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Contention 1: Bracketing Good

The United States determines its relationship with other nations in terms of their strategic
importance – understanding how we have crafted our relationship to Bahrain is critical to
unmasking and altering this trend.
Winegard 11 [Ben, recipient of the Ronald E. McNair fellowship at the University of Missouri, B.A. of sociology at Grand Valley State University, PhD psychology student at the University of Missouri, “Understanding Bahrain: How Bahrain Shines in Light a Light on Imperial Policies,” March 11,
2011. http://www.zcommunications.org/understanding-bahrain-how-bahrain-shines-a-light-on-imperial-policies-by-ben-winegard]

If one were asked to … or democracy in Bahrain

Furthermore, Bahrain is at the heart of US security policy and demonstrates the entanglement
of security concerns with human rights issues
Newkirk 11 [Anthony, contributor to Foreign Policy in Focus, professor of history at Philander Smith College, “Bahrain and Human Rights,” FPIF.org. July 22, 2011. http://www.fpif.org/articles/bahrain_and_human_rights?
utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+FPIF%2FMiddleEastNorthAfrica+%28FPIF+Regions%3A+Middle+East+%2
6+North+Africa%29&utm_content=Google+Reader]

It is becoming painfully … a defender of justice.

We must keep human-rights justifications for action SEPARATE from any securitizing—the
introduction of security discourse hijacks human rights into a broader “development” agenda
that justifies perpetual war and intervention
Kuhn, 2008[ Florian P. Kühn, M.A./M.P.S., Research Assistant, Institute for International Politics, Helmut-SchmidtUniversity Hamburg,

Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, P +49-40-6541-3566, florian.p.kuehn@hsu-hh.de Draft Paper prepared for the 49 th International Studies Association Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26-29, 2008: Panel “Securitization of Development or Developmentalization of Security?” Equal Opportunities: Exploring the turning point between Securitization and Developmentalization http://opus.unibw-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2010/2329/pdf/isa08_proceeding_252911.pdf]

To protect the ‘own’ …claiming to avert, including war.

Maintaining a security framing to the Middle East places the US as an external moderator that
recreates war and intervention
Yaseen Noorani, Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, 2005. “The Rhetoric of Security,” CR: The New

The Bush administration perpetually … for the foreseeable future.

Plan: The United States federal government should provide testimony to the Bahraini
Independent Commission of Inquiry detailing its complicit role in the repression of political
opposition in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

The success of truth and reconciliation commissions can only be realized through the
incorporating of outside bystanders - this process is critical to effective policy making
Kirmayer 10 [Laurence J., MD McGill University in the division of Social and Transcultural psychiatry, “Peace, Conflict, and Reconciliation: Contributions of Cultural Psychiatry,” Transcultural Psychiatry. Februrary 2010. http://tps.sagepub.com/content/47/1/5.full.pdf+html]

Truth and Reconciliation: The …to some common goal (Chayes & Minow, 2003; Kelman, 2007; Shulman,
2007).

Contention 2: Role of the Ballot

The way we frame our policies matters – politics is about unconscious moral values which are
created and maintained through rhetoric. Justification matters for effective policymaking
Rockridge Institute 07 [“Frames and Framing,” progressive think tank that uses neuroscience and cognitive linguistics to shape argument form and phrasing for progressive values, former website: rockridge institute.org/aboutus/frames-and-framing/index.html, link not active currently]

Expressing progressive political ideas … order to improve political debate.

This is true for the aff – Understanding how we justify US interests is critical to resolve
entanglement of contradictory values
Nicholson and Schaffer 11 [Kailyn and Anna, Task Force from the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, “Chapter 4:The Relationship between Rhetoric and Policy and its Implications for Effective Democracy Promotion.” The Future of U.S. Democracy Promotion: Strategies for a Sustainable Fourth Wave of Democratization 3/10/2011. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1773/16487/Task%20Force%20C%202011%20Web.pdf?sequence=1]

C. Implementation: Rhetoric in Action? .. region and without‖ (Bali and Rana, 2010).

Don’t be fooled by the negatives claims that there are rational or scientific reasons for existing
policies. This sort of scientific thinking only tells part of the story. When used exclusively, it
denies qualitative aspects of life, places us on a myopic, genocidal trajectory, and is simply
inaccurate. There are multiple levels of human existence – scientific rationality explains only
ONE.

Changing the way we think about human rights and security, and the language we talk about it
at the level of single decisions can change our relationship to it at a macro level. The decisions
we make can build bridges that change the world.

Frey 2004 [Robert, Editor and Publisher of BRIDGES: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Theology, Philosophy, History, and Science. M.A. in Modern Jewish History from Baltimore Hebrew University, and a B.S. in Biology, and a dual Master of Science in Management, The Genocidal
Temptation: Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda and Beyond, “The Power of Individual Decision-making in Generating Hope in the 21st Century: Neutralizing Genocidal Tendencies. I would give you page numbers, but the card is actually the entire chapter – Thank you Nick Miller]

Parker J. Palmer, who has … truth and objectively justified terror.

