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1NC v. UNLV EM
T – DA to Domestic Actors

.  Interpretation – democracy assistance is directed internally – to help domestic actors
Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation1,” Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Vol.4, No.1, May (2010)

Finally, on the positive side, there is the distinct instrument of democrac….want for themselves’ (Carothers 2007b: 22). Democracy assistance is therefore a very precise instrument within a broader democracy promotion paradigm. Pg. 188-189

Its is possessive – the democracy assistance must belong to the United States.
Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 09 (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/its?view=uk)
its
  • possessive determiner 1 belonging to or ….with a child or animal of unspecified sex. 

B.  VIOLATION – the aff has the US fund and assist OTHERs in their independent democracy assistance
Mitchell & Phillips, 2008
[Lincoln A., associate research scholar at Columbia …. agreements with NGOs for specialized tasks maximizes their ability to work in the most flexible and responsive fashion.

SKFTA

SKFTA will pass – votes are coming around
Hooper 9-10 [Molly K., writer for The Hill, “Obama-backed trade pacts could be heavy lift for House GOP” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/180751-obama-backed-trade-pacts-could-be-heavy-lift-for-house-gop]
And anti-trade interest groups are poised to pounce on then-GOP ….. sounding out lawmakers informally.

Capitals key.
Wharton 11 [Wharton School’s Online Business Journal – Editorial Post – including the Deupty Dean & Executive Director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Business School, U.S.-South Korea Trade Pact: A Turning Point for American Exports?, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2671]
The Tea Party Factor During the fall election season, ….. that elites and the federal government have signed free-trade agreements with other elites [from other countries] could run up against the ideology of free trade" that has been a foundation of Republican economic and foreign policy for decades.
 

Obama will get involved in Democracy Assistance – and it’ll cost capital
LAPPIN  2 – 1 – 10   PhD candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, Carter Center, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE program Richard Lappin,  Obama and Democracy Assistance: Challenges and Responses, February 1, 2010, http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/docs/2010/20100201-cceia.pdf
The Obama Record on Democracy Assistance Prior to Presidency Obama ….. assistance is to remain a preserve of U.S. foreign policy.
 

SKFTA key to the alliance – solves Korean instability
Hubbard 11 [Thomas, Senior Director for Asia, McLarty Associates and Former Ambassador to South Korea, 4-7-11, Congressional Documents and Publications, “House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade Hearing - Brady Announces Third in a Series of Three Hearings on the Pending, Job-Creating Trade Agreements: South Korea Trade Agreement”]
The United States-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS) …. in Asia who want us to remain strongly engaged. The agreement with South Korea will stand as a new anchor for our longstanding leadership position in a rapidly changing Asia.

Korean instability risks rapid escalation to nuclear war
STRATFOR 10 [“North Korea, South Korea: The Military Balance on the Peninsula,” 5-26-10, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100526_north_korea_south_korea_military_balance_peninsula]
But no one, of course, is interested in another war on the Korean Peninsula. ….they might be if the situation escalates much further.

Orientalism K

The hegemonic promotion of liberal democracy is anti-democratic and coercive. Democracy as the new standard for civilization condemns Oriental Others to assimilation or destruction.

Christopher HOBSON International Politics @ Aberystwyth ‘8 “Democracy as Civilization” Global Society 22 (1) p.83-88

With the conclusion of the Cold War and the apparent triumph of the Western model of …. are targeted as obstacles on the road to “perpetual peace.”  

The role of the scholar should be to interrogate systems of knowledge- the 1AC representations are tainted by orientalist modes of thought which renders them suspect. Interrogation of representations outweighs policy making
Anand 07—Reader, IR, U Westminster. PhD, politics, Bristol (Dibyesh, Western Colonial Representations of the Other, http://staff.bath.ac.uk/ecsda/DAnandNPSArticleMar07.pdf)
Note – epiphenomenal = a secondary question/phenomenon  
Within the context of European imperialism, the issue of the representation of natives …. evolutionism and hierarchization, lead to the debasement and negation of most non-Western natives and idealization of some. 

