2aA2 T - Direct Assistance
Counter-Interpretation – Democracy assistance is rule of law and three other things.
Azpuru ’11 (Dinorah, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Wichita State University, “The Promotion of Democracy: Actors and Methods,” Achieving Democracy: Democratization in Theory and Practice)
Figure 14.2 shows, by sector
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least amount of aid was channeled to elections.
We meet the counter-interpretation – police training strengthens democratic rule of law.
Grono ’11 (Nick, Deputy President of Crisis Group, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2011/testimony-to-dutch-parliament-afghanistan-police-mission.aspx, 1/24)
A well-trained police force is also
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and better governance are all out of reach.
A2 Death K
Life is a pre-requisite to any of their impact claims – can’t assign value without having that object in the first place
Extinction is a side constraint - ethics demands you evaluate our impact first.
Seeley, ’86 (Central Comm. for Conscientious Objectors, Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70)
In moral reasoning prediction of consequences is nearly
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nuclear war utterly impermissible under any sane moral code
Nuclear war transcends all other moral questions – it shatters any moral calculus.
Nye, Harvard Center for Science and International Affairs Director, ‘86 Nuclear Ethics, pp. 33-4
While the cosmopolitan approach has the virtue of
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stage in human history.
We control impact uniqueness for concern for rights -- Concern for right should stop with catastrophic consequences -- the alternative is complete violation of rights.
Tim Stelzig, masters in philosophy from UIC, 1998, “Deontology, Governmental Action, and Distributive Exemption: How the Trolley Problem Shapes the Relationship Between Rights and Policy”
Yet, as Blackstone also realizes, the
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Such cases merely reveal that rights have thresholds.
Multiverse theory wrong—death matters
A. Lanza’s theory is scientifically disproven—collective recognition of reality and misunderstanding of spacetime prove. His book was meant to pose a metaphor, not a scientific theory.
David Lindey 3/9/2007 (Astrophysicist and Science Writer, Email message to Dan Vergano posted at USA Today with author's permission. "Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's Essay" http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-09-lanza-response_N.htm)
Although Robert Lanza claims to offer "A
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fact that it's weird doesn't mean it's fictitious.
B. People aren’t particles—death matters and is the end.
PZ Myers 10/10/2009 (Biologist and Associate Professor at the University of Minnesota-Morris. "The Dead are Dead" http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2009/12/the_dead_are_dead.php)
But then Lanza goes on to babble about
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-order relationships when talking about our fate.
Even if you are right, we should still act to prevent extinction -- long-term humanity may be "happier" than us now.
Leslie ‘99 (John, Adjunct Professor at the University of Victoria, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, was the British Academy — Royal Society of Canada Exchange Lecturer for 1998, has held visiting professorships in the Research School of Philosophy at Australian National University, in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary, and at the Institute of Astrophysics at the University of Liège, http://www.lifeboat.com/ex/risking.human.extinction)
Here let me just comment that, when
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there could be hundreds of trillions of them.
The possibility of good is good enough. It is unethical to annihilate this possibility even if existence entails suffering because the will persists without humans, and only humans can extinguish the will within themselves.
Migotti ‘95 (Mark, Hamilton College, Schopenhauer’s pessimism and the unconditioned good, Journal of the history of philosophy 33:4 October, project muse)
In section 65 of WW I, Schopenhauer
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the pleasure associated with nutrition and sex.'5
Always value to life—obligation to prevent death.
Bernstein ‘2 (Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, “Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)
This is precisely what Jonas does in The
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objects of your will." (IR 11)
Turn – Our politics of preventing extinction instantiates an ethics of care for the world – even if we accept there are no values, we should still love the world and attempt to prevent extinction.
Wapner '3 (Director -- Global Environmental Policy Program @ American, Winter, Dissent)
All attempts to listen to nature are social
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intellectual insights and compromise their fundamental moral commitment.
Nuclear war makes life meaningless – results in the worst forms of survivalism.
McGrath, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, in ’85 Military Law Review, Winter
The cities of London, Coventry, Dresden
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personal survival regardless of the cost to others.
Their basic premise is wrong: suffering and satisfaction are not mutually exclusive. The process can be as pleasurable as the goal
Migotti ‘95 (Mark, Hamilton College, Schopenhauer’s pessimism and the unconditioned good, Journal of the history of philosophy 33:4 October, project muse)
The arguments to and from the metaphysical thesis
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be exhilarated for all twenty-six miles.
A2 Wayne State DnG
Immanent critique fails—need constant testing and interrogation to continually revise our truths
Nikolas Kompridis 2005 (professor at the Centre for Citizenship and Public Policy at the University of Western Sydney, “Disclosing Possibility: The Past and Future of Critical Theory”, International
Journal of Philosophical Studies. p. 335)
Indeed, we can say more than that
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of the critic vis à vis her audience.
Role-playing allows us to critique the state from within.