We meet TRC is rule of law

Villa-Vicencio 2009 [Charles, Ake Visiting Chair at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University in collaboration with the Nordic African Institute, “WHERE THE OLD MEETS THE NEW Transitional Justice, Peacebuilding and Traditional Reconciliation Practices in Africa,” Claude Ake Memorial Papers No. 5. 2009. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:gROW-skhbLMJ:nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:279374/FULLTEXT01+Villa-Vicencio,+Charles.+2007.+Where+the+old+and+new+meet:+Transitional+justice+and+traditional+reconciliation+practices+in+Africa.+Paper+presented+at+the+Claude+Ake+memorial+lecture+2007,+Uppsala+University,+Uppsala,+Sweden.&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjeUMj7n7dWdviSFXc2sPI66xXCbxyW3HF3iks-rWilDpZXa3G9mrmWl9ddUg5VOge4hIWLxx3O7UyCY4s3m0Jszu5EiUDPcSDl5Y3gMyqdAV2hYhTv4FJasipvJ7o6dVYts9XU&sig=AHIEtbQ4yC50bX2ukRgxltvSm6DvYGawwg&pli=1]

Human rights actors … standards of justice.

Human Rights is democracy assistance

GAO 03 [United States General Accounting Office, “FOREIGN ASSISTANCEU.S. Democracy Programs in Six Latin American Countries Have Yielded Modest Results,” Report to Congressional Requesters, March 2003, pg. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03358.pdf]
 The United States has … international observers.

BICI is a TRC

Sacirbey 2011 [Diplomatically Incorrect, Ambassador Muhamed Sacirbey is former Foreign Minister Ambassador of Bosnia & Herzegovina at the United Nations. "Mo" is also signatory of the Rome Conference/Treaty establishing the International Criminal Court and supporter/witness of the ICTY-"Yugoslav Tribunal". Mo also has engaged/promoted events furthering developing ideal of "diplomat-artist." Mo has a law degree (Tulane Law School) and MBA (Columbia Univ.) having worked as investment banker on Wall Street. Tom Osborne is 20+ year UN based journalist working as ABC bureau chief and as President of UN Correspondents Association (UNCA). Prior to UN media career, Tom served as local broadcaster and started career in politics on behalf of Robert F. Kennedy Presidential campaign. Susan Sacirbey has worked in travel and hospitality industry including in areas of media, promotions and advertising. Susan is also passionate regarding her work with foundations providing medical/rehabilitation assistance to child victims of war and natural disasters, oppressed peoples and humane treatment of animals, “Professor Bassiouni to Investigate Bahrain Unrest, by Ambassador Mo,” July 30, 2011. Film Annex. http://www.filmannex.com/posts/blog_show_post/professor-bassiouni-to-investigate-bahrain-unrest-by-ambassador-mo/32718]

Bassiouni “Underwhelmed” by … upon the rule of law.

Saudi Relations

Saudis have moved on – lack of US delivery on Arab Spring, Israel, and Iran issues

Riedel 8/24/11 (Bruce, senior fellow in the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. “Brezhnev in the Hejaz.” The National Interest, September-October 2011. http://nationalinterest.org/article/brezhnev-the-hejaz-5733?page=show.)

Despite President Obama’s …alternatives to the east.

Saudis are pissed but decades-long defense and energy cooperation prevents real split

Teitelbaum 7/17/11 (Joshua, visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. “Empty Words: Saudi Blustering and US-Saudi Realities.” Advancing a Free Society, Hoover Institution. July 17, 2011. http://www.advancingafreesociety.org/2011/07/17/empty-words/.)

The problem is the Saudis … by some Saudi officials.

Framing Saudi Arabia as a threat only furthers the neoconservative imperial agenda

Mahajan 04 [Rahul, PhD, publisher, serves on the Administrative Committee of anti-war coalition United for Peace and Justice, Board of Directors of Peace Action and Advisory Board of the website Occupation Watch, http://www.empirenotes.org/10182004commentary.html]

John Kerry does the same thing, … back U.S. imperialism.

Their securitized portrayal of China relies on an insecure American national identity – these descriptions are not objective and create a self-fulfilling prophecy

Pan, 04 (Chengxin, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Arts, at Deakin University, 2004, Alternatives 29, p. 305-07)

China and its relationship …2001 spy-plane incident.

No risk of U.S.-China war – the PRC knows it would get crushed in a conflict and would need to build up its military for more than 10 years to stand a chance.

Bandow 3-7-08 (Doug, former senior fellow at the Cato Institute and former columnist with Copley News Service. “Turning China into the Next Big Enemy.” http://www.antiwar.com/bandow/?articleid=12472)

But the Defense Department …a first strike capability.

KORUS

Obama spending all of his capital on jobs

US News 9-12 [Will Congress Pass Obama's Jobs Bill? http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2011/09/12/will-congress-pass-obamas-jobs-bill]

Obama is putting … hand him a win?"

Currency bill comes before trade

Reuters 9-15 [UPDATE 1-US senator wants China bill vote before trade pacts http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/16/usa-china-trade-idUSS1E78E20V20110916]

WASHINGTON, Sept 15 (Reuters) - …by foreign competition.

That derails trade bills

Inside US Trade 9-9 [CHAMBER MAY OPPOSE ALL POTENTIAL SENATE AMENDMENTS ON GSP/TAA BILL, Lexis]

On the other hand, … specific whip count.

