The US engages in some democracy assistance in Bahrain but it’s not enough – security concerns are always put first.
Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

For many years prior to ...of the government. 

...
...
PLAN: The United States federal government should condition the continued basing of the 5th Fleet in Bahrain upon democratic reforms following an open and genuine national dialogue between the Government of Bahrain and democratic opposition groups.
...
SOLVENCY

The US must engage Bahraini society.
Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Some diplomats proffer that supporting ...its aggressive crackdown. 

Now is a key time for democracy in Bahrain.
Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Bahrain has reached the tipping ...interest. 

 
There is still a chance to peacefully transition in Bahrain.
ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

The crackdown in Bahrain and ...opportunists at worst. 

The 5th Fleet is the best sources of leverage – the US should condition its basing upon reforms.
Washington Post Editorial, ‘11
Washington Post Editorial, Published: June 6 2011 “ An opening in Bahrain?” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/an-opening-in-bahrain/2011/06/06/AGeSrbKH_story.html

SINCE MARCH, the Persian ...reform. 

 
The previous national dialogue was a sham – genuine engagement is needed.
Aljazeera, 7/29
Aljazeera, 29 Jul 2011 20:57 “ Protesters reject Bahrain dialogue results Demonstrators from Gulf country's Shia majority say monarchy-sponsored report does not meet expectations.” Accessed 8/2/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/07/2011729182110531596.html

Opposition groups and many in ...are unfairly drawn. 

ADVANTANGE 1- IRAN

Protestors don’t want an Iranian style government and if Shiites in Bahrain really had connections to Iran we would have seen it by now.
ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

All in all, as ...rhetorical escalation.62 

GCC troops were not sent in to check back Iran – they were sent to stop democracy.
Kinsman, ’11 Jeremy Kinsman served as Canada’s ambassador or high commissioner to 15 countries and organizations, including Russia, Britain and the European Union. He currently heads a Community of Democracies program for democracy development and is Regents’ Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. He is distinguished visiting diplomat at Ryerson University in Toronto.  POLICY OPTIONS APRIL 2011 “ DEMOCRACY RISING: TUNISIA AND EGYPT, WHEN IDEALISTS GOT IT RIGHT” accessed 8/8/11 at http://observgo.uquebec.ca/observgo/fichiers/42245_rii1.pdf

Other authoritarians are clamping down...think. 

 
Iran would stand to lose from a democratic Bahrain as it would put pressure on for its own reforms.
Dabashi, ’11 Hamid Dabashi is Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.  27 May 2011 11:12 “ The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” accessed 8/7/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html

Clearing through all the hypocrisies ...the Arab Spring. 

The best way to keep Iranian influence out of Bahrain is through increased Democratization.
Cooley and Nexon, ’11 ALEXANDER COOLEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College and a member of Columbia University's Arnold A. Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies. DANIEL H. NEXON is Associate Professor in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government at Georgetown University.  April 5, 2011 “ Bahrain's Base Politics” accessed 8/9/11 at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=2

Abandoning the idea of a ...way. 

 
Political Reform would check back Iranian influence.
ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

Manama’s crackdown and Saudi Arabia’s ...the wrong direction. 

Increased Iranian influence makes the use of nuclear weapons more likely.
Hitchens, ’10 Christopher Hitchens, Slate, Posted Monday, May 17, 2010, at 11:42 AM ET “ Don't Let Iran Blackmail the World As the international community stands by, Tehran comes closer to unveiling its nukes.” Accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.slate.com/id/2254073/pagenum/all/#p2

On May 15, we ...them.

 
Unchecked Iranian influence leads to nuclear war.
Ben-Meir, ’7 Alon Ben-Meir is professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU. He teaches courses in international negotiation and Middle Eastern studies.  Published: 02.07.07, 03:15 “Ending Iran's defiance American pressure at this time will not be taken lightly by Iranian regime” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361650,00.html

The fact that Iran stands ...inadvertent nuclear conflagration.

Iran is taking advantage of US drawdown in Iraq – now is key.
Schreck et al ’10 ADAM SCHRECK,  Associated Press writers Ali Akbar Dareini in Tehran and Sinan Salaheddin in Baghdad contributed reporting.  June 15, 2010, 5:45AM ET “Iraqis feel Iran's growing clout in their wallets” accessed 9/10/11 at http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GBKNFG0.htm

Trade with longtime rival Iran ...dictator's fall in 2003.

Democracy in Bahrain would keep Iran out of Iraq.
Kyle, ’11 The Pomed Wire, May 24, 2011,  Project on Middle East Democracy “ Democracy in Bahrain Undermines Iran” accessed 8/19/11 at http://pomed.org/blog/2011/05/democracy-in-bahrain-undermines-iran.html/

M K Bhadrakumar, writing ...-reform agenda. 

Iranian influence in Iran intensifies conflict.
Wunderle and Lajeunesse, ’9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

Iran seeks a weakened and ...Iraq. 

 
Iranian influence results in terrorism in Gulf States.
Wunderle and Lajeunesse ‘9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

In the Arabian Gulf, ...the Gulf States. 

ADVANTAGE 2- 5TH FLEET

US military facilities are expanding in Bahrain.
Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

February 2008 marked the 60th .... 

 
Instability jeopardizes the 5th Fleet in Bahrain.
Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

Unrest in Bahrain directly affects ...states, collectively. 

US military facilities in Bahrain are key to countering piracy and terrorism and have also been used to support wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

The naval headquarters, the ...-May 2003). 

Terrorism causes extinction.
Alexander, ’2 Yonah Alexander, Professor at Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, February 28th ‘02 “IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM FOR THE VISA WAIVER PROGRAM” HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND CLAIMS. Accessed 9/5/10 at http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/2002_h/hju77898_0.htm 

Perhaps the most significant dangers ...terrorism.  

ADVANTAGE 3- HUMAN RIGHTS

Widespread human rights abuses are taking place in Bahrain.
Press TV ‘11 Press TV, Mon Aug 1, 2011 6:35PM GMT, “ 'Bahrain regime unwilling to reform'”  Interview with Nabeel Rajab, head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.presstv.ir/detail/191891.html

In Manama, hundreds of ...such a reform. 

 US action is needed and now is key.
Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

While President Obama’s Middle East ...national security strategy. 

Human rights trump other claims – they are a prerequisite to preventing war and genocide.
Felice ’96 William F. Felice, Assistant Professor, International Relations and Global Affairs at Eckerd College, ’96 “Taking suffering seriously: the importance of collective human rights” A Volume in the SUNY series in Global Conflict and Peace Educaton. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.

A right can be defined ...1997, 364).  

1AC Civil Society – Inherency/Plan

The US engages in some democracy assistance in Bahrain but it’s not enough – security concerns are always put first.
Katzman, ‘11
Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

For many years prior to ...organizations in Bahrain.

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance to Bahrain by providing material support to civil society organizations in Bahrain.

1AC Civil Society – Solvency

Civil society has already proven effective in Bahrain.
Aziz and Musalem, ‘11
Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

By the end of the ...their traditional authoritarianism. 

The US must engage Bahraini society.
Aziz and Musalem, ‘11
Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Some diplomats proffer that supporting ...States’ national interest. 

There is still a chance to peacefully transition in Bahrain.
ICG, ‘11
International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

The crackdown in Bahrain and ..., opportunists at worst.
1AC Civil Society - Iran

Protestors don’t want an Iranian style government and if Shiites in Bahrain really had connections to Iran we would have seen it by now.
ICG, ‘11
International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

All in all, as ...rhetorical escalation.62 

GCC troops were not sent in to check back Iran – they were sent to stop democracy.
Kinsman, ‘11
Jeremy Kinsman served as Canada’s ambassador or high commissioner to 15 countries and organizations, including Russia, Britain and the European Union. He currently heads a Community of Democracies program for democracy development and is Regents’ Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. He is distinguished visiting diplomat at Ryerson University in Toronto.  POLICY OPTIONS APRIL 2011 “ DEMOCRACY RISING: TUNISIA AND EGYPT, WHEN IDEALISTS GOT IT RIGHT” accessed 8/8/11 at http://observgo.uquebec.ca/observgo/fichiers/42245_rii1.pdf

Other authoritarians are clamping down...think. 

Iran would stand to lose from a democratic Bahrain as it would put pressure on for its own reforms.
Dabashi, ‘11
Hamid Dabashi is Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.  27 May 2011 11:12 “ The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” accessed 8/7/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html

Clearing through all the hypocrisies ...the Arab Spring. 

The best way to keep Iranian influence out of Bahrain is through increased Democratization.
Cooley and Nexon, ‘11
ALEXANDER COOLEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College and a member of Columbia University's Arnold A. Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies. DANIEL H. NEXON is Associate Professor in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government at Georgetown University.  April 5, 2011 “ Bahrain's Base Politics” accessed 8/9/11 at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=2

Abandoning the idea of a ...is under way. 

Political Reform would check back Iranian influence.
ICG, ‘11
International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

Manama’s crackdown and Saudi Arabia’s ...wrong direction.
 

Increased Iranian influence makes the use of nuclear weapons more likely.
Hitchens, ‘10
Christopher Hitchens, Slate, Posted Monday, May 17, 2010, at 11:42 AM ET “ Don't Let Iran Blackmail the World As the international community stands by, Tehran comes closer to unveiling its nukes.” Accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.slate.com/id/2254073/pagenum/all/#p2

On May 15, we ...them.

Unchecked Iranian influence leads to nuclear war.
Ben-Meir, ‘07
Alon Ben-Meir is professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU. He teaches courses in international negotiation and Middle Eastern studies.  Published: 02.07.07, 03:15 “Ending Iran's defiance American pressure at this time will not be taken lightly by Iranian regime” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361650,00.html

The fact that Iran stands ...inadvertent nuclear conflagration.

Iran is taking advantage of US drawdown in Iraq – now is key.
Schreck, Dareini, and Salaheddin, ‘10
ADAM SCHRECK,  Associated Press writers Ali Akbar Dareini in Tehran and Sinan Salaheddin in Baghdad contributed reporting.  June 15, 2010, 5:45AM ET “Iraqis feel Iran's growing clout in their wallets” accessed 9/10/11 at http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GBKNFG0.htm

Trade with longtime rival Iran ...dictator's fall in 2003.

Democracy in Bahrain would keep Iran out of Iraq.
Kyle, ‘11
The Pomed Wire, May 24, 2011,  Project on Middle East Democracy “ Democracy in Bahrain Undermines Iran” accessed 8/19/11 at http://pomed.org/blog/2011/05/democracy-in-bahrain-undermines-iran.html/

M K Bhadrakumar, writing ...-reform agenda. 

Iranian influence in Iran intensifies conflict.
Wunderle and Lajeunesse, ‘09
LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

Iran seeks a weakened and ...forces in Iraq. 

1AC Civil Society – Fifth Fleet

US military facilities are expanding in Bahrain.
Katzman, ‘11
Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

February 2008 marked the 60th ...requested for FY2012. 

Other potential hosts of the 5th Fleet are years away from being ready.
Tomlinson, ‘11
Hugh Tomlinson From: The Australian July 21, 2011 “ US fleet may quit troubled Bahrain” accessed 8/10/11 at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/us-fleet-may-quit-troubled-bahrain/story-e6frg6so-1226098580227

THE US Navy is looking ...off. 

Instability jeopardizes the 5th Fleet in Bahrain.
Katzman, ‘11
Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

Unrest in Bahrain directly affects ...states, collectively. 

US military facilities in Bahrain are key to countering piracy and terrorism and have also been used to support wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
Katzman, ‘11
Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

The naval headquarters, the ...-May 2003). 

Terrorism causes extinction.
Alexander, ‘02
Yonah Alexander, Professor at Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, February 28th ‘02 “IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM FOR THE VISA WAIVER PROGRAM” HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND CLAIMS. Accessed 9/5/10 at http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/2002_h/hju77898_0.htm 

Perhaps the most significant dangers ...the reality of terrorism.  
Advantage 3- Human Rights

Widespread human rights abuses are taking place in Bahrain.
Press TV ‘11 Press TV, Mon Aug 1, 2011 6:35PM GMT, “ 'Bahrain regime unwilling to reform'”  Interview with Nabeel Rajab, head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.presstv.ir/detail/191891.html

In Manama, hundreds of ...such a reform. 

 US action is needed and now is key.
Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

While President Obama’s Middle East ...national security strategy. 

Human rights trump other claims – they are a prerequisite to preventing war and genocide.
Felice ’96 William F. Felice, Assistant Professor, International Relations and Global Affairs at Eckerd College, ’96 “Taking suffering seriously: the importance of collective human rights” A Volume in the SUNY series in Global Conflict and Peace Educaton. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.

A right can be defined ..., 364).  

R1AC Civil Society

The US engages in some democracy assistance in Bahrain but it’s not enough – security concerns are always put first.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

For many years prior to ...of the government.

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support to civil society organizations in Bahrain.

...

Solvency

Civil society has already proven effective in Bahrain.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

By the end of the ...authoritarianism.

The US must engage Bahraini society.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Some diplomats proffer that supporting ...its aggressive crackdown.

Now is a key time for democracy in Bahrain.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Bahrain has reached the tipping ...interest.

There is still a chance to peacefully transition in Bahrain.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

The crackdown in Bahrain and ..., opportunists at worst.

Advantage 1 – Iran

Protestors don’t want an Iranian style government and if Shiites in Bahrain really had connections to Iran we would have seen it by now.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

All in all, as ...rhetorical escalation.62

GCC troops were not sent in to check back Iran – they were sent to stop democracy.

Kinsman, ’11 Jeremy Kinsman served as Canada’s ambassador or high commissioner to 15 countries and organizations, including Russia, Britain and the European Union. He currently heads a Community of Democracies program for democracy development and is Regents’ Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. He is distinguished visiting diplomat at Ryerson University in Toronto.  POLICY OPTIONS APRIL 2011 “ DEMOCRACY RISING: TUNISIA AND EGYPT, WHEN IDEALISTS GOT IT RIGHT” accessed 8/8/11 at http://observgo.uquebec.ca/observgo/fichiers/42245_rii1.pdf

Other authoritarians are clamping down...think.

Iran would stand to lose from a democratic Bahrain as it would put pressure on for its own reforms.

Dabashi, ’11 Hamid Dabashi is Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.  27 May 2011 11:12 “ The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” accessed 8/7/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html

Clearing through all the hypocrisies ...the Arab Spring.

The best way to keep Iranian influence out of Bahrain is through increased Democratization.

Cooley and Nexon, ’11 ALEXANDER COOLEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College and a member of Columbia University's Arnold A. Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies. DANIEL H. NEXON is Associate Professor in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government at Georgetown University.  April 5, 2011 “ Bahrain's Base Politics” accessed 8/9/11 at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=2

Abandoning the idea of a ...way.

Political Reform would check back Iranian influence.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

Manama’s crackdown and Saudi Arabia’s ...the wrong direction.

Increased Iranian influence makes the use of nuclear weapons more likely.

Hitchens, ’10 Christopher Hitchens, Slate, Posted Monday, May 17, 2010, at 11:42 AM ET “ Don't Let Iran Blackmail the World As the international community stands by, Tehran comes closer to unveiling its nukes.” Accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.slate.com/id/2254073/pagenum/all/#p2

On May 15, we ...them.

Unchecked Iranian influence leads to nuclear war.

Ben-Meir, ’7 Alon Ben-Meir is professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU. He teaches courses in international negotiation and Middle Eastern studies.  Published: 02.07.07, 03:15 “Ending Iran's defiance American pressure at this time will not be taken lightly by Iranian regime” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361650,00.html

The fact that Iran stands ...inadvertent nuclear conflagration.

Iran is taking advantage of US drawdown in Iraq – now is key.

Schreck et al ’10 ADAM SCHRECK,  Associated Press writers Ali Akbar Dareini in Tehran and Sinan Salaheddin in Baghdad contributed reporting.  June 15, 2010, 5:45AM ET “Iraqis feel Iran's growing clout in their wallets” accessed 9/10/11 at http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GBKNFG0.htm

Trade with longtime rival Iran ...dictator's fall in 2003.