Orientalist forms of security guarantee genocidal conflicts -epistemological exclusion lays the groundwork for physical violence.   
Pinar Batur, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, ‘7 [“The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7]
At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized the enemy of Europe and the antagonism …..efficiency to serve the global racist ideology with dizzying frequency. The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

Rejecting their demand for immediate yes/no policy response is the only way to raise critical ethical questions about the discourse and practice of ir in the middle east.  
Shampa BISWAS Politics @ Whitman ‘7 “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125
The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire should give International Relations scholars particular pause.1 For a discipline long premised on ….that is about politics (rather than techno-expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

EU-NED CP

The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights should offer all necessary funding to the National Endowment for Democracy to provide democracy assistance for . 

The CP solves better - EU-NED coop prevents backlash to US assistance
Gershman 06 – President of the National Endowment for Democracy [Carl Gershman, “The Backlash against Democracy Assistance,” Testimony to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Jun 8, 2006, pg. http://www.ned.org/about/board/meet-our-president/archived-remarks-and-presentations/060806]
The new repressive climate in certain states has in fact highlighted the benefits of non-governmental and civil society-based approaches. Maintaining and highlighting independence from government, such initiatives demonstrate that democracy …and promoting multilateral approaches that help reduce the "Made in USA" profile of democracy assistance and also leverage additional resources.

Democracy cooperation stabilizes the Black Sea region – It’s a conduit for instability throughout Eurasia
Garber 08 - Deputy Assistant Secretary of State [Judy Garber, “Transatlantic Perspectives on Black Sea Region: U.S. seeks to promote cooperation among countries in the region,” Keynote Address at the Woodrow Wilson Center Conference, 10 June 2008, pg. http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/June/20080612162948eaifas0.3606836.html#ixzz1S5cj0Z00]
The Black Sea lies at a strategic crossroads of geography and culture, … linking Europe with the Caspian basin, Central Asia, and the broader Middle East.

Extinction
Amineh 03 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University [Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam & Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) “Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region,” Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. http://www.clingendael.nl/ciep/events/20030619/20030619_amineh.pdf]
The increasing involvement of the US, the EU, Russia, China, Iran, and …, the war on terrorism in Afghanistan, and the war and crisis in Iraq.
*CEA = post-Soviet Central Eurasia 

1NC v. WGA DF

FW

A. Interpretation - the aff has to defend USFG action on democracy assistance in one of the six countries listed in the resolution

- ‘resolved’ means to enact a policy by law.
Words and Phrases, 1964  (Permanent Edition)

Definition of the word “resolve,” … word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.

Democracy assistance includes mechanisms to promote rule of law, electoral assistance, political contestation, and many other mechanisms
Huber, 08 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations
Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62,  March 2008, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”, p. 45-6, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/69109__790479070.pdf, accessed 6-3-11

What is Democracy Assistance?
The term democracy assistance is used in …. governance structures that are efficient, responsive, and accountable. (USAID, 2005: 4)

. academics must learn to engage the public’s line of thinking - abstract moralism without addressing how to get our policies passed is useless.
Jeffrey Isaac, Spring 2002. Professor of Political Science at Indiana University. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601.

What is striking about much of the political discussion on the left today is its …. inhibits this judgment. It alienates those who are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Establishing defintional clarity is key for debates to useful
Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art’, Cahiers of the Centre for Peace Research & Strategic Studies, No.85, 2010]

Establishing the definitional clarity of democracy … the recipient countries. It does not therefore include economic and social aid programmes.’174 pg. 33-35 

failure to have a concrete option we can debate against guarantees that oppression continues and efforts for change backfire
Steve 7  (Anonymous member of Black Block and Active Transformation who lives in East Lansing, MI, Date Last Mod. Feb 8, http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/global/a16dcdiscussion.htm)

What follows is not an attempt to discredit our efforts. It was a powerful …. If we are not prepared for that we can assume others will be prepared to build up the state or a new state.