The belief that humans can understand or control climate change is hubristic – the plan replicates the technological mindset which brought us to the brink of destruction in the first place

Hill, 06 (Prof. at University of Sydney “DESIGN WITHOUT CAUSALITY: HEIDEGGER’S IMPOSSIBLE CHALLENGE FOR ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE”, http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ocs/index.php/AASA/2007/paper/viewFile/38/19, 2006)

At this point, …we can control.

Obama’s got 99 problems

Kiely 9-5 [Patrick J. Kiely, Labor Day: The state of the union; http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20110905/EDIT05/309059996/1021/EDIT]

The Rasmussen Reports …near junk status.

Winners win – Obama needs to stand up to the GOP

Blow 9-9 [Charles, writer for the NYT, Rise of the Fallen? http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/10/opinion/blow-rise-of-the-fallen.html]

So why does it feel … from both sides.

No catastrophic impact – climate models are flawed and real world data disproves.

Idso & Idso, 2011

[Craig D., founder and chairman of the board of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, B.S. in Geography from Arizona State University, his M.S. in Agronomy from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, and his Ph.D. in Geography from Arizona State University, former Director of Environmental Science at Peabody Energy,  faculty researcher in the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University; and Sherwood, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at ASU, M.S from UMinnesota, receipt of the Arthur S. Flemming Award, "Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future," 1-31-11, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf]

As presently constituted,…which they aspire.

Obama won’t spend capital on the plan

Weisbrot 9-11 [Mark Weisbrot is co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, in Washington, D.C.. He is also President of Just Foreign Policy, The Decade of 9/11: war without end, http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011910151711228528.html]

If all this sounds pessimistic, … purely opportunistic reasons.

No SKFTA – tea baggers, unions, textile industry

Hooper 9-10 [Molly K., writer for The Hill, “Obama-backed trade pacts could be heavy lift for House GOP” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/180751-obama-backed-trade-pacts-could-be-heavy-lift-for-house-gop]

House Republican leaders … the source said.

Anthro (Idaho State)

We politicize human rights – turns masking.  We expose the inconsistency between US rhetoric and practice on democracy.

Eva ERMAN Government @ Uppsala ‘5 Human Rights and Democracy: Discourse Theory and Global Rights Institutions p. 10-11

Once again, a rights … of such ends.

Anthropocentrism is inevitable --- evolutionary history

Nicoll and Russell in ‘1

(Charles, Prof. Integrative Biology @ UC Berkeley, and Sharon, Dept. Physiology-Anatomy @ UC Berkeley, in “Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research”, Ed. Paul and Paul, p. 153-155)

The development of … inherent human tendencies.

Hudson - Agamben ignores the actual differences between liberal democracy and totalitarianism—his failure to engage in cost-benefit assessment means he’s a fanatic who only thinks in absolutes

Heins, 05  (Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May,

http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)

Agamben is not …ignore this difference."[54]

PIC out of Plantext

Social structures might be constructed but cannot be wished away. There will always be some form of domination within any system—the rejection of the concrete progress of the plan in favor of a vague alternative leads to ethical paralysis and cooption by the right.

Price 8

Richard, Professor of Poli Sci @ University of British Columbia, “Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics” Published online by Cambridge University Press 03 Apr 2008

Such divergences points … compared to what?

Critique can only overcome power and produce change when articulated in the language of hegemony

Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)

There are perhaps …deflect their claims.

Refusal to participate in state institutions doesn’t mean that they go away. They’ll just get filled in by the right-wing nut jobs who are the real root of the problem.

Informed debate guided by real-world problem solving checks elitist control which creates foreign policy disasters.

Walt ’91  (Stephen, Prof. IR U. Chicago, International Studies Quarterly, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, 35(2), June, p. 231-232)

A Second Norm … self-interested parties.

Education at the university level is the only way to grow and spread feelings of solidarity—we must stress integration into a global knowledge society

Voicu, 2000 [Doctor in political sciences, (international law) of Geneva University (1968); doctor honoris causa in international law of Assumption University of Thailand (1998); alternate representative of Romania to the United Nations Security Council (1990-1991); ambassador of Romania to the Kingdom of Thailand and permanent representative to international organizations based in Bangkok (1994-1999); visiting professor in Assumption University since February 2000. ABAC Journal Vol. 25, No. 1 (January-April, 2005, pp. 1-24)]

The UN General Assembly … moving towards humanity.” (28)

Shouldn’t cede the political on democracy assistance – promotes left authoritrarianism. 

Jonathan MURPHY Senior Lecturer in International Management @ Cardiff Business School ’10 “Democracy? That’s so last year”: exploring the backlash against democracy promotion” Paper presented to Critical Governance Studies conference Warwick University, December 13 – 14 2010 http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/projects/orthodoxies/papers/101213_muphy_j.pdf p. 19-22

There is a long ….democracy over authoritarianism.

Debates by non-government actors about future crises are critical to social movements—dystopian visions are mobilizing transnational movements that are effectively pressuring governments into preventing everything from nuclear annihilation to slowing the spread of AIDS.

Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).

In the twenty-first century… mass human rights violations).

Permutation solves – adding women as a category of analysis better reveals androcentrism’s relationship with the world

Peterson 05 [V Spike, Department of Political Science, University of Arizona, Tucson; “How (The Meaning of) Gender Matters in Political Economy,” New Political Economy 10.4 Dec]

Across disciplines, … inequalities of power.