Democracy in Bahrain would keep Iran out of Iraq.

Kyle, ’11 The Pomed Wire, May 24, 2011,  Project on Middle East Democracy “ Democracy in Bahrain Undermines Iran” accessed 8/19/11 at http://pomed.org/blog/2011/05/democracy-in-bahrain-undermines-iran.html/

M K Bhadrakumar, writing ...-reform agenda.

Iranian influence in Iran intensifies conflict.

Wunderle ’9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

Iran seeks a weakened and ...Iraq.

Iranian influence results in terrorism in Gulf States.

Wunderle ‘9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

In the Arabian Gulf, ...the Gulf States.

Advantage 2 – 5^TH fleet

US military facilities are expanding in Bahrain.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

February 2008 marked the 60th ...requested for FY2012.

Other potential hosts of the 5^th Fleet are years away from being ready.

Tomlinson, ’11 Hugh Tomlinson From: The Australian July 21, 2011 “ US fleet may quit troubled Bahrain” accessed 8/10/11 at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/us-fleet-may-quit-troubled-bahrain/story-e6frg6so-1226098580227

THE US Navy is looking ...off.

Instability jeopardizes the 5^th Fleet in Bahrain.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

Unrest in Bahrain directly affects ...states, collectively.

US military facilities in Bahrain are key to countering piracy and terrorism and have also been used to support wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

The naval headquarters, the ...May 2003).

Piracy makes the use of WMDs by terrorists possible.

Luft and Korin, ‘11

Gal Luft is executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS). Anne Korin is director of policy and strategic planning at IAGS and editor of Energy Security.  Foreign Affairs, November/December 2004 “ Terrorism Goes to Sea” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.iags.org/fa2004.html

Pirates and Islamist terrorist groups ...the world economy.

Nuclear terrorism leads to extinction

Ayson ’10 Robert Ayson, 2010, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), “After a Nuclear Terrorist Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.483756

But these two nuclear worlds...provide.

Advantage 3 – Human Rights

Widespread human rights abuses are taking place in Bahrain.

Press TV ‘11 Press TV, Mon Aug 1, 2011 6:35PM GMT, “ 'Bahrain regime unwilling to reform'”  Interview with Nabeel Rajab, head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.presstv.ir/detail/191891.html

In Manama, hundreds of ...such a reform.

 US action is needed and now is key.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

While President Obama’s Middle East ...national security strategy.

Human rights trump other claims – they are a prerequisite to preventing war and genocide.

Felice ’96 William F. Felice, Assistant Professor, International Relations and Global Affairs at Eckerd College, ’96 “Taking suffering seriously: the importance of collective human rights” A Volume in the SUNY series in Global Conflict and Peace Educaton. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.

A right can be defined ...364). 

Advantage 4 – Sectarian violence

US action key to preventing sectarian violence.

Habibi, ‘11

Nader Habibi is the Henry J. Leir professor of economics of the Middle East in Brandeis University's Crown Center for Middle East Studies. He was the director of forecasting and risk analysis for the Middle East and Africa region in the economic consulting firm IHS Global Insight before joining the faculty of Brandies University in 2007.  “ U.S. Silence on Bahrain Crackdown Ignores Iraq Factor”  Monday, April 25, 2011 accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/U_S_Silence_on_Bahrain_Crackdown_Ignores_Iraq_Factor.htm

Current U.S. ...Shiites.

Sectarian violence in Iraq spills over.

Montero, ‘7

David Montero, Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor / February 2, 2007 “ Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan” accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html

In this Punjabi city of ...e-mail.

Impact is nuclear war.

Raman, ‘7

CNN's Aneesh Raman reports from Cairo.  Also in this broadcast, HISHAM KASSEM, MIDEAST ANALYST “ Opposing the 'Surge'; Energy Challenge; Second Air Strike Against Suspected al Qaeda Targets in Somalia”  Aired January 24, 2007 - 14:01 ET THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED. Accessed 10/18/11 at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/24/cnr.05.html

RAMAN: For years, ...bracing for anything.

Advantage 5 – Russia

...

Leadership and clear objectives in Bahrain is key to prevent Obama from being seen as week.

The Washington Times, ‘11

The Washington Times Wednesday, March 16, 2011 “ EDITORIAL: Obama’s Gulf in leadership Mishandling Bahrain exposes White House weakness” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/obamas-gulf-in-leadership/

Given these facts, Bahrain’s ...is growing weaker.

Perceived strength is key to Global Stability and preventing Russian expansion.

Hanson, ‘9

Victor Davis Hanson is the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow in Residence in Classics and Military History at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, a professor of Classics Emeritus at California State University, Fresno, and a nationally syndicated columnist for Tribune Media Services. He is also the Wayne & Marcia Buske Distinguished Fellow in History, Hillsdale College, where he teaches each fall semester courses in military history and classical culture. Interview by  Bernard Chapin Pajamas Media “ Change, Weakness, Disaster, Obama Victor Davis Hanson Answers the Questions”  December 16, 2009 accessed  10/12/11 at http://victorhanson.com/articles/hanson121609.html

BC: Are we currently ....

Impact is nuclear war.

Blank, ‘9

Stephen J. Blank, March 2009 “ RUSSIA AND ARMS CONTROL: ARE THERE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION?”  PhD. in History from the University of Chicago and has served as the Strategic Studies Institute's expert on the Soviet block and post-Soviet world since 1989

Proliferators or nuclear states like ...their own people.172

Di5F

The US is planning to increase its military presence in the region.

Karmi, 10/31

Omar Karmi Oct 31, 2011 “ US plans to boost military presence in Gulf after leaving Iraq” The National. Accessed 11/2/11 at http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/us-plans-to-boost-military-presence-in-gulf-after-leaving-iraq

The United States is planning ...region.

A2: China Bashing

China bashing is all talk- even China isn’t worried

Washington Post 10/19 (“China-bashing nothing new,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/china-bashing-nothing-new/2011/10/13/gIQATlUrwL_story.html?wprss=)

 In this early stage of the U.S. presidential campaign, .... regardless of who wins the White House.

...

Obama will veto.

Pethokoukis, Reuters columnist, 10-13-11

[James, “Would Romney really start a trade war with China?” accessed date: 11-1-11] y2k

Passage of trade deals with ...veto it.

Boehner will veto – China bill will not pass regardless of the plan.

Palmer and Lawder, staff reporters for Reuters, 10-25-11

[Doug and David, “Republicans ask Obama to lead on China currency” accessed date: 11-1-11] y2k

As the House of Representatives ...currency practices.

Won’t pass- the talk is just to get support for upcoming elections

Knowler 10/11  (Greg, Editor & Publisher at Cargonews Asia (Hong Kong-based trade newspaper covering Asia), “China-bashing season opens as US politics hots up,” http://www.maritimeprofessional.com/Blogs/Far-East-Maritime/October-2011/China-bashing-season-opens-as-US-politics-hots-up.aspx)

In 2010, trade between China and ... route to gaining populist support.

...

Congress pushing demo promo—Egypt funding proves

Kull 9/5 (...Muslim Brotherhood.

Kerry likes the plan.

Rozen and Cheney, ‘11

Laura Rozen and Catherine Cheney,  February 17, 2011 “ U.S. urges restraint on Bahrain after overnight attack” accessed 11/3/11 at http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0211/US_urges_restraint_on_Bahrain_after_overnight_attack_on_protesters.html#

A top Senate appropriator has ...freedom.”

Kerry is key to the agenda.

Traub, ‘11

James Traub is a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine and a columnist for foreignpolicy.com.   Published: July 14, 2011 “ The All-American” accessed 11/3/11 at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/magazine/john-kerry-our-man-in-kabul.html?_r=2&pagewanted=4

The last time most Americans ...military conflicts.

GCC Economy - China

Bahrain is key to regional economic stability.

Ulrichsen, ‘11

Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE). His work includes The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2010). His latest book,Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era (Hurst & Co.) is published on May 23, 2011.  1 March 2011 “ Bahrain: evolution or revolution?” accessed 10/12/11 http://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/bahrain-evolution-or-revolution

Developments in Bahrain have a ...years.

Regional economy key to emerging markets.

MFR, ‘11

Mena Fund Review, August 4^th, 2011 “ The emerging new order” accessed 10/12/11 athttp://www.menafundreview.com/the-emerging-new-order/

ENORMOUS growth in emerging markets ...adds.

Emerging markets are key to China’s economy and the global economy.

Bloomberg, ‘10

Bloomberg 13th August 2010 “ Rising intra-emerging market trade and investment creating new momentum” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/rising-intra-emerging-market-trade-and-investment-creating-new-momentum-2010-08-13

The high-speed rail ...2008.

Economic collapse in China causes massive instability.

Mead, ‘09

Walter Russell Mead is the Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World. Lauren Gottlieb provided research assistance for this article.  Thursday, January 22, 2009 7:19:32 PM “ Only Makes You Stronger: Why the recession bolstered America.” Accessed 10/12/11 at http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2169866/posts

The greatest danger both to ...stops.

A2: Cap Bad

No alternative exists – capitalism is inevitable.

Boettke and Leeson, ‘05

Peter J. Boettke and Peter T. Leeson, Department of Economics George Mason University.  Critical Review, Vol. 17, Autumn 2005 “Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years” accessed 12/29/10 at http://mises.org/journals/scholar/boettke.pdf

Mises’ argument should be understood ...its stated goal.

...

Capitalism is inevitable because socialism is impossible.

Reisman, ‘81

George Reisman, Ph.D., is professor of Economics at Pepperdine University’s Graziadio School of Business and Management. 1981. “Ludwig von Mises: Defender of Capitalism*” accessed 12/29/10 at http://www.capitalism.net/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20Defender%20of%20Capitalism.html

Socialism, von Mises showed...of consumers' goods.

The kritik doesn’t turn case – capitalism reinforces human rights.

Weede, ‘07

Erich Weede, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany.  Jan 31st 2007, Cato Journal: Human Rights, Limited Government, and Capitalism, http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj28n1/cj28n1-3.pdf

The global expansion of capitalism ...Western world.

...

Capitalism is key to democracy.

Wilson ’95

 Phd PoliSci U of Chicago ,Former professor at UCLA , ’ 95( James , “Capitalism and morality” , http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n121/ai_17489592/,)

However one judges that debate..., or corrupting.

Capitalism is key to freedom

Waligorski ’90

Conrad Waligorski, Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, 1990

The Political Theory of Conservative Economists

Freedom is a process and ...one's freedom.14

Neoliberalism is key to democracy and stopping war.

Griswold, ‘05

Daniel Griswold, CATO Institute. December 28, 2005. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men” accessed 12/28/10 at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344

First, trade and globalization ...best at home.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac ‘2 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics”at   

As a result, the ...undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable

Greene ‘2 Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. at http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who talk of ...or covertly consequentialist.

Extinction outweighs

Bostrom ‘2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

Our approach to existential risks ...15,16].

All lives are infinitely valuable.

Cummisky ’96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146.

We must not obscure the ...of her actions.8

Cap Good – AI

Ending capitalism dooms artificial intelligence

Kurzweil 1

Ray Kurzweil, Ph.D. and Genius Inventor, “The Law of Accelerating Returns”, Lifeboat Foundation Special Reports, 2001, http://lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns

There is a vital economic imperative to create …. to stop this progression.

Extinction

Bostrum 03

(Nick, Director, Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/ai.htm)

It is hard to think of any problem …., personal growth, and to living closer to our ideals.

Cap Good – Disease

Cap solves disease

Norberg 3

[Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro (Swedish think tank), 2003, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 189 ]

Personally, I believe we have more to expect from philanthropic capitalists than from politics.  Capitalism does not force people to maximize their profit at every turn; it … the whole of Europe and another couple of WHO.

Uncontained disease leads to extinction

Toolis, the director of a major television series on the history of plagues, 09

(Kevin, The Express, April 28, 2009 U.K. 1st Edition “Pandemic Pandemonium” lexis)

 It destroyed the Roman Empire, wiped out … the world via international flights.

stricts A1

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac ‘2 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics”at   

As a result, the ...undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable

Greene ‘2 Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. at http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who talk of ...or covertly consequentialist.

Extinction outweighs

Bostrom ‘2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

Our approach to existential risks ...15,16].

All lives are infinitely valuable.

Cummisky ’96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146.

We must not obscure the ...to save many.

Reducing existential risk by even a tiny amount outweighs every other impact — the math is conclusively on our side.

Bostrom ’11 Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at

Holding probability constant, risks ...an action.[13]

Even if the probability is low, the risk is high.

Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at )

We can explicate the seriousness ...permissive action links.

A2: Cap Bad

No alternative exists – capitalism is inevitable.

Boettke and Leeson, ‘05

Peter J. Boettke and Peter T. Leeson, Department of Economics George Mason University.  Critical Review, Vol. 17, Autumn 2005 “Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years” accessed 12/29/10 at http://mises.org/journals/scholar/boettke.pdf

Mises’ argument should be understood ...its stated goal.

...

Capitalism is inevitable because socialism is impossible.

Reisman, ‘81

George Reisman, Ph.D., is professor of Economics at Pepperdine University’s Graziadio School of Business and Management. 1981. “Ludwig von Mises: Defender of Capitalism*” accessed 12/29/10 at http://www.capitalism.net/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20Defender%20of%20Capitalism.html

Socialism, von Mises showed...consumers' goods.

The kritik doesn’t turn case – capitalism reinforces human rights.

Weede, ‘07

Erich Weede, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany.  Jan 31st 2007, Cato Journal: Human Rights, Limited Government, and Capitalism, http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj28n1/cj28n1-3.pdf

The global expansion of capitalism ...the Western world.

Capitalism is key to freedom

Waligorski ’90

Conrad Waligorski, Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, 1990

The Political Theory of Conservative Economists

Freedom is a process and ...one's freedom.14

Neoliberalism is key to democracy and stopping war.

Griswold, ‘05

Daniel Griswold, CATO Institute. December 28, 2005. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men” accessed 12/28/10 at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344

First, trade and globalization ...best at home.

A2: Fem IR

The criticism’s focus on identity creates a politics of exclusion that prevents meaningful critiques and turns the very superior identification they try to solve

Jarvis 2k [DSL, ‘International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism’, February, University of South Carolina Publishing, pg. 160-162]

[[Critical research agendas of this type, however, are….. mainstream approaches are accused of being.]]

Even if our epistemology is suspect, the presence of impacts large in magnitude requires a default to consequentialism

Cowen ‘6 TYLER The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute George Mason University Consequentialism Utilitas, Dec2006, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p383-399

Consider this scenario where we ...major importance.

They criticize the notion of generalizing women while grouping men into a patriarchal stereo-type which perpetuates the gender categories they try to solve.

Jarvis 2k [DSL, ‘International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism’, February, University of South Carolina Publishing, pg. 163-164]

We might also extend a contextualist … dare one say, sexism toward men by invoking male gender generalizations and crude caricatures.]]

The critique can’t solve – elites will always make calculations based on power.

John Mearsheimer, Professor at University of Chicago, ‘01

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Page 25

Because Americans dislike realpolitik, ...American foreign policy.

Securitization is inevitable – even the critiques discussion and research is an act of securitization.

Maria Julia Trombetta, Delft University of Technology, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, March 19^th ’08

http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s ...that of similar ones?

