time has come

AND

finally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.

2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget

Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011

(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's efforts

AND

to justify nation-building in foreign countries."

3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggression

Hwang, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 2006

(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10)

At the heart of our discussion about the

AND

of mis­trust for that country in the region.

Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of case

Hamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10

[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11]

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation

AND

that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

1NC – EU CP

Text: The European Union should provide political party building and communication assistance for opposition groups in Syria.

EU solves best – money, markets, and influence

Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 2011

(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB

I shall set out what the European Union

AND

practice to sell goods and services into Europe.

1NC – Teti K

The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

A crucial implication of this new kind of

AND

and thus threat – both external and internal.

The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique of Western discursive

AND

to engage in as well as contribute to.

Syrian Civil War

Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent

Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune

Finally, there is no precedent for Arab

AND

local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

International efforts to oust Assad coming now – they will create incentives for a more stable Middle East – no risk of war, proliferation or of the ‘devil we know.’

Yadlin and Satloff May 19, 2011 -  Amos, Kay Fellow in Israeli national security at The Washington Institute, is a retired major general in the Israel Defense Forces and former head of Israel's defense intelligence. Robert Satloff is executive director of the Institute.( Syria: The Case for 'The Devil We Don't Know, Washington Institute, may 19, 2011, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3363, MCL)

Arguments for "The Devil We Know"

AND

will help empower Syrians to make that change.

US aid would aggravate the Syrian situation

Kevin Gosztola, August 8, 2011, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters , BK

Sending a US envoy to open lines of

AND

been very suspicious of US interference in Syria.

Democracy promotion in Syria will trigger violence to defend US interests

Kevin Gosztola, August 8, 2011, [a trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. He is a documentary filmmaker currently completing a Film/Video degree at Columbia College in Chicago. Currently, he is working on a documentary project on Renaissance 2010 and Chicago Public Schools. On Columbia College's campus, he helps organize events and programming with a humanities/social sciences group known as Critical Encounters. He is currently working with the group to plan a media summit for Chicago in April 2010 and is currently seeking speakers who are willing to participate in talking to artists and media makers about how they can use participatory or social media to create art & media that promotes conversation and action on political, social, and cultural issues] The Dissenter, US Lacks Credibility to Help Syrian Protesters , BK

Democracy promotion is code for “regime change

AND

interests and “values” advance in tandem…

US Action in Syria will be ineffective – polls show strong anti-Americanism

Larison July 8, 2011 – Daniel, named one of America’s greatest political blogger by the Atlantic, Ph.D. graduate from the University of Chicago, contributing editor at The American Conservative and writes a column for The Week online (The Options for the U.S. in Syria Are Still Very Limited, Eunomia (blog), http://www.amconmag.com/larison/2011/07/08/the-options-for-the-u-s-in-syria-are-still-very-limited/, MCL)

It is possible that association with the U

AND

these protests and the brutal crackdown against them.

The Syrian business community is key to the success of the opposition

Randa Slim, August 5th, 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, , BK

The decision by the

AND

current regime. What could change their course?

The traditional business community will not support the opposition due to the threat of instability or a new Islamist regim

Randa Slim, August 5th, 2011, adjunct research fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation and a scholar at the Middle East Institute, The Middle East Channel, Where’s Syria’s business community, , BK

The traditional and larger Syrian business community is

AND

Aleppo. What would accelerate their calculus shift?

US Middle East leadership is in decline – supporting transitions is key

Etzioni ’11 professor of international relations at George Washington University

Amitai, “Shifting Sands”, The Journal of International Security Affairs, www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2011/20/etzioni.php, CMR]

It is already clear that the greatest effect

AND

or could be) advanced in unprecedented fashion.

US not pursuing hegemonic strategies

Clark 09, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth

Ian,  “Bringing hegemony back in: the United States and international order” International Affairs 85: 1 (2009) 23–36 © 2009 The Author(s). Journal Compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/The Royal Institute of International Affairs

However, in the specific terms advanced here

AND

towards the perceptions and responses of the ‘followers’

Iran

Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel

Guardian 2010

(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean

Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 )

Both America and Israel believe that Israel should

AND

a collective as well as an individual matter.

Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them

Waltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007

(Kenneth,  Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/21918/Sagan_Nuclear_Iran.pdf)

First, nuclear proliferation is not a problem

AND

the Cultural Revolution--behaves with such caution.

Iran is not close to developing a nuclear weapon

Fitzpatrick 2011

(Mark Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Programme
 The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London  Thursday 3 February 2011http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/irans-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-capabilities/press-statement/)

The most pressing proliferation concern stems from

AND

hamper its ability to rapidly expand uranium production.

T – Democracy Assistance

A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan

Carothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )

The term ‘democracy assistance’ is sometimes used

AND

.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.

1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA

1. Unique internal link – Obama’s pushing SKFTA now and it has the votes to pass – his capital is key and the FTA is key to the US-SK alliance

Kim 9-6-11

(Sukhan, senior partner specializing in international trade at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, Korea Joongang Daily, “Pushing the FTA to the finish line,” accessed 9/12/11) JDB

Despite these hurdles, the time has come

AND

finally get on with ratification of Korus FTA.

2. Link - Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget

Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011

(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's efforts

AND

to justify nation-building in foreign countries."

3. Impacts – US-ROK alliance is key to Asian stability – deters conflict, facilitates US-Japan alliance, key to power projection, and checks Chinese aggression

Hwang, PhD & Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Senior Policy Analyst for Northeast Asia, 2006

(Balbina Y., 10-16-6, “The U.S.-Korea Alliance on the Rocks: Shaken, Not Stirred”, Heritage Lecture #970, , accessed 2-4-10)

At the heart of our discussion about the

AND

of mis­trust for that country in the region.

Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, global agriculture, the economy, & causes prolif – turns the entirety of case

Hamel-Green, Victory University Executive Dean,  & Hayes, Nautilus Institute Executive Director, 10

[Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11]

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation

AND

that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

EU CP

Text: The European Union should increase support for the ABA Rule of Law Initiative judicial assistance programs for Yemen.

CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies

Tocci and Cassarino 2011

(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB

The Arab revolts do not call for Europe

AND

the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.

1NC – Teti K

The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

A crucial implication of this new kind of

AND

and thus threat – both external and internal.

The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique of Western discursive

AND

to engage in as well as contribute to.

Case

Dehumanization and “no value to life” claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicide

Rayburn, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 2004

(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” )

Why then, against what these advocates "

AND

in arguing that rape is worse than death.

Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a truly unknowable Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create

Spivak, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 1999

(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM

What happens to the critique of the sovereign

AND

the history of the unheeded subal­tern must unfold.

The affirmative sets up a hierarchal relation to the oppressed – they are only allowed to speak to their confessors after sacrificing their agency

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

The first ‘effect of power’ which a

AND

that truth and the ‘reality’ it oversaw.

Humans Rights leads to the State of Exclusion and the creation of the “other”

Baxi 98 - Professor of Law, University of Warwick,

Upendra, Fall, accessed 8/1/05 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, lexis

The notion of human rights--historically the

AND

rights though certainly no stranger to its rhetoric.

Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypes

Kapur 2002

Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1

In the international arena, the victim subject

AND

enjoy the powers of moral surveillance and regulation.

Victimization dooms political reform – leads to conservative statist actions that turn the aff

Kapur 2002

Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1

Finally, the victim subject and the focus

AND

de-centering the power of sovereign states.

Rights discourses try to hide the evil’s of liberalism – turns the case by masking violence and human suffering

Brown 4

(Wendy, Professor of Political Theory @ UC Berkeley, “The Most We Can Hope For…Human Rights and the Politics of Fatalism.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 103:2/3, Spring/Summer p 461-2)

It is an old ruse of liberal reformers

AND

might render those other political possibilities more faint.   