Case turns the k - war causes worse violence against women

Cockburn 10 [Cynthia, visiting prof in the Dept of Sociology at the City University London and honorary prof at the Center for the Study of Women and Gender at U Warwick, "Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War" International Feminist Journal of Politics 12.2 Jun]

Third, looking through … operation of power.

Whiteness (Oklahoma BC)

Their method just reverses the winner-take-all, zero-sum model of method and epistemology.  This zero-sum relationship is a counter-productive starting point for engaging the issue of U.S. colonialism in the Middle East and North Africa. The kernel of rocklike identity of “the oppressed” undermines their attempt to build co-existence.

Paul ARMSTRONG English @ Brown ’3 “Being ‘Out of Place’: Edward Said and the Contradictions of Cultural Differences” Modern Language Quarterly 64 (1) p.

111

In 1994 (the year after Culture and Imperialism), … and epistemological conflict.

Education at the university level is the only way to grow and spread feelings of solidarity—we must stress integration into a global knowledge society

Voicu, 2000 [Doctor in political sciences, (international law) of Geneva University (1968); doctor honoris causa in international law of Assumption University of Thailand (1998); alternate representative of Romania to the United Nations Security Council (1990-1991); ambassador of Romania to the Kingdom of Thailand and permanent representative to international organizations based in Bangkok (1994-1999); visiting professor in Assumption University since February 2000. ABAC Journal Vol. 25, No. 1 (January-April, 2005, pp. 1-24)]

The UN General Assembly was …moving towards humanity.” (28)

Shouldn’t cede the political on democracy assistance – promotes left authoritrarianism. 

Jonathan MURPHY Senior Lecturer in International Management @ Cardiff Business School ’10 “Democracy? That’s so last year”: exploring the backlash against democracy promotion” Paper presented to Critical Governance Studies conference Warwick University, December 13 – 14 2010 http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/projects/orthodoxies/papers/101213_muphy_j.pdf p. 19-22

There is a long …democracy over authoritarianism.

Debates by non-government actors about future crises are critical to social movements—dystopian visions are mobilizing transnational movements that are effectively pressuring governments into preventing everything from nuclear annihilation to slowing the spread of AIDS.

Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).

In the twenty-first … human rights violations).

WHITENESS isn’t to blame – too broad, no empirical support

ANDERSEN  03  Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware

Margaret L. Andersen, 2003, “Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness,” in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane & Bonilla-Silva, p. 28

Conceptually, one of …meaning hardly anything.

We advocate taking on the role of the critical democrat – that’s the only way to create change

Warren and Hytten, 2004.

(John T. Warren. Professor of Communications – Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Kathy Hytten. Professor of Communications – Southern Illinois University Carbondale. “The Faces of Whiteness: Pitfalls and the Critical Democrat.”Communication Education. Vol. 53, No. 4)

The benefit of …engagement with racism.

It doesn’t apply. We are a criticism of one aspect of the United States colonial legacy. Criticizing other aspects of its history is not mutually exclusive with the affirmative and are resolved better by it.

Critique can only overcome power and produce change when articulated in the language of hegemony

Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)

There are perhaps … deflect their claims.

Refusal to participate in state institutions doesn’t mean that they go away. They’ll just get filled in by the right-wing nut jobs who are the real root of the problem.

Informed debate guided by real-world problem solving checks elitist control which creates foreign policy disasters.

Walt ’91  (Stephen, Prof. IR U. Chicago, International Studies Quarterly, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, 35(2), June, p. 231-232)

A Second Norm Is … self-interested parties.

 “View from Nowhere” accusations are self-contradictory

Scharff, 07.

(Robert. Department of Philosophy- University of New Hampshire. “On Weak Postpositivism: Ahistorical Rejections of the View from Nowhere.” Metaphilosophy.)

All of this, however, is … as if from Nowhere.

Social location destroys effective politics

Smith, 94

(Sharon. Leading member of the US International Socialist Organization, International Socialism 62 Spring, http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=311)

The politics of … of getting attention.

Focus on social location allows the oppressors to stay in power

Walby, 03.

(Sylvia. Professor- University of Leeds. “Beyond the Politics of Location: The Power of Argument in a Global Era.” Feminist Theory.)

Mohanty and other … scaling of differences.

African Womanism (Towson RW)

On March 29, 2011, the Bahraini police stormed the home of Ayat Al-Qurmezi. She was arrested for reading a poem critical of the Al-Khalifa government and the abuses it committed, the abuses the government of the United States permitted because of the role of Bahrain in our global security apparatus. We read her words as an act of solidarity with the Bahraini protesters:

Hear me:
 You, the elder,
 the "good man", who "safeguards justice"
 (so you have always declared),

if I were to make excuses for you,
 I, for you,
 for the things you have done,
 I would only look the fool,
 for you would continue in your ways,
 and murder us as "traitors".

Hear me:
 Hear us all, for we all demand likewise -
 both sects, all Bahrainis:

You must go.
 Take His Majesty with you,
 and leave your deeds behind.

You, oppressor,
 from where do you derive your power,
 the power to keep your people down? -
 all your people,
 even women
 even children
 even men.
 Yet you call for "dialogue",
 even in the midst of your brutality?

No! ... No! ...
 One word: No!
 One demand:
 Give us back our Bahrain.
 Return this country to its people;
 to us, its people.