= A2: Withholding Tax = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) FTA solves the impact. (% class="MsoNormal" %) **__Chao__**, a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, **__10-20__**-11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)[Elaine, “One fake jobs bill defeated, three real jobs bills ratified” (%%)accessed date: 10-20-11] y2k (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Read more: http:~/~/...(% class="Underline" %)and industrial goods. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) ... (% class="Tag" %) Congress pushing demo promo—Egypt funding proves (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Kull 9/5** (...the Muslim Brotherhood. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Kerry likes the plan. (% class="Cite" %) Rozen and Cheney, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Laura Rozen and Catherine Cheney, February 17, 2011 “ U.S. urges restraint on Bahrain after overnight attack” accessed 11/3/11 at http:~/~/www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0211/US_urges_restraint_on_Bahrain_after_overnight_attack_on_protesters.html# (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)A top Senate appropriator has ...(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)greater political freedom(%%).” (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)Kerry is key to the agenda. (% class="Cite" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-weight: normal;" %)Traub, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)James Traub is a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine and a columnist for foreignpolicy.com. Published: July 14, 2011 “ The All-American” accessed 11/3/11 at http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/magazine/john-kerry-our-man-in-kabul.html?_r=2&pagewanted=4 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)The last time most Americans (% style="font-weight: normal;" %)...(%%)in each case. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Graham supports assistance to Middle East and North Africa. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)Cadei(%%), (% class="Underline" style="font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none;" %)a staff writer for CQ, 3-03(%%)-(% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)**__20__**(% class="Author-Date" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)11(%%)[(% class="Underline" style="font-size: 8pt; text-decoration: none;" %)Emily, “Democracy funding may be squeezed” (%%)accessed date: 7-14-2011] y2k (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Other (% class="DebateUnderline" %)senators, including (%%)Lindsey (% class="DebateUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)...(% class="DebateUnderline" %)someone else will.” (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Graham is key to agenda – he can bring bipartisan opinions on policies (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Horton__(%%), a Contributing Editor of Harper's Magazine, 2-17-**__20__**(% class="Author-Date" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)10 (% class="MsoNormal" %) [Scott, “The All-Powerful Lindsey Graham and the Principle of Freedom” accessed date: 7-14-2011] y2k (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)Two recent articles examining the ...(% class="DebateBoldUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)all powerful(% class="DebateUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %).” (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Bahrain is key to regional economic stability. (% class="Cite" %) Ulrichsen, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE). His work includes The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2010). His latest book,Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era (Hurst & Co.) is published on May 23, 2011. 1 March 2011 “ Bahrain: evolution or revolution?” accessed 10/12/11 http:~/~/www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/bahrain-evolution-or-revolution (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)Developments in Bahrain have a .... (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)** ** (% class="Tag" %) Regional economy key to emerging markets. (% class="Cite" %) MFR, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Mena Fund Review, August 4^^th^^, 2011 “ The emerging new order” accessed 10/12/11 athttp:~/~/www.menafundreview.com/the-emerging-new-order/ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)ENORMOUS (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)growth in emerging markets (%%)...adds. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)Emerging markets are key to China’s economy and the global economy. (% class="Cite" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-weight: normal;" %)Bloomberg, ‘10 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)Bloomberg 13th August 2010 “ Rising intra-emerging market trade and investment creating new momentum” accessed 10/12/11 at http:~/~/www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/rising-intra-emerging-market-trade-and-investment-creating-new-momentum-2010-08-13 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)The high-speed rail ...in 2008. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) ~-~- Economic decline doesn’t cause war (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)Miller 00(%%) (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 9pt;" %)The question may be reformulated...abort another). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) ~-~- Economy resilient (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)Main Wire 8(%%) (Reporting the Congressional Budget Office Summer Report on Economic Assessments, “FOMC Seen Hiking FFR Through '09,'10”, 9-9, Lexis) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) However, the (% class="term" %)economic(%%) outlook ...corporations. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="Tag" %) ~-~- U.S. isn’t key to the global economy (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)ML 6(%%) (Merrill Lynch, “US Downturn Won’t Derail World Economy”, 9-18, http:~/~/www.ml.com/index.asp?id=7695_7696_8149_63464_70786_71164) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)**__A sharp slowdown in the ...__**(%%)to decouple. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) == ~-~- Competitiveness isn’t key to heg or the economy == (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)Krugman 94(%%) (Paul, Professor of Economics – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obession”, Foreign Affairs, March / April, Lexis) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 7pt; color: black;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Unfortunately, his diagnosis was deeply … bad economic policies on a wide range of issues, domestic and foreign, whether it be in health care or trade. (% class="MsoNormal" %) == ~-~- Alt causes – == (% class="MsoNormal" %) == A) Labor gaps == (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)Bartlett 6(%%) (David L., President – Global Economics Company, “Building a Competitive Workforce: Immigration and the US Manfacturing Sector”, 8-23, (% style="color: black;" %)http:~/~/www.ilw.com/articles/2006,0823-bartlett.shtm) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: black;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)Shortages of skilled labor constitute the foremost challenge confronting(%%) U.S. (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)manufacturers who face(%%) growing (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)competition(%%) from manufacturers in ….from abroad (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)to enter the(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)U(%%)nited (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)S(%%)tates. = {{id name="_Toc236157069"/}}U.S. Competitiveness = (% class="MsoNormal" %) == B) Outsourcing == (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Heading2Char" %)Sneider 5(%%) (Daniel, Foreign Affairs Writer – Mercury News, “Hand-Wringing Over China Misses True Economic Problem”, Mercury News, 4-24, http:~/~/www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/11476832.htm) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) “In this global market, __the U.S…__equipment designs and basic research. (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)__The growing trend to outsource __(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" %)__r__(%%)esearch-(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)__and-__(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" %)__d__(%%)evelopment (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)__facilities to China makes this even more difficult__(%%)__.__ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) = A2 E.U. Funds CP = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)The US is uniquely situated to solve. (% class="Cite" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="font-weight: normal;" %)Democracy Digest, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) April 18, 2011 “U.S. ‘moral responsibility and strategic interest’ to defend Bahrain’s civil society” accessed 8/18/11 at http:~/~/www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/04/u-s-moral-responsibility-and-strategic-interest-to-defend-bahrains-civil-society/ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)The (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)Obama(%%) administration (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)should pressure ...(%%). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) Democracy can only spread globally if the US is seen pushing it in places like Bahrain. (% class="Cite" %) Kurlantzick, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Joshua Kurlantzick is Fellow for Southeast Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations. May 31, 2011 “ New Republic: Optimism Spells Democracy's Decline” accessed 10/12/11 at http:~/~/www.npr.org/2011/05/31/136812788/new-republic-optimism-spells-democracys-decline%29 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Then there is the United ...(% class="UnderlineBold" %).(%%) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)instead do what is needed to give democracy a fighting chance. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)** ** (% class="Tag" %) Democracy solves extinction. (% class="Cite" %) Diamond, ‘95 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Larry. A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Carnegie Corporation of New York. “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives” accessed 9/29/10 at http:~/~/www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts ...(% class="UnderlineBold" %)prosperity can be built. (% class="MsoNormal" %)

= A2: Nietzsche = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Life is a prerequisite to determine suffering** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **White 90 – Professor of Philosophy at Williams College** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (Alan, Within Nietzsche's Labyrinth, http:~/~/www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/beauty_and_goodness.htm,) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)Nietzsche exhorts us to live beautifully; on this point, ….(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)__initial ugliness, if there be such, of its past.__ (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Technological development furthers the will to power; allowing us to become life affirming** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: black;" %)**McGinn 80**(% style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;" %) (Robert(%%) Director, Program in Science, Technology & Society,Professor (Teaching), Managment Science & Engineering at Stanford University , 1980, “Nietzsche on Technology” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1980), pp. 679-691) jstor (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)6. Conclusion-(% class="Underline" %)N's general attitude toward technology …. him to turn it-directly or indirectly-to life-affirming and life- enhancing ends and effects. (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="Tag" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Suffering is not part of the human condition but a result of circumstances. Even if some suffering is inevitable there are degrees** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Jennifer (% class="Heading2Char" %)Eagen 2004(%%) “Philisophical interests” September 9 http:~/~/home.earthlink.net/~~jeagan/id3.html (% class="HotRouteCharCharCharCharChar" %) (% class="SmallTextCharCharCharChar" lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %)Suffering is the theme of two of my published papers, (% class="SmallTextCharCharCharChar" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %)….(% lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)__ everyone to suffer, but to different degrees__(% lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %) (% class="SmallTextCharCharCharChar" lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: ~"Georgia~",~"serif~";" %)(e.g., gender). I'm looking forward to exploring this further. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoListParagraph" %) {{id name="_GoBack"/}}**Nihilism is never effective.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Paul **__Mann__**, Professor of English, Pomona, May **__‘95__** (% class="MsoNormal" %) POSTMODERN CULTURE, May 1995, p. 156 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) One might find it amusing to assume the …. be said to have advanced the same favor to us? (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **The claim that we should just “let the world be” and live our lives is the same sort of self-aggrandizing complacency that legitimizes the War on Terror and US colonialism in the first place~-~--the world may be perfect for US, but it is NOT perfect for the people who are imprisoned and censored.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Joyce (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**Marcel**(%%), free-lance journalist for the American Reporter, 4/30/**0(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)6(%%)** (http:~/~/www.american-reporter.com/) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 9pt;" %)Polar bears are drowning ….(%%)**__ (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)will make a lot of people very(%%), very (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)happy(%%)__**__. In fact, when Mr. Bush is gone, there will be dancing in the streets.__ (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)** **(%%)** ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **The claim that suffering is inevitable and that intervention into suffering is life-negating is nothing more than a thinly-veiled cover for mass rape and genocide~-~--accepting their argument necessitates an unconditional acceptance of brutal atrocities in all their forms.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **In short, your version of life sucks.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Kelly **Ross**, philosophy at Los Angeles Valley College, **2003** (http:~/~/www.friesian.com/nietzsch.htm) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 9pt;" %)While the discussion of Existentialism treated ….. that they //are not//. Nietzsche would regard most men as virtual castrati (domestic oxen, geldings) for //not// being rapists(%%). (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)** **(%%)** ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **There is intrinsic value to the assertion of compassion and ethics on behalf of those suffering~-~--it is in moments of compassion that we are most human~-~--the alternative’s vision of life is an overly pessimistic and nightmarish world of suffering and pain~-~--vote affirmative for the romantic hope that we can be redeemed through a fight against suffering ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Dr. Mark **Hartwig, **managing editor for the Foundation for Thought and Ethics and PhD in psychology from UC Santa Barbara, **2000** (http:~/~/www.boundless.org/2000/features/a0000386.html) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)__Nietzsche regarded__(%%) Judeo-Christian __morality—with its emphasis …(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)** some small point of contact — some faint understanding — to which we can appeal**(%%)__(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="text-decoration: none;" %)__ __ (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) **~ ** (% class="tag0" %) (% lang="X-NONE" %)Evaluation of consequences is the utmost ethical act – their ethic allows infinite violence (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)Williams 2005(%%) (% style="font-size: 9pt;" %)(Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales—Aberystwyth, (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;" %) (% style="font-size: 9pt;" %)__The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations__, p. 174-176) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %)A (% style="font-size: 10.5pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)__commitment to an ethic of consequences reflects a __(% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %)__….__(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) possibilities this involves. Indeterminacy is not synonymous with absolute freedom — it is both a condition of, and imperative toward, responsibility. (% class="MsoNormal" %) = A2: Cap Bad = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) No alternative exists – capitalism is inevitable. (% class="Cite" %) Boettke and Leeson, ‘05 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Peter J. Boettke and Peter T. Leeson, Department of Economics George Mason University. Critical Review, Vol. 17, Autumn 2005 “Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years” accessed 12/29/10 at http:~/~/mises.org/journals/scholar/boettke.pdf (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Mises’ argument should be understood as … socialism will not be able to usher in the new age of social harmony that was its stated goal. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="tag0" %) (% lang="X-NONE" %)Without an alternative that works better than capitalism, they have no impact. Putting criticism above what would come afterwards ensures millions will die from new socialist “experiments” (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %)David Ramsay (% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)**Steele**(% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %) - author and Editorial Director of Open Court Publishing Company - 19(% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)**92 **(% style="font-size: 10.5pt;" %)//From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation// (%%)p. 374-375 [nfb] (% class="MsoNormal" %) IN DEFENSE OF RECIPES FOR FUTURE COOKSHOPS (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline0" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline0" %)All (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)arguments against capitalism fail unless there (%%)…. Utopias. Wishful thinking is no vice, but openness to argument is a wonderful virtue. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Capitalism is inevitable because socialism is impossible. (% class="Cite" %) Reisman, ‘81 (% class="MsoNormal" %) George Reisman, Ph.D., is professor of Economics at Pepperdine University’s Graziadio School of Business and Management. 1981. “Ludwig von Mises: Defender of Capitalism*” accessed 12/29/10 at http:~/~/www.capitalism.net/Ludwig%20von%20Mises%20Defender%20of%20Capitalism.html (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)**__Socialism__**(%%), von Mises showed, in his greatest original …., on the basis of the prices of consumers' goods. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) The kritik doesn’t turn case – capitalism reinforces human rights. (% class="Cite" %) Weede, ‘07 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Erich Weede, professor of sociology at the University of Bonn, Germany. Jan 31st 2007, Cato Journal: Human Rights, Limited Government, and Capitalism, http:~/~/www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj28n1/cj28n1-3.pdf (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)The global expansion of capitalism(%%)__ to developing countries (% class="UnderlineBold" %)….(%%) but serves to spread them beyond the Western world.__ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) (% class="Tag" %) Capitalism is key to democracy. (% class="Cite" %) Wilson ’95 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %) Phd PoliSci U of Chicago ,Former professor at UCLA , ’ 95( James , “Capitalism and morality” , http:~/~/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n121/ai_17489592/,) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %)However one judges that debate, it is striking that in 1970 - …. culture, capitalism is arbitrary, oppressive, or corrupting. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %)** ** (% class="Tag" %) Capitalism is key to freedom (% class="Cite" %) Waligorski ’90 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %)Conrad Waligorski, Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, 1990 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %)The Political Theory of Conservative Economists (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)**__Freedom is__**(%%)**__ a process and condition (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)summarized (%%)…__**(% style="color: rgb(41, 35, 31);" %) the inadequacy of means to operationalize one's freedom.14 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)** **(%%)Neoliberalism is key to democracy and stopping war. (% class="Cite" %) Griswold, ‘05 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Daniel Griswold, CATO Institute. December 28, 2005. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men” accessed 12/28/10 at http:~/~/www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) First, (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)**__trade and globalization have reinforced the trend __**(%%)**__…__** by trading away what they can produce best at home. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences (% class="Tag" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-weight: normal;" %)__Isaac ‘2__ (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics”at (%%) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. …(% class="DebateUnderline" style="font-family: ~"Arial~",~"sans-serif~"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %) arrogance. And(% class="DebateUnderline" style="font-family: ~"Arial~",~"sans-serif~";" %) it (% class="DebateUnderline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)undermines political effectiveness. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %)** **(%%)Util is inevitable (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Greene ‘2__ (%%)Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. at http:~/~/www.wjh.harvard.edu/~~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm … esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Extinction outweighs (% class="Tag" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-weight: normal;" %)__Bostrom ‘2__(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http:~/~/www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html (% class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -0.2in 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-align: justify;" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;" %)__ __ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="DebateUnderline" style="font-family: ~"Arial~",~"sans-serif~"; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)Our approach to existential risks cannot be (% class="DebateUnderline" style="font-family: ~"Arial~",~"sans-serif~";" %)… by existential risks is multiplied by another factor(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %), the size of which depends on whether and how much we discount future benefits [15,16]. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="Tag" %) All lives are infinitely valuable. (% class="Tag" %) (% class="Author-Date" style="font-weight: normal;" %)__Cummisky ’96__(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;" %)David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as …(% class="DebateUnderline" style="font-family: ~"Arial~",~"sans-serif~";" %) on the equal value of all rational beings, then equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **The alternative is evil – capitalism is the most moral.** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Edward **Romar**, Lecturer in Management – U. Mass. Boston College of Management, Journal of Business Ethics, “Noble Markets: The Noble/Slave Ethic in Hayek’s Free Market Capitalism”, 85:57-66, **2009**, Springer (% class="MsoNormal" %) The question, then, is (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)what principles underlie the free …(%%) individual knowledge is incomplete and no individual can understand the full consequences of her actions.8 = = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Capitalism key to environmental protection** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**Taylor**(%%), director of natural resource studies at CATO, Aprill 22, (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**2003** (% class="MsoNormal" %) [Jerry, Happy Earth Day? Thank Capitalism, ] (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Indeed, (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)__we wouldn't__(%%)__ even (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)have environmentalists(%%)__ in …(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**__ lives threatened by environmental pollution than all the environmental organizations combined.__** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) = Cap Good – AI = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Ending capitalism dooms artificial intelligence** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)**Kurzweil 1** (% class="MsoNormal" %) Ray Kurzweil, Ph.D. and Genius Inventor, “The Law of Accelerating Returns”, Lifeboat Foundation Special Reports, 2001, http:~/~/lifeboat.com/ex/law.of.accelerating.returns (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)There is a vital economic imperative to create …(% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %) competition to stop this progression(% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Extinction** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Bostrum 03** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (Nick, Director, Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, http:~/~/www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/ai.htm) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)It is hard to think of any problem that a (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)… personal growth, and (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)to living closer to our ideals(%%). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) = Cap Good – Disease = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Cap solves disease** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Norberg 3** (% class="MsoNormal" %) [Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro (Swedish think tank), 2003, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 189 ] (% class="MsoNormal" %) Personally, I believe we have more to expect from philanthropic capitalists than from politics. (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)Capitalism(% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %) does not force people to maximize their profit at every turn; it (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %)… to gain more from a handful of Gateses than from the whole of Europe and another couple of WHO(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Uncontained disease leads to extinction** (% class="MsoNormal" %) **Toolis**, the director of a major television series on the history of plagues, **09** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (Kevin, The Express, April 28, 2009 U.K. 1st Edition “Pandemic Pandemonium” lexis) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %) It destroyed the Roman Empire, wiped out most …(% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% lime;" %) halfway across the world(% class="underlinedChar" style="font-size: 12pt;" %) via international flights(%%). (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) **~ ** (% align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" %) **~ ** (% align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" %) **~ ** (% align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" %) **~ ** (% align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" %) **~ ** (% align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" %) **~ ** (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %)