Off Case Shenanigans

1NC – Teti K

The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf) JDB

A crucial implication of this new kind of

AND

and thus threat – both external and internal.

The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique of Western discursive

AND

to engage in as well as contribute to.

1NC – EU CP - Generic

Text: The European Union should provide OpenMesh technology to advocacy groups located in Bahrain.

CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies

Tocci and Cassarino 2011

(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” http://www.iai.it/pdf/DocIAI/iaiwp1106.pdf) JDB

The Arab revolts do not call for Europe

AND

the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.

1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA

1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish

Korean Herald 10-3-11

(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20111004000148) JDB

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)

AND

politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.

2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget

Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011

(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413) JDB

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's efforts

AND

to justify nation-building in foreign countries."

3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony

Hormats 9-13-11

(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)

KORUS In line with these objectives, we

AND

country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence.

4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea

Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)

The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance

AND

not doing so would appear to be much worse

5. This causes great power nuclear conflict

Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” http://www.carlisle.army. mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)

6. Interstate War, Down but Far

AND

war: “fear, honor, and interest

Solvency

Internet – AT Solvency – DDoS

Mesh technology is susceptible to DDoS attacks

Siddiqui and Hong 2007

(Muhammad Shoaib, Ph.D Candidate & Choong Seon, Professor of Computer Engineering, “Security Issues in Wireless Mesh Networks,” paper presented at the 2007 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, http://networking.khu.ac.kr/publications/data/Security%20Issues%20in%20Wireless%20Mesh%20Networks.pdf) JDB

High level security issues for WMNs are basically

AND

/IPS is difficult to deploy in WMNs.

Takes out the case – more access means more attacks, collapses the network

Thomas, IT Journalist of 14 years, 2011

(Keir, “Will DDoS Attacks Take Over the Internet?” 2/2/11, http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/218533/will_ddos_attacks_take_over_the_internet.html)

In its Network Infrastructure Security Report, published

AND

in DDoS attacks launched by their desktop brethren.

1NC – Bahrain – AT Solvency

Too late for effective change in Bahrain – royal family

Jones, Assistant Professor of History at Rutgers, 6-10-11

(Toby, “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-based-us-fifth-fleet/240243/2/?single_page=true)

Whatever opening there was for real dialogue in

AND

enduring hostility and the potential for perennial violence.

Plan fails – Saudi rejects the plan

Al-Tamimi 6-19-11

(Aymenn Jawad, The American Thinker, “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?,” http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/bahrain_can_the_us_do_anything.html) JDB

But here is the catch: Saudi Arabia

AND

the hands of the Saudis and the GCC.

Credibiltiy Flow

1NC – US Cred – Palestine

Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy

Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11

(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/america-dont-get-no-respect) JDB

The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature line

AND

not happen quickly if it happens at all.

Turns the case – wrecks assistance

Brinkley 9-16-11

(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, http://www.kansascity.com/2011/09/16/3147438/obama-should-pause-on-veto-to.html) JDB

After four decades of failed negotiations with Israel

AND

wrote in The New York Times on Monday.

1NC – Iran – AT Prolif

Iran proliferation unlikely – even if Iran gets nukes it won’t use them

Waltz, Professor of International Relations at UC Berkeley, 2007

(Kenneth,  Journal of International Affairs, "A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster?”, http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/21918/Sagan_Nuclear_Iran.pdf)

First, nuclear proliferation is not a problem

AND

the Cultural Revolution--behaves with such caution.

