Use the first box for WYSIWYG editing, or pasting straight from Word.

Click the "edit" link at the top to edit all your entries.

Click the pencil to the right to edit an individual entry.

Click the Red X to delete this sample entry.

Use the button to Add an Entry.

Use the second box for cites formatted with wiki syntax or plain text, such as that exported from Verbatim 4.

1NC Link Cards

Obama will get involved in Democracy Assistance – and it’ll cost capital

LAPPIN  2 – 1 – 10   PhD candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, Carter Center, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE program Richard Lappin,  Obama and Democracy Assistance: Challenges and Responses, February 1, 2010, http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/20100201-cceia.pdf

The Obama Record on … a preserve of U.S. foreign policy.

Democracy promotion sparks political backlash – seen as new spending measures

Benderey and Stone 5-18-11 [Jennifer and Andrea, “Obama Middle East Speech: President Will Announce Billions In Economic Aid to Egypt, Tunisia,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/18/obama-middle-east-speech-billions-aid_n_863927.html]

None of the money … to erasing Egypt's debt.

There would be a fight over the plan – wrapped up in a larger budget discussion

Arieff 11 [Alexis, government analyst in African affairs, “Political Transition in Tunisia,” Congressional Research Service, 6-27-11, Lexis]

Congress authorizes, appropriates, … over funding priorities.

Congress hates unconditional aid

Arnold 11 [David, VOA News, 8-8-11, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/US-Debt-Struggle-Puts-Middle-East-Aid-Commitments-in-Question-127258298.html

When lawmakers in … “Particularly in this region.”

1NC USC

Payroll tax cuts will be extended through 2012.  Obama’s capital is key and he has enough on the issue

ABC NEWS  12 – 31 – 11 

Obama Maps Out ‘Warrior of Working Class’ Message, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/12/obama-maps-out-warrior-of-working-class-message/

The president will … Obama look more presidential.”

B.  Plan costs capital

C.   Failure to extend would devastate growth – key to maintaining momentum

HILL  12 – 28 – 11   Economics Reporter for the Washington Times

Patrice Hill,  Economists fear withdrawal symptoms if payroll-tax cut vanishes, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/28/economists-fear-withdrawal-symptoms-if-payroll-tax/

It was the tax cut that …relatively brisk spending.”

global wars – best studies prove

ROYAL  10  Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense

 [Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215]

Less intuitive is how … debate and deserves more attention.

1NR vs. Kansas CG

We’ve already burned enough carbon to stave off the ice age ---- emissions reductions won’t help

AFP in ‘7

(“Global warming could delay next ice age: study”, 8-29, http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Global_warming_could_delay_next_ice_age_study_999.html)

Burning fossil fuels … ice-age-prevention result."

And, Bad financial decisions will collapse US heg – means we actually have an internal link to the Zhang evidence they read on the K – it’s an external war impact –tand this is insulated from the Europe econ scenario.

Khalilzhad, ’11 – Zalmay, the former head of policy planning at DOD (2/2/11. The National Interst. http://nationalinterest.org/letters/follow-the-leader-4817)

U.S. grand strategy … could be a sensible option.

And, more important than the European economy – the US jobs billis isolated from any impact.

NEWSMAX  11 – 15 – 11 

White House Economic Adviser: Europe Is Top Risk to US Recovery, http://www.newsmax.com/StreetTalk/Europe-Risk-US-Recovery/2011/11/15/id/418115

 President Barack Obama's … collapse in 2008 and 2009.

Economic decline causes terrorism – empirics

Blomberg, Hess and Weerapana, ‘2 (S. Brock Blomberg, professor of Economics, Claremont McKenna College; Gregory D. Hess is the Danforth-Lewis Professor of Economics at Oberlin College; Akila Weerapana is an Associate Professor of Economics at Wellesley College. “Economic conditions and terrorism.” European Journal of Political Economy Volume 20, Issue 2, June 2004, Pages 463-478.  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176268004000217#sec5)

This paper has developed … of terrorist activities.

And here’s more evidence – capital will overcome opposition

LA TIMES  10 – 11 – 11 

 ["Obama acknowledges jobs bill will likely be split up", www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-pittsburgh-20111011,0,4814096.story]

Reporting from Pittsburgh— President Obama urged … beginning of the year.  

A.  It’ll pass because Obama will use the State of the Union to frame it – means only the plan can derail it.

WALL STREET PIT  12 – 29 – 11 

Payroll Tax Extension Will Be Only Hostage-Taking Opportunity for GOP in 2012, http://wallstreetpit.com/88167-payroll-tax-extension-will-be-only-hostage-taking-opportunity-for-gop-in-2012

And taking the payroll tax … the Bush/Obama tax cuts expire.

B.  Their committee uniqueness warrant is wrong – they’ll get it done OR just be ignored

WASHINGTON POST  12 – 27 – 11 

Will the payroll tax conference committee be ‘Supercommittee 2.0’?, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/will-the-payroll-tax-conference-committee-be-supercommittee-20/2011/12/27/gIQAHul3KP_blog.html

When Congress reconvenes … an eleventh-hour deal.

Only priorities like the plan & his top issues cost capital – the rest is posturing

DRUM  10    Political Blogger, Commentator – Mother Jones

[Kevin Drum, Political Blogger, Mother Jones, http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/03/immigration-coming-back-burner]

Not to pick on Ezra or … they will be soon.

Obama focusing on Payroll Tax Cut – ignoring congress in all else

LA TIMES  1 – 1 – 12  

Obama's resolution? To limit dealings with Congress, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-plans-20120101,0,2595075.story

Reporting from Honolulu— … that's no longer a requirement."

A. No momentum on foreign policy wins – the president is constrained

DICKINSON  11    Professor of Political Science – Middlebury

[Matthew Dickinson, 2/10/11, “Egypt, Iraq and the Limits of Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/02/10/egypt-iraq-and-the-limits-of-presidential-power/]

My point is not to defend … they might wish to be.

B. Our link happens first

Silber 07 [PhD Political Science & Communication – focus on the Rhetoric of Presidential Policy-Making – Prof of Poli Sci – Samford, [Marissa, WHAT MAKES A PRESIDENT QUACK?, Prepared for delivery at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 30th-September 2nd, 2007, UNDERSTANDING LAME DUCK STATUS THROUGH THE EYES OF THE MEDIA AND POLITICIANS]

Important to the discussion of … President must be developed.

Capital is key & finite.

BECKMANN & KUMAR  11     Both in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

[Matthew N. Beckmann and Vimal Kumar, How presidents push, when presidents win: A model of positive presidential power in US lawmaking, Journal of Theoretical Politics 23(1) 3–20]

 Of course, presidential …systematically influence them.

Obama pushing

THE ROOT  1 – 1 – 12 

 Obama to Get More Aggressive With Congress http://www.theroot.com/buzz/obama-get-more-aggressive-congress

 President Barack Obama is … the end of 2012.

Obama pushing payroll tax

FOX NEWS  12 – 24 - 11

http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/fox-news-watch/2011/12/30/payroll-tax-deal

 SCOTT: On the panel this week, writer and Fox News contributor Judy Miller, syndicated columnist Cal Thomas, Jim Pinkerton, contributing editor of the American Conservative magazine, and Daily Beast columnist Kirsten Powers. I'm Jon Scott. “Fox News Watch” is on right now.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

OBAMA: Now, if you're a … media blitz paid off.

Economy is teetering on collapse – backsliding now would cause a depression and wreck the economy – this evidence answers all of their uniqueness, impact defense, and empirically denied claims.

ISIDORE  8 – 10 – 11  Financial Correspondent-CNN Money

[Chris Isidore, “Recession 2.0 could hurt worse,” http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm]

And while economists … effort to counteract it. 

