1AC
The United States Special Operations Command should expand necessary elements of its Civil Military Support Element to provide political contestation support in Yemen.
Advantage 1: Kinetic Engagement
Scenario 1 is Hegemony
The international community specifically views our strategy in Yemen as military tunnel vision – Increasing Civil Capacity is key to reverse this perception
Bodine ’11 (Barbara K. Bodine, Ambassador (Ret.) Barbara K. Bodine is Lecturer and Diplomat-in-Residence at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. She was U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Yemen from 1997 through 2001, “Yemen: Primer and Prescriptions”, http://www.ndu.edu/press/yemen.html, September 6, 2011)
To focus disproportionately … can be guaranteed. PRISM
This will collapse hegemony
Fakiolas and Fakiolas 7 (Efstathios T - PhD from the Department of War Studies, King's College London, and is currently working as a strategy and southeastern European affairs analyst at ATEbank, Tassos E - PhD from IMEMO, Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences and is a special adviser on Russian and east European affairs for a Greek business firm, "Pax Americana or Multilateralism? Reflecting on the United States' Grand Strategic Vision of Hegemony in the Wake of the 11 September Attacks," Muse)
After the 9/11 bombings… is another story.
Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining … Pacific Century now unfolding.
Scenario 2 is preemption:
Escalatory warfare is coming now
Chossudovsky 10 - Professor of Economics @ University of Ottawa [Michel Chossudovsky (Director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), “Preparing for World War III, Targeting Iran,” Global Research, August 1, 2010, pg. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?aid=20403&context=va]
Humanity is at a … the object of US threats.
Yemen is the test case - DOD must make the lead
Kotlow 11 - Visiting Senior Service College Fellow at The Washington Institute. Former Defense and Army Attache at the U.S. Embassy in Yemen and Lebanon [Colonel Kazimierz "Kaz" Kotlow (Former political/military advisor to the Multinational Force (MNF) Commander in Iraq.) “Countering Extremism in Yemen: Beyond Interagency Cooperation,” Small Wars Journal, March 31, 2011]
Extremism, especially violent … and less personality dependent.
Plan creates substantive interagency relations
Lightsey 10 – Major assigned to the JFK Special Warfare Center and School’s 1st Special Warfare Training Group. Combat tours include on to Qatar as commander of a CMSE that had elements across Pakistan, Tajikistan and Yemen. [Major Ross F. Lightsey Sr.,“PERSISTENT ENGAGEMENT: Civil Military Support Elements [CMSE] Operating in CENTCOM,” Special Warfare | May-June 2010 (Vol. 23, Issue 3) Pg. http://afpakwar.com/blog/archives/6888
In ongoing irregular conflicts, …those neighboring regions.
And it changes mindsets
Shemella 06 - Program Manager for Combating Terrorism @ The Center for Civil-Military Relations, Naval Postgraduate School [PAUL SHEMELLA, “Interagency Coordination: The Other Side of CIMIC,” Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 17, No. 4, 449–457, December 2006
Although CIMIC has …than constructive cooperation. Pg. 449-451
Advantage 2: Terrorism
Al Qaeda is gaining ground in Yemen- a focus on the political transition is key
Lynch 3/10/12 (Colum, Al-Qaeda makes ‘alarming’ advances in Yemen, U.N. envoy warns http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/al-qaeda-makes-alarming-advances-in-yemen-un-envoy-warns/2012/03/09/gIQA2eqU3R_print.html
UNITED NATIONS — A reinvigorated … weakening and departure.
*This year key
Benson 1/30/12 (Al Qaeda benefits from Yemen turmoil By CNN's Pam Benson January 30th, 2012 http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/30/aqap-benefits-from-turmoil-in-yemen/)
Daniel Green, a …ccording to the experts.
Yemen is key
Roggio 12-23 (Bill, "AQAP leaders' brother reported killed in US drone strike," The Long War Journal, www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/12/aqap_leaders_brother.php)
Since December 2009, some of the top leaders of al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula have been targeted in airstrikes, including Nasir al Wuhayshi, the group's leader; Said Ali … to neighboring countries."
Nuclear terror is coming
McVeigh ‘10 [Karen, "WikiLeaks cables: Yemen radioactive stocks' were easy al-Qaida target," The Guardian, December 19,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/19/wikileaks-cables-yemen-al-qaida]
A senior government … go back there", he said.