= A2: Saudi Relations DA = (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite0" %)Other issues swamp democracy assistance, the plan won’t crush relations (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;" %)__ __ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__CNN__(% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;" %) July 3, 20(% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__11__(%%) ("Obama adviser discusses 'scratchy' ties with Arab allies" http:~/~/articles.cnn.com/2011-07-03/us/mideast_1_saudi-arabia-saudi-monarchy-washington-and-riyadh?_s=PM:US, SRM) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) "(% class="underline" %)We did have some scratchy periods(%%) with …(% class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) which we work with the Saudis." (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Saudi Arabia won’t risk losing US protection from Iran. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Bronson__(% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;" %) 20(% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__06__(%%) (Rachel, former Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies, “Bronson: Saudis ‘Deeply Concerned’ Over Iran’s Nuclear Program,” ) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) The important thing to remember with the …(% class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) a nuclear-free Arabian or Persian gulf. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite0" %)Relations are multi-faceted – no impact. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite0" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)Dawn 11(%%) (3-16, Dawn.com, online news source, “US-Saudi divide revealed in Bahrain,” ) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) “The White House enthusiasm for universal …(% class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) have been for(% class="underline" %) three (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)decades(%%), Ottaway said. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)** ** (% class="Tag" %) Plan won’t hurt relations. (% class="MsoNormal" %) **__Dunne 04__** visiting scholar in the Democracy and Rule of Law (% class="MsoNormal" %) Michele, Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace “INTEGRATING DEMOCRACY PROMOTION INTO U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY” //Carnegie Endowment for International Peace// http:~/~/www.carnegieendowment.org/2004/10/01/integrating-democracy-promotion-into-u.s.-middle-east-policy/2ys MM (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) BETWEEN 2002 AND 2004, THE UNITED STATES ACCORDED new …(% class="underline" %) with the host government (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)and assistance programs complement each other. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Disagreements over the Arab Spring don’t damage relations – other issues more important. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)AFP, 9/16 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (AFP) – Sep 16, 2011 “ US, Saudi relationship in good shape: top US official” accessed 10/2/11 at http:~/~/www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jA_FSDO25m2rYXq51dz_ThnLtD3w?docId=CNG.b6d207691ba28c0711d32cc4f2496bd7.551 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)The(%%) key diplomatic (% class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)relationship between Saudi Arabia (% class="UnderlineBold" %)…(%%) with the United States in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen and the Gulf could also be at risk. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Relations will actually improve in the long run. (% class="Cite" %) Zeigler, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Lucien Zeigler | 3.17.11 “ Saudi-US Relationship Could Be Strengthened By Middle East Turmoil” accessed 10/12/11 at http:~/~/arabianomics.com/2011/03/18/saudi-us-relationship-could-be-strengthened-by-middle-east-turmoil/ (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="UnderlineBold" %)However (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)there is a massive difference between short-term strains … different(%%), and (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)the(%%) so-called “special (% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)relationship” should remain intact for years to come.

(% class="Tag" %) Only in a democratic world is the end of Orientalism possible (% class="MsoNormal" %) **__Paul 11__**(Aron Paul; Aug 29, 2011; Melbourne based historian and writer; ) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)This is the promise of (% class="Underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)the Arab Revolutions(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %), that in their (% class="Underline" %)…(% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) that flows from it will no longer imperil the progress of humanity. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite" %)Said’s theory of Orientalism isn’t fully developed- ontological representations aren’t addressed (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Spanos 96__(%%) (William, Professor of comparative literature at Binghampton, (% class="MsoNormal" %) Culture and Colonization: The Imperial Imperatives of the Centered Circle, date accessed: 7/7/2010) AJK (% class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;" %) (% class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;" %) Nevertheless, I believe that (% class="underline0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)Said's(%%) valuable (% class="underline0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" %)…back into play(%%) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)in the process of thinking the imperial depth and scope of the New World Order. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite" %)Said’s analysis on Orientalism is useless without an interrogation of ontology (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Spanos 96__(%%) (William, Professor of comparative literature at Binghampton, (% class="MsoNormal" %) Culture and Colonization: The Imperial Imperatives of the Centered Circle, date accessed: 7/7/2010) AJK (% class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %) (% class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;" %) (% style="font-size: 8pt;" %)Edward Said's rethinking of colonization in texts from Orientalism to … who follow him delimit to Western cultural production and the imperial project. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) Said’s concept of Orientalism recreates Orientalism (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Landow 02__(%%)(“Edward W. Said's Orientalism” George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University 18 March, 2002, Political Discourse- Theories of Colonialism and Post-Colonialism http:~/~/www.postcolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/said/orient14.html) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="card" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;" %) Drawing upon the methods of feminist criticism …(% class="underline0" %) forgivable(%%). One expects more from criticism and scholarship, particularly politically motivated criticism and scholarship.

(% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite" %)The EU is ineffective at democracy promotion - not an expressed goal (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Youngs 2008__(%%) (Richard Youngs is director of the democratization program at FRIDE in Madrid, and lectures at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom, "What has Europe Been Doing?", Journal of Democracy; Project MUSE, SRM) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline" %)Although governance is considered a European ..(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) that such cooperation could help address the problems "from the inside(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)." (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) (% class="cite" %)EU democracy assistance is ineffective – no funding (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Carnegie Endowment, 2009__(%%) (European Democracy Assistance after EU Enlargement, http:~/~/www.carnegieendowment.org/2009/02/25/european-democracy-assistance-after-eu-enlargement/xw, SRM) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Shumylo compared (% class="UnderlineBold" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)EU democracy assistance(%%) overall and …(% class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %) has been directed to the grass roots level. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="Tag" %) EU empirically fails at democracy assistance- 4 reasons (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="cite" style="font-size: 12pt;" %)__Youngs, 6__(%%) (October, Richard, director of the democratisation programme at the Fundación para las Relaciones (% class="MsoNormal" %) Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) in Madrid, and lecturer at the University of Warwick, “Europe’s flawed approach to Arab democracy,” Centre for European Reform, [[http:~~/~~/www.cer.org.uk/pdf/essay_youngs_arab_democracy.pdf>>http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/essay_youngs_arab_democracy.pdf]], atw) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline" style="text-decoration: none;" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="underline" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %)The EU has been almost completely silent … reformers on the ground(% style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% aqua;" %). (% class="Tag" %) Democracy can only spread globally if the US is seen pushing it in places like Bahrain. (% class="Cite" %) Kurlantzick, ‘11 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Joshua Kurlantzick is Fellow for Southeast Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations. May 31, 2011 “ New Republic: Optimism Spells Democracy's Decline” accessed 10/12/11 at http:~/~/www.npr.org/2011/05/31/136812788/new-republic-optimism-spells-democracys-decline%29 (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) Then there is the United States, still the most …(% class="UnderlineBold" %) We should stop telling ourselves this comforting story and instead do what is needed to give democracy a fighting chance. (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: ~"Times New Roman~",~"serif~";" %) (% style="font-size: 12pt;" %)** ** (% class="Tag" %) Democracy solves extinction. (% class="Cite" %) Diamond, ‘95 (% class="MsoNormal" %) Larry. A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Carnegie Corporation of New York. “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives” accessed 9/29/10 at http:~/~/www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm (% class="MsoNormal" %) (% class="MsoNormal" %) OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists …(% class="UnderlineBold" %) of international security and prosperity can be built.

-Jobs bill will not pass AND capital is not key.

AP, 10-20-11

[“One Fake Jobs Bill Defeated Three” accessed date: 10-21-11] y2k

WASHINGTON (AP) — Despite a campaign-style push this … to try to resurrect it on a piece by piece basis, even though the strategy doesn't seem to have any better chance of success

FTA solves the impact.

Chao, a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, 10-20-11

[Elaine, “One fake jobs bill defeated, three real jobs bills ratified” accessed date: 10-20-11] y2k

Read more: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/20/3990764/one-fake-jobs-bill-defeated-three.html#ixzz1bLbMstPf

President Obama may have predicted gloom … that the U.S. exports there. Panama will eliminate 88 percent of that country's tariffs on U.S. consumer and industrial goods.

Fiat solves the link – the votes will happen in November AND Senate is working on appropriation bills.

Pace, 10-17-11

[Julie, a staff reporter for AP/Times, “Obama Seeks Action on Jobs Bill Pieces” accessed date: 10-17-11] y2k

"Although Congress is adopting a piece-by-piece … a scheduled vacation at the end of the month

Obama doesn’t have capital AND winner’s win – this is specific to Jobs bill.

Clift and Cohn, 9-23-11

[Eleanor and Douglas, staff writers for Poconorecord News, “Obama cannot bypass Congress” accessed date: 9-24-11] y2k

WASHINGTON — President Obama is traveling to … influence. He may as well have stayed home.

Graham supports assistance to Middle East and North Africa.

Cadei, a staff writer for CQ, 3-03-2011[Emily, “Democracy funding may be squeezed” accessed date: 7-14-2011] y2k

Other senators, including Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., … people, the Tunisian people, will matter, because if we don’t help them, someone else will.”

Graham is key to agenda – he can bring bipartisan opinions on policies

Horton, a Contributing Editor of Harper's Magazine, 2-17-2010

[Scott, “The All-Powerful Lindsey Graham and the Principle of Freedom” accessed date: 7-14-2011] y2k

Two recent articles examining the legal policy of the Obama … on thorny legal policy issues. As Glenn Greenwald puts it, Lindsey Graham has become “all powerful.”

Specifically, Graham will work on payroll tax.

Emery, 9-26-11

[Theo, Globe Staff at Boston News, “GOP shifts away from payroll tax cut. Brown bucks party on jobs plan ideas” accessed date: 9-28-11] y2k

Senator Lindsey O. Graham of South Carolina, … but not other elements of the plan. “It’s a proposal we could build consensus around, but his package is dead on arrival,’’ he said.

No bipartisanship – ELECTIONS

Cillizza, 9-27-11

[Chris, “Bipartisanship is dead. At least until 2013.” accessed date: 9-27-11] y2k

Republicans see cutting spending and tackling entitlements … has come and gone.... we may need a good election now to tip the scales into solutions.” More on PostPolitics

Congress is working on the spending bill

Kasperowicz, 10-17-11

[Peter, a staff reporter for The Hill, “Monday: Appropriations in the Senate” accessed date: 10-17-11] y2k

The Senate meets at 2 p.m. to take up a "minibus" … is out and returns next week.

No impact – jobs bill can’t solv econ.

Johnson, 9-13-11

[Johnson, the Executive Director of the Institute for New Economic Thinking and a Senior Fellow and Director of the Global Finance Project for the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, “Obama: A New Beginning?” accessed date: 9-28-11] Y2k

As for the plan he put forward, it is generally a good … cynicism that government does not work.

Payroll tax cut doesn’t do anything – not large enough to change economy.

Lochhead, 9-11-2011

[Carolyn, a staff reporter for Chronicle Washington Bureau, “Economists doubt payroll tax cut will create jobs” accessed date: 9-12-11] y2k

Washington -- Economists are generally skeptical … do not add jobs or who were planning to anyway, and so are quite costly per job created.

-- Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a … (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

-- History proves

Ferguson 6 (Niall, Professor of History – Harvard University, Foreign Affairs, 85(5), September / October, Lexis)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What … followed by wars.

-- Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring … repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

-- U.S. isn’t key to the global economy

ML 6 (Merrill Lynch, “US Downturn Won’t Derail World Economy”, 9-18, http://www.ml.com/index.asp?id=7695_7696_8149_63464_70786_71164)

A sharp slowdown in the U.S. economy in 2007 …  the storm much better than in previous U.S. downturns. In the Americas, Canada will probably be hit, but Brazil is set to decouple.

Obama is going to veto – advisory pressure.

Aitoro, senior staff reporter for Bizjournal, 10-21-11

[Jill R., “Obama would veto Senate bill to repeal tax withholding accessed date: 11-6-11] y2k

Barack Obama supports the repeal of a law … to the president with the current offset, it continued, his senior advisers would recommend that he veto the bill.

FTA solves the impact.

Chao, a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, 10-20-11

[Elaine, “One fake jobs bill defeated, three real jobs bills ratified” accessed date: 10-20-11] y2k

Read more: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/20/3990764/one-fake-jobs-bill-defeated-three.html#ixzz1bLbMstPf

President Obama may have predicted gloom and doom … the U.S. exports there. Panama will eliminate 88 percent of that country's tariffs on U.S. consumer and industrial goods.

Congress pushing demo promo—Egypt funding proves

Kull 9/5 (Stephen, staff writer- CNN.com, 2011, “Why Muslims are Still Mad at America,” CNN World, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/)

This is not simply imagined. Currently in … Islamist parties such as the Muslim Brotherhood.

Kerry likes the plan.

Rozen and Cheney, ‘11

Laura Rozen and Catherine Cheney,  February 17, 2011 “ U.S. urges restraint on Bahrain after overnight attack” accessed 11/3/11 at http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0211/US_urges_restraint_on_Bahrain_after_overnight_attack_on_protesters.html#

A top Senate appropriator has asked the State … greater political freedom.”

Kerry is key to the agenda.

Traub, ‘11

James Traub is a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine and a columnist for foreignpolicy.com.   Published: July 14, 2011 “ The All-American” accessed 11/3/11 at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/magazine/john-kerry-our-man-in-kabul.html?_r=2&pagewanted=4

The last time most Americans saw John Kerry, he was … could take, and he says that Assad made good in each case.

Bahrain is key to regional economic stability.

Ulrichsen, ‘11

Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE). His work includes The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2010). His latest book,Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era (Hurst & Co.) is published on May 23, 2011.  1 March 2011 “ Bahrain: evolution or revolution?” accessed 10/12/11 http://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/bahrain-evolution-or-revolution

Developments in Bahrain have a significance that … on the world map in recent years.

Regional economy key to emerging markets.

MFR, ‘11

Mena Fund Review, August 4^th, 2011 “ The emerging new order” accessed 10/12/11 athttp://www.menafundreview.com/the-emerging-new-order/

ENORMOUS growth in emerging markets in recent …There will be competition going forward,” she adds.

Emerging markets are key to China’s economy and the global economy.