1NR vs. Kansas KK

And here’s more evidence – capital will overcome opposition

LA TIMES  10 – 11 – 11 

 ["Obama acknowledges jobs bill will likely be split up", www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-pittsburgh-20111011,0,4814096.story]

Reporting from Pittsburgh— … beginning of the year.  

A.  It’ll pass because Obama will use the State of the Union to frame it – means only the plan can derail it.

WALL STREET PIT  12 – 29 – 11 

Payroll Tax Extension Will Be Only Hostage-Taking Opportunity for GOP in 2012, http://wallstreetpit.com/88167-payroll-tax-extension-will-be-only-hostage-taking-opportunity-for-gop-in-2012

And taking the payroll tax … December 31, when the Bush/Obama tax cuts expire.

B.  Their committee uniqueness warrant is wrong – they’ll get it done OR just be ignored

WASHINGTON POST  12 – 27 – 11 

Will the payroll tax conference committee be ‘Supercommittee 2.0’?, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/will-the-payroll-tax-conference-committee-be-supercommittee-20/2011/12/27/gIQAHul3KP_blog.html

When Congress reconvenes … out an eleventh-hour deal.

Obama focusing on Payroll Tax Cut – ignoring congress in all else

LA TIMES  1 – 1 – 12  

Obama's resolution? To limit dealings with Congress, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-plans-20120101,0,2595075.story

Reporting from Honolulu— … that's no longer a requirement."

Only priorities like the plan & his top issues cost capital – the rest is posturing

DRUM  10    Political Blogger, Commentator – Mother Jones

[Kevin Drum, Political Blogger, Mother Jones, http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/03/immigration-coming-back-burner]

Not to pick on Ezra or anything, …But they will be soon.

Obama won’t get thumped – only payroll tax cut

KNOLLER  1 – 1 – 12    KTVQ  Staff

[Mark Knoller, Obama's strategy: Staying "above the fray", http://www.ktvq.com/news/obama-s-strategy-staying-above-the-fray-/]

 With a second-term at stake, … said spokesman Earnest.

Obama only pushing payroll tax – no other issues

CHICAGO TRIBUNE  12 – 31 – 11 

In 2012, Obama to press ahead without Congress,   http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-ap-us-obama-fourthyear,0,2044655.story

HONOLULU— Leaving behind … the end of 2012.

Democracy assistance to Egypt is politically unpopular – invites GOP backlash

Karmi 8-2-11 [Omar, writer for the National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem” http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/us-argues-over-foreign-aid-policy-along-with-its-debt-problem]

With the same acrimony … future," Mr Lieberman said.

No political support to fund new programs or expand assistance

Rogin 8-4 [Josh, writer at Foreign Policy, “This Fight Ain't Over; Think the debt ceiling gridlock was ugly? Congress is just getting warmed up. Here are eight more foreign-policy battles right around the corner,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/04/this_fight_aint_over]

Everyone agrees that the … into the 2012 presidential season.

A. No momentum on foreign policy wins – the president is constrained

DICKINSON  11    Professor of Political Science – Middlebury

[Matthew Dickinson, 2/10/11, “Egypt, Iraq and the Limits of Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/02/10/egypt-iraq-and-the-limits-of-presidential-power/]

My point is not to defend Bush … they might wish to be.

B. Our link happens first

Silber 07 [PhD Political Science & Communication – focus on the Rhetoric of Presidential Policy-Making – Prof of Poli Sci – Samford, [Marissa, WHAT MAKES A PRESIDENT QUACK?, Prepared for delivery at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 30th-September 2nd, 2007, UNDERSTANDING LAME DUCK STATUS THROUGH THE EYES OF THE MEDIA AND POLITICIANS]

Important to the … President must be developed.

3. Obama can’t win – and he’ll lose the spin game

BAKER  10  foreign policy reporter, author of Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin and Russian Counter-Revolution

[Peter Baker, 10/12/10, “Education of a President” New York Times]

 But it is possible to win … lost the spin battle.”

4. Winners lose with Obama

Jacobson 11 [Gary C. Jacobson is distinguished professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego. He specializes in the study of U.S. elections, parties, Congress, and public opinion; “Legislative Success and Political Failure: The Public’s Reaction to … sweeping victory just two years earlier.

1NC Fullerton

A. Payroll tax cuts will pass now – Obama’s capital is key

ABC NEWS  12 – 31 – 11 

Obama Maps Out ‘Warrior of Working Class’ Message, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/12/obama-maps-out-warrior-of-working-class-message/

The president will … Obama look more presidential.”

B.  Plan costs capital

(There’s normally a card here)

C.   Expiration would be devastating for the economy- even if it’s not a short-term boost it prevents shock that causes recession

Marr 9-7-2011 [Chuck Marr is the Director of Federal Tax Policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities., and BrianHighsmith joined the Center’s Federal Fiscal Policy division in January 2011 as a research assistant.  Prior to joining the Center, Highsmith had interned at the National Economic Council and House Budget Committee.  He holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Furman University. 9-7-2011, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3572]

Failure by Congress … set of economic measures.

global wars – best studies prove

ROYAL  10  Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense

 [Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215]

Less intuitive is … debate and deserves more attention.

1NC vs. Northwestern BM

The Executive Branch of the United States federal government should enter into prior and binding consultation with the Legislative Branch of the United States federal government over an Executive proposal to provide support for transparent democratic governance in Libya. The Executive should advocate their proposal throughout the process and agree to implement the outcome of the consultation.

The counterplan advocates LESS CHANGE than the status quo – if the counterplan solves as well as the aff that means presumption flips negative. 

The President should consult congress prior to action on Arab Spring issues.

CSM  5 – 13 – 11   Christian Science Monitor’s Editorial Board

By the Monitor's Editorial / May 13, 2011, Obama speech: He must consult Congress on strategy toward Arab Spring, http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2011/0513/Obama-speech-He-must-consult-Congress-on-strategy-toward-Arab-Spring

On Thursday, President … executive branch alone.

Only the counterplan gets public behind the plan and foreign policy – that’s key to US resolve

ZOELLICK  00  13th United States Trade Representative, Ambassador

(Robert B. Zoellick, Survival, “Congress and the making of US foreign policy,” London, Vol.41, Iss. 4; pg. 20, 22 pgs, Winter, proquest)

Today, America's … adapt successfully.

Keeping public support is the backbone of US heg

IKENBERRY  02   Professor of Geopolitics and Global Justice, Georgetown University

G. John Ikenberry, Winter 2002 (“American Strategy in the Age of Terror” – Survival) p. 21-22

The United States … could be drying up.

2NC vs. Northwestern BM

Solvency Overview

Only the counterplan solves the net benefit – improved relations require genuine commitment

HAMILTON  93  Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for scholars and former Congressperson

[Lee, “President, Congress Need Dialogue,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 21st 1993, Accessed 7-12-05, p. lexis]

Consultation is … informed or consulted.

Consulting makes sure the policy is implemented better – that flips any potential solvency deficit.

WINIK  91   Senior Research Fellow at the National Defense University Foundation and was the Deputy Director of Defense Secretary Frank Carlucci’s Bipartisan Blue-Ribbon Commission on Base Realignment and Closure

Jay Winik, Autumn 1991, “The Quest for Bipartisanship: A New Beginning for a New World Order,” The Washington Quarterly, p. lexis

The foundation of …breakdown of bipartisanship.