C. Voting issue - resolving the framework is a pre-condition for debate to occur.
Ruth Lessl Shively, 2K. Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A&M U. Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2.

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no" to-they must reject and limit-some ideas …. how one might go about intelligibly contesting it. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

 Guilt K

Anti-Western rhetoric stems from an ontology of guilt – it is not objective and trivializes atrocities committed by non-Western peoples
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 1-3)

A great city in northern Europe is struck by an unusual heat wave in the …. of the United States that intervenes and meddles in everything.

The ontology of guilt causes us to hate ourselves – the world becomes a morality play where the Exploitative Westerner preys upon the Helpless and Innocent Other. This self-hatred replicates racism and makes progressive reform impossible
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 102)

One part of the world, ours, is thus obsessively preoccupied with …. carry out on itself a true labor of introspection, the proof that a people is never bound inseparably to its abominations and can exorcise them, rejoin the human family?

Focus on past atrocities causes resentment – we can’t bring back the dead but obsessing over their memories prevents reconciliation between ethnic groups
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 155)

We too often forget that the expression "the duty of memory" was coined by Primo …. not enough. We need a whole politics of friendship, of benevolent sympathy: we need a miracle.

Western guilt causes genocide – our obsession with atoning for past wrongs prevents us from intervening in massacres
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 96)

All these ancient stones, in their splendor, overwhelm us, suffocate the future…. is an act that allows us not to feel obliged to justify ourselves to anyone.

The alternative is pride in Western values – we should view history as a source of moral progress rather than an invocation to atone for past wrongs – the impact is extinction
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 219)

No power can destroy the spirit of a people, either from the outside, or from …. from so many perils. It is a poisoned gift, but one that is indispensable for the survival of humanity.

criticism of the West empirically fails and devolves into massive violence
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 6)

Eighty years later the same idea is formulated insipidly, like a bailiff’s …. political project, gnaws away at Western consciousness from within. A change in scale, a narrowing of horizons.

Turns case – their anti-Western rhetoric is only a cover for Eurocentrism
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 33)

Nothing is more Western than hatred of the West, that ….. refuge in the perpetual avowal of our sins, a strange way of inflating our puny selves to global dimensions.

And, they can’t win an alternative – criticism of the West empirically fails and devolves into massive violence
Bruckner, 10 (Pascal, French writer and public intellectual, maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris and collaborator at the Nouvel Observateur. “The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism” p. 6)

Eighty years later the same idea is formulated insipidly, like a bailiff’s report: …..by a political project, gnaws away at Western consciousness from within. A change in scale, a narrowing of horizons.

1NC v. Oklahoma MT

T – DA to Working Groups

A.  Democracy Assistance is to bolster currently working groups -
Lappin 10 – Visiting Scholar in the Faculty of Political Science @ University of Belgrade [Richard Lappin (PhD Candidate in the Centre for Peace Research and Security Studies @ University of Leuven, Belgium & Participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE/ODIHR and Carter Center.)“What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation1,” Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Vol.4, No.1, May (2010)

Finally, on the positive side, there is the distinct instrument of democracy assistance Democracy assistance is therefore a very precise instrument within a broader democracy promotion paradigm. Pg. 188-189  

Cred DA

A.  The plan’s reframing of democracy assistance will be used to boost US credibility and soft power
Carothers, 9 – vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In this capacity, he oversees the Democracy and Rule of Law Program, Middle East Program, and Carnegie Europe; also, a leading authority on democracy promotion and democratization worldwide as well as an expert on U.S. foreign policy generally. He is the founder and director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Program, which analyzes the state of democracy in the world and the efforts by the United States and other countries to promote democracy (Thomas, “Democracy Promotion under Obama: Finding a Way Forward,” February 2009, Policy Brief 77, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)

In reformulating U.S. democracy promotion, the ….trusted, and influential ally of democracy around the world.