Stark, ’96 (Tennessee Associate Law Professor, Winter 32 Stan J Int’L L 91)
Role-playing exercises, in which students
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freeing them to explore these questions creatively. 69
Refusal to focus on state apparatuses causes a market fill-in, which is worse.
Chomsky ‘98 (Noam, Professor of Linguistics at MIT. The Common Good: Noam Chomsky Interviewed by David Barsamian, p. 84-85)
So Argentina is “minimizing the state”—
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recognizing that you ultimately want to eliminate it.
Institutional approaches are the only way to avoid the collapse of all movements and effectively challenge flawed state policies.
Grossberg ‘92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture”, page 388-389)
The demand for moral and ideological purity
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, even if they are impure and compromised.
Aff outweighs the K:
A. Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid---our authors are self-reflexive
Boyle and Horgan 8 – Michael J. Boyle, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, and John Horgan, International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, April 2008, “A Case Against Critical Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies On Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 51-64
Jackson (2007c) calls for the development
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produce such scathing indictments of its own work.
B. Al Qaeda is evil and we should suspend critique for them – a critical project doesn’t apply to them.
Derrida ‘03 (Jacques Derrida, Directeurd’Etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and Professor of Philosophy, French and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine, 2003, Philosophy in a Time of Terror, p. 113-114)
Borradori: Earlier you emphasized the essential role
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,” at least not one for this world.
C. Terrorism turns your Alt – That’s our impact evidence that the US would lashout. Here’s more – no chance of alt solvency in the world of a terrorist attack.
Ignatieff, '4 (Harvard University, Edmonton Journal, May 9)
It has taken nearly three years, but
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we would lose our identity as free peoples.
Policymakers will inevitably police – Abandoning our predictions ensures they will be based on pre-conceived notions instead of sound analysis
Fitzsimmons 7 (Michael, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06/07)
But handling even this weaker form of uncertainty
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poorly understood by the decision-makers themselves.
Self-fulfilling prophecies good and threats are real.
Reifer, ‘2, Georgetown IR Professor, Sept 19-23 www.focusweb.org/publications/2002/geopolitics-globalisationand-alternative-regionalisms.pdf
Many social constructivists fear that treating countries as
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where social constructivists get their historical examples from.
There is no root cause of terrorism – that theory is a fallacy
Weiner ’88 [Justus R. Weiner, Director of the Division of American Law and former Assistant Professor of International Relations and Law at Boston University School of Law, “Terrorism: Israel’s Legal Responses”, 14 Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com. 184, 1988]
Political scientists, sociologists, psychologists and others
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, Palestinian frustration, desperation, and misery.
The most comprehensive statistical studies prove this to be true
Stein ‘7 [Zachary R. Stern, “The Face of Terrorism: Toward a Terrorist Profile” a study self-described here: This study focuses on a more important and substantial question than the definition of terrorism. It seeks to understand the root causes of terrorism or, at the very least, to dispel popular misconceptions about those causes. If optimists like President Bush are to be believed, reducing global poverty and increasing education levels will result in a decrease in global terrorism. This approach is based on the assumption that economic disadvantage and the inaccessibility or the denial of proper schooling creates fertile breeding grounds for terrorism. Equally unsatisfactory as an explanation, is the opposite hypothesis, exemplified by the work of Alan Krueger, that education and financial well-being actually help explain how and why terrorism is engendered. The assumptions of both sides are not borne out by the facts. They belie the complexity of the individuals and the collective histories that produce terrorists. Terrorists are deeply committed individuals, willing to risk imprisonment and death for their cause. This characteristic would indicate that ideology, and not demographic background, is the leading cause of terrorism. Since ideology and one’s commitment to it are by not easily quantifiable (nor has anyone attempted to quantify them, to date), this study will seek to disprove the demographic background argument by reviewing the relevant literature, and to further establish the point by analyzing individual terrorists’ backgrounds from a wide cross-section. It will also seek to provide some tentative answers to the question that captivates counter-terrorism experts, psychologists, and just about everyone who worries about terrorism: why does someone become a terrorist? This paper is organized as follows: first, a literature review of relevant subject material; second, a description of the methods used in this study; third, a description of the various data sources used in this study; fourth, regressional analysis of the data sources; fifth, non-regressional analysis and anecdotal cases from this study; sixth, and finally, conclusions of this study, Spring 2007]
With no root cause of terrorism readily identifiable
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leaders rounded up, and their cells broken.
Turn – Focus DA -- Their focus on subtle government coercion makes them complicit in state oppression.
Frankel '97 (New Left Review, #226)
Moreover, in their eagerness to analyze all
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with the new forms of 'government through community'.
Perm – do the plan and the alternative in all other instances
Solves -- State is flexible and can re-orient to solve your offense.
Krause & Williams ’97 York Poli Scie Prof & Maine Assistant Poli Scie Prof, Critical Security Studies, Pg. xvi
Many of the chapters in this volume thus
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most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.