Consultation K2 Prez Powers

Consultation with Congress is essential to avoid foreign policy credibility failures, miscalculation, and loss of presidential powers

SWARD  00  Award Winning Writer, and Lieutenant Colonel, United States Military

Thomas B. Sward, (“Advice and Consent, and United States Foreign Policy: The Gap Between Consultation and Miscalculation” – National Defense University) http://www.ndu.edu/library/n2/n00SwardAdviceConsent.doc

What we have … does our foreign policy.

A2 Say no

Democracy plans have broad support

GOLDSMITH 08  Professor of Management at the University of Massachusetts Boston

[Arthur A. Goldsmith. Making the World Safe for Partial Democracy?; Questioning the Premises of Democracy Promotion. International Security. Fall 2008]

Yet bipartisan support … in other countries. 11

Negotiations mean it will get done – Carter proves – even ridiculously unpopular actions get done.

HAMILTON & TAMA  02   Former United States Congressperson from Indiana serving for 34 years on the International Relations Committee & Graduate Student, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University

(Lee Hamlton, Jordon Tama, A Creative Tension) p. 84-85

The most difficult … of its proposals.

Consultation means they’d say yes where they’d otherwise say no.  Being genuine is the lube of getting policies passed.

HAMILTON  93  President and Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Vice Chair, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, and Member of Congress for 34 Years

 [Lee H. Hamilton, “President, Congress Need Dialogue,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 21st 1993, Accessed 7-12-05, p. lexis]

Effective prior consultation, …prudence and discretion.

A2 Delay

No delay – they are quick

SPITZER  93   Professor of Political Science, State University of New York, Former Member of the New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, and former Chair of the Political Science Department, College of Cortland

[Robert J. Spitzer, 1993 President and Congress: Executive Hegemony at the Crossroads of American Government]

Barring a crisis … information was unambiguous.

Any impact to delay is silly – past proves

KOH  90   Professor of Political Science and Former Dean, Yale University

[Harold Koh, 1990 The National Security Constitution]

I reject …advice of legal counsel.

1NC vs. Santa Clara

The Executive Branch of the United States federal government should enter into prior and binding consultation with the Legislative Branch of the United States federal government over the Executive proposal to shun Syria for its human rights violations.

The Executive should advocate their proposal throughout the process and agree to implement the outcome of the consultation.

Consultation with Congress is essential to avoid foreign policy credibility failures, miscalculation, and loss of presidential powers

SWARD  00  Award Winning Writer, and Lieutenant Colonel, United States Military

Thomas B. Sward, (“Advice and Consent, and United States Foreign Policy: The Gap Between Consultation and Miscalculation” – National Defense University) http://www.ndu.edu/library/n2/n00SwardAdviceConsent.doc

What we have … our foreign policy.

Presidential power is vital to poverty reduction

Rose ‘97

(Gary, Professor of political science at Sacred Heart, “The American Presidency Under Siege”, p. 171-172)

Poverty  As part of …power of the presidential office.

2NC vs. Santa Clara

Only the counterplan solves the net benefit – improved relations require genuine commitment

HAMILTON  93  Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for scholars and former Congressperson

 [Lee, “President, Congress Need Dialogue,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 21st 1993, Accessed 7-12-05, p. lexis]

Consultation is … informed or consulted.

Libya proves that the perm fails

York   3 – 20 – 11  Chief Political Correspondent – Washington Examiner

Byron York, Boehner: Obama must consult Congress before further Libya attacks, Washington Examiner. http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2011/03/boehner-first-libya-strikes-ok-obama-must-consult-congress-furthe

House Speaker John Boehner … Howard Berman and Dutch Ruppersberger.

The perm is a sham

HAMILTON 04  Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Member of the House for 34 Years

Lee H. Hamilton, (How Congress Works) p. 104-5

Yet to make progress …. consulting with Congress.  

1NC vs. Santa Clara

A. Interpretation

Democracy Assistance is about financing projects and programs

TOORNSTRA 10  European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director

[Dick, OPPD Coordinators: Dick Toornstra, Katarzyna Grzybowska-Walecka, Rabea Pfeifer, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance,” August, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf]

One phenomenon that … non-democratic or democratising states.

Fostering democracy must be the primary purpose of democracy assistance. Indirect assistance undermines the value of the term and explodes the topic.

Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art’, Cahiers of the Centre for Peace Research & Strategic Studies, No.85, 2010]

Establishing the definitional … and social aid programmes.’174 pg. 33-35

B. Violation – they don’t

C.  Vote Neg

1.  Limits. There’s an infinite number of indirect ways to promote democracy and an infinite number of things aff could fund. Their interp expands the neg’s research burden in unpredictable ways, by allowing for affs that have nothing to do with political contest in the Mideast. They are democracy assistance in name only. 

2. Ground. Indirect democracy promotion destroys our core DA ground. The only way to guarantee us access to Democratization Bad DAs is to restrict the AFF assistance to being exclusively used for creating political contestation.   

2NC vs. Santa Clara

AND, our direct and indirect distinction is key to preserving a manageable research burden

Burnell 00 – Professor of politics @ University of Warwick [Peter Burnell, “Democracy Assistance: The State of Discourse,” Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, edited by: Peter Burnell, pg. 12-13]

All things considered … questions such as these.

AND, only our interp prevents a topic from being about funding schools, bridges, & basketball courts

Crawford 01 – Lecturer in Development Studies @ University of Leeds [Gordon Crawford, Foreign Aid and Political Reform: A Comparative Analysis and Political Conditionality, 2001, pg. 146-147]

What is most notable … yet to inform practice.

Second, net benefit is fairness. Their interp of demo assistance is nonpartisan and doesn’t force intervention; it kills controversy and offensive neg ground.

Rakner 07 – Professor of Comparative Politics @ University of Bergen [Lise Rakner (Head of the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), an independent centre for research on international development and policy), Alina Rocha Menocal (Research Fellow @ Overseas Development Institute) & Verena Fritz (Governance Specialist with the PREM Public Sector Governance group @ World Bank), “Good Governance, Aid Modalities and Poverty

Reduction: Linkages to the Millennium Development,” Goals and Implications for Irish Aid Research project (RP-05-GG) of the Advisory Board for Irish Aid, August 2007, pg. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/201.pdf]

Related to the first … domestic political processes. Pg. 39

Third is education. Best research advocates discussing democracy assistance in terms of NGO-state interactions         

Rakner 07 – Professor of Comparative Politics @ University of Bergen [Lise Rakner (Head of the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), an independent centre for research on international development and policy), Alina Rocha Menocal (Research Fellow @ Overseas Development Institute) & Verena Fritz (Governance Specialist with the PREM Public Sector Governance group @ World Bank), “Good Governance, Aid Modalities and Poverty

Reduction: Linkages to the Millennium Development,” Goals and Implications for Irish Aid Research project (RP-05-GG) of the Advisory Board for Irish Aid, August 2007, pg. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/201.pdf]

Funding to civil …of such an approach. Pg. 39 

1NC vs. Santa Clara

The call for democracy assistance to the countries of the Arab Spring is merely a cover for the forces of capitalism.

Massad June 2011

Joseph, Associate Professor for Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History at Columbia University in New York. “Under the cover of democracy” 6/8/2011 http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011689456174295.html

But as US action …Egyptian and Tunisian peoples.

Intellectual inquiry is best focused on challenging and criticizing instances of neoliberal ideology in the academic communities we are a part of.  Using the space of the debate towards this end is the most immediate and effective avenue for resisting the hegemony of neoliberalism.

Giroux 2005

Henry A.. Global TV Network Chair in Communications at McMaster University in Canada. “The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics,” College Literature 32.1, Project Muse.

Political culture, if not …, and global social movements.

1NR vs. Santa Clara

Capitalism has reached a dead end—only a break from capitalist logic can enable a social revolution that will prevent extinction.