No impact to Iran prolif and turn – communication networks checks, causes overall stability

Sadr 2005

(Ehsaneh I. Sadr graduate student in the department of government and politics at the University of Maryland, College Park) SUMMER 2005 “THE IMPACT OF IRAN’S NUCLEARIZATION ON ISRAEL” MIDDLE EAST POLICY, VOL. XII, NO. 2

The above analysis indicates that a nuclearized Iran is extremely unlikely to pose an existential threat to Israel. The doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction holds in the Iranian context: Iran’s clerical rulers, anxious to protect their own power, citizens and civilization, will not launch a war that will lead to their own destruction. Iran’s rulers are extremely unlikely to pass nuclear material on to terrorist actors whose loyalty they cannot ensure. They are also unlikely to step up conventional or terrorist harassment of Israel for fear of the escalation of hostilities to nuclear warfare. The impact of Iran’s acquisition of nuclear weapons upon Israel’s regional interests is less problematic than one might think. Although the regime-change option would be off the table, it is not clear that it has ever been a feasible alternative given current geopolitical realities. Any increase in domestic political support for the Iranian regime is likely to be temporary. Iran may indeed be empowered to pursue its own regional interests, but such pursuit is not necessarily bad for Israeli interests. Finally, it will be many years before Iran’s weapons stockpile begins to approach Israel’s and the latter is compelled to engage in an expensive arms race. Indeed, there is reason to believe that Iran’s access to nuclear weapons may increase the prospects for regional stability and even Middle East peace. Given the horrendous consequences of an accidental nuclear war, it will be imperative that Iran and Israel develop some sort of ability to communicate with one another directly. It is not outside the realm of possibility that the institutionalization of such communications may be the first step in the normalization of relations between the two countries and the future integration of Israel into its neighborhood.

1NC – Iran – AT Adventurism

No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region

Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010

(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/05/how_not_to_contain_iran) JDB

Third, they overstate Iran's capacity to subvert

AND

, however; it's just another convenient bogeyman.

1NC – Middle East Prolif – Inevitable

Middle East prolif inevitable – Israel

The Guardian 2010

(Editorial, “Israel's nuclear weapons: Time to come clean

Israel must abandon its obfuscations on nuclear weapons to move towards a true nuclear settlement in the Middle East 5/25/10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/25/israel-nuclear-weapons-editorial)

Both America and Israel believe that Israel should

AND

a collective as well as an individual matter.

Media Advantage

1NC – Sectarian Violence K Turn – Bahrain

Claims of “sectarian violence” in Bahrain is nothing more than a racist red herring to justify imperialism and destablization

Dabashi, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia, 2011

(Hamid, Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York, “The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” Last Modified: 27 May 2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html JDB

The democratic uprising in Bahrain is integral to

AND

into the opening picture of the Arab Spring.

1NC – Nuclear Terrorism

The chance of nuclear terrorism is 1 in 3-billion – multiple reasons

Mueller, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 2010

(John, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science & Technology, Winter2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2)

In contrast to these predictions, terrorist groups

AND

terrorist group might be infiltrated by foreign intelligence.

Economic decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves

Barnett 2009

(Thomas P.M., Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/25/09, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules--security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a

AND

-World War II international liberal trade order.

1NC – T – DA = Democracy is Primary Goal

A. Interpretation - Fostering democracy must be the primary focus of the plan

Carothers 2000 (Thomas vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance” American Democracy Promotion )

The term ‘democracy assistance’ is sometimes used

AND

.  Democracy aid falls into three general categories.

1NC – EU CP – Civil Society

Text: The European Union should promote political capacity building throughout Yemen by funding women’s organizations.

EU solves best – money, markets, and influence

Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union, 2011

(Catherine, NYT, “What Next in North Africa?,” 3/18/11, ) JDB

I shall set out what the European Union

AND

practice to sell goods and services into Europe.

1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA

1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish

Korean Herald 10-3-11

(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)

AND

politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.

2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget

Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011

(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's efforts

AND

to justify nation-building in foreign countries."

3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony

Hormats 9-13-11

(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)

KORUS In line with these objectives, we

AND

country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence.

4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea

Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)

The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance

AND

not doing so would appear to be much worse

5. This causes great power nuclear conflict

Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” http://www.carlisle.army. mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)

6. Interstate War, Down but Far

AND

war: “fear, honor, and interest

1NC – Teti K

The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

A crucial implication of this new kind of

AND

and thus threat – both external and internal.

The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique of Western discursive

AND

to engage in as well as contribute to.