Extinction
Ayson 10, Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-… still meet with a devastating response.
Al-Shabab is joining the AQAP in Yemen- now is key
Straziuso 2/23/12 (Jason Straziuso, Associated Press Somalia: A year of progress, as 300 al-Shabab flee http://articles.boston.com/2012-02-23/news/31092131_1_shabab-somalia-rashid-abdi/2)
A year ago, Somalia’s government … been significantly weakened.
Even a slight strengthening of al-Qaeda in Yemen will cause terrorist control of the Gulf of Aden
Yuriditsky 11 – Associate of the Institute for Gulf Affairs (Lev, 09/28, “Yemen's Chaos - August 2011,” http://yuriditsky.blogspot.com/2011/09/yemens-chaos-august-2011.html)
Towards the end of July, the … a particularly challenging situation.
Its key to global trade
UPI 10. (“Al-Qaida threatens to close key oil artery,” Feb. 24, 2010. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/02/24/Al-Qaida-threatens-to-close-key-oil-artery/UPI-27151267027462/#ixzz1XPTj8CWP. CR)
Amid the growing war … to secure allies and markets.
That triggers multiple extinction scenarios
Panzner 8 – faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” p. 136-138)
Continuing calls for …a new world war.
Special forces key – trust, intelligence, and recruitment
Paulhus 11 (Matthew, "Beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan: Responding to Al-Qaeda's Threat in Yemen and Africa," Countering Al-Qaeda's Ideology: Re-Assessing US Policy Ten Years After 9/11, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies Task Force Rhttps://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/16495/Task%20Force%20O%202011.pdf?sequence=1)
Build trust with … addressing their own issues.
The plan’s engagement with Tribal leaders is key to solve
Green 11 - Soref fellow @ The Washington Institute. Served with the U.S. Navy and State Department in Afghanistan and a tour with the U.S. Navy in Iraq. [Daniel Green (Working on a province-by-province examination of AQAP operations in Yemen), “The American Moment in Yemen,” Fikra Forum, April 18, 2011, pg. http://fikraforum.org/2011/04/the-american-moment-in-yemen/]
If the United States adopts …attacks against the United States.
A drones first policy can’t solve- intelligence is gone- engagement with the periphery is key
Foust 12 ( Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project The Political Consequences of a Drones-First Policy JAN 27 2012, 1:31 PM ET 93 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/the-political-consequences-of-a-drones-first-policy/252129/
The global counterterrorism … instead of through politics).
Advantage 3: Civil War
Civil War Now
Reuters 3/29/12 (Michelle Nichols, U.N. council worried by Yemen political deterioration, UNITED NATIONS | Thu Mar 29, 2012 12:02pm EDT, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/29/us-yemen-un-idUSBRE82S0WP20120329)
(Reuters) - The U.N. Security Council …of a parliamentary poll.
Current US operations have alienated tribes – political engagement is key to rebuild ties
Foust 12/30 (Joshua Foust - Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. The Atlantic Home Monday, Unaccountable Killing Machines: The True Cost of U.S. Drones, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/unaccountable-killing-machines-the-true-cost-of-us-drones/250661/)
Officials often portray … around the planet.
Civil War spillsover to Saudi arabia
AFP 10/14/11 (“Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh refuses to step down.” Channel News Asia/AFP, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/1159350/1/.html.)
DUBAI: A proposed UN resolution … opposing arms of the regime.
It collapses Saudi Arabia
Horton 11 (Michael, Senior Analyst for Arabian Affairs at the Jamestown Foundation - Specializes on Yemen and the Horn of Africa, "The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen," Terrorism Monitor, Volume 9, Issue 12, March 24, www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37687&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=2d68e72ad976a563c017aee8cfd2ebf6)
One analyst recently speculated … are certainly worth remembering.
Oil prices would soar – industries shut down
Babej 3/29/11 - Contributor to Forbes [Marc E. Babej, “A Saudi Oil Supply Disruption-The Ultimate Marketing Crisis Scenario,” Forbes, 3/29/2011 @ 01:48PM |pg. http://www.forbes.com/sites/marcbabej/2011/03/29/a-saudi-oil-supply-disruption-the-ultimate-marketing-crisis-scenario/]
And still: in 2011, the term “…containing oil derivatives. * Vance Scott - Partner at A.T. Kearney who leads the Energy and Chemicals Practice in the Americas.