Our Bahrain is ours.

No root cause. Blaming systems of thought or action is pointless. Violence is always proximately caused.

Curtler ’97 (Hugh Mercer, Prof. Phil. – Southwest State U. “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165)

At the same time, … postmodernism, however.

Debate about potential catastrophes enables preventative action

Kurasawa, 04 Professor of Sociology at York University of Toronto [Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004]

In the twenty-first century, … human rights violations).

Critique can only overcome power and produce change when articulated in the language of hegemony

Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139)

There are perhaps … deflect their claims.

Refusal to participate in state institutions doesn’t mean that they go away; they’ll just get worse. They’ll just get filled in by the right-wing nut jobs who are the real root of the problem. Informed debate guided by real-world problem solving checks elitist control which creates foreign policy disasters.

Walt ’91  (Stephen, Prof. IR U. Chicago, International Studies Quarterly, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, 35(2), June, p. 231-232)

A Second Norm Is … few self-interested parties.

the alternatives focus on negativity and the importance of a particular starting point chills movements and prevents coalitional politics—our focus needs to be both global and local, both individual and state based—ONLY a global strategy willing to integrate disparate movements and demands can create effective, powerful movements.  The lens of solidarity is essential to do so.

Brand-Jacobsen, 2005[Kai Frithjof Brand-Jacobsen is founder and Director of the Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR) and Co-Director of TRANSCEND, and is on the Executive Board of the TRANSCEND Peace University (TPU) where he is Course Director for the courses Peacebuilding and Empowerment and War to Peace Transitions. He has worked in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Russia, South Eastern Europe, North America, Colombia, Somalia, Cambodia, Aceh-Indonesia and the Middle East at the invitation of governments, inter-governmental organisations, UN agencies, and local organisations and communities. He has written and published widely, and is author of The Struggle Continues: The Political Economy of Globalisation and People's Struggles for Peace (Pluto, forthcoming), co-author, together with Johan Galtung and Carl Jacobsen, of Searching for Peace: The Road to TRANSCEND (Pluto, 2000 & 2002) and Editor of the TRANSCEND book series published together with Pluto Press, Constructive Peace Studies: Peace by Peaceful Means. He is a member of the Executive Board of the Journal of Peace and Development and the Executive Board of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution. In 1999 he was founder and Director of the Coalition for Global Solidarity and Social Development, and in 2000, together with Johan Galtung, he was founder of the Nordic Institute for Peace Research (NIFF). Since 1996 he has provided more than 250 training programmes in peacebuilding, development, and constructive conflict transformation to more than 4000 participants in 30 countries. http://www.globalsolidarity.org/articles/peace_means_kai.html]
 Peace by Peaceful Means
 Dear Friends, The discussions … are all necessary. 

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should support the European Union Election Observation Mission for Tunisia.

Contention 1 – Strategic Partnership

The US-EU partnership is not strategic; that makes cooperation useless
Hamilton and Burwell 10 [Daniel S, Executive Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations; Executive Director of the American Consortium on EU Studies; Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation Research Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, and Frances, Vice President, Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Atlantic Council, former executive director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, "The Setting: The United States and Europe in a G20 World," Chapter 1, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/bin/k/u/shoulder-to-shoulder-book-finaltext.pdf]
The United States is the … do it, but it was painful. 

Coordination of democracy assistance to the Middle East is vital to retooling the alliance
Wittes and Youngs 9 [Tamara, deputy assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs at the U.S. Department of State, research fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institute, and Richard, director general of FRIDE, assistant professor at the University of Warwick, “Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy: Repairing the Breach,” January, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, no 18, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes.pdf
Tensions between the United States … cautiously, be rebuilt.

Democracy cooperation stabilizes the Black Sea region – It’s a conduit for instability throughout Eurasia
Garber 08 - Deputy Assistant Secretary of State [Judy Garber, “Transatlantic Perspectives on Black Sea Region: U.S. seeks to promote cooperation among countries in the region,” Keynote Address at the Woodrow Wilson Center Conference, 10 June 2008, pg. http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/June/20080612162948eaifas0.3606836.html#ixzz1S5cj0Z00]
The Black Sea lies at a … the broader Middle East.

Escalation in the Black sea region causes extinction
Amineh 03 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University [Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam & Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) “Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region,” Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. http://www.clingendael.nl/ciep/events/20030619/20030619_amineh.pdf]
The increasing involvement … the war and crisis in Iraq.
*CEA = post-Soviet Central Eurasia 

Coordinated democracy assistance paves the way for future cooperation
Amirah-Fernadez and Menedez 9 [Haizam, Seenior Analyst at the Mediterranean and Arab World Program at the Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies and Irene, Juan March Foundation, “Reform in Comparative Perspective: US and EU Strategies of Democracy Promotion in the MENA Region after 9/11,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, 325–338, December]
Differences in approach … for political liberalisation.

Failure to change our stance towards Europe ensures they become a counterweight – accesses every impact including North Korean nuclearization
Stivachtis 10 – Director of International Studies Program @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute  [Dr. Yannis. A. Stivachtis (Professor of Poli Sci @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute & Ph.D. in Politics & International Relations from Lancaster University), THE IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION,” The Research Institute for European and American Studies, 2010,  pg. http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/78.html]
There is no doubt that …who do not share that vision.