Case

harms

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Professor of Political Science at Indiana, 2002

(Jeffrey C., James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent 49:2, Spring 2002, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an

AND

promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Patriarchy’s not the root cause of war – their monocasual explanation dooms policymaking

Martin, Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongon, 1990

(Brian, “Uprooting War,” 1990 edition, , accessed 9/2/11)

In this chapter and in the six preceding

AND

developing strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.

Extinction outweighs – existence is a prerequisite for the self

Wapner, Associate Professor of Global Environmental Politics at American, 2003

[Paul Wapner is associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, DISSENT / Winter 2003] JFS

All attempts to listen to nature are,

AND

, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.

TURN: Blurring discrepancies between democracy and advancement of women’s rights leads to increased mistrust and exacerbates current issues of U.S. perceptions by Middle East

Ottaway 4 (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracy and Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TM

Advancing women’s rights in the Arab world is

AND

officials say and what different Arab constituencies hear.

Turn – the affirmative’s focus on [patriarchy/racism] attempts to separate oppression into dimensions like gender and race. This reinforces subordination and fails to address the intersections.

Crenshaw ‘88

(Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams. Professor of Law at UCLA and Columbia, Critical Race Theorist. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color” 1988) TA

The concept of political intersectionality highlights the fact

AND

discourse that more fully empowers women of color.

Turn – the affirmative’s attempt to speak on behalf of a “knowable” Other is violent – it conflates the meaning of “representation” and leads to violent utopian politics based off of the image they create

Spivak, University Professor of Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, 1999

(Gayatri Chakravorty, University Professor and the Director of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, , p. 255-259) PM

What happens to the critique of the sovereign

AND

the history of the unheeded subal­tern must unfold.

Focus on the victim subject dooms politics – reinforces racist and exclusionary stereotypes

Kapur 2002

Dir. Of the Ctr for Feminist Legal Research, New Delhi, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 1

In the international arena, the victim subject

AND

enjoy the powers of moral surveillance and regulation.

Turn - Their dehumanization claims disempower individuals and justify mass suicide

Rayburn, Associate Professor at the John Marshall Law School, 2004

(Corey, “Better dead than r(ap)ed?: The patriarchal rhetoric driving capital rape statutes,” )

Why then, against what these advocates "

AND

in arguing that rape is worse than death.

There is always value to life – external claims about others’ value to life destroy individual autonomy

Schwartz, Professor of Philosophy at Glasgow, 2003

(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” )

The second assertion made by supporters of the

AND

by the person concerned and not by others.

They overgeneralize biopower – liberal democracies check the terminal impacts

Dickinson, Professor of History at UC Berkley, 2004

(Edward, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About Modernity ‘Modernity,’” Central European History 7:1, p-48)

In short, the continuities between early twentieth

AND

modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91

solvency

Women’s rights reform cannot be achieved through democracy assistance, the two must be seen as independent entities

Ottaway 4 (Marina, a senior associate in the Carnegie Endowment’s Democracy

and Rule of Law Project, “Women’s Rights and Democracy in the Arab World”, Carnegie Papers, ) TM

Support for women’s rights in the Arab world

AND

automatically solve the problem of equality for women.

NGOs in Yemen are either ineffective, don’t focus on democracy promotion or are obstructed by the government.

Ed Burke ( Middle East researcher at FRIDE, the Foundation for International Relations and External Dialogue, in Madrid) “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen” May 2010

The proliferation of Yemeni democracy and human rights

AND

YWU’s activities to limited in range and scale.

1NC – Teti K

The affirmative’s democracy assistance policy is rooted in a violent discourse of emancipation that frames the US as needing to save the barbaric populations of [insert country.] This leads to framing of certain populations, like the Islamic other, as threats tied to a destructive politics of care.

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

A crucial implication of this new 

AND

both external and internal.