B.  US cred will be used as a smoke screen to justify interventionism, imperialism, and war.  It is the velvet glove masking the iron fist
Eschen 2005 (Penny Von, Associate Prof of History @ UMich, 2005, “Enduring Public Diplomacy.” American Quarterly 57.2 pg. 335-343. Muse)

Yet while public diplomacy has historically operated as a mystifying …. They [End Page 340] expose the insularity that has been an abiding feature of U.S. politics and public discourse

Assistance PIC

The United States federal government should increase political party cooperation for “terrorist” in Egypt.

The word “ASSISTANCE” – is an intentional choice with consequences – it shapes the meaning of the offer and promotes a passive and paternalistic conception of people – it is part of the larger development narrative.  Cooperation is better.

TANDON 07    served as executive director of the South Centre Secretariat in Geneva from January 2005 until early 2009. He has taught at several universities in Africa including Makerere in Uganda and the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. He is also a founding member and was the first Director of the International South Group Network (ISGN)
[Yash Tandon, “The Reality of Trade: The WTO and Developing Countries,” The North-South Institute, p.65, Accessed 3/27/08, http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/Reality_of_Trade.pdf]

Oddly, years after the OECD and UN systems had …..top-down approach to what was until then called technical “assistance.” 

Language choice is important – the paternalistic approach dooms the aff – insures violence & conflict – flips the cooperation necessary for the aff.
LATOUCHE  93  Professor of Economics – University of Paris XI
(Serge Latouche, In the Wake of the Affluent Society: An Exploration of Post-Development, p. 158-161)

The opposition between 'alternative development' and alternative …. with the main issues and highlight their ambiguities.

Case

We shouldn’t organize ethics around a decision for the Other.  This framing makes justice into just another rule.  They link to their own criticism of ethics.
Martin HÄGGLUND Comparative Lit PhD Student @ Cornell ‘4 “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas” Diacritics 34 (1) p. Literature Online

A key term here is what Derrida calls "undecidability." …. as the chance that the prevalent order may be transformed or subverted.

Empiricism is best for knowing the world – it’s the only way to synthesize facts and inferences to inform action
Walt 05  professor of international studies at University of Chicago
(Stephen, Annu Rev Polit Sci 8 23-48, the relationship between theory and policy in international relations)

Policy decisions can be influenced by several types of knowledge. First, policy makers invariably …. ideas, IR theorists employ the full range of social science methods: comparative case studies, formal theory, large-N statistical analysis, and hermeneutical or interpretivist approaches.

Preserving life is a prerequisite to determining value
Schwartz 2  (Lisa, Medical Ethics, http://www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)

The second assertion made by supporters of  the quality of life as a … life ought to be made only by the person  concerned and not by others.  

Turnelevating other values over extinction destroys the value to life and makes extinction certain—their representation that they know the absolute truth of the value to life makes it easier to end it
Schell 82  (Jonathan, writer for the New Yorker and nuclear weapons expert, The Fate of the Earth)

For the generations that now have to decide whether or not to risk the ….future generations, and let human life go on.

Their claims are fundamentally utilitarian
Hardin and Mearsheimer 85 Russell, John, Professors of Political Science, University of Chicago, ETHICS, April 1985, p.418.
Discussion among philosophers often stops at the point of fundamental disagreement over moral principles…. dreadful issue good causal arguments are desperately needed.

3. In a nuclear world we have to weigh consequences and accept sacrifice of innocents to save the world
Bok 88  (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, 1988)

The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of …. bribing, even killing an innocent person, in order that the world not perish.

Group identification is inevitable. Evolution through most of human history.

Shaw and Wong ’87 (R. Paul, U. British Columbia, and Yuwa, Simon Fraser U., International Studies Quarterly, “Ethnic Mobilization and the Seeds of Warfare: An Evolutionary Perspective”, 31:1, March, JSTOR, p. 11-12)
Summing up, we propose that inclusive fitness considerations ….  long-run reproductive success.