Foster, 2009 (John Bellamy, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon in Eugene and editor of the independent socialist magazine Monthly Review, “The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet”, pages 12-14.)

Yet, this only leads …society as a whole. 

1NC vs. Michigan State HR

US and SCAF have come to an agreement and SCAF is backing down on raids, but hasn’t ruled more out -- further backlash destroys relations.

Myers & Kirkpatrick, 12-30-11

[Steven Lee, David D., NYT, “Egypt Vows to End Crackdown on Nonprofits,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/middleeast/egypts-generals-intensify-campaign-against-nonprofits-activists-say.html]

WASHINGTON — Egypt ’s military rulers … significantly if they continued.

SCAF is trying to block Brotherhood progress -- it’s a critical threat to their power. 

The Economist, 12-10-11

[“Political Islam: Everywhere on the rise,” http://www.economist.com/node/21541440]

Brotherhood leaders say … back to the barracks.

That causes SCAF to kick us out of Suez.

Jeffrey Martini, project associate at the RAND Corporation, and Julie Taylor, political scientist at the RAND Corporation, “Commanding Democracy in Egypt: The Military's Attempt to Manage the Future,” 8/25/2011, http://www.rand.org/commentary/2011/08/25/FA.html

Yet the United States' … can do little to change.

backlash crushes overall hegemony, causes Israel war, and prevents Iranian containment---it’s a bigger and faster internal link to the case

WOOD 11 DAVID WOOD Chief Military Correspondent for Politics Daily “At Risk in Egypt's Turmoil: U.S. Military Access to the Middle East” www.politicsdaily.com/2011/02/05/at-risk-in-egypts-turmoil-u-s-military-access-to-the-middle-e/

Three hundred combat-armed … services will continue.''

Nuclear war

Barnett, 11 Professor, Warfare Analysis and Research Dept – U.S. Naval War College, 3/7/’11

(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are … state-based conflicts.

2NC vs. Michigan State HR

SCAF will backlash to assistance and shut down aid providers -- turns the case.

Myers & Kirkpatrick, 12-30-11

[Steven Lee, David D., NYT, “Egypt Vows to End Crackdown on Nonprofits,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/middleeast/egypts-generals-intensify-campaign-against-nonprofits-activists-say.html]

The certification, not …is tightly regulated.

And, it creates a powerful stigma against US assistance.

AP, 12-30-11

[“Egypt's Democracy Activists Fear Wider Clampdown,” http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/12/30/egypts-democracy-activists-fear-wider-clampdown/]

CAIRO – It was an unusually … in grave danger."

Escalation in relations is being avoided now.

Tarek, 12-31-11

Sherif Ahram Online Egypt’s military rulers retreat on NGO crackdown after US intervention: reports

Egypt’s military rulers … if they continued,” read the Times’ story.

bilateral military dialogue proves.

AP, 1-1-12

[“Egypt Defends Raids on Human Rights Groups,” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57350780/egypt-defends-raids-on-human-rights-groups/]

Aboul Naga, who was … of protests by Egypt's reformers.

More ev.

Gienger, 12-30-11

[Viola, Bloomberg, “U.S. Says Egypt Agrees to Return Raided Offices’ Property,” http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-30/u-s-says-egypt-agrees-to-return-raided-offices-property-1-?category=]

Egyptian authorities have … overthrown in February.

SCAF will maintain power --- opposition is fractured and Islamists will side with the military.

Magdy Samaan, 12/29/2011. Freelance journalist and a 2011 MENA Democracy Fellow at the World Affairs Institute. “Egypt’s Paralyzed Revolution,” The Atlantic Council, http://www.acus.org/egyptsource/egypts-paralyzed-revolution.

After every wave of … them in the new parliament. 

Engineering of the Constitution and Election process proves they won’t and wrecks the transition.

Brown, 12-7-11

[Nathan, professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University, “Landmines in Egypt’s Constitutional Roadmap,” http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/07/landmines-in-egypt-s-constitutional-roadmap/85b9

Egypt’s protracted series … by the generals.

Relations aren’t resilient --- if we push the SCAF too far on democracy, they will abandon us for China.

Mark LeVine, 1/3/2011. Professor of history at UC Irvine and senior visiting researcher at the Centre for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University in Sweden. “SCAF's Chinese surprise in 2012,” Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121283259906802.html.

But perhaps SCAF is … central and prized possessions.

Raids prove they’ll backlash and risk US relations.

AP, 12-30-11

[“Egypt's Democracy Activists Fear Wider Clampdown,” http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/12/30/egypts-democracy-activists-fear-wider-clampdown/]

CAIRO – It was an unusually … and young people.

The SCAF is scared of MB takeover -- they’ll backlash against them, diminishing power, which turns the case.

Martini & Taylor 11 JEFF MARTINI is a Project Associate at the RAND Corporation. AND JULIE TAYLOR is a Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation. “Commanding Democracy in Egypt” Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct2011, Vol. 90, Issue 5 EBSCO

The SCAF views the Muslim … to the military's control.

They’ll aggressively manipulate the political sphere to check Muslim Brotherhood success.

Engindy, 12-13-11

[Khaled, advised the Palestinian leadership on negotiations with Israel from 2004 to 2009, visiting fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution “Army may be the real winner in Egypt,” http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/13/opinion/elgindy-egypt-elections/index.html]

Despite SCAF's attempts … Islamist-secularist tensions.

1NC vs. Michigan State HR

The Executive Branch of the United States federal government should issue a public statement that the United States will no longer provide military assistance to the government of Egypt military unless the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

-genuinely investigates and holds accountable all individuals responsible for excessive use of force during protests

-immediately releases all political prisoners detained during protests

-allows the United States to fund and assist groups working for democracy in Egypt, free of harassment or raids

-agrees to a quick transition to civilian rule

The CP sends a key signal to the SCAF -- they’ll only back down if the US uses leverage -- that’s key to prevent backlash against democracy organizations that negate solvency.

WP, 12-29-11 

[Washington Post Editorial Board, “A provocation in Egypt,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-provocation-in-egypt/2011/12/29/gIQAJEwxOP_story.html]

ON THURSDAY, Egypt’s military …and human rights groups.

Unchecked SCAF escalates the impacts to all their advantages -- only the CP solves and prevents SCAF control.

Dunne, 11-14-11

[Michele, Director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, former Middle East specialist in the White House and Department of State, was a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and editor of the Arab Reform Bulletin before joining the Atlantic Council, holds a PhD in Arabic language from Georgetown University, “Egypt’s Imperiled Transition: Pakistan on the Nile,” http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/7631/111411_ACUS_Egypt.pdf]

What the United states …engaged in illicit practices.

1NC vs. Kansas CG

The aff’s orientalist discourse leads to genocide.

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Scociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of the The Soiology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th … up with genocide, in Darfur.

Vote Neg to reject their discourse.

BILGIN 2005 – PROF IR BIKENT UNIVERSITY

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, PAGE 7

From a critical perspective, … of research (Wyn Jones 1999:148-50).

1NC vs. Kansas KK

The aff’s orientalist discourse leads to genocide.

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Scociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of the The Soiology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th … up with genocide, in Darfur.

Vote Neg to reject their discourse.

BILGIN 2005 – PROF IR BIKENT UNIVERSITY

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, PAGE 7

From a critical perspective, … of research (Wyn Jones 1999:148-50).

1NC vs. Michigan CH

The leasehold-Empire of U.S. basing in the Middle East is as cruel as previous direct colonization – the aff is just better at hiding it in the language of democracy.

John MORRISSEY Geography @ Nat’l University of Ireland ’11 “Architects of Empire: The Military–Strategic Studies Complex and the Scripting of US National Security” Antipode 43 (2) p. 446-448

In addition, A New Global …only as a last resort (2003:xvi).