Bloomberg, ‘10

Bloomberg 13th August 2010 “ Rising intra-emerging market trade and investment creating new momentum” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/rising-intra-emerging-market-trade-and-investment-creating-new-momentum-2010-08-13

The high-speed rail link China Railway Construction … economy, dominates the push into fellow emerging markets, passing the US as the biggest exporter to the Middle East in 2008.

-- Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular …responded to crises by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

-- Economy resilient

Main Wire 8 (Reporting the Congressional Budget Office Summer Report on Economic Assessments, “FOMC Seen Hiking FFR Through '09,'10”, 9-9, Lexis)

However, the economic outlook could also improve … balance sheets of nonfinancial corporations.

1AC Civil Society

The US engages in some democracy assistance in Bahrain but it’s not enough – security concerns are always put first.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

For many years prior to ...of the government.

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support to civil society organizations in Bahrain.

Solvency

Civil society has already proven effective in Bahrain.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

By the end of the ...authoritarianism.

The US must engage Bahraini society.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Some diplomats proffer that supporting ...its aggressive crackdown.

Now is a key time for democracy in Bahrain.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

Bahrain has reached the tipping ...interest.

There is still a chance to peacefully transition in Bahrain.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

The crackdown in Bahrain and ...worst.

Right now is a key time for US action – Bahrain is key to the region and reform is the only potential stabilizer.

Gershman, 12/1

Carl Gershman, President of the National Endowment for Democracy At the Presentation of the Ion Ratiu Democracy Award to Nabeel Rajab of Bahrain The Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D.C. December 1, 2011

I want to begin by ...full potential.

The US must push reform and the regime has an economic incentive to allow it.

Bockenfeld, ‘11

Cole Bockenfeld is Director of Advocacy at the Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED). This article was written for the Common Ground News Service (CGNews).  04 October 2011 “ Protecting the US-Bahraini relationship” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=30471&lan=en&sp=0&isNew=0&partner=rss&emc=rss

The United States has maintained ...to avoid.

The past dialogue was a sham but opposition groups are still open to a more serious one.

AFP, 12/19

 (AFP) – Dec 19, 2011 “ Bahrain opposition urges talks” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzDdkobtrfgmiVO69MsqNU9nHAJg?docId=CNG.65f564f60f03ebab6c4103aa632a6e7a.361

Bahrain opposition groups have urged ...February and March.

Advantange 1- Iran

Protestors don’t want an Iranian style government and if Shiites in Bahrain really had connections to Iran we would have seen it by now.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

All in all, as ...rhetorical escalation.62

GCC troops were not sent in to check back Iran – they were sent to stop democracy.

Kinsman, ’11 Jeremy Kinsman served as Canada’s ambassador or high commissioner to 15 countries and organizations, including Russia, Britain and the European Union. He currently heads a Community of Democracies program for democracy development and is Regents’ Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. He is distinguished visiting diplomat at Ryerson University in Toronto.  POLICY OPTIONS APRIL 2011 “ DEMOCRACY RISING: TUNISIA AND EGYPT, WHEN IDEALISTS GOT IT RIGHT” accessed 8/8/11 at http://observgo.uquebec.ca/observgo/fichiers/42245_rii1.pdf

Other authoritarians are clamping down...think.

Iran would stand to lose from a democratic Bahrain as it would put pressure on for its own reforms.

Dabashi, ’11 Hamid Dabashi is Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.  27 May 2011 11:12 “ The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” accessed 8/7/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html

Clearing through all the hypocrisies ...the Arab Spring.

The best way to keep Iranian influence out of Bahrain is through increased Democratization.

Cooley and Nexon, ’11 ALEXANDER COOLEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College and a member of Columbia University's Arnold A. Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies. DANIEL H. NEXON is Associate Professor in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government at Georgetown University.  April 5, 2011 “ Bahrain's Base Politics” accessed 8/9/11 at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=2

Abandoning the idea of a ...way.

Political Reform would check back Iranian influence.

ICG, ’11 International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

Manama’s crackdown and Saudi Arabia’s ...the wrong direction.

Increased Iranian influence makes the use of nuclear weapons more likely.

Hitchens, ’10 Christopher Hitchens, Slate, Posted Monday, May 17, 2010, at 11:42 AM ET “ Don't Let Iran Blackmail the World As the international community stands by, Tehran comes closer to unveiling its nukes.” Accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.slate.com/id/2254073/pagenum/all/#p2

On May 15, we ...them.

Unchecked Iranian influence leads to nuclear war.

Ben-Meir, ’7 Alon Ben-Meir is professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU. He teaches courses in international negotiation and Middle Eastern studies.  Published: 02.07.07, 03:15 “Ending Iran's defiance American pressure at this time will not be taken lightly by Iranian regime” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3361650,00.html

The fact that Iran stands ...inadvertent nuclear conflagration.

Iran is taking advantage of US drawdown in Iraq – now is key.

Schreck et al ’10 ADAM SCHRECK,  Associated Press writers Ali Akbar Dareini in Tehran and Sinan Salaheddin in Baghdad contributed reporting.  June 15, 2010, 5:45AM ET “Iraqis feel Iran's growing clout in their wallets” accessed 9/10/11 at http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9GBKNFG0.htm

Trade with longtime rival Iran ...dictator's fall in 2003.

Democracy in Bahrain would keep Iran out of Iraq.

Kyle, ’11 The Pomed Wire, May 24, 2011,  Project on Middle East Democracy “ Democracy in Bahrain Undermines Iran” accessed 8/19/11 at http://pomed.org/blog/2011/05/democracy-in-bahrain-undermines-iran.html/

M K Bhadrakumar, writing ...-reform agenda.

Iranian influence in Iran intensifies conflict.

Wunderle ’9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

Iran seeks a weakened and ...Iraq.

Iranian influence results in terrorism in Gulf States.

Wunderle ‘9 LTC William Wunderle is currently serving in the Joint Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5) of the Joint Staff as a Political Military Planner with responsibility for Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and the Palestinian Authority. Major Gabriel Lajeunesse is a career Special Agent and Middle East/North Africa Area Specialist with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).  April 28, 2009 “ Countering Iranian Malign Influence” accessed 8/20/11 at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0406/comm/wunderlelajeunesse_counter.html

In the Arabian Gulf, ...the Gulf States.

Advantage 2- 5^TH fleet

US military facilities are expanding in Bahrain.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

February 2008 marked the 60th ...requested for FY2012.

Other potential hosts of the 5^th Fleet are years away from being ready.

Tomlinson, ’11 Hugh Tomlinson From: The Australian July 21, 2011 “ US fleet may quit troubled Bahrain” accessed 8/10/11 at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/us-fleet-may-quit-troubled-bahrain/story-e6frg6so-1226098580227

THE US Navy is looking ...off.

Instability jeopardizes the 5^th Fleet in Bahrain.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

Unrest in Bahrain directly affects ...states, collectively.

US military facilities in Bahrain are key to countering piracy and terrorism and have also been used to support wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan.

Katzman, ’11 Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at

The naval headquarters, the ...May 2003).

Piracy makes the use of WMDs by terrorists possible.

Luft and Korin, ‘11

Gal Luft is executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS). Anne Korin is director of policy and strategic planning at IAGS and editor of Energy Security.  Foreign Affairs, November/December 2004 “ Terrorism Goes to Sea” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.iags.org/fa2004.html

Pirates and Islamist terrorist groups ...the world economy.

Nuclear terrorism leads to extinction

Ayson ’10 Robert Ayson, 2010, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), “After a Nuclear Terrorist Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.483756

But these two nuclear worlds...provide.

Advantage 3- Human Rights

Widespread human rights abuses are taking place in Bahrain.

Press TV ‘11 Press TV, Mon Aug 1, 2011 6:35PM GMT, “ 'Bahrain regime unwilling to reform'”  Interview with Nabeel Rajab, head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.presstv.ir/detail/191891.html

In Manama, hundreds of ...such a reform.

 US action is needed and now is key.

Aziz and Musalem, ’11 Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

While President Obama’s Middle East ...national security strategy.

Human rights trump other claims – they are a prerequisite to preventing war and genocide.

Felice ’96 William F. Felice, Assistant Professor, International Relations and Global Affairs at Eckerd College, ’96 “Taking suffering seriously: the importance of collective human rights” A Volume in the SUNY series in Global Conflict and Peace Educaton. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.

A right can be defined ...364). 

Advantage 4 – Sectarian violence

US action key to preventing sectarian violence.

Habibi, ‘11

Nader Habibi is the Henry J. Leir professor of economics of the Middle East in Brandeis University's Crown Center for Middle East Studies. He was the director of forecasting and risk analysis for the Middle East and Africa region in the economic consulting firm IHS Global Insight before joining the faculty of Brandies University in 2007.  “ U.S. Silence on Bahrain Crackdown Ignores Iraq Factor”  Monday, April 25, 2011 accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/U_S_Silence_on_Bahrain_Crackdown_Ignores_Iraq_Factor.htm

Current U.S. ...Shiites.

Sectarian violence in Iraq spills over.

Montero, ‘7

David Montero, Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor / February 2, 2007 “ Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan” accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html

In this Punjabi city of ...e-mail.

Impact is nuclear war.

Raman, ‘7

CNN's Aneesh Raman reports from Cairo.  Also in this broadcast, HISHAM KASSEM, MIDEAST ANALYST “ Opposing the 'Surge'; Energy Challenge; Second Air Strike Against Suspected al Qaeda Targets in Somalia”  Aired January 24, 2007 - 14:01 ET THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED. Accessed 10/18/11 at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/24/cnr.05.html

RAMAN: For years, ...for anything.

Sectarian violence would destabilize Pakistan.

Kauravi, No Date

Waqar Khan Kauravi,  The writer specialises in peace and conflict studies. “ Syria: Powder keg of sectarianism” accessed 11/2/11 at http://pakobserver.net/201108/19/detailnews.asp?id=109664

But Syria politically aligned with ...become another nightmare.

Leads to Indo-Pak war.

Brookes, ‘07

Heritage Foundation Senior Fellow Peter Brookes is a former deputy assistant secretary of defense.  Last Updated: 5:00 AM, August 2, 2007 “ BARACK'S BLUNDER INVADE A NUCLEAR POWER?” accessed 11/2/11 at http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/item_oglsLqHa47sH2l3fTEDNJI;jsessionid=69D6DA667C97EDB8FBAF6471E064889E

The fall of Musharraf's government ...the United States.

Indo-Pak war causes extinction.

Fai, ‘01

Dr. Ghulam Nabi Fai is the executive director of the Washington, DC-based Kashmiri American Council.  July 09, 2001 “ India-Pakistan Summit and the Issue of Kashmir” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.mediamonitors.net/fai6.html

The most dangerous place on ...and advanced delivery vehicles.

NA2: Substantial T

1.      W/M – we’ll give however much they need for links

2.      C/I – civil society is topical

McMahon ‘2 Dean’s Prof. Applied Politics @ Binghamton (Edward R., Director, Center on Democratic Performance, “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study.” acsd 5/23/11, Aug 29-Sept 1, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf)

The paper examines USAID efforts to promote … in supporting indigenous moves towards democratic development and consolidation.

3.      C/I - Democracy Assistance is the financing of projects aimed at democratization – in context definition doesn’t give an exact amount of money.

Toornstra ’10  European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director

[Dick, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf, p.6]

One phenomenon that has accompanied all  democratisation processes ….in  numerous non-democratic or democratising states.

4.      C/I – Normal means democracy assistance in the Middle East is done by MEPI.

McInerney, Executive Director of the Project on POMED, 11

[Stephen, “The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2012” July, http://www.boell.org/downloads-/FY2012_Budget_Report_revised_-_web.pdf accessed date: 1-20-12 y2k]

In addition, one long-running criticism of U.S. democracy and governance …is poised to take the lead in Tunisia

5.      W/M our counter-interp – we give material support to civil society organizations.

6.      Prefer our interpretation:

A)      Grounded in topic literature – we have an actual solvency advocate for Bahrain

B)      Key to the topic – things are already bad for the aff, we shouldn’t shut off access to a key country

C)      Fair division of ground – negative still gets all potential ground

D)      Real world – plan is broadly considered democracy assistance

E)      Definitions of substantial are never in context of the topic, if we don’t spike out of anything by saying we don’t give much money don’t vote neg.

7.      No Abuse – we’re not spiking out of anything

8.      Don’t vote on potential abuse – we’re not responsible for small unpredictable affs.

9.      Reasonability – a Bahrain aff with a big Iran advance is plenty fair, even if they construct a convoluted story as to how we’re not topical the world of debate still looks better when Bahrain affirmatives with actual solvency advocates are allowed.

A2: Saudi Relations DA

1.      No brink – they need to prove plan pushes relations over the brink.

2.      Other issues swamp democracy assistance, the plan won’t crush relations

CNN July 3, 2011 ("Obama adviser discusses 'scratchy' ties with Arab allies" http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-03/us/mideast_1_saudi-arabia-saudi-monarchy-washington-and-riyadh?_s=PM:US, SRM)

"We did have some scratchy periods with some partners in the … we work with the Saudis."

3.      Saudi Arabia won’t risk losing US protection from Iran.

Bronson 2006 (Rachel, former Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies, “Bronson: Saudis ‘Deeply Concerned’ Over Iran’s Nuclear Program,” http://www.cfr.org/publication/10328/bronson.html)

The important thing to remember with the U.S.-Saudi relationship …. Arabian or Persian gulf.

4.      Relations are multi-faceted – no impact.

Dawn 11 (3-16, Dawn.com, online news source, “US-Saudi divide revealed in Bahrain,” http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/16/us-saudi-divide-revealed-in-bahrain.html)

“The White House enthusiasm for universal rights is a …. brought the two militaries closer together than they have been for three decades, Ottaway said.

5.      Plan won’t hurt relations.

Dunne 04 visiting scholar in the Democracy and Rule of Law

Michele, Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace “INTEGRATING DEMOCRACY PROMOTION INTO U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2004/10/01/integrating-democracy-promotion-into-u.s.-middle-east-policy/2ys MM

BETWEEN 2002 AND 2004, THE UNITED STATES … with the host government and assistance programs complement each other.

Disagreements over the Arab Spring don’t damage relations – other issues more important.

AFP, 9/16

 (AFP) – Sep 16, 2011 “ US, Saudi relationship in good shape: top US official” accessed 10/2/11 at http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jA_FSDO25m2rYXq51dz_ThnLtD3w?docId=CNG.b6d207691ba28c0711d32cc4f2496bd7.551

The key diplomatic relationship between Saudi Arabia …. in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen and the Gulf could also be at risk.

Gershman, they’re all talk plan emboldens moderates.

Relations will actually improve in the long run.

Zeigler, ‘11

Lucien Zeigler | 3.17.11 “ Saudi-US Relationship Could Be Strengthened By Middle East Turmoil” accessed 10/12/11 at http://arabianomics.com/2011/03/18/saudi-us-relationship-could-be-strengthened-by-middle-east-turmoil/

However there is a massive difference between … should remain intact for years to come.

-- Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring … one form of violence to abort another).

Bahrain is key to the economy.

Ulrichsen, ‘11

Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE). His work includes The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2010). His latest book,Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era (Hurst & Co.) is published on May 23, 2011.  1 March 2011 “ Bahrain: evolution or revolution?” accessed 10/12/11 http://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen/bahrain-evolution-or-revolution

Developments in Bahrain have a significance that far … and trade fairs that have been such a factor in placing the Gulf States so firmly on the world map in recent years.

Regional economy key to emerging markets.

MFR, ‘11

Mena Fund Review, August 4^th, 2011 “ The emerging new order” accessed 10/12/11 athttp://www.menafundreview.com/the-emerging-new-order/

ENORMOUS growth in emerging markets in recent years …build on the existing infrastructure then there could be a problem. There will be competition going forward,” she adds.

Emerging markets are key to China’s economy and the global economy.

Bloomberg, ‘10

Bloomberg 13th August 2010 “ Rising intra-emerging market trade and investment creating new momentum” accessed 10/12/11 at http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/rising-intra-emerging-market-trade-and-investment-creating-new-momentum-2010-08-13

The high-speed rail link China Railway Construction … to the Middle East in 2008.

