US democracy assistance is a policy operation – the focus on “eliminating human rights” is done to replicate US models causing violent division of racial identities between the public space to be conquered and the government space of stability

Nicolas GUILHOT ’05

[ Research fellow @ Social Science Research Council Formerly Center for the Study of Human Rights at the London School of Economics. Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order p.  75-83 ]

The initial reaction of the Reagan administration was simply to dismantle this policy (a task for which …. democracy and human rights began to be organized around a new type of "democracy expert."

The hegemonic promotion of liberal democracy is anti-democratic and coercive. Democracy as the new standard for civilization condemns Oriental Others to assimilation or destruction.

Christopher HOBSON International Politics @ Aberystwyth ‘8 “Democracy as Civilization” Global Society 22 (1) p.83-88

With the conclusion of the Cold War and the apparent triumph of the Western model of market … targeted as obstacles on the road to “perpetual peace.” 

The export of US democratic models amplifies social antagonism by dispossessing class and racial minorities, resulting in genocidal backsliding. Neoliberal economics, public models of democracy that obscure so-called private domination, and elite co-option ensure the aff makes escalating conflict inevitable.

Oliver RICHMOND IR and Director of Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies @ St. Andrews ‘9 in New Perspectives on liberal peacebuilding eds. Newman, Paris & Richmond p.  59-63

Backsliding: Emerging problems with the liberal peace The liberal peace offers a blueprint and … co-option, backsliding and international unease.

The Orientalist discourse of democratic transition constitutes the MENA region as perpetual threat and opportunity for Western colonial powers.  The provisional acceptance of actors who fit the liberal script justifies the surveillance and elimination of those who don’t.

Andrea TETI IR @ Aberdeen ‘7  “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf

This section will argue that the positionalities and some of the key features of … in the Middle East, as evidenced in debates over policy stances towards Islamist parties.

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts -epistemological exclusion lays the groundwork for physical violence.  

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism toward the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire, stretching from Europe to the Middle East, and across North Africa. Perpetuation of this imagery in American foreign policy exhibited how … the global racist ideology with dizzying frequency. The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

The alternative is to reject the affs national interest framing of democracy assistance in favor of authentically democratic orientation to the middle east

Reframing democracy assistance is a pre-requisite to genuine engagement with colonized others.

Alicia MANDAVILLE Senior Policy Associate Millennium Challenge Corporation AND Peter MANDAVILLE Founding Director George Mason’s Center for Global Studies ‘7 “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and

democracy assistance” Development 50 (1) p. 8-10

We turn now to the question of how contemporary practices of democracy assistance … and their integration into practices of everyday life and political lifeworlds in local settings.

The way we represent our policies matters- representations made the Mid East was it is today

BILGIN 2005 – PROF IR BIKENT UNIVERSITY

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, PAGE 12-14

The significance of questioning - what Simon Dalby (1991:274) has referred to as - the 'politics of … are represented. What all share is the damaging effect representations have had on both groups of actors.

The claims to “expertise” are nothing more than faulty knowledge productions that are based upon an orientalist framing of the arab world

Rosen 11

Nir Rosen, has been reporting from Iraq since April of 2003 and has spent most of the last seven and a half years in Iraq. He recently returned from a trip to seven provinces in the country. He has also reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Mexico, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Turkey and Egypt. Nir has written for magazines such as The New Yorker, Rolling Stone and most major American publications. He has filmed documentaries and consulted for humanitarian organizations. May 19^th, 2011.             “A Critique of Reporting on the Middle East.”http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1627/a-critique-of-reporting-on-the-middle-east.

Too often consumers of mainstream media are victims of a fraud. You think you can trust the articles you read, why … seeking Arabs are subordinated to the security concerns of five million Jews who colonized Palestine.

Rejecting their demand for immediate yes/no policy response is the only way to raise critical ethical questions about the discourse and practice of ir in the middle east. 

Shampa BISWAS Politics @ Whitman ‘7 “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire should give International Relations scholars particular pause…. politics (rather than techno-expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

A. Democracy Assistance is that which DIRECTLY fosters democracy in a recipient country.

Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art’, Cahiers of the Centre for Peace Research & Strategic Studies, No.85, 2010]

Establishing the definitional clarity of democracy assistance is an important >>>foster democracy in the recipient countries. It does not therefore include economic and social aid programmes.’174 pg. 33-35

B. Violation – Plan provides military assistance IS the executive – its indirect and governance

McMahon 02 – Director of the Center on Democratic Performance @ Binghamton University Edward R. McMahon (Professor of Applied Politics @ Binghamton University) “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study,” Paper Prepared for Presentation at American Political Science Association Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, August 29 – September 1, 2002, pg. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf]

The concept of governance >>> representative legislatures, and more effective policy processes in the executive branch.16 pg. 12-13

Governance Assistance and democracy assistance are absolutely distinct

Phillips & Mitchell 08 - Project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy & Professor of International Politics at Columbia University [David L. Phillips (Visiting scholar @ Columbia University’s Center for the Study of Human Rights. & Former senior adviser to the US Department of State and the United Nations Secretariat) & Lincoln A. Mitchell, “Enhancing Democracy Assistance,” A Research Project of National Committee on American Foreign Policy, January 2008, pg. http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/Enhancing%20Democracy%20Assistance.pdf]

Promote Democratic Governance - >>> support governance and service delivery should incorporate key components of democracy such as participation, contestation, and accountability. Pg. 10-11

Executive assistance is not democracy assistance

Carothers 99 – Co-director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Project @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Thomas Carothers (Vice President of global policy @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, 1999, pg. 159]

It is striking how little democracy >>> of the state to balance the power of the executive).