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts and annihilation

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism toward the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire, stretching from …The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

Reframing democracy assistance is a pre-requisite to genuine engagement with colonized others.

Manadaville and Mandaville, 2007.

Alicia MANDAVILLE Senior Policy Associate Millennium Challenge Corporation AND Peter MANDAVILLE Founding Director George Mason’s Center for Global Studies ‘7 “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and democracy assistance” Development 50 (1) p. 8-10

We turn now to the … lifeworlds in local settings.

1NR vs. Michigan CH

Rejecting their demand for immediate yes/no policy response is the only way to develop a proper pedagogy and reframe our scholarship.

Shampa BISWAS Politics @ Whitman ‘7 “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation … important senses of the vocation.21

1NC vs. NU BK

The leasehold-Empire of U.S. basing in the Middle East is as cruel as previous direct colonization – the aff is just better at hiding it in the language of democracy.

John MORRISSEY Geography @ Nat’l University of Ireland ’11 “Architects of Empire: The Military–Strategic Studies Complex and the Scripting of US National Security” Antipode 43 (2) p. 446-448

In addition, A New Global …only as a last resort (2003:xvi).

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts and annihilation

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism toward the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire, stretching from …The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

Reframing democracy assistance is a pre-requisite to genuine engagement with colonized others.

Manadaville and Mandaville, 2007.

Alicia MANDAVILLE Senior Policy Associate Millennium Challenge Corporation AND Peter MANDAVILLE Founding Director George Mason’s Center for Global Studies ‘7 “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and democracy assistance” Development 50 (1) p. 8-10

We turn now to the … lifeworlds in local settings.

1NR vs. NU BK

Disregard Owen – the liberal humanitarian project uses aid to cover up war – the world is not more peaceful than it used to be, we just say it is.

Duffield, 2010 (Mark, Professor of Development Politics School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies Security Dialogue_ vol._41,_no._1,_February_2010)

More generally, this new …contract in the face of this impasse.

1NC vs. Michigan State HR

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts and annihilation

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, 2007 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism toward the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire, stretching from …The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

Vote Neg to reject their discourse.

Bilgin, 2005 (Pinar, Professor of IR at Bikent University, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, page 7)

From a critical perspective, … subject of research (Wyn Jones 1999:148-50).

1NR vs. Michigan State HR

Their narrative of Muslim brotherhood radicalism destroys a genuine commitment to democracy in favor of paranoid and authoritarian national interest.

Mohammed ABU-NIMER International Peace and Conflict Resolution program @ the School of International Service and Director of the Peacebuilding and Development Institute (American University), ’11 “Non-violent Resistance in the Arab World: The Demythologizing of Essentialist Myths about Arab Societies” Arab World Geographer Vol 14 No 2 pp153-159

Since the late 1950s, the …funding of certain approaches or individuals.4 

1NC vs. NU BK

Intepretation and violation – the aff is indirect democracy promotion, not democracy assistance.  Only assistance that goes to the core of political contestation is topical. 

CAROTHERS  03  Sr. Associate at Carnegie – general DA expert

[Thomas Carothers- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf]

INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY

The second identifiable U.S. … not to Washington’s liking.

C. VOTE NEGATIVE –

They explode LIMITS on the topic – an expansive definition of democracy assistance creates a laundry list of anything that contributes to democracy.  That makes the topic resolved act towards one of these 6 countries. 

GROUND on this topic should allow the negative to say US backlash and democracy promotion bad arguments – their interpretation allows the aff to avoid the central issues of the debate.

1NC vs. Kansas KK

A. Interpretation

Fostering democracy must be the primary purpose of democracy assistance. Indirect assistance undermines the value of the term and explodes the topic.

Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art’, Cahiers of the Centre for Peace Research & Strategic Studies, No.85, 2010]

Establishing the definitional clarity … economic and social aid programmes.’174 pg. 33-35

B. Violation

Governance assistance is indirect demo promo; it’s not democracy assistance. It doesn’t encourage political contestation.

Carothers 04 – Co-director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Project @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Thomas Carothers (Vice President of global policy @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), “Democratic Mirage in the Middle East ,” Originally published in 2002, Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion, 2004, pg. 243-244]

Indirectly Promoting Democracy

The second identifiable …authority of local governments.

C.  Vote Neg

1.  Limits. There are an infinite number of ways to promote better governance without encouraging political contest. Financial support to any non-exec actor becomes T under their interp. That massively expands the neg research burden in really unpredictable ways.

2. Ground. Indirect demo promo destroys our core DAs. The only way to guarantee us access to Democratization Bad DAs is to restrict the aff to creating political contest; governance assistance doesn’t do that.    

1NC vs. Michigan CH

US-Saudi relations are recovering due to decelerating US democracy promo

Gause 12/9/11 (F. Gregory, chair of the political science department at the University of Vermont. “Saudis’ New Mideast Challenges.” Council on Foreign Relations Interview. http://www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/saudis-new-mideast-challenges/p26760.)

It's a real tension …Syria and Yemen.

US push for reform in Bahrain will break US-Saudi relations

ICG 11 (International Crisis Group. “Bahrain’s Rocky Road to Reform,” July 28, 2011.  http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iran-gulf/bahrain.aspx)

Following on the heels …, but not in Bahrain.

Collapse of U.S.-Saudi relations causes Saudi proliferation         

Lippman 8/5/11 (Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy.” August 5, 2011. http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/)

So let us suppose that …, rather than more.

Saudi prolif spurs regional arms race

Bowman 08 (Bradley, International Affairs Fellow at the CFR. “Chain Reaction: Avoiding a Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East.” Report to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, February 2008. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-110SPRT39674/html/CPRT-110SPRT39674.htm.)

A Saudi nuclear … decrease this likelihood.

Middle East prolif escalates and goes nuclear

Edelman et al 11 (Eric S., Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Andrew Krepinevich, President of the CSBA. Evan Montgomery, Research Fellow at the CSBA. “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran: The Limits of Containment.” Foreign Affairs, January 1, 2011. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran.)

More important, emerging … a regional nuclear war.

2NC vs. Michigan CH

Happens quick

Russell 10 (Richard, professor of National Security Affairs in the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies at the National Defense University and Adjunct Professor of Security Studies in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. “Off and Running: The Middle East Nuclear Arms Race.” National Defense University Press, Joint Force Quarterly: 58.3. 2010. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536884&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf.)

Iran’s suspected pursuit of … Korean–supplied nuclear reactor.

Escalation – draw in great powers

Below ‘8  (Tim, Wing Commander – RAF and MA Defense Studies – Kings College London, “OPTIONS FOR US NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT: EXEMPLARY LEADERSHIP OR EXTRAORDINARY LUNACY?,” A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIR AND SPACE STUDIES FOR COMPLETION OF GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS, AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA, June)

Proliferation. Roger Molander, of RAND Corporation, asserts that “in the near future, a large number of countries are each going to develop a small number of nuclear weapons.”50 The Union of Concerned Scientists considers this to be the greatest long-term danger confronting both US and international security today.51 Proliferation increases risk in a number of ways. First, the more … allies or their opponents.54

AND, turns the case:

The Saudis will intervene more and crush the plan – turns case and causes Iran-Saudi war

Bandow 11 (Doug, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, a former special assistant Reagan. “Riyadh Scores One for Tehran” National Interest, March 21. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12915.)

Unfortunately, Riyadh also … or Saudi monarchies.

The threat’s legit – royal decree

AP 12/6/11 (“Prince Hints Saudi Arabia May Join Nuclear Arms Race.” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-may-seek-nuclear-weapons-prince-says.html.)

DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) — A Saudi prince, … a nuclear weapon.

Unrest won’t spill over

Worth 11 (Robert F., staff writer, “Unrest Encircles Saudis, Stoking Sense of Unease,” New York Times, 2/20/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/20/world/middleeast/20saudi.html)

“The Bahrain uprising … make things better.”

No impact

CNBC 3/11 (Saudi Arabia Regime Will Survive Protests: Eurasia Group, http://www.cnbc.com/id/42024487/Saudi_Arabia_Regime_Will_Survive_Protests_Eurasia_Group)

Police and protesters clashed …equal regime demise.”

Bahrain is especially pivotal to US-Saudi relations – US policy in other countries matters little

Aljazeera 6/10/11 (“The US and Bahrain: Sending Ludo Home.” June 10, 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/06/20116816139147194.html.)

 "The US has not … fervour across the Arab world.

*Ottaway – director of the Middle East Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

No, Clinton speech PROVES the link – she explicitly concedes Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are exceptions to US democracy promotion

Cunningham 11/10 (Finian, Middle East and East Africa correspondent. “Bahrain: Nailing the Lie in Washington’s Rhetoric on "The Arab Spring".” Center for Research on Globalization, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=27575.)

 In her speech at … a cynical, self-serving lie.

Clinton clarified but didn’t actually change US stance on Bahrain and Saudi Arabia – past and current rhetoric doesn’t matter

Washington Post 11/7 (“In Arab Spring speech, Clinton defends US stance on Syria, Bahrain.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/clinton-defends-us-stance-on-syria-bahrain/2011/11/07/gIQAsAJ9xM_story.html.)

 The Obama administration’s …the future,” she said.

The US is silent on Bahrain now because of Saudi Arabia – pushing for reform collapses shaky relations

Fisher 9/21/11 (Max, associate editor at The Atlantic. “Obama’s UN Address and the Bahrain Exception.” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/obamas-un-address-and-the-bahrain-exception/245467/.)

The cynical take … regime opposes.

Saudis are especially committed to controlling Bahrain – US pressure for political reform angers the Saudis – it splits them on common interests like Iran

Pant 9/4/11 (Harsh, Reader in International Relations, Department of Defence Studies, King’s College London. “A new balance of power in the Middle East.” Business Standard, September 4, 2011. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/harsh-v-pantnew-balancepower-inmiddle-east/447953/)

 Saudia Arabia sent … to greater instability.

Arms deal is part of the effort to improve relations – they’re still strained

Washington Post 12/29/11 (“U.S. touts Saudi Arabia fighter jet deal as a foreign policy, security and economic boon.” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/massive-us-saudi-arms-deal-seen-as-a-foreign-policy-security-and-economic-boon/2011/12/29/gIQATNWQPP_story.html.)

U.S. officials also touted … kingdom of Bahrain.

1NC vs. NU BK

US-Saudi relations are recovering due to decelerating US democracy promo

Gause 12/9/11 (F. Gregory, chair of the political science department at the University of Vermont. “Saudis’ New Mideast Challenges.” Council on Foreign Relations Interview. http://www.cfr.org/saudi-arabia/saudis-new-mideast-challenges/p26760.)

It's a real tension but … like Syria and Yemen.

US push for reform in Bahrain will break US-Saudi relations

ICG 11 (International Crisis Group. “Bahrain’s Rocky Road to Reform,” July 28, 2011.  http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iran-gulf/bahrain.aspx)

Following on the heels of … Syria, but not in Bahrain.

Saudi Arabia’s paranoid about Iran – The plan causes them to aggressively protect their interest in Bahrain

Khouri 10/19/11 - Director of the Issam Fares Institute of Public Policy and International Affairs @ American University of Beirut  [Rami G. Khouri, “A Saudi-Iranian cold war takes shape,” The Daily Star, October 19, 2011 01:10 AM, Pg. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Columnist/2011/Oct-19/151642-a-saudi-iranian-cold-war-takes-shape.ashx#ixzz1dIj74F4k ]

Concerned about Iranian … to protect itself.

Saudi attack on the Iran economy will trigger tanker wars that escalate to involve the US  

Aryan 10/24/11 [Hossein Aryan, “How Might Saudi Arabia Retaliate Against Iran For Alleged Plot?,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 24, 2011, pg. http://www.rferl.org/content/what_could_saudis_due_to_retaliate_against_iran/24369526.html]

Some four months ago, …Iran and Iraq.

2NC vs. NU BK

The Saudis will intervene more and crush the plan

Bandow 11 (Doug, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, a former special assistant Reagan. “Riyadh Scores One for Tehran” National Interest, March 21. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12915.)

Unfortunately, Riyadh … Bahraini or Saudi monarchies.

Unrest won’t spill over

Worth 11 (Robert F., staff writer, “Unrest Encircles Saudis, Stoking Sense of Unease,” New York Times, 2/20/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/20/world/middleeast/20saudi.html)

“The Bahrain … make things better.”

No impact

CNBC 3/11 (Saudi Arabia Regime Will Survive Protests: Eurasia Group, http://www.cnbc.com/id/42024487/Saudi_Arabia_Regime_Will_Survive_Protests_Eurasia_Group)

Police and protesters …equal regime demise.”

No, Clinton speech PROVES the link – she explicitly concedes Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are exceptions to US democracy promotion

Cunningham 11/10 (Finian, Middle East and East Africa correspondent. “Bahrain: Nailing the Lie in Washington’s Rhetoric on "The Arab Spring".” Center for Research on Globalization, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=27575.)

 In her speech at … self-serving lie.

The US is close to that line

Shaikh 11 (Salman, Director of the Brookings Institution’s Doha Center and Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy. “The Bahrain crisis and its regional dangers.” Foreign Policy, March 23, 2011. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/23/the_bahrain_crisis_and_its_regional_dangers.)

The Bahrain crisis … United States and Saudi Arabia. 

US-Saudi relations have recovered – US reassurance that they didn’t orchestrate uprisings

AFP 9/16/11 (“US, Saudi relationship in good shape: top US official.” AFP, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jA_FSDO25m2rYXq51dz_ThnLtD3w?docId=CNG.b6d207691ba28c0711d32cc4f2496bd7.551.)

WASHINGTON — The key diplomatic … or any other external forces.

Relations are recovering – there’s clear communication about shared interests

Rozen 9/5/11 (Laura, senior foreign affairs reporter. “Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah sends private message to Obama.” The Envoy, Yahoo News. September 5, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/envoy/saudi-arabia-king-abdullah-sends-private-message-obama-210619462.html.)

 Saudi Arabia's King … message to the king.

Saudis hate constitutional monarchy reforms

Teitelbaum 11 (Joshua, visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. “Saudi Arabia, Iran and America in the Wake of the Arab Spring.” Advancing a Free Society, Hoover Institution. May 24, 2011. http://www.advancingafreesociety.org/2011/05/24/saudi-arabia-iran-and-america-in-the-wake-of-the-arab-spring/.)

There are those … about Saudi Arabia.

Saudis are especially committed to controlling Bahrain – US pressure for political reform angers the Saudis – it splits them on common interests like Iran

Pant 9/4/11 (Harsh, Reader in International Relations, Department of Defence Studies, King’s College London. “A new balance of power in the Middle East.” Business Standard, September 4, 2011. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/harsh-v-pantnew-balancepower-inmiddle-east/447953/)

 Saudia Arabia sent … to greater instability.