-- Chinese government is stable – many factors check opposition

Nathan 00 (Andrew, Professor of Government – Columbia University, China and Democracy, Ed. Diamond, p. 25-26)

Many believe that a military coup or a recurrence of …If democratization could promote stability and reform, they would have no reason to oppose it.

A2: K

PERM: Do all parts of the alternative and the plan that aren’t mutually exclusive.

Public discourse that includes an advocacy of democracy is key to breaking down the “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and reducing stereotypes.

Telhami, ‘05

Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat professor for peace and development, University of Maryland.  The following is an edited transcript of the thirty-ninth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on April 22, 2005, in the Hart Senate Office Building, with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.  Accessed 12/21/11 at http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/democracy-rising-tide-or-mirage

I think we all agree that, no matter how we define democracy…, and it might in the end even reduce the sharpness of the clash on the other side.

Orientalism maintains the systemic harms of domination- turns the K

Said 78

(“Orientalism” Edward Said was a professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, November 1978  pg39-41)

We would be wrong, I think, to underestimate the reservoir of …court, the prison, the illustrated manual. Orientalism, then, is knowledge of the Orient that places things Oriental in class, court, prison, or manual for scrutiny, study, judgment, discipline, or governing.

No Link: The plan doesn’t create imperialism – their impacts are about a broader problem.

No alternative exists – capitalism is inevitable.

Boettke and Leeson, ‘05

Peter J. Boettke and Peter T. Leeson, Department of Economics George Mason University.  Critical Review, Vol. 17, Autumn 2005 “Socialism: Still Impossible After All These Years” accessed 12/29/10 at http://mises.org/journals/scholar/boettke.pdf

Mises’ argument should be understood as attempting to …then socialism will not be able to usher in the new age of social harmony that was its stated goal.

No Link: The plan doesn’t create capitalism – even if it’s part of a capitalist system there’s no way their impacts are relevant to this instance.

AND, Vague Alts Bad

-          Forces me to hedge my bets in the 2AC, skews strategy

-          Infinitely Regressive – they’ll always be shady

-          Not reciprocal – we need to have solvency

-          Voter for Fairness and Education

Aff doesn’t work through USAID – they explained this as the link in CX.

And, we only send money to groups, we don’t demand they do anything in particular.

Opposition leaders want the US to help.

Al-Ekri et. al., ‘10

Abdul Nabi Al-Ekri President Bahrain Transparency Society,  Essa AlGhayeb Deputy Secretary General Bahrain Human Rights Society,  Mohammed Al-Maskati President Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights,  Nabeel Rajab President Bahrain Center for Human Rights,  Ghada Jamshir President Women's Petition Committee. “ Open letter to Hillary Clinton on eve of political dialogue in Bahrain”  Manama, 30 November 2010,  Bahrain Center for Human Rights,  accessed  1/6/12 at http://www.bahrainrights.org/en/node/3628

When the United States participates in the … advance for the attention you give to our requests and hope you can wield positive influence to resolve the situation.

Zero risk of intervention because of democracy assistance

Mathieson and Youngs, ‘6 (David- Associate Fellow at FRIDE. He holds a doctorate from the University of London, Richard Youngs - Co-ordinator of the Democratisation programme at FRIDE, and lecturer at the University of Warwick, “Democracy Promotion and the European Left: Ambivalence Confused?”, December, working paper 29 at FRIDE)

The left needs to get beyond a line of ‘… and productive to say.

OU

We advocate a U.S. foreign policy of non-intervention.

Non-intervention solves- checks imperialism

Vance ’11 (Can U.S. Foreign Policy Be Fixed? by Laurence M. Vance, January 3, 2011, Laurence M. Vance is a free-lance writer in central Florida, the editor of the Classic Reprints series, and the director of the Francis Wayland Institute. He holds degrees in history, theology, accounting, and economics. He is the author of The Revolution That Wasn’t. http://www.fff.org/comment/com1101b.asp)

The WikiLeaks revelations have shined a light on … and busybody to announce its retirement

Interventionist foreign policy suffers from a fundamental knowledge problem, produces unintended consequences and international conflict.

Coyne ‘8 (Cato Policy Report, January/February 2008, “Can We Export Democracy?” Christopher J. Coyne, assistant professor of economics at West Virginia University and author of After War: The Political Economy of Exporting Democracy, http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v30n1/cpr30n1-4.html)

CHRISTOPHER J. COYNE: Occupiers and policymakers … of establishing the foundations of global peace and global freedom.

Interventionist foreign policy in the name of democracy is a fraud. The answer is non-intervention.

Gregory ‘7 (“A Century of Interventionism and Regime Change”, by Anthony Gregory, Posted January 8, 2007, Anthony Gregory is a research assistant at the Independent Institute and serves as policy advisor to The Future of Freedom Foundation. He is a writer and musician who lives in Berkeley, California. He earned his bachelor’s degree in history at UC Berkeley where he was president of the Cal Libertarians. He has written for RationalReview.com, the Libertarian Enterprise, and LewRockwell.com, http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0609g.asp. )

Since September 11, the U.S. government has ….is a very important piece of intellectual ammunition for this battle.

Foreign intervention is a fatal conceit – produces serial policy failure and makes error replication inevitable

Henderson ‘8 (January 7, 2008 The Fatal Conceit in Foreign Policy David R. Henderson is a research fellow with the Hoover Institution and an associate professor of economics in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School. http://antiwar.com/henderson/?articleid=12165

Question: Which Pakistani leader should the U.S. …., may well be the only candidate who has read Hayek. I believe that Hayek, had he thought about foreign policy, would have been proud.

Intervention is a social engineering project that is doomed to fail – produces the concentration camps and the gulags

Ebeling ‘3 (Introduction to The Failure of America’s Foreign Wars, by Richard M. Ebeling, July 2, 2003, The following is the introduction to The Failure of America’s Foreign Wars, published by The Future of Freedom Foundation in 1996. the Ludwig von Mises Professor of Economics at Hillsdale College in Michigan and serves as vice president of academic affairs at The Future of Freedom Foundation, http://www.fff.org/comment/com0307e.asp

The twentieth century has been the era of the ….have been brought together in the hope that they can assist in bringing about that freer and better world that can be ours in the twenty-first century.

World saving produces unintended consequences, and endless wars

Bresiger ‘8 (World-Saving: A Disastrous Policy by Gregory Bresiger, a business writer living in Kew Gardens, New York. December 2008, http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0801d.pdf 

The concept of world-saving World-saving is actually a …. Let us restore our nation’s founding ideal of noninterventionism and a limited-government republic.

Voting aff symbolizes your commitment to non-aggression

Ruwart ’93 Dr. Mary Ruwart, senior member of the Libertarian Party Platform Committee and communication lecturer, 1993 (http://www.ruwart.com/Healing/ruwart_all.html)

Never doubt that a small group of committed. thoughtful citizens … way you feel moved to participate is a gift you give to yourself and others. Let me be the first to thank you for making the world a better place!

Mainstream media and the military industrial complex thwart the discussion of the truth about our foreign policy

Eland ‘7 (The Empire Has No Clothes: U.S. Foreign Policy Exposed by Ivan Eland, The following is a transcript of a speech given at The Future of Freedom Foundation’s June 2007 conference, “Restoring the Republic: Foreign Policy & Civil Liberties” held in Reston, Virginia. Senior Fellow of the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute, He is also the assistant editor of the Independent Review, He’s a graduate of Iowa State University and received an MBA in applied economics and a PhD in national security policy from George Washington University. He has been director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute, principal defense analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, and an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

The chapter for everyone else, I basically go into that …, to pay for this type of national greatness. Except, as I say, it may not turn out that the-- it shortens the national greatness

Interventionism is the holy gospel for out political class and to question it is treason

Scheuer ‘8 (The Media Must Take Dr. Paul’s Lead and Ask Specific Foreign Policy Questions by Michael Scheuer, the author of Marching Toward Hell: America and Islam After Iraq and Imperial Hubris and Through Our Enemies' Eyes. He recently resigned after 22 years at the CIA. March 24, 2008 http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig6/scheuer8.html

Despite Dr. Ron Paul’s courageous campaign against … up to the plate – as Dr. Paul has – to ask the questions that need answering.

The foreign policy establishment is bi-partisan

Taylor ‘7 The Bipartisan Nature of the U.S. Foreign Policy Establishment, by Jeff Taylor  a political scientist in Rochester, Minnesota.  January 22, 2007 http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig7/taylor-j2.html

In 1944, Senator William Langer (R-ND) … assumptions are rarely questioned, and genuine alternatives of policy are almost never advocated.”4

A reorientation of our knowledge production is key to good Middle East Policy-making

Bilgin ‘5 (Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p.g. 164-5

Although Beck’s thesis is about the environment, … knowledge about desired futures, and present critiques of existing knowledge in terms of its emancipatory potential.

The aff is what gets the peace movement going

Richman ’10 (Is the Peace Movement Finally Awakening? by Sheldon Richman, May 24, 2010, senior fellow at The Future of Freedom Foundation, author of Tethered Citizens: Time to Repeal the Welfare State, and editor of The Freeman magazine. http://www.fff.org/comment/com1005h.asp

What America needs most today is a peace … is a hopeful sign, indeed. Maybe it’s the spark that’s needed to launch a real peace movement so that this immoral and criminal behavior will finally stop.

The Arab spring is not about us and intervention wont produce the best outcome

Welch ’11 (The Arab Spring, April 5, 2011, Matt Welch is editor in chief of
reason. http://dailylibertarian.com/2011/04/05/the-arab-spring/

Malcolm Gladwell published a piece titled “Small …production. They are
taking ownership of their own future. It’s time that we let
them. 

We must reorient our foreign policy scholarship away from interventionism

Biswas ‘7 (Shampa Biswas 7 Prof of Politics @ Whitman “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125 Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2007 36: 117 DOI: 10.1177/03058298070360010801

The recent resuscitation of the project of … and important senses of the vocation.21

Interventionism controls foreign policy scholarship

Bandow ‘8 (Opposing the Crusader State: Alternatives to Global Intervention Reviewed by Doug

Bandow, the Robert A. Taft Fellow at the American Conservative Defense Alliance and author of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire. November 2008, http://www.thefreemanonline.org/book-reviews/book-reviews-2008-11/ )

It doesn’t seem to matter how badly America’s … and experience that should aid development of a new, noninterventionist foreign policy.

Non-intervention helps nations more than an activist policy.

Stringham ‘8 (Edward P. Stringham, Commerce, Markets, and Peace: Richard Cobden’s Enduring Lessons, October 2008 • Volume: 58 • Issue: 8, a visiting associate professor of economics at Trinity College, http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/commerce-markets-and-peace-richard-cobdens-enduring-lessons/)

The Humanitarianism of Liberty Would eschewing foreign …was right: Trade is “the great panacea.” To promote a world of peace, we must promote a world of free markets.

Those who suffer elsewhere can come here and we will set the example

Hornberger ‘7 (Let’s Restore the Republic by Jacob G. Hornberger, The following is a transcript of a speech given at The Future of Freedom Foundation’s June 2007 conference, “Restoring the Republic: Foreign Policy & Civil Liberties” held in Reston, Virginia. Founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation

Jacob Hornberger: It is impossible to overstate the fundamental … with your family, your friends, for the rest of your life.”

Democracy assistance creates an imperial relation to the Middle East that prevents democracy

Slater ‘6 Dept of Geography – Loughborough University, ‘6
(David, “Imperial powers and democratic imaginations,” Third World Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 8)

But how do these varied points relate to the question of imperial democracy? In …years than any other Latin American leader.

Rejecting the aff is key – less US involvement = more indigenous success

Marshall ’11 Andrew Gavin Marshall, Research Associate with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG).  He is co-editor, with Michel Chossudovsky, of the recent book, “The Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression of the XXI Century,”, February 10, 2011 “America’s Strategic Repression of the ‘Arab Awakening’” http://coto2.wordpress.com/2011/02/10/america%E2%80%99s-strategic-repression-of-the-%E2%80%98arab-awakening%E2%80%99/

If the revolution took its own course, and sought true … outcome is ultimately unknown, what is clear is that a spark has been lit in the Arab world as the ‘Global Political Awakening’ marches on, and this will be a very difficult flame to control.

PLAN TEXT

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for Bahrain by providing material support for civil society organizations through the State Department’s Middle East Partnership Initiative.

SOLVENCY

The US should increase its democracy assistance through the State Departments Middle East Partnership Initiative.

Alhasan ’12 Hasan Tariq Alhasan is currently pursuing a Master in International Political Economy at the London School of Economics, UK, having obtained an undergraduate degree in Political Science (Middle East concentration) from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Sciences Po) in Paris, France.  19 January 2012 “ Counter-balancing Saudi Arabia: why the US should not abandon Bahrain’s reformists” accessed 1/20/12 at http://www.opendemocracy.net/hasan-tariq-alhasan/counter-balancing-saudi-arabia-why-us-should-not-abandon-bahrain%E2%80%99s-reformists

Over the past year, several western academics and commentators on Bahraini …ways out of its boiling political crisis.

US action solves – Bahrain is key to the region and reform is the only potential stabilizer.

Gershman ’11 (Carl Gershman, President of the National Endowment for Democracy At the Presentation of the Ion Ratiu Democracy Award to Nabeel Rajab of Bahrain The Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D.C. December 1, 2011

I want to begin by congratulating Nabeel Rajab for receiving this important award, and also by … resources to do this. And it now has the opportunity to do this. Let us hope that, with U.S. help, they can seize this opportunity and realize its full potential.

Action now is key – it solves Saudi obstructionism.

Fakhro and Ulrichsen ‘12 Elham Fakhro and Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, 19 January 2012 .Elham Fakhro is a research associate for international law and strategy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies - Middle East. She also worked with the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry during its mandate period.  Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is a research fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE). His work includes The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East (Palgrave, 2010). His latest book, Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era (Hurst & Co.) is published on May 23, 2011.  “ Post-BICI Bahrain: between reform and stagnation” accessed 1/25/12 at http://www.opendemocracy.net/kristian-coates-ulrichsen-elham-fakhro/post-bici-bahrain-between-reform-and-stagnation

Given that Saudi Arabia’s ruling Al-Saud will simply not allow a fellow … confrontation as it could the resolution of the present one.

The past dialogue was a sham but opposition groups are still open to a more serious one.

AFP ’11 (AFP) – Dec 19, 2011 “ Bahrain opposition urges talks” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzDdkobtrfgmiVO69MsqNU9nHAJg?docId=CNG.65f564f60f03ebab6c4103aa632a6e7a.361

Bahrain opposition groups have urged the government to embark on … in February and March.

The US must push reform and the regime has an economic incentive to allow it.

Bockenfeld ‘11 (Cole Bockenfeld is Director of Advocacy at the Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED). This article was written for the Common Ground News Service (CGNews).  04 October 2011 “ Protecting the US-Bahraini relationship” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=30471&lan=en&sp=0&isNew=0&partner=rss&emc=rss

The United States has maintained a key security relationship with Bahrain since 1947, … relationship. The US Administration and the Bahraini government have a responsibility to act and deliver meaningful reform and accountability, or risk the very scenario both wish to avoid.

A1: IRAN

Protesters in Bahrain don’t want an Iranian style government.

ICG ’11 (International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTESTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (III): THE BAHRAIN REVOLT” Middle East/North Africa Report N°105 – 6 April 2011. Accessed 8/18/11 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/105-%20Popular%20Protests%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20-III-The%20Bahrain%20Revolt.ashx

All in all, as Crisis Group previously described, there is no credible indication of disloyalty or … and in particularly the GCC troop deployment, has exacerbated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain on the one side, and Iran on the other, prompting a rhetorical escalation.62

Democratic Bahrain would put pressure on Iran for its own reforms.