That causes Global energy wars and expanded coal use
King 08 – Researcher @ Center for New American Security [Neil King, Jr. (Columnist for the Wall Street Journal), “Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns,” CNAS Energy Security Visionaries Series, Center for New American Security, JULY 2008, pg. www.aspousa.org/aspousa4/.../_CNAS_King_Peak_Oil_WorkingPaper.pdf]
Many commentators in the … avoid the rash ones. Pg. 13-15
Direct US engagement with tribal leaders is key to resolve Iranian hegemony and a full scale Iran-Saudi war
Phillips 11 - Fellow for Middle Eastern Affairs @ Heritage Foundation [James Phillips, “What the President Must Do About Yemen,” The Heritage Foundation, WebMemo #3204, March 24, 2011, pg. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/03/what-the-president-must-do-about-yemen]
Engage the opposition. … that AQAP can exploit.
Saudi-Iran war escalates and draws in other countries.
Charney, 10-16-11
[Scott, Foreign Policy in Focus, “What War Between Iran and Saudi Arabia Might Look Like,” http://www.fpif.org/blog/what_war_between_iran_and_saudi_arabia_might_look_like]
While much talk focuses on … might want to play a decisive role.
Unchecked Iran guarantees nuclear miscalculation.
Ben-Meir ‘7
[Alon, Professor of international relations @ Center for Global Affair, New York University, “Ending Iranian Defiance,” New York (UPI) Feb 06, 2007, pg. http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Ending_Iranian_Defiance_999.html]
That Iran stands today … of not halting its nuclear program.
CMSE assistance prevents conflict escalation – solving internal disputes
Lightsey 10 – Major assigned to the JFK Special Warfare Center and School’s 1st Special Warfare Training Group. Combat tours include on to Qatar as commander of a CMSE that had elements across Pakistan, Tajikistan and Yemen. [Major Ross F. Lightsey Sr.,“PERSISTENT ENGAGEMENT: Civil Military Support Elements [CMSE] Operating in CENTCOM,” Special Warfare | May-June 2010 (Vol. 23, Issue 3) Pg. http://afpakwar.com/blog/archives/6888
Nonkinetic strategy - In a 2009 … the right thing at the right time.
Iran is exploiting political upheaval in Northern Yemen
Craig 3/21/12 (Iona, U.S. senses threat from Iran in north Yemen USA Today http://www.armytimes.com/news/2012/03/gannett-yemen-us-senses-threat-from-iran-032112/
AL-KHAMISAIN, Yemen — Yaseen Sultan’s …boycotted his unopposed election.
Steady state risks worse environmental destruction ---- only embracing growth now creates sustainability
Folmer and Piersma ‘7
`(Henk, and Theunis, Dept. Spacial Sciences and Dept. Econ. @ U. Groningen, Conservation Biology, “Ecological and Environmental Policies versus a Steady State Economy in Times of Crisis”, 21:5, 1136-1137)
In his editorial "If Rome Is … of living in environments with good environmental and ecological conditions.
Tech is and can solve ---- modern capitalism is environmentally benign
Adler ‘8
(Jonathono, Prof. Law and Dir. Center for Business Law and Regulation @ Case Western Reserve U., New Atlantis, “Green Bridge to Nowhere”, Fall, http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/green-bridge-to-nowhere)
The first item on his agenda is the replacement of modern capitalism with some undefined “non-socialist” alternative. “The planet cannot sustain capitalism as we know it,” he warns, … plausibly democratic alternative.
Capitalism is self-correcting, ensures sustainability
NYT, 2 (Kurt Eichenwald, "The Nation: Clay Feet; Could Capitalists Actually Bring Down Capitalism?" 6-30-2002, Lexis-Nexis Universe)
OVER the last few … it will all happen again."
That makes growth sustainable
Barker, 2000 – electrical engineer, and manager of corporate communications for the Electric Power Research Institute and former industrial economist and staff author at SRI International and as a commercial research analyst at USX Corporation (Brent, “Technology and the Quest for Sustainability.” EPRI Journal, Summer, infotrac)
The rate of …. That future begins now.