Even mild changes to the SQ would destroy US-Saudi relations – Saudis view Bahrain crisis as an existential threat

Ghazal 11 (Amal, Assistant professor of Middle Eastern History, Dalhousie University, “Underneath Bahrain's struggle for democracy lie long-running sectarian tensions, exacerbated by a fearful Saudi Arabia.,” http://www.themarknews.com/articles/4185-saudi-interests-stand-in-the-way-of-bahrain-s-democracy) atw

Saudi Arabia looks … Mubarak too quickly).

Despite some common concerns, current issues like democratization cause conflict

Miller and Wright 11 (Aaron David, Woodrow Wilson International Center; Robin, journalist and foreign policy analyst. “The United States, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring” – interview by Diane Rehm. Carnegie Endowment, June 8, 2011. http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=44485&solr_hilite=Saudi+Arabia#.)

 WRIGHT10:14:46And the … in its policies.

1NC vs. NU BK

The President of the United States should issue a memorandum to the heads of the executive departments and agencies relieving them of their duties under Sections 1, 2, 4 and 6 and of the Presidential Memorandum on International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons issued on December 6, 2011.

The President of the United States should amend Sections 3 and 5 of the Presidential Memorandum on International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons issued on December 6, 2011 so that it only apply to Bahrain.

The United States Congress should prohibit the distribution of United States federal assistance for Bahrain for programs that were not funded before December 5, 2011. 

The United States Congress should request that the National Endowment for Democracy provide substantial constitutional aid for democratic reform for Bahrain.

The memo establishes a set of mandates that makes their democracy assistance toxic. 

Zawadzki 12/11/11 [Mariusz Zawadzki, “Obama Puts Sexual Minorities in Danger,” Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 December 2011, pg. http://watchingamerica.com/News/133940/obama-puts-sexual-minorities-in-danger/]

The protection of … next year's elections.

Aid recipients will be forced to take an official stance on gay rights. US pressure will trigger surge in violence against GLBT communities

Nardone 12/8/11 – Senior research fellow and the Head of the United States Program @ Ifry [Dr. Laurence Marie Nardone, “Obama and Clinton on gay and lesbian’s rights,” The Voice of Russia, Dec 8, 2011 18:04 Moscow Time, pg. http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/25298789/61890146.html]

I looked at the … gay rights I believe.

1NC vs. Kansas KK

The President of the United States should issue a memorandum to the heads of the executive departments and agencies relieving them of their duties under Sections 1, 2, 4 and 6 and of the Presidential Memorandum on International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons issued on December 6, 2011.

The President of the United States should amend Sections 3 and 5 of the Presidential Memorandum on International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons issued on December 6, 2011 so that it only apply to Egypt.

The United States Congress should prohibit the distribution of United States federal assistance for Egypt for programs that were not funded before December 5, 2011. 

The United States Congress should request that the National Endowment for Democracy provide support for transparent democratic governance for Egypt.

The memo establishes a set of mandates that makes their democracy assistance toxic. 

Zawadzki 12/11/11 [Mariusz Zawadzki, “Obama Puts Sexual Minorities in Danger,” Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 December 2011, pg. http://watchingamerica.com/News/133940/obama-puts-sexual-minorities-in-danger/]

The protection of gay … next year's elections.

Aid recipients will be forced to take an official stance on gay rights. US pressure will trigger surge in violence against GLBT communities

Nardone 12/8/11 – Senior research fellow and the Head of the United States Program @ Ifry [Dr. Laurence Marie Nardone, “Obama and Clinton on gay and lesbian’s rights,” The Voice of Russia, Dec 8, 2011 18:04 Moscow Time, pg. http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/25298789/61890146.html]

I looked at the …gay rights I believe.

That results in a sexual cleansings

Lucas 11/16/11 – Columnist for The Advocate and Pink News UK [Micheal Lucas, “The Hard Fall of the Arab Spring,” The Huffington Post, Posted: 11/16/11 09:24 PM ET, pg. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-lucas/arab-spring-gay-rights_b_1095798.html]

Gay people should … very hard fall.

The blowback pave the way for US military intervention

Raimondo 12/23/11 - Senior fellow at the Randolph Bourne Institute, and an adjunct scholar with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. [Justin Raimondo (Editorial director of Antiwar.com), “Gay Rights and American Foreign Policy,” Antiwar.com, December 23, 2011, pg. http://original.antiwar.com/justin/2011/12/22/gay-rights-and-american-foreign-policy/]

No one denies … damned business.

Terrorists will attack US troops

Choi 11 – Professor of Political Science @ University of Illinois-Chicago [Seung-Whan Choi, Ph.D. “Does U.S. Military Intervention Reduce or Increase Terrorism?,” Prepared for the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, September 1-4, 2011]

The empirical results … of its missions. Pg. 24

That ends in nuclear war

Freilich 10 – Senior Fellow in the International Security Program @ Harvard University [Chuck Freilich (Former Deputy National Security Adviser in Israel.), “The Armageddon Scenario: Israel and the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism,” THE BEGIN-SADAT CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 84, April 2010]

The Middle East … more nuclear terrorism.24 pg. 6-7

AND, only the CP can solve the AFF – Gay rights pressure creates a political firestorm that forces them to “say no”

Collery 12/10/11 - Grant Proposal Writer at Adventist Development and Relief Agency [Simon Collery, “Gay Footballs: Obama and Cameron Aiming to Destabilize African Development Sectors?,” POZ.com, December 10, 2011 12:02 PM, pg. http://blogs.poz.com/simoncollery/2011/12/gay_footballs_obama.html]

Having said that, … in African countries.

2NC vs. Kansas KK

AND, only the CP can solve the AFF – Gay rights pressure creates a political firestorm that forces them to “say no”

Collery 12/10/11 - Grant Proposal Writer at Adventist Development and Relief Agency [Simon Collery, “Gay Footballs: Obama and Cameron Aiming to Destabilize African Development Sectors?,” POZ.com, December 10, 2011 12:02 PM, pg. http://blogs.poz.com/simoncollery/2011/12/gay_footballs_obama.html]

Having said that, … in African countries.

US will retaliate to terror attack – the conflict will escalate

Nevin 03 – Professor of Psychology @ University of New Hampshire [John A. Nevin, “RETALIATING AGAINST TERRORISTS,” Behavior and Social Issues, 12, 109-128 (2003)

Overall, there was … were killed by terrorists.  Pg. 126-127

That risks WMD use – Their takeout will not account for cell mutations 

Atran 04 - Professor of psychology, anthropology, and natural resources @ University of Michigan. [Scott Atran (Director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris), The Washington Quarterly, 27:3 pp. 67–90]

There is good reason … networks and cells.  Pg. 70

AND, terrorism will trigger a civil war – Attacks will be used to thwart peace negotiations.  They will destabilizes the country

Findley & Young 10 – Professor of Political Science @ Brigham Young University & Professor of Political Science @ Southern Illinois University [Michael G. Findley & Joseph K. Young, “Terrorism and Civil War: A Spatial and Temporal Approach to a Conceptual Problem,” APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper, August 13, 2010]

As this quote suggests, … during the peace process. Pg. 2-3

Homosexuality is taboo throughout the Mideast and there is no counter to conservative Islam – The odds are good that the aid recipient will perceive US pressure as unethical and forgo the assistance out of principle

Crary 6/11/11 [DAVID CRARY | “Arab Spring isn't season for Muslims' gay rights,” The Associated Press Published: June 11, 2011, pg. http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2011/jun/11/TDMAIN02-arab-spring-isnt-season-for-muslims-gay-r-ar-1100698/]

While many of …longtime authoritarian president.