Dabashi ’11 (Hamid Dabashi is Hagop Kevorkian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York.  27 May 2011 11:12 “ The role of the Islamic Republic in Bahrain” accessed 8/7/11 at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/201152615949157661.html

Clearing through all the hypocrisies and duplicities that cloud the vision, the influence of the …the past thirty years, including, most recently, its own homegrown Green Movement - which one might in fact consider an early blooming of the Arab Spring.

The best way to keep Iranian influence out of Bahrain is through increased Democratization.

Cooley and Nexon ’11 (ALEXANDER COOLEY is Associate Professor of Political Science at Barnard College and a member of Columbia University's Arnold A. Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies. DANIEL H. NEXON is Associate Professor in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government at Georgetown University.  April 5, 2011 “ Bahrain's Base Politics” accessed 8/9/11 at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67700/alexander-cooley-and-daniel-h-nexon/bahrains-base-politics?page=2

Abandoning the idea of a zero-sum trade-off between pragmatism and …crisis hits than be forced to scramble after it is under way.

SCENARIO 1: Nuclearization

Iran is going nuclear now – IAEA report proves.

Jeffry Goldberg, 6/6/2011, is a national correspondent for The Atlantic. Author of the book Prisoners: A Story of Friendship and Terror, he has reported from the Middle East and Africa, “Iran Wants the Bomb, and It’s Well on Its Way: Jeffrey Goldberg” Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-06/iran-wants-the-bomb-and-it-s-well-on-its-way-jeffrey-goldberg.html

The IAEA’s new report makes for dry reading -- the agency doesn’t turn out … before the centrifuges were hit by Stuxnet. Various Western intelligence agencies and independent analysts think that the Iranians already possess enough low- enriched uranium to produce two or three bombs.

Recent production of nuclear fuel rods prove earlier optimistic assessments of Iran’s nuclear program were all wrong.

Daya, ‘12

Ayesha Daya, Bloomberg, - Jan 2, 2012 3:49 AM PT “ Iran Makes First Nuclear Fuel Rod” accessed 1/2/12 at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-02/iran-makes-first-nuclear-fuel-rod-as-it-offers-to-restart-talks.html

Iran produced its first nuclear fuel rod, state-run news agencies reported, as the … being placed against it by the U.S.”

Iranian nuclearization starts an arms race, gives terrorists nuclear weapons and risks a nuclear war that would draw in the United States

Matthew Kroenig, Jan/Feb 2012, Kroenig is an assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, From July 2010 to July 2011, he was a Special Adviser in the Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense, responsible for defense strategy and policy on Iran, “Time to Attack Iran: Why a Strike Is the Least Bad Option,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/13405

Some states in the region are doubting U.S. resolve to stop the program and are … countries that could draw the United States in, as well.

Independently, Nuclear terrorism leads to extinction

Ayson ’10 (Robert Ayson, 2010, Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), “After a Nuclear Terrorist Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.483756

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a catastrophic interstate … a degree of advanced consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide.

SCENARIO 2: Indo-Pak War

Nuclear Iran will leverage Islamist groups to destabilize India.

Siddharth Ramana, 6/11/2011, Research Officer, Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, “Debate: Is A Nuclear Iran Good For India? – Analysis,” Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

First, the myth of Shiite ascendancy helping India’s battle against Sunni militancy … in the country is not a solution towards future peace and tranquility.

That triggers nuclear war

Juan C. Zarate, 2/18/2011, senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, was deputy assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism from 2005 to 2009, graduated from Harvard twice, “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html

Lashkar-i-Taiba holds the match that could spark a conflagration between nuclear-armed … conflict to erupt. Indeed, The Post reported that Pakistan's nuclear weapons and capabilities are set to surpass those of India.

Extinction

Chaffin ’11 (“Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia”, Greg Chaffin, July 8, 2011, research assistant with Foreign Policy In Focus. http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of … provocative action could very well lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

A2: HUMAN RIGHTS

Widespread human rights abuses are taking place in Bahrain.

Press TV ‘11 (Press TV, Mon Aug 1, 2011 6:35PM GMT, “ 'Bahrain regime unwilling to reform'”  Interview with Nabeel Rajab, head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.presstv.ir/detail/191891.html

In Manama, hundreds of recently-fired workers have stormed into the Ministry of … to introduce such a dialogue or such a reform.

 US action is needed and now is key.

Aziz and Musalem ’11 (Sahar Aziz is a legal fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, an associate professor of law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (fall 2011), and has served as a senior policy advisor at the Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.  Abdullah Musalem holds degrees in sociology as well as Middle Eastern language and cultures. Mr. Musalem grew up in Bahrain, where he has conducted social research, and has been a frequent visitor to the county over the past decade. July 2011 “ Citizens, Not Subjects: Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrain’s Pro-Democracy Movement”  Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Accessed 8/12/11 at http://ispu.org/pdfs/640_ISPU%20Report_Bahrain_Aziz_Musalem_WEB.pdf

While President Obama’s Middle East speech on May 19, 2011 … region in the world – one that is at the center of its entire national security strategy.

Human rights trump other claims – they are a prerequisite to preventing war and genocide.

Felice ’96 (William F. Felice, Assistant Professor, International Relations and Global Affairs at Eckerd College, ’96 “Taking suffering seriously: the importance of collective human rights” A Volume in the SUNY series in Global Conflict and Peace Educaton. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.

A right can be defined as a claim on other to a certain kind of treatment. … over other justifying principles (such as law and order) accepting Dworkin’s concept of “trumping”.   Human rights “trump” other claims (Dworkin 1997, 364). 

A3: SECTARIAN VIOLENCE

Regional sectarian violence is on the brink.

Allawi ‘12

Ali A. Allawi served as Iraq’s minister of trade, defense and finance in succession between 2003 and 2006.  January 1, 2012 “ How Iraq Can Define Its Destiny” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/02/opinion/how-iraq-can-define-its-destiny.html

Finally, the current atmosphere in the region reeks of an impending sectarian … of crisis and impending disaster — prompted in no small measure by the nefarious work of bigoted and ignorant clerics, often inspired by the intolerant ideology of Wahhabist Islam.

US action key to preventing sectarian violence.

Habibi ’11 (Nader Habibi is the Henry J. Leir professor of economics of the Middle East in Brandeis University's Crown Center for Middle East Studies. He was the director of forecasting and risk analysis for the Middle East and Africa region in the economic consulting firm IHS Global Insight before joining the faculty of Brandies University in 2007.  “ U.S. Silence on Bahrain Crackdown Ignores Iraq Factor”  Monday, April 25, 2011 accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/U_S_Silence_on_Bahrain_Crackdown_Ignores_Iraq_Factor.htm

Current U.S. policy toward Bahrain not only ignores the basic human rights of … United States. Furthermore, it could reignite sectarian violence between Iraq's Sunnis and Shiites.

Sectarian violence in Iraq spills over.

Montero ‘7 (David Montero, Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor / February 2, 2007 “ Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan” accessed 10/18/11 at http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html

In this Punjabi city of shrines, Shiites and Sunnis prayed side by side during … and elsewhere," writes John Brenkman, an international affairs analyst at the City University of New York, in an e-mail.

Goes Nuclear

Raman ‘7 (CNN's Aneesh Raman reports from Cairo.  Also in this broadcast, HISHAM KASSEM, MIDEAST ANALYST “ Opposing the 'Surge'; Energy Challenge; Second Air Strike Against Suspected al Qaeda Targets in Somalia”  Aired January 24, 2007 - 14:01 ET THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED. Accessed 10/18/11 at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/24/cnr.05.html

RAMAN: For years, Sunnis, given their reach, have dominated Middle Eastern affairs. Shia, … as it may seem, people here are bracing for anything.

Under the Iran adv:

Middle East proliferation dramatically increases the risk of regional nuclear war

Allison ‘6  (Graham, Dir. – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs – Harvard JFK School of Gov., Boston globe, “The Nightmare This Time”, 3-12, L/N)

Barry Posen, professor of political science at MIT, has … more prospects of a nuclear weapons launch.

 Sectarian violence in Iraq is increasing.

Ghosh, 1/5

Palash R. Ghosh, International Business Times, January 5, 2012 11:02 AM EST “ Iraq: Scores Die As Sectarian Violence Intensifies” accessed 1/6/12 at http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/277061/20120105/iraq-scores-die-sectarian-violence-intensifies.htm

At least six dozen people have died … appears to be a well-coordinated campaign of mass murder. 

A2: Lappin T

1.      C/I – civil society through MEPI is topical

McInerney, Executive Director of the Project on POMED, 11

[Stephen, “The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2012” July, http://www.boell.org/downloads-/FY2012_Budget_Report_revised_-_web.pdf accessed date: 1-20-12 y2k]

In addition, one long-running criticism of U.S. democracy … is poised to take the lead in Tunisia

2.      C/I - Democracy Assistance is the financing of projects aimed at democratization

Toornstra ’10  European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director

[Dick, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf, p.6]

One phenomenon that has accompanied all  … in  numerous non-democratic or democratising states.

C/I – use a country by country basis, MEPI support for civil society in Bahrain is normal means and predictable.

Katzman ’11 (Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs July 7, 2011, Congressional Research Service “ Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy” accessed 8/2/11 at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf

For many years prior to the 2011 unrest, the … was too critical of the government.

Democracy assistance must support existing efforts not force democracy. – YOUR AUTHOR CONCLUDES AFF

Lappin ’10 -Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade-10

What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance

2010 - Volume 4, Issue 1  http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf

In defining democracy assistance, it is … precise instrument within a broader democracy promotion paradigm .

A2: Nietzsche Security k

The critique is an over-simplification of security – its meaning is not fixed.

Richard Jones, Director of Institute of Welsh Politics at the University of Wales, ‘99.

SECURITY, STRATEGY, AND CRITICAL THEORY, p. 110.

But the notion that the implications of … is open to argumentation and dispute.

The critique can’t solve – elites will always make calculations based on power.

John Mearsheimer, Professor at University of Chicago, ‘01

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Page 25

Because Americans dislike realpolitik, public … public rhetoric from the actual conduct of American foreign policy.

No link, we don’t create securitization.

Securitization is inevitable – even the critiques discussion and research is an act of securitization.

Maria Julia Trombetta, Delft University of Technology, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, March 19^th ’08

http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s framework, desecuritization … the sort of his claim be different from that of similar ones?

Rethinking and decisive action are NOT mutually exclusive.

Hanspeter Padrutt, psychiatrist, Daseinanalytisches Institut, Zurich, ‘92

“HEIDEGGER AND THE EARTH”, Ladelle McWhorter, ed., p.31.

Once in a while the conceptual interplay of theory … consequences.

Embracing insecurity is a strategy of the privileged.  Their alternatives presumes some degree of personal security necessary for the freedom to live life as you choose.

Ken BOOTH IR @ Aberystwyth ‘7  Theory of World Security p. 104-105

Perhaps the most hideous image of the congruity of …
 opportunity to know 'Why?' because they do not have the power to ask
 the question in the first place.

Even if predictions are sometimes flawed, they’re key to good policy making.

Mearsheimer, ‘01

John J. Mearsheimer, professor of political science at University of Chicago, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”. Google Books, accessed 11/30/10. P. 8

Despite these hazards, social scientists should nevertheless … to predict events.

Ontology must be secondary to the prior question of political practice

Jarvis 00 (Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-9)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should … the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.

A2: Skepticism

Weigh risks and impacts the best you can – their author demands the normal process of debate judging

Monk 5 (Paul, Research Associate at the School of Asian Studies at Latrobe University, Foxes, Hedgehogs And Algorithms, http://www.austhink.org/monk/tetlock.htm)

Tetlock himself, at the end of the day – or at the end of his … how analysis is done in intelligence work.

A2: Feed the Future

Aid to middle east increasing by 1.3 billion

FPIF 2/20 (Foreign Policy in Focus,  project of the Institute for Policy Studies “Obama Requests Slightly Higher Aid Levels for 2013,” http://www.fpif.org/articles/obama_requests_slightly_higher_aid_levels_for_2013)

Despite strong pressure to reduce the yawning federal deficit, …e a pool of money."

Obama proposed higher contributions to international humanitarianism

FPIF 2/20 (Foreign Policy in Focus,  project of the Institute for Policy Studies “Obama Requests Slightly Higher Aid Levels for 2013,” http://www.fpif.org/articles/obama_requests_slightly_higher_aid_levels_for_2013)

The administration's proposal calls for maintaining or …Congress this year.

US coordinating aid to arab states; projected to increased involvement in Syria

Associated Press 2/21 (“Obama administration opens door to aid for Syrian rebels,” foxnews.com http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/21/obama-administration-opens-door-to-aid-for-syrian-rebels/)

The Obama administration opened the door slightly … humanitarian aid along Syria's borders, the officials said.

Extinction outweighs

Bostrom ‘2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error. … by another factor, the size of which depends on whether and how much we discount future benefits [15,16].

Funding for the plan has ALREADY been allocated.

POMED, ‘11

Naureen, Pomed, Project on Middle East Democracy, April 12, 2011 “ New FY2011 Budget Bill Released” accessed 11/3/11 at http://pomed.org/blog/2011/04/new-fy2011-budget-bill-released.html/#.TrM6GF3bM1c

On Tuesday, Congress released H.R.1473, the FY2011 ….he State and Foreign Operations heading may be made available to support other democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa.

Future spending increases are inevitable.

Riley, ‘11

Charles Riley @CNNMoney September 16, 2011: 12:57 PM ET “ Why debt ceiling spending caps won't stick” accessed 11/3/11 at http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/16/news/economy/debt_limit_spending/

Will lawmakers stick to their own spending plan? … can just change the law. Or pass a new one. And they probably will.

Feed the Future merely bolsters big agricultural companies – means it can’t fulfill its objectives.

Gustafson, Editor for Change.org, 10

[Katherine, a writer with a background in international nonprofit organizations, 5-11-11, “Will USAID's Feed the Future Plan Combat Hunger or Just Bolster Big Ag?” http://news.change.org/stories/will-usaids-feed-the-future-plan-combat-hunger-or-just-bolster-big-ag accessed date: 1-16-12 y2k]

The Feed the Future Initiative being spearheaded by the U.S. …. (and it likely won't do developing nations any good, either). But if his heart (and mind) really are in the right places, then as far as I'm concerned, let's get busy feeding the future.

FTF undermines local ownership of resources AND plants Genetically Modified seeds.

Tuckey, an Executive Associate at Africa Action, 10

[Beth, “Starving Africa's Future?” http://www.fpif.org/articles/starving_africas_future accessed date: 1-16-12 y2k]

Though the FTF [Feed the Future] initiative does …should be widely circulated.

GM fails – turns impact.

Hockridge, Head of Policy at the Soil Association, 11

[Emma, a project co-ordinator for Sustain: the alliance for better food and farming. “There Are Solutions - But They're Not GM” http://www.speakerscornertrust.org/5359/gm-foods-%E2%80%93-feeding-the-world-or-destroying-the-planet/ accessed date: 1-16-12 y2k]

Despite huge amounts of research funding, GM crops …, fertility not dependent on fossil fuels, more farmland wildlife, better animal welfare, more farming jobs, less pollution and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

FTF can’t solve– it is profit-driven.

Tuckey, Executive Associate at Africa Action, 10

[Beth, “Starving Africa's Future?” http://www.fpif.org/articles/starving_africas_future accessed date: 1-16-12 y2k]

Therefore, it is no surprise to hear FTF officials …to feed their families.

Too many alternative causalities to food scarcity to solve – poverty, war, corruption, policies, environmental degradation, and poor health to name a few.

FAQS.org 2k8

(Internet FAQ Archive, "Food Insecurity," http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Erg-Foo/Food-Insecurity.html, AD: 6/30/09) jl

Millions of people worldwide suffer from hunger and …, poor health status, and certain disabilities also increase the risk of food insecurity for individuals and households in the United States.

Case turns impact – people would go hungry on the path to extinction caused by nuclear war.

7-2AC

We advocate a U.S. foreign policy of non-intervention.