The alternative is postcolonial critique – vote negative as an act of critiquing the discursive imperialism throughout the plan, advantages, and framing of democracy assistance – this is necessary to avoid trapping critique in an ivory tower

Shome, Professor of Communication, 1996 (Raka, “Postcolonial Interventions in the Rhetorical Canon: An "Other" View,” Communication Theory, February, p. 50-52) PM

Second, the postcolonial critique of 

AND

in as well as contribute to.

1NC – EU CP - Generic

Text: The European Union should provide necessary resources and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions including active public and government internal monitoring for Egypt.

CP solves best – EU has the infrastructure and better engagement policies

Tocci and Cassarino 2011

(Nathalie, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome. Jean-Pierre Cassarino is parttime professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, and scientific advisor at the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, “Rethinking the EU’s Mediterranean Policies Post-1/11,” ) JDB

The Arab revolts do not call for Europe

AND

the civil societies of the neighbouring countries too.

1NC – Politics DA – SKFTA

1. SKFTA will pass now – TAA, SK, and Boeher on board, capital key to get it over the finish

Korean Herald 10-3-11

(“Obama sends FTAs to Congress before S. Korean leader’s trip,” ) JDB

WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (Yonhap)

AND

politics," an official said, requesting anonymity.

2. Plan costs capital – sparks battle over budget

Richter, Los Angeles Times, 2011

(Paul, “Debt worries stymieing U.S> financial aid to help Arab nations in transition,” 4/12/11, ) JDB

Reporting from Washington — The Obama administration's efforts

AND

to justify nation-building in foreign countries."

3. Rejection of SKFTA collapses US credibility in Asia and global hegemony

Hormats 9-13-11

(ROBERT D. HORMATS UNDER SECRETARY FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS, September 13, 2011, US Economic Policy and the Asia Pacific)

KORUS In line with these objectives, we

AND

country’s ability to project its foreign policy influence.

4. Failure to project regional stability undermines global hegemony, causes rapid Japan remilitarization, Taiwan conflict and instability in India-Pakistan and Korea

Goh, 08 – Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford (Evelyn, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database, _)

The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance

AND

not doing so would appear to be much worse

5. This causes great power nuclear conflict

Gray, 05 – Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, and Director of the Center for Strategic Studies, at the University of Reading (Spring 2005, Colin S., Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” http://www.carlisle.army. mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm)

6. Interstate War, Down but Far

AND

war: “fear, honor, and interest

Solvency

The Egypt military in power kill the plan – they’ll reject anything they perceive as interference

Peters, Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan, 2011 (Abbe Mariel, “Why Obama Shouldn’t Increase Democracy Aid to Egypt,” Foreign Policy, 2/14/11, , accessed 7/18/11) JDB

The Egyptian leadership has always strongly resisted any

AND

small number of groups involved in annual negotiations.

They put the cart before the horse – aid now will only lead to further corruption and financial issues

Ammous, Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, 6/7/11

(Saifedean, Lecturer on Economics at the Lebanese American University, “Too much aid will hobble Arab spring,” Financial Times, , accessed 7/5/11) JDB

Within months of toppling their dictatorships, Egyptians

AND

be responsive to the demands of their people.

Cred

Credibility collapse inevitable – domestic politics, Obama, NATO, foreign policy

Ullman, Senior Advisor at the Atlantic Council, 9-21-11

(Harlan, also Chairman of the Killowen Group that advises leaders of government and business, and a frequent advisor to NATO, “America Don't Get No Respect,” ) JDB

The late American comedian Rodney Dangerfield's signature line

AND

not happen quickly if it happens at all.

Turns the case – wrecks assistance

Brinkley 9-16-11

(Joel, writer for Tribune Media Services, “Obama should pause on veto to Palestinian state,” Kansas City Star, ) JDB

After four decades of failed negotiations with Israel

AND

wrote in The New York Times on Monday.

Soft power fails – 3 reasons.

Gray 11

(Dr. Colin Gray: Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading. “HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY.” April 2011. Strategic Studies Institute. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubid=1059)ZM

7. Soft power cannot sensibly be regarded

AND

, or both, deny it political traction.