Innovation Good
Industrialization is inevitable globally – plan makes it environmentally sustainable through technological innovation. Population growth makes biosphere collapse inevitable absent greater innovation
Barker, 2000 – electrical engineer, and manager of corporate communications for the Electric Power Research Institute and former industrial economist and staff author at SRI International and as a commercial research analyst at USX Corporation (Brent, “Technology and the Quest for Sustainability.” EPRI Journal, Summer, infotrac)
From a social standpoint, … of the earth's natural resources.
2AC T Substantial
Yemen gets $35.6 million in FY11.
McInerney, Executive Director of the Project on Middle East Democracy, 7-11
Stephen, Federal Budget & Appropriations for FY 2012 Democracy, Governance, & Human Rights in the Middle East http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/FY2012-Budget-Report-web.pdf, p 26.
Prior to the …rivers of instability.”
Saudi Resiliency- NDT
Ongoing arms sales destroy your disad – they prove US resolve to protect Saudis and will increase interdependence
Cordesman 3/1/12 (Anthony, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at the CSIS. “US and Iranian Strategic Competition: The Role of the Southern Gulf States and Yemen.” CSIS, February 26, 2012. https://csis.org/files/publication/120228_Iran_Ch_VI_Gulf_State.pdf.)
This US support has … at the level of exercises, common training programs, and work within the GCC.
Recent oil price agreements prove relations are stronger than ever – changes in the royal family, improved diplomacy, and more common interests
Jaffe 3/23/12 (Amy Myers, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies. Director, Energy Forum, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. “The US and Saudi Arabia: A Renewed Partnership on Oil Markets?” http://theenergycollective.com/amjaffe/80334/us-and-saudi-arabia-renewed-partnership-oil-markets.)
On gasoline prices, President … rises after Iraq invaded Kuwait.
Us Saudi Relations Low
Algeminer 3-26-12 (11:59 pm) Wikileaks reveals that relations are imbued with mistrust, even if outwardly they seem fine – supporting assad proved.
Wikileaks Global Intelligence Files, Israel Day 29: Mossad-Saudi Cooperation. MARCH 26, 2012 11:59 PM. Algeminer.com. “Labeled the fastest growing Jewish newspaper in America, the NEW Algemeiner serves as a valiant media voice addressing the most compelling issues of our time, with vision, integrity and moral clarity. The NEW Algemeiner is a pioneering newspaper, setting trends while offering stimulating content, breaking news, and insightful analysis into events of our times. Its bold approach includes investigative reporting, lively features and opinions, presenting an unconventional and unique stand on politics and the social and cultural life of the American and international Jewish community. Unique in today’s Jewish media, the Algemeiner is lauded for its all-encompassing nature, reaching many thousands of avid readers from diverse communities across the globe.”
Since February 27, 2012, …, intelligence and consultation.
1AR AT: Turns Case
Saudis won’t block changes in Yemen – they only care about maintaining influence
Gause 12/12/11 (F. Gregory, chair of the political science department at the University of Vermont. “Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East.” Council on Foreign Relations Special Report 63. http://www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/us-saudi-relationship-increasingly-strained-says-cfr-report/p26766.)
Thus, when it became clear that …, to try to prevent it.
2AC Prolif
Absolutely no way Saudis will proliferate, even if Iran does first – hurts their economy, no tech, no desire to
Lippman 8/5/11 (Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy.” August 5, 2011. http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/)
It is widely believed among … weapons of mass destruction.
2AC JV
No JV repeal until after the election at least – insiders, bipartisan opposition, Magnitsky.
Roth 3-20 [Andrew, Jackson-Vanik Trades Places, http://russiaprofile.org/international/56157.html]
The clock is ticking for the Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974 as Russia prepares to finalize its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) this year. The Barack Obama administration, along with U.S. Ambassador to … ratified with a 71 to 26 vote at what Rojansky called the “moment of least significance.”
Security overwhelms economics. This puts you in a nasty double bind --- either we resolve NMD, and that solves relations, or we don’t, and that overwhelms Jackson Vanik.
Alexey Pilko, 3/23/2012. Research Fellow, Department of Modern and Contemporary History of European and American Countries, Moscow State University. “Russia and the US: another chance?” Voice of Russia, http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_03_23/69371356/.