Non-intervention solves- checks imperialism

Vance ’11 (Can U.S. Foreign Policy Be Fixed? by Laurence M. Vance, January 3, 2011, Laurence M. Vance is a free-lance writer in central Florida, the editor of the Classic Reprints series, and the director of the Francis Wayland Institute. He holds degrees in history, theology, accounting, and economics. He is the author of The Revolution That Wasn’t. http://www.fff.org/comment/com1101b.asp)

The WikiLeaks revelations have shined a light on … and busybody to announce its retirement

Interventionist foreign policy suffers from a fundamental knowledge problem, produces unintended consequences and international conflict.

Coyne ‘8 (Cato Policy Report, January/February 2008, “Can We Export Democracy?” Christopher J. Coyne, assistant professor of economics at West Virginia University and author of After War: The Political Economy of Exporting Democracy, http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v30n1/cpr30n1-4.html)

CHRISTOPHER J. COYNE: Occupiers and policymakers … of establishing the foundations of global peace and global freedom.

Interventionist foreign policy in the name of democracy is a fraud. The answer is non-intervention.

Gregory ‘7 (“A Century of Interventionism and Regime Change”, by Anthony Gregory, Posted January 8, 2007, Anthony Gregory is a research assistant at the Independent Institute and serves as policy advisor to The Future of Freedom Foundation. He is a writer and musician who lives in Berkeley, California. He earned his bachelor’s degree in history at UC Berkeley where he was president of the Cal Libertarians. He has written for RationalReview.com, the Libertarian Enterprise, and LewRockwell.com, http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0609g.asp. )

Since September 11, the U.S. government has ….is a very important piece of intellectual ammunition for this battle.

Foreign intervention is a fatal conceit – produces serial policy failure and makes error replication inevitable

Henderson ‘8 (January 7, 2008 The Fatal Conceit in Foreign Policy David R. Henderson is a research fellow with the Hoover Institution and an associate professor of economics in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School. http://antiwar.com/henderson/?articleid=12165

Question: Which Pakistani leader should the U.S. …., may well be the only candidate who has read Hayek. I believe that Hayek, had he thought about foreign policy, would have been proud.

Intervention is a social engineering project that is doomed to fail – produces the concentration camps and the gulags

Ebeling ‘3 (Introduction to The Failure of America’s Foreign Wars, by Richard M. Ebeling, July 2, 2003, The following is the introduction to The Failure of America’s Foreign Wars, published by The Future of Freedom Foundation in 1996. the Ludwig von Mises Professor of Economics at Hillsdale College in Michigan and serves as vice president of academic affairs at The Future of Freedom Foundation, http://www.fff.org/comment/com0307e.asp

The twentieth century has been the era of the ….have been brought together in the hope that they can assist in bringing about that freer and better world that can be ours in the twenty-first century.

World saving produces unintended consequences, and endless wars

Bresiger ‘8 (World-Saving: A Disastrous Policy by Gregory Bresiger, a business writer living in Kew Gardens, New York. December 2008, http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0801d.pdf 

The concept of world-saving World-saving is actually a …. Let us restore our nation’s founding ideal of noninterventionism and a limited-government republic.

Voting aff symbolizes your commitment to non-aggression

Ruwart ’93 Dr. Mary Ruwart, senior member of the Libertarian Party Platform Committee and communication lecturer, 1993 (http://www.ruwart.com/Healing/ruwart_all.html)

Never doubt that a small group of committed. thoughtful citizens … way you feel moved to participate is a gift you give to yourself and others. Let me be the first to thank you for making the world a better place!

Mainstream media and the military industrial complex thwart the discussion of the truth about our foreign policy

Eland ‘7 (The Empire Has No Clothes: U.S. Foreign Policy Exposed by Ivan Eland, The following is a transcript of a speech given at The Future of Freedom Foundation’s June 2007 conference, “Restoring the Republic: Foreign Policy & Civil Liberties” held in Reston, Virginia. Senior Fellow of the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute, He is also the assistant editor of the Independent Review, He’s a graduate of Iowa State University and received an MBA in applied economics and a PhD in national security policy from George Washington University. He has been director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute, principal defense analyst at the Congressional Budget Office, and an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

The chapter for everyone else, I basically go into that …, to pay for this type of national greatness. Except, as I say, it may not turn out that the-- it shortens the national greatness

Interventionism is the holy gospel for out political class and to question it is treason

Scheuer ‘8 (The Media Must Take Dr. Paul’s Lead and Ask Specific Foreign Policy Questions by Michael Scheuer, the author of Marching Toward Hell: America and Islam After Iraq and Imperial Hubris and Through Our Enemies' Eyes. He recently resigned after 22 years at the CIA. March 24, 2008 http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig6/scheuer8.html

Despite Dr. Ron Paul’s courageous campaign against … up to the plate – as Dr. Paul has – to ask the questions that need answering.

The foreign policy establishment is bi-partisan

Taylor ‘7 The Bipartisan Nature of the U.S. Foreign Policy Establishment, by Jeff Taylor  a political scientist in Rochester, Minnesota.  January 22, 2007 http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig7/taylor-j2.html

In 1944, Senator William Langer (R-ND) … assumptions are rarely questioned, and genuine alternatives of policy are almost never advocated.”4

A reorientation of our knowledge production is key to good Middle East Policy-making

Bilgin ‘5 (Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p.g. 164-5

Although Beck’s thesis is about the environment, … knowledge about desired futures, and present critiques of existing knowledge in terms of its emancipatory potential.

The aff is what gets the peace movement going

Richman ’10 (Is the Peace Movement Finally Awakening? by Sheldon Richman, May 24, 2010, senior fellow at The Future of Freedom Foundation, author of Tethered Citizens: Time to Repeal the Welfare State, and editor of The Freeman magazine. http://www.fff.org/comment/com1005h.asp

What America needs most today is a peace … is a hopeful sign, indeed. Maybe it’s the spark that’s needed to launch a real peace movement so that this immoral and criminal behavior will finally stop.

The Arab spring is not about us and intervention wont produce the best outcome

Welch ’11 (The Arab Spring, April 5, 2011, Matt Welch is editor in chief of
reason. http://dailylibertarian.com/2011/04/05/the-arab-spring/

Malcolm Gladwell published a piece titled “Small …production. They are
taking ownership of their own future. It’s time that we let
them. 

We must reorient our foreign policy scholarship away from interventionism

Biswas ‘7 (Shampa Biswas 7 Prof of Politics @ Whitman “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125 Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2007 36: 117 DOI: 10.1177/03058298070360010801

The recent resuscitation of the project of … and important senses of the vocation.21

Interventionism controls foreign policy scholarship

Bandow ‘8 (Opposing the Crusader State: Alternatives to Global Intervention Reviewed by Doug

Bandow, the Robert A. Taft Fellow at the American Conservative Defense Alliance and author of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire. November 2008, http://www.thefreemanonline.org/book-reviews/book-reviews-2008-11/ )

It doesn’t seem to matter how badly America’s … and experience that should aid development of a new, noninterventionist foreign policy.

Non-intervention helps nations more than an activist policy.

Stringham ‘8 (Edward P. Stringham, Commerce, Markets, and Peace: Richard Cobden’s Enduring Lessons, October 2008 • Volume: 58 • Issue: 8, a visiting associate professor of economics at Trinity College, http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/commerce-markets-and-peace-richard-cobdens-enduring-lessons/)

The Humanitarianism of Liberty Would eschewing foreign …was right: Trade is “the great panacea.” To promote a world of peace, we must promote a world of free markets.

Those who suffer elsewhere can come here and we will set the example

Hornberger ‘7 (Let’s Restore the Republic by Jacob G. Hornberger, The following is a transcript of a speech given at The Future of Freedom Foundation’s June 2007 conference, “Restoring the Republic: Foreign Policy & Civil Liberties” held in Reston, Virginia. Founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation

Jacob Hornberger: It is impossible to overstate the fundamental … with your family, your friends, for the rest of your life.”

Democracy assistance creates an imperial relation to the Middle East that prevents democracy

Slater ‘6 Dept of Geography – Loughborough University, ‘6
(David, “Imperial powers and democratic imaginations,” Third World Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 8)

But how do these varied points relate to the question of imperial democracy? In …years than any other Latin American leader.

Rejecting the aff is key – less US involvement = more indigenous success

Marshall ’11 Andrew Gavin Marshall, Research Associate with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG).  He is co-editor, with Michel Chossudovsky, of the recent book, “The Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression of the XXI Century,”, February 10, 2011 “America’s Strategic Repression of the ‘Arab Awakening’” http://coto2.wordpress.com/2011/02/10/america%E2%80%99s-strategic-repression-of-the-%E2%80%98arab-awakening%E2%80%99/

If the revolution took its own course, and sought true … outcome is ultimately unknown, what is clear is that a spark has been lit in the Arab world as the ‘Global Political Awakening’ marches on, and this will be a very difficult flame to control.

SECT. VIOLENCE

Even if predictions are sometimes flawed, they’re key to good policy making.

Mearsheimer, ‘01

John J. Mearsheimer, professor of political science at University of Chicago, “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”. Google Books, accessed 11/30/10. P. 8

Despite these hazards, social scientists … events.

Seriously, there will be wars: economics, security dilemma, nationalism

Mearsheimer, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, 1999.

(John Mearsheimer, “Is Major War Obsolete?” 1999, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/index.html)

A second reason that states go to war which, of course, is dear to the … is ruled out. The …weapon in their back pocket. You don’t hear many people saying that’s going to produce peace, do you?

A2: Politics

---Won’t pass- McCain opposition and opposing bill

Kim Zetter, February 16, 2012, McCain: Cybersecurity Bill Ineffective Without NSA Monitoring the Net, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/02/cybersecurity-act-of-2012/

After three years of haggling to produce bipartisan cybersecurity legislation that addresses the security of the nation’s critical infrastructure systems, the Senate finally got a bill this week that seemed destined to actually pass.

That is, until a hearing on Thursday to … Security Agency, a branch of the Defense Department, any authority to monitor networks in real-time to thwart cyberattacks.

---Chamber of Commerce opposes the cyber security bill

Elinor Mills, February 14, 2012, Senators introduce new cybersecurity bill, (covers Internet security and privacy. She joined CNET News in 2005 after working as a foreign correspondent for Reuters) http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-57377932-245/senators-introduce-new-cybersecurity-bill/

And the sponsors noted that in … is one of them.

Aid to middle east increasing by 1.3 billion

FPIF 2/20 (Foreign Policy in Focus,  project of the Institute for Policy Studies “Obama Requests Slightly Higher Aid Levels for 2013,” http://www.fpif.org/articles/obama_requests_slightly_higher_aid_levels_for_2013)

Despite strong pressure to reduce the yawning … as we see it, and we felt it was important to have a pool of money."

Transportation bill is on top of the docket (also a2: debt ceiling/corporate tax)

Rotor.com, 2-21

[“Light Agenda Expected When Congress Returns Next Week” http://rotor.com/Publications/RotorNewssupregsup/-tabid/177/newsid1237/74882/mid/1237/Default.aspx accessed date: 2-23-12 y2k]

When the U.S. Congress returns from the Presidents … with corporate tax reform, experts are not expecting a major overhaul to happen this year. 

MEPI for civil society is key to building bipartisanship.

Bloomberg, 7-05-2011

[“Obama Has Tools to Turn Words Into Action in Middle East: View” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-05/obama-has-tools-to-turn-words-into-action-in-middle-east-view.html accessed date: 7-21-2011] y2k

In a May 19 speech at the State Department, President … into the country since 2009. It has offered coverage of the protests there that undoubtedly isn’t available from the tightly controlled state media.

---Cyber security bill won’t work- Certifications fail

Kim Zetter, February 16, 2012, McCain: Cybersecurity Bill Ineffective Without NSA Monitoring the Net, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/02/cybersecurity-act-of-2012/

Critical infrastructure owners and … Team at the NSA test to see if what they’re doing is really working.”

---Cyber security bill creates a list of targets for attackers and is too weak to stop attacks

Washington Post, 2/16/12, Experts: Cybersecurity bill critical step; should be stronger, cover more companies, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/experts-cyber-security-bill-critical-step-should-be-stronger-cover-more-companies/2012/02/16/gIQADGAtHR_story.html

But they said the measure has been weakened …are protected from hackers, terrorists or other criminals.

---No evidence of cyber security threats.  Their authors conflate cyber-attack threats in order to create a cyber-industrial complex

Jerry Brito and Tate Watkins, February 14, 2012, Cyberwar Is the New Yellowcake, Wired, (Jerry Brito is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and director of its Technology Policy Program. Tate Watkins is a research associate at the Mercatus Center) http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/02/yellowcake-and-cyberwar/

Yet evidence to sustain such dire warnings is …proponents of regulation often conflate cyber threats.

A2: Orientalism

Opposition leaders want the US to help.

Al-Ekri et. al., ‘10

Abdul Nabi Al-Ekri President Bahrain Transparency Society,  Essa AlGhayeb Deputy Secretary General Bahrain Human Rights Society,  Mohammed Al-Maskati President Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights,  Nabeel Rajab President Bahrain Center for Human Rights,  Ghada Jamshir President Women's Petition Committee. “ Open letter to Hillary Clinton on eve of political dialogue in Bahrain”  Manama, 30 November 2010,  Bahrain Center for Human Rights,  accessed  1/6/12 at http://www.bahrainrights.org/en/node/3628

When the United States participates in the Bahraini … in advance for the attention you give to our requests and hope you can wield positive influence to resolve the situation.

Only in a democratic world is the end of Orientalism possible

Paul 11(Aron Paul; Aug 29, 2011; Melbourne based historian and writer; http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/2859744.html)

This is the promise of the Arab Revolutions, that in their success they …, and the humiliation and fear that flows from it will no longer imperil the progress of humanity.

Public discourse that includes an advocacy of democracy is key to breaking down the “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and reducing stereotypes.

Telhami, ‘05

Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat professor for peace and development, University of Maryland.  The following is an edited transcript of the thirty-ninth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on April 22, 2005, in the Hart Senate Office Building, with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.  Accessed 12/21/11 at http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/democracy-rising-tide-or-mirage

I think we all agree that, no matter how we define democracy, the …discourse in America, and it might in the end even reduce the sharpness of the clash on the other side.

Said’s concept of Orientalism recreates Orientalism

Landow 02(“Edward W. Said's Orientalism” George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University 18 March, 2002, Political Discourse- Theories of Colonialism and Post-Colonialism http://www.postcolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/said/orient14.html)

Drawing upon the methods of feminist …. criticism and scholarship. 

Give their arguments no weight—their claims aren’t grounded in real scholarship

Warraq 3—renowned Islamic critic. Studied philosophy and Arabic, U Edinburgh (Ibn, Orientalism, 29 September 2003, WSJ, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/799, AMiles)

Those truths aside, Mr. Said, who died last week, will go … grandstanding for the West -- for Western eyes, Western salons, and Western applause.

This is offense – their attempts at censorship distract focus away from real problems

Teitelbaum 6—Senior Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv U. Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Middle Eastern History, Bar Ilan U.  PhD, Tel Aviv U—AND—Meir Litvak—Senior Research Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.  Associate Professor, Middle Eastern and African History, Tel Aviv U. PhD, Harvard (Joshua, Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism, March 2006, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493, AMiles)

IMPLICATIONS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES Said's … societies. It is used to discourage critical thinking and self-criticism…."[73]

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac ‘2 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics”at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601  

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It is …arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable

Greene ‘2 Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. at http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm for …dogmatic in an esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist.

Death outweighs

Bostrom ‘2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

Our approach to existential risks cannot …risks is multiplied by another factor, the size of which depends on whether and how much we discount future benefits [15,16].

All lives are infinitely valuable.

Cummisky ’96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146.

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the … on the equal value of all rational beings, then equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Discourse doesn’t shape reality.

Robert L. Kocher, author of "Attitude Channeling and Brainwashing," and various other articles, ‘05 “Discourse on Reality and Sanity” Accessed 6/8/10 at http://members.mountain.net/THEANALYTICPAPERS/REALITY1.HTM

While it is not possible to establish many proofs in the verbal world, and it is …reality. I also ask them to go off far away from me to try it, where I won't be bothered by them or the consequences.