It will be seen as cultural imperialism.  They will reject the assistance 

Clabough 12/7/11 [Raven Clabough, “Obama to Use Foreign Aid to Effect Gay Rights Abroad,” New American, Wednesday, 07 December 2011 15:35, pg. http://thenewamerican.com/usnews/foreign-policy/10095-obama-to-use-foreign-aid-to-effect-gay-rights-abroad]

Aware of the … imposition of decay.’”

Bureaucracy means the aff doesn’t solve

Carothers 09 - Founder and Director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Program @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [Thomas Carothers (Vice-president for studies @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009]

USAID’s basic …basic circumstances change. Pg. 21-22

Funding the NED is an attempt to foster a purely independent private action. The assistance is not the USFG’s

Metzger 03 - Professor of Law @ Columbia Law School [Gillian E. Metzger, “PRIVATIZATION AS DELEGATION,” COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW, Vol. 103, 2003]

When exercised by … that is the ultimate focus. Pg. 1399-1400

We have the only contextualized ev on this question – Just funding is not enough

Spence 04 – Currently the National Security Advisor and Deputy National Security Advisor in the White House [Matthew Spence (D.Phil., International Relations from Oxford University (04)), “Policy Coherence and Incoherence: The Domestic Politics of American Democracy Promotion,” Workshop on Democracy Promotion Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, October 4-5, 2004, pg. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20741/Spence-_CDDRL_10-4_draf1.pdf]

Faced with these … support rarely came. Pg. 23-24

Congress doesn’t earmark NED funding - This is not normal means and serves as a poor research guide for the neg

Lowe 09 - Vice President of Government and External Relations @ National Endowment for Democracy [David Lowe, “Idea to Reality: NED at 25,” National Endowment for Democracy, 2009, pg. http://www.ned.org/about/history]

The second NED … 55% of the appropriated amount.7 // AT: Give money to the NED to implement the plan

USAID implements earmarked programs

Carothers 09 - Founder and Director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Program @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [Thomas Carothers (Vice-president for studies @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009]

Several offices at … governance issues. Pg. 14-15 

1NC vs. Kansas CG

The United States federal government should condition an increase in constitution writing support for the Tunisian National Constituent Assembly on support for women’s rights in constitutional reform.

Democracy Assistance should come with strong conditions on the inclusion of women’s groups—only this can guarantee continued women’s participation in politics

Islam, 2011 [Shada, Brussells correspondent to Dawn, pakistans oldest and most widely read news publication, http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/28/women-power-in-arab-lands.html]

THE world’s richest nations …post-revolution Middle East.

We’ll isolate three net benefits:

First, Patriarchy—persons in powerful positions have a moral obligation to reject it—this is a decision rule

Superson 09 [Anita, prof at UK, “Feminist Moral Psychology,” published in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1-30-09, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-moralpsych/]

Yet other feminists might … from the obligation.

Second, Inclusion--Women’s inclusion is key to durable solvency for democracy and US influence—it’s the key issue

Coleman, 2011 [Senior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, July 26th, http://www.pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Policy-Brief_Coleman.pdf]

As the political landscape … in the Middle East.

Third, US Credibility—American failure to prioritize women’s erodes belief in universal rights and undermines the US more generally

Juul, 2011 [Peter Juul is a Policy Analyst at American Progress. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/06/saudi_women.html]

Additionally, the Obama … sweeping the region.

2NC vs. Kansas CG

Only specific benchmarks and assurances solve -- the perm ensures they’ll pocket the concession.

Seibold, 2011 [Marisol, writer for JihadWatch—commentary and quotes about a reuters news article, http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/05/g8-leaders-to-tie-arab-spring-aid-to-reforms-but-how-specifically.html]

G8 leaders to tie … to a social agenda."

Debates about conditionality are key to policy education -- there’s a key distinction between the CP and the plan in the literature. 

Azpuru et al., 2008

[Dinorah Azpuru, assistant professor of political science at Wichita State University, Steven E. Finkel, professor of politics at the University of Virginia, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, associate professor of political science at the University of Pittsburgh, Mitchell A. Seligson, Centennial Professor of Political Science and Professor of Sociology at Vanderbilt University, “What has the United States Been Doing?” Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April, Project Muse]

In the post–Cold War era, … for scholarly analysis. 5

Women’s Rights--Discussion of women’s inclusion are key to policy making about aid

Basij-Rasikh and Amin, 2011 [Shabana Basij-Rasikh, a graduate of Middlebury College, is a Gender Mainstreaming Advisor at the National Solidarity Program at the Afghan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. She is the Founder and President of Hela, Inc., and Executive Director ofAfghan Youth Initiative, Inc. Matiullah Amin is a senior at Williams College, where he is pursuing degrees in Economics and Political Science. He also travels to Afghanistan every year to develop the "five-step" summer program for Afghan Youth Initiative, Inc., a non-profit organization that he founded to help educate young Afghans and support grass-roots, youth-led community projects to stimulate leadership and educational skills among Afghan youth. http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/Afghan_Development_Requires_Inclusion_of_Women]

Aid organizations …community and country.

There’s no link -- there are 3 main ways to promote democracy -- the CP PICs out of assistance.

Toornstra, 2010

[Dick, European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director, OPPD Coordinators: Dick Toornstra, Katarzyna Grzybowska-Walecka, Rabea Pfeifer, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance,” August, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf]

There are three … – democracy assistance.

the perm means they’re not democracy assistance -- conditionality is a distinct tool.

Crawford, 2001

[Gordon, Lecturer in Development Studies – University of Leeds, “Foreign Aid and Political Reform: A Comparative Analysis of Democracy Assistance and Political Conditionality”, p. 1]

A striking departure … different parties to the relationship.

No link -- we PIC out of democracy assistance -- there’s an important distinction in the democracy promotion lit between conditioned aid and democracy assistance, which is purely positive.

Burnell, 2000

[Peter, Professor of Politics, Dept. of Politics & International Studies, University of Warwick, England, “Democracy assistance: international cooperation for democratization,” p. 8-9, Google Books]

There is a common … are probably more common.

1NC vs. Kansas CG

New democracy assistance funding will trade off with climate assistance—caps mean there will be no new spending

Lefton 9/13/2011 [Rebecca, Policy Analyst with the Energy Team at American Progress, "The Debt Deal and Budget Process Threaten Critical Climate Aid Funding", http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/09/climate_aid.html]

The debt ceiling legislation … holds a hard line on funding.

Plan will force competition and trade-offs in the overall foreign aid budget

Carothers 09 [Thomas Carothers is the vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In this capacity, he oversees the Democracy and Rule of Law Program, Middle East Program, and Carnegie Europe, “Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance The Challenge of USAID”, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/revitalizing_democracy_assistance.pdf]

Many of these … transformation remains unachieved.

International climate assistance is critical to stabilize carbon emissions

Lefton and Light 2011 [Rebecca, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, and Andrew, Senior Fellow and Coordinator of International Climate Policy at the Center for American Progress, April 7, "The Fight Over International Climate Investments,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/04/intl_climate_investments.html]

At this stage … at two degrees.

Extinction.

Brandenberg 99 (John & Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233)

The ozone hole expands, … microbes surviving.

1NC vs. Michigan CH

Text: The United States federal government should threaten to suspend Bahrain’s designation as a Major Non-NATO Ally, including accompanying assistance, end all arms sales, and rebase the Navy’s Fifth Fleet unless the Bahraini government meets benchmarks of human rights and democratization consistent with a constitutional monarchy, including but not limited to the release of political prisoners who have not committed recognizable criminal defenses. The United States Federal Government should publically announce whether or not the Government of Bahrain accedes to their demand.

Solves reform and cred

Hilterman, 9/7

(Deputy Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68246/joost-r-hiltermann/pushing-for-reform-in-bahrain)

How Washington … to the Arab Spring.