North Korean nuclearization triggers multiple scenarios for nuclear war – first strikes, proliferation, and loose nukes
Baltutis, 09 (Aaryn, writer for the San Antonio Examiner. “North Korea's Infinitesimal Threat” 7-22-09.  http://www.examiner.com/x-16803-San-Antonio-Political-Buzz-Examiner~y2009m7d22-North-Koreas-Infinitesimal-Threat)
Despite U.S. State Department … right now more precarious.

Korean war escalates to global nuclear war
Rich, 09 (Instructor of Economics, History and Political Science @ Delaware County Community College [Don Rich (M.A. from John Hopkin University’s School of Advanced International Studies (90)), “North Korean Roulette: The Danger of the Sarajevo,” FEBRUARY 27, 2009 4:03PM pg. http://open.salon.com/blog/don_rich/2009/02/27/north_korean_roulette_the_danger_of_the_sarajevo.])
The extensive and complex … that cannot be definitively traced to anyone.

Contention 2 – Democracy

Failure to synergize US and EU approaches means neither is very effective – the best way to ensure democracy is to support on the ground EU programs
Youngs 4 [Richard, Director of FRIDE, “Transatlantic Cooperation on Middle East Reform: A European Misjudgement?,” October, http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/transatlantic_cooperation_on_middle_east_reform_a_european_misjudgement/]
Europeans risk becoming so …change in the Middle East.  

US-EU election monitoring needed to maintain progress towards democracy
Walker and Tucker 11 [Christopher, director of studies at Freedom House; Vanessa, managing editor of Countries at the Crossroads, Freedom House’s annual analysis of democratic governance, “Tunisia: The Arab Spring's Pivotal Democratic Example,” August, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=694]
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR … countries in the region.

Coordinated assistance is the decisive variable in ensuring a democratic Tunisia
Hamid 11 [Shadi, Director of Research at the Brookings Doha Center, Fellow at Saban Center for Middle East Policy, former Director of Research at the Project on Middle East Democracy, former Hewlett Fellow at Standard University’s Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, “When Pro-Western Regimes Fall: What Should the U.S. Do?,” 1-13, http://www.democracyarsenal.org/2011/01/when-pro-western-regimes-fall-what-should-the-us-do-.html]
One month ago, Tunisia … this is the time to stand?

Tunisian transition is underway but it will fail.  The short term risk is implosion – that risks instability and a reversion to authoritarianism
PACIELLO 11  Research associate at Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome and lecturer in Economic and Political Geography of Development at La Sapienza University of Rome
Maria Cristina Paciello, Tunisia:  Changes and Challenges of Political Transition, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 3/May 2011
 4. Possible scenarios for the future … political intentions are not yet clear. 

Middle East conflict triggers nuclear warfare—end of the Cold War increased the risk of escalation
Primakov 9—President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation; Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs., article is based on the scientific report for which the author was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2008 (Yevgeny, The Fundamental Problem, “The Middle East Problem in the Context of International Relations”, Russia in Global Affiars, Vol. 7, Number 3, July-September 2009, http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/105702/ichaptersection_singledocument/71a40dca-23cb-411d-9c5d-a7ce495e2522/en/12.pdf.]
The Middle East conflict … rule out such a possibility.

Tunisia provides a model of democracy for the rest of the Arab world
Allen 11 [Michael, Editor of Democracy Digest, “Tunisia: home-grown revolution needs foreign support,” 1-27, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/01/home-grown-revolution-needs-foreign-support-say-tunisians/]
The turbulence has given .. out manoeuvre the moderates.”

Lack of an Arab model for democracy spells doom for other Middle East transitions
Diamond 10 [Larry, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman Spogli Institute at Stanford University and director of Stanford's Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, “Why Are There No Arab Democracies?,” Journal of Democracy, Volume 21, Number 1, January]
The second external factor is … clearly to liberal-democratic norms.

Democracy spurs democracy – it makes it more attractive and more likely to be modeled
SANDBERG  11  Associate Professor in Political Science at University of Halmstad, and Associate of, and Guest Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University
[Mikael Sandberg, Soft Power, World System Dynamics, and Democratization: A Bass Model of Democracy Diffusion 1800-2000, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 14 (1) 4]
Conclusion
This article applies a system dynamics … systemic mix of these factors. 

US influence with emerging Middle East democracies key to contain Iran
Feltman 11 [Jeffrey, Assistant Secretary of States, "House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Middle East and South Asia Hearing;
on "Assessing U.S. Foreign Policy Priorities and Needs Amidst Economic Challenges in the Middle East." 3-10, Lexis]
The Middle East is in … other interests in the region.

Iranian hegemony causes nuclear war
Ben-Meir 07 (Alon Ben-Meir professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, Realpolitik: Ending Iran’s defiance, 2007, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/)
Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, Tehran … not halting its nuclear program. 

Democracy solves conflict – multiple ways
LAPPIN  09  PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Luc Reychler
Richard Lappin, What Democracy? Exploring the Absent Centre of Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance, Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, Issue 14, July 2009, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/JPCD_ExploringAbsentCentrePostConflictDemocracyAssistance.pdf
Security
The relationship between democracy and … Ted Gurr, ―inhibits communal rebellion‖ 25 .