Soft power cannot sustain hegemony – Britain proves.

Ferguson 6

(Niall Ferguson: Herzog Professor of History at the Stern School of Business, New York University and a Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. “An Empire in Denial.” May 6, 2006. Harvard International Review. http://hir.harvard.edu/leadership/an-empire-in-denial)ZM

One argument sometimes advanced to distinguish US “

AND

precipitous decline of British power after the 1930s.

No Iran adventurism – threat of US retaliation and no popularity in the region

Walt, Professor of IR at Harvard, 2010

(Stephen M., Foreign Policy, “How not to contain Iran,” 3/5/10, ) JDB

Third, they overstate Iran's capacity to subvert

AND

, however; it's just another .

No Iranian aggression – too many structural barriers and it’s just rhetoric
Wehrey et al. 2010

(Frederic - Senior Analyst at RAND and PhD candidate at Oxford, Dalia Dassa Kaye - Senior Political Scientist at RAND and former prof at George Washington with PhD in political science from Berkley, Jeffrey Martini – Middle East research project associate at RAND, Jessica Watkins, Robert A. Guffey, “The Iraq Effect: The Middle East after the Iraq War,” Report prepared for the Air Force, ) JDB

To accurately gauge the strategic challenges from Iran

AND

groups, and ability to influence Arab public opinion

Egypt

No Egyptian democracy

Reid 8-19-11

(Colston, Research Assistant at the Fund for Peace, “On Egyptian Democracy: Time to Start Organizing”, ) JDB

Sadly, the revolution billed as Egypt’s rebirth

AND

, that by itself may not be enough.

Alt cause to Egypt econ - subsidies

Schenker 7-5-11

(David, Washington Institute, The Cutting Edge News, “Egypt’s Enduring Challenges: The Economic Priority,” ) JDB

Egypt’s perennial subsidies are also a significant drag

AND

, a practice that has promoted extensive corruption.

Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent

Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune

Finally, there is no precedent for Arab

AND

local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.

No Egypt-Israel war – rational actors and US aid

Haynes 8-25-11

 (Christopher, pursuing a Master's degree in political science at the American University in Cairo, Atlantic Sentinel, “Egypt-Israel Relations Cool But Will Endure,” ) JDB

Tension between Egypt and Israel mounted in recent

AND

into a state of war any time soon.

2NC - K Cards

The affirmative discourses continue these violent political rationalities through the particular technology of democracy assistance - their constant call to claims of emancipation and democratization beg the question. Who are we saving? To what end are we willing to go to save the political body? The duty of care ultimately recreates the situations in which they seek to intervene

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

The hypothesis of the implantation/creation of

AND

liberal forces which it sought to undermine.50

Vote negative as permanent critique – we examine and reveal the discourses underlying the affirmative which create a racialized and disordered other needing assistance. The critique is a pre-condition for better policies and political rationalities. View the round as a window of opportunity to experiment with new discourses that respond to our historical position

Schmidt, Professor of International Relations at Boston, 2011

(Viven A., “Speaking of change; why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation,” Critical Policy Studies 5:1, p106-126) JDB

In the extensive literature on policy change,

AND

time takes us into another set of debates.

The affirmative’s predictive claims are doomed to fail – the Middle East revolutions prove that accurate political predictions are impossible

Gardner, Masters in History, and Tetlock, PhD in Psychology, 2011 (Dan and Philip E., “Overcoming Our Aversion to Acknowledging Our Ignorance,” CATO Unbound, 7/11/11, , accessed 7/14/11) JDB

But only to some extent, unfortunately.

AND

along, or so they believe in hindsight.

The notion of the superiority of democracy and the necessity of Democratization is used to define the Oriental Other as deviant from the Western self and to justify violent discipline of the Other

Teti, Lecturer in IR at the University of Aberdeen, 2007

(Andrea, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism,” ) JDB

At this point, the ‘grid of

AND

-politics of confession – as a whole.