Its impossible to unconditional

Shaw and Wong ’87 (R. Paul, U. British Columbia, and Yuwa, Simon Fraser U., International Studies Quarterly, “Ethnic Mobilization and the Seeds of Warfare: An Evolutionary Perspective”, 31:1, March, JSTOR, p. 8-10)
No study of human evolution would be complete without tracking the impact of kinship  on the conduct of human affairs. Anthropologists, for example, have shown that kinship  dictates ….capacity to recognize enemies versus relatives  and friends (Alexander, 1971).

 
Social distinctions are inevitable. 

Elshtain ’99  (Jean Bethke, Prof. Social and Politics Ethics – U. Chicago, and Chair in Foundations of American Freedom – Georgetown U., Review of International Studies, “Really existing communities”, 25:141-146, Cambridge Journals Online)
Let’s begin, in fact, with the state. Surely Linklater is right that those gesturing  ….. includes no  entry in the index for religion and no discussion at all of religion.

Group consciousness is an evolutionary imperitive. We can't abandon consciousness of social distinctions.

Dawson ’99 (Doyne, Chosun U., History and Theory, “Evolutionary Theory and Group Selection: The Question of Warfare”, 38:4, December, JSTOR)
As Matt Ridley has put it, we like to think we are a group-selected species, …..means that it tries to anticipate the eventual results of group selection and get there first.

All indicators prove violence is decreasing

Armed conflict decreasing  it’s a trend

Marshall and Cole ‘8

(Monty, Research Prof. Public Policy and Dir. Research Center for Global Policy @ George Mason U., and Benjamin, GMU, Foreign Policy Bulletin: The Documentary Record of United States Foreign Policy, “Global Report on Conflict, Governance and State Fragility 2008”,  doi:10.1017/S1052703608000014)
The Global Report series and its signature State Fragility Index and …..several long-running wars continue to resist peaceful settlement and new armed conflicts continue to break out regularly.

Battle death declining  best data

Russett et al ‘ 6

(Bruce, (Dean Acheson Prof. IR @ Yale U., Editor of Journal of Conflict Resolution and Past President of the International Studies Association), Bethany Lacina, (PhD Student in Political Institutions and Comparative Politics @ Stanford U.), and Nils Petter Gleditsch, (Adjunct Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Norweigan U. Science and Technology Center for Study of Civil War and International Peace Research Institute), International Studies Quarterly, “The Declining Risk of Death in Battle”, 50:3, Wiley Interscience)
The Correlates of War (COW) data set tracking the incidence ….World War II, and again after the end of the Cold War.2

People are happier

UMNS ‘8

(University of Michigan News Service, “Happiness is rising around the world: U-M study”, 6-30, http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6629)
People in most countries around the world are happier these days….of economic security, free choice has the largest impact on happiness."

Sex increasing 

Northern Territory News, 1 – 3 – 09

(“More time for sex foreseen”, L/N)
EVERY year The Futurist magazine compiles the ….. more choices, and one of those choices apparently will be to have more sex.

Structural violence down now

Chen and Ravillion ‘7

(Shaohua, Senior Statistician in Development Econ. Research Group @ World Bank, and Martin, Dir. World Bank’s Development Research Group, 2020 FOCUS BRIEF on the World’s Poor and Hungry People, “THE CHANGING PROFILE OF POVERTY IN THE WORLD”, October, http://www.ifpri.org/2020Chinaconference/pdf/beijingbrief_ravallion2.pdf)
In absolute terms, the number of people in the …. the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG1). So, in the aggregate, the world is on track to achieve MDG1.

Current trends are historically awesome, poor aren’t getting poorer  any conceivable alt cannot remedy any supposed “injustice”

Chilosi ‘8

(Alberto, Prof. Econ and Financial Policy @ Faculty of Pol. Sci. @ U. Pisa, “Poverty, Population, Development, and Transition in Historical Perspective”, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10659/1/ejce_mc.pdf)
We live in a very unequal world plagued by poverty. Overall, economic ….. extrapolating future possible developments, and consequences of alternative policy courses.