T – Must be Material

Counter interpretation- election assistance is part of demo assistance
Mitchell & Phillips, 2008
[Lincoln A., associate research scholar at Columbia University's Harriman Institute, David L., director of the Program on Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding at. American University, THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies – Colombia University, The Atlantic Institute of the United States, “ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE,” January, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/Enhancing%20Democracy%20Assistance.pdf]
A toolbox of approaches … confidence in democratization.

T- Its

Use of intermediaries is how democracy assistance works
Amirah-Fernadez and Menedez 9 [Haizam, Seenior Analyst at the Mediterranean and Arab World Program at the Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies and Irene, Juan March Foundation, “Reform in Comparative Perspective: US and EU Strategies of Democracy Promotion in the MENA Region after 9/11,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, 325–338, December]
In terms of convergence, the … programmes are becoming increasingly ‘gradualist’.

Its refers to the decision … can be by other groups
Huber 8
[Daniela, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies,” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62, March, p. 45-6, Informaworld]
Method looks at the way … country, or an international partner.

for means groups currently working … the ground within a given country
Lappin, 2010
[Richard, PhD candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, Carter Center, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE program, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation,” http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf]
Democracy assistance can be most … , media groups and political parties.

Should is equal to obligation
WORDS AND PHRASES 53, Vol. 39, p. 313.
The word “should”, denotes an … . Baldassarre v. West Oregon Lumber Co., 239 p.2d 839, 842, 198 Or. 556.

Elections, governance, civil society are topical  experts and especially carothers conclude.
Lappin, 2010
[Richard, PhD candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, Carter Center, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE program, “POST-CONFLICT DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE: A STATE OF THE ART,” Jg.28, Vol.85, 2010, http://soc.kuleuven.be/web/files/9/51/Vol85.pdf]
The Democracy Template Despite the … in post-conflict democracy assistance. 

Majority of democracy assistance programs are carried out by third parties – not US agencies
Mitchell & Phillips 8 [Lincoln A., associate research scholar at Columbia University's Harriman Institute, David L., director of the Program on Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding at. American University, THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies – Colombia University, The Atlantic Institute of the United States, “ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE,” January,http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/Enhancing%20Democracy%20Assistance.pdf]
USAID‘s DG efforts include programs … grant support for their activities.

Tunisian Elections

Backsliding in Tunisia revitalizes terrorism
Zarate and Gordon 11 ( David A. Gordon, Program Manager and a Research Assistant with the CSIS Transnational Threats Project, and Juan C. Zarate, Senior Adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the former Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism, Summer 2011, 'This is an abridgment of “The Battle for Reform with Al-Qaeda,” The Washington Quarterly Summer 2011)
Even the very nature … of the Arab Spring.

EU-US solves
Archick 11 [Kristin, Specialist in European Affairs for the CRS, “U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism,” CRS, 7-18, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf]
Successive U.S. administrations and many Members … or finding sanctuary in Europe.

Coordination CP

Tunisia key to relations
Durac and Cavatorta 9 [Vincent, Lecturer of International Politics of the Middle East at University College of Dublin, visiting lecturer in Middle East Politics in Bethlehem University in Palestine and External Examiner on the International Relations programme at the University of Plymouth, and Francesco, Lecturer in International Relations and Middle East Politics at Dublin City University, “Strengthening Authoritarian Rule through Democracy Promotion? Examining the paradox of the US and EU Security Strategies.  The case of Bin Ali’s Tunisia,” British Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol 36, Issue 1, http://doras.dcu.ie/481/3/british_jour_midd_east_studies_2009.pdf]
At first glance, …the European Union. 

UN Recommendation

Global governance is a fantasy  global problems don’t require global solutions
Sally ‘5 (Razeen, Co-Dir of European Centre for International Political Economy, PhD from London School of Economics, Senior Research Associate @ South aFrican Institute of International Affairs, Visiting Prof. @ Institut D’Etudes Politiquas in Paris, Economic Affairs, “AID, DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: NEW INITIATIVES AND REHASHED IDEAS”, 25:3, September, Ebsco)
Underlying these new aid … the path to development.

Solvency deficit – consult causes delay
Grieb ‘2 (Kenneth J. Grieb is Professor and Coordinator of International Studies at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. His is a author of several books dealing with Modern Latin American and United States Diplomatic History  Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy – available via: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5215/is_2002/ai_n19132358.)
International relations … and regional issues.

The elections are October 23 – delaying until after that makes monitoring useless
Ottaway 11 [Marina, “Tunisia: The Revolution is Over, Can Reform Continue?,” 7-13, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/13/tunisia-revolution-is-over-can-reform-continue/3ljo#]
For that reason, … are in the government.

UN do the plan

Partnerships with the EU are critical to rebuilding US credibility in the Middle East
Katulis, 9 – a Senior Fellow at American Progress, where his work focuses on U.S. national security policy in the Middle East and South Asia (Brian, “Democracy Promotion in the Middle east and the Obama Administration,” The Century Foundation)
In addition to taking these … democracy in the Middle East.

Legitimacy is key to ensure the stability of the international system
Zakaria, 11 – Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University, & editor of Foreign Affairs magazine & Newsweek Internationa & professor of IR and political philosophy at Harvard and Columbia University (Fareed, “Post American World 2.0,” Published in 2011)
6. Legitimacy is power. The … the world for so long. 