Russian President-Elect …. And their prospects remain unclear.
Doesn’t solve if comes with Magnitsky Act, which it will have to.
AP, 3/27/2012. “US trade upgrade may worsen relations with Russia,” Associated Press, http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5haRDYl_wxvUHQ2SGzhfBvaXW9z7g?docId=633ce0bb28a14581846aed8821fbce94.
The Obama … nuclear arms treaty with Russia.
Winners win – Obama needs to stand up to the GOP
Blow 9-9 [Charles, writer for the NYT, Rise of the Fallen? http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/10/opinion/blow-rise-of-the-fallen.html]
So why does it feel .. take fire from both sides.
Capital irrelevant
Dickinson 09 professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt
(5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
As for Sotomayor, from here the path …. Sotomayor as his nominee.
Aid Now – Egypt
Aid to Egypt coming
IBD 3-19 [“Despite Egypt’s Crackdown, U.S. To Give It More Aid,” http://news.investors.com/article/604882/201203191900/giving-aid-to-egypt-islamists.htm]
Mideast: As Iran races … among other things.
1AR – Indo-Pak War
Pakistan won’t sell – it needs arms for India
Bahgat 11 (Gawdat, professor at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, National Defense University. “A Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East: Myth or Reality?” Mediterranean Quarterly 22.1, Winter 2011. http://mq.dukejournals.org/content/22/1/27.full.pdf+html.)
Analysts of Saudi Arabia’s security … weapons are not for sale.
Pakistan’s own issues prevent a deal – also rumors of secret quid pro quo with Saudis are totally unwarranted
Lippman 8/5/11 (Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy.” August 5, 2011. http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/)
But times have changed and … Clinton Administration.
yes war
Best studies prove growth solves conflict
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Second, on a dyadic … in the use of force.
at: k waves**
No theoretical or empirical defense of K-Waves – this wasn’t explicit in the 1NC
North 9, Austrian School economic analyst, PhD in History, edited the financial newsletter, Remnant Review, formerly served as Research Assistant for Congressman Ron Paul (R-TX). (Gary, “The Myth of the Kondratieff Wave,” June 27, http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north725.html)
Pugsley = American conservative libertarian political and economics commentator, lecturer, and New York Times bestselling author
Kondratieff had at most … not in the real world. It is pure hokum.
econ
Warming
Past the tipping point and dedev doesn’t solve
Savory 8
Allan Savory, Savory Center for Holistic Management Founder, received the Australian International Banksia Award for the person or organization doing the most for the environment on a global scale, 2008, A Global Strategy for Addressing Global Climate Change, holisticmanagement.org.au/PDF/A+Global+Strategy+for+Addressing+Climate+Change+2%5B1%5D.pdf
Simplistic and … continued to change.
Resource Scarcity
Resource scacity’s self-correcting
Haynes 8 (Beth, Professor of Economics at Brigham Young University-Hawaii, “Finite Resources vs. Infinite Resourcefulness”, August 19, http://wealthisnottheproblem.blogspot.com/2008/08/finite-resources-vs-infinite.html)
It’s common sense. … scarcity causes prices to rise
1ar sust – at: complexity
Complexity doesn’t cause collapse, only diminishing returns
Tainter, professor of environment and society – Utah State University, 11/3/’9
(Joseph A, “Interview with Joseph Tainter on Collapse,” http://varnelis.net/blog/interview_with_joseph_tainter_on_collapse)
KV: So as civilizations …we should be worrying about.
Collapse doesn’t solve complexity
Tainter, professor of environment and society – Utah State University, ‘6
(Joseph A, “Social Complexity and Sustainability,” Ecological Complexity, Vol. 3, p. 91-103)
Thus, the development of complexity …pressure for complexity to increase.
1ar no transition
And Brain Chemistry
Allenby 7 (Brad, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Arizona State University, “The Benefits of Our Hardwired Need to Consume,” GreenBiz.com, March 7, 2007, http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/03/08/the-benefits-our-hardwired-need-consume, AD: 7-6-9)
That humans are inclined to … regardless of their good intentions.
Economic collapse just makes capitalism worse
Mead, 9 – Senior Fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations
Walter Russell, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2)
And yet, this relentless … relative to its rivals.