C. VOTE NEGATIVE –

They explode LIMITS on the topic – an expansive definition of democracy assistance creates a laundry list of anything that contributes to democracy.  That makes the topic resolved act towards one of these 6 countries. 

GROUND on this topic should allow the negative to say US backlash and democracy promotion bad arguments – their interpretation allows the aff to avoid the central issues of the debate.

US democracy assistance is a policy operation – the focus on “eliminating human rights” is done to replicate US models causing violent division of racial identities between the public space to be conquered and the government space of stability

Nicolas GUILHOT ’05

[ Research fellow @ Social Science Research Council Formerly Center for the Study of Human Rights at the London School of Economics. Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order p.  75-83 ]

The initial reaction of the Reagan administration was simply to dismantle this policy (a task for which …. democracy and human rights began to be organized around a new type of "democracy expert."

The hegemonic promotion of liberal democracy is anti-democratic and coercive. Democracy as the new standard for civilization condemns Oriental Others to assimilation or destruction.

Christopher HOBSON International Politics @ Aberystwyth ‘8 “Democracy as Civilization” Global Society 22 (1) p.83-88

With the conclusion of the Cold War and the apparent triumph of the Western model of market … targeted as obstacles on the road to “perpetual peace.” 

The export of US democratic models amplifies social antagonism by dispossessing class and racial minorities, resulting in genocidal backsliding. Neoliberal economics, public models of democracy that obscure so-called private domination, and elite co-option ensure the aff makes escalating conflict inevitable.

Oliver RICHMOND IR and Director of Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies @ St. Andrews ‘9 in New Perspectives on liberal peacebuilding eds. Newman, Paris & Richmond p.  59-63

Backsliding: Emerging problems with the liberal peace The liberal peace offers a blueprint and … co-option, backsliding and international unease.

The Orientalist discourse of democratic transition constitutes the MENA region as perpetual threat and opportunity for Western colonial powers.  The provisional acceptance of actors who fit the liberal script justifies the surveillance and elimination of those who don’t.

Andrea TETI IR @ Aberdeen ‘7  “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism” http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes07/Level5/PI5000/Teti%202007%20Confessions%20of%20a%20Dangerous%20Paradigm.pdf

This section will argue that the positionalities and some of the key features of … in the Middle East, as evidenced in debates over policy stances towards Islamist parties.

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts -epistemological exclusion lays the groundwork for physical violence.  

Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism toward the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire, stretching from Europe to the Middle East, and across North Africa. Perpetuation of this imagery in American foreign policy exhibited how … the global racist ideology with dizzying frequency. The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

The alternative is to reject the affs national interest framing of democracy assistance in favor of authentically democratic orientation to the middle east

Reframing democracy assistance is a pre-requisite to genuine engagement with colonized others.

Alicia MANDAVILLE Senior Policy Associate Millennium Challenge Corporation AND Peter MANDAVILLE Founding Director George Mason’s Center for Global Studies ‘7 “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and

democracy assistance” Development 50 (1) p. 8-10

We turn now to the question of how contemporary practices of democracy assistance … and their integration into practices of everyday life and political lifeworlds in local settings.

The way we represent our policies matters- representations made the Mid East was it is today

BILGIN 2005 – PROF IR BIKENT UNIVERSITY

REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, PAGE 12-14

The significance of questioning - what Simon Dalby (1991:274) has referred to as - the 'politics of … are represented. What all share is the damaging effect representations have had on both groups of actors.

The claims to “expertise” are nothing more than faulty knowledge productions that are based upon an orientalist framing of the arab world

Rosen 11

Nir Rosen, has been reporting from Iraq since April of 2003 and has spent most of the last seven and a half years in Iraq. He recently returned from a trip to seven provinces in the country. He has also reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Mexico, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Turkey and Egypt. Nir has written for magazines such as The New Yorker, Rolling Stone and most major American publications. He has filmed documentaries and consulted for humanitarian organizations. May 19^th, 2011.             “A Critique of Reporting on the Middle East.”http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1627/a-critique-of-reporting-on-the-middle-east.

Too often consumers of mainstream media are victims of a fraud. You think you can trust the articles you read, why … seeking Arabs are subordinated to the security concerns of five million Jews who colonized Palestine.

Rejecting their demand for immediate yes/no policy response is the only way to raise critical ethical questions about the discourse and practice of ir in the middle east. 

Shampa BISWAS Politics @ Whitman ‘7 “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire should give International Relations scholars particular pause…. politics (rather than techno-expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

The United States Federal Government should support the Palestinian declaration of statehood in the United Nations and substantially increase pressure on Israel to accept previously negotiated compromises on a two state solution.

We solve THE KEY internal link to credibility and legitimacy-- The UN statehood Vote is a REFERENDUM on the entirety of us mid-east diplomacy

Harris-gershone, September 12^th [David Harris-Gershon – a blogger for Tikkun magazine and a freelance writer on Israel, the Middle East and America’s role in the region – has recently published work in The Jerusalem Post, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, AlterNet, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Colorado Review and elsewhere. His memoir, Shrapnel, is currently seeking publication. He received his MFA from the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, and has worked extensively as an educator, teaching creative writing and Israeli History / Jewish Studies in university and high school classrooms.  Two of Obama’s Major Foreign Policy Goals Are About to Collide, http://davidehg.wordpress.com/]

Next week, President

Obamawill travel to the UN General Assembly knowing that his administration... not look kindly upon what is about to transpire.

Support for two state solution will improve American standing and credibility in the region, and eliminate the perception of differential treatment that tanks US leverage

Murasher, September 14^th

[Marwan Muasher, former foreign minister of Jordan who played a central role in developing the Arab Peace Initiative and Middle East Road Map, analyzes the effects of a UN vote recognizing Palestinian statehood and the danger that the window for a two-state solution is closing fast. http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=45526&lang=en#washington]

What role should Washington play? Does the United States need to outline a new roadmap for the .... 

want somebody to put it on the tablebecause neither side on its own can do that now.

Payroll tax cuts will be extended through 2012.  Obama’s capital is key and he has enough on the issue

ABC NEWS  12 – 31 – 11 

Obama Maps Out ‘Warrior of Working Class’ Message, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/12/obama-maps-out-warrior-of-working-class-message/

The president will continue to claim the mantle for “warrior of the...ooked disorganized and petty, which helped Obama look more presidential.”

Obama is going to fight to overcome issues

NYT 12 – 26 – 11 

Political Struggle in Congress Delayed, Not Resolved, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/us/politics/congress-delays-political-struggle.html

When Congress handily passed a bill to set payroll tax rates...$100 billion for the last 10 months of 2012.

• 
  
  • There would be a fight over the plan – wrapped up in a larger budget discussion

Arieff 11 [Alexis, government analyst in African affairs, “Political Transition in Tunisia,” Congressional Research Service, 6-27-11, Lexis]

Congress authorizes, appropriates, and oversees foreign ...larger federal budget debates and disagreements over funding priorities.

Failure to extend would devastate growth – key to maintaining momentum

HILL  12 – 28 – 11   Economics Reporter for the Washington Times

Patrice Hill,  Economists fear withdrawal symptoms if payroll-tax cut vanishes, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/28/economists-fear-withdrawal-symptoms-if-payroll-tax/

It was the tax cut that nobody noticed when Congress enacted it a year ago. Now the question is, can anyone live without it? The $120 billion ...

on consumers’ ability to sustain their relatively brisk spending.” 

global wars – best studies prove

ROYAL  10  Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense

[Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215]

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase ...the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

TEXT: The United States Congress should pass legislation reversing the application of trade sanctions against Syria to Web 2.0 Services.

Legitimacy high now

FRIEDMAN & ROSEN  10 * law professor at New York University ** the legal affairs editor of The New Republic

Barry Friedman, Jeffrey Rosen, The Battle Over the Court. How the right and the left learned to love judicial activism, April 14, 2010, http://www.tnr.com/print/article/politics/the-battle-over-the-court

The political opportunism of these conservative activists is not surprising: Liberals during the Warren Court era also relied on courts to hand them victories that eluded them in the political arena. Of course, during the Warren era, activism usually meant asking the Supreme Court to bring a few state outliers into line with a national consensus—on racial discrimination, for example. By contrast,

Roberts Court-era conservatives are urging unelected... conservative activists and decline to go very far down this fraught path.

The aff destroys it

Zeigler, ‘96

[Donald H., professor of law -- New York Law School, American University Law Review, June, Lexis]

Although the judiciary has primary responsibility for saying what the Constitution means,

judges are considered activist when they articulate new ...judges are considered activist when they ignore or distort or overrule prior precedent.

That wrecks the rule of law & independence

Monaghan, 88  (Henry, professor of law at Columbia University, “STARE DECISIS AND CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION”, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 723, May, lexis)

Focus on system legitimation convincingly underpins only some aspects of stare decisis. For example, the wisdom of judicial reconsideration of a whole series of "small" ...get control of such an institution -- with judicial independence and public confidence greatly weakened. n174

the rule of law prevents genocide and war

Nagan, 01  (Winston, professor of law at the University of Florida, 13 Fla. J. Int'l L. 131, “LAWYER ROLES, IDENTITY, AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AN AGE OF GLOBALISM”, lexis)

As the Gulf War came to an end,

the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia and later Rwanda presented the biggest threat to human ...lobal issues of peace, security, human rights and a minimal respect for humanitarian concerns