Tax Credit

CP can’t solve any of the aff- confusion, lack of coordination, and signal [and links to politics/spending]
Dobransky 11 (Steve, Adjunct Professor of Political Science – Cleveland State University, and MA – Ohio University, “The Coming Crisis in U.S. Foreign Aid: Policy Options for the 21st Century”, American Diplomacy, 3-7, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2011/0104/comm/dobransky_coming.html)
Policy Option #6: Promote Private Organizations in addition to USAID and/or the MCC
This option calls … the contractor Blackwater (now, Xe).

Neolib

Their impacts are empirically denied. Democracy assistance transfers resources instead of extracting them and facilitates self-government instead of domination.
Roland PARIS Director of the Centre for International Policy Studies and Prf. @ Graduate School of Public and International Affairs @ Ottawa ’10 “Saving Liberal Peacebuilding” Review of Int’l Studies 36 p. 348-350
Although there are … imperialism than others. 

The alternative’s totalizing understanding of capitalism makes endless revolutionary violence inevitable. Claiming you don’t advocate violence is insufficient – the negative’s social analysis structurally necessitates genocidal violence.
Christopher Finlay, Prof of Political Theory @ University College Dublin. "Violence and Revolutionary Subjectivity." European Journal of Political Theory. 5(4). 2006.   
In line with this notion,… ‘as if by Grace’.

Democracy checks the impacts of capitalism and is a pre-requisite to long-term solutions
G. Shabbir CHEEMA Principal Adviser and Programme Director Division for Public Economics and Public Administration United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs AND Linda MAGUIRE Evaluation Specialist UNDP ‘1 unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan005781.pdf p. 10-11
While it is often claimed ... to be short-lived.  

Orientalism

Utopian realism is best—criticism of conventional IR is most effective when paired with concrete policies to alleviate US threats to others.   
Ken BOOTH E H Carr Professor of the Department of International Politics at Aberystywth University ‘5 Critical Security Studies and World Politics p. 272-276
Although constructivism … could not be higher.   

Alternative concepts for democracy assistance have no political traction.  Their reframing gets stuck in academia.
Milja KURKI Principal Investigator of ‘Political Economies of Democratisation’ & International Politics @ Aberystwyth ’11 “The Limitations of the 'Critical Edge': Reflections on Critical and Philosophical IR Scholarship Today” Millennium DOI: 10.1177/0305829811411997 p. 2-3
This pessimism on the … for the world at large.4 

Focus on reps hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures
Tuathail, 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates … that is  human history.

The alternative sacrifices democracy on the alter of western theory
Kacem 11 [Mehdi Belhaj, Tunisian writer and philosopher,  “A Tunisian Renaissance: Interview with Mehdi Belhaj Kacem” translated by Joshua Jordan. http://www.lacan.com/thesymptom/?page_id=1046. ]
As a Tunisian, I was … postmodern leftist fascist.

Perpetual criticism of Orientalism is dogmatic and politically counter-productive. Being against power guarantees that nothing changes.
Daniel VARISCO Chair of anthropology and director of Middle Eastern and Central Asia studies @ Hofstra ‘7 Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid p. 287-289
By his own admission, …., to move on. 

Objectivism

Our framework is to maximize the lives saved – it’s the only way to treat all people equally
Cumminsky, 96 [David Cummisky, professor of philosophy @ Bates College, 96 Kantian Consequentialism, p. 145]
We must not obscure …sacrifice some to save many.

Emancipation and opportunity for autonomous choice-making in government is a universal human aspiration. Their criticism justifies oppression.  
Ronald INGLEHART Poli Sci @ Michigan AND Christian WELZEL Leuphana University Center for the Study of Democracy ‘5 Modernization, cultural change, and democracy p.288-291
Moral Aspects of Human Development …the" Asian values" debate.  

Plan isn’t new spending
Sheridan 11 [Mary Beth, “U.S. to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html]
The State Department announced…who oversees the program.

Valuing autonomy absolutely becomes a trojan horse for tyranny.  
Erich LOEWY Medicine @ Illinois ’91 Suffering and the Beneficient Community: Beyond Libertarianism  p.  63-64
When communities assume …of absolute
freedom.24,25

Value to life is inevitable. People have to be able to determine their own value.

Shouldn’t abandon decision-making to market economics. Evaluating political and social consequences of policy proposals is necessary and no more demanding that decisions within markets.
Greg HILL Dept of Finance Seattle ‘6 “Knowledge, Ignorance, and the Limits of the Price System” Critical Review 18: 4 p. 403-405
If we now follow the … at variance with one another.

Market freedom requires coercion.  
Mark NOTTURNO Fellow @ Interactivity Foundation ‘8 “Economism, Freedom, and the ‘epistemology of ignorance’” Critical Review 18: 4  p. 434-436
The priority that Hayek …way of achieving" (1968,185).

The United States federal government should provide political party support in accordance with the European Union’s Tunisia neighborhood action plan.

Advantage 1: Strategic Partnership

The current US-EU partnership is not strategic – that makes cooperation useless

Hamilton and Burwell 10 [Daniel S, Executive Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations; Executive Director of the American Consortium on EU Studies; Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation Research Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, and Frances, Vice President, Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Atlantic Council, former executive director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, "The Setting: The United States and Europe in a G20 World," Chapter 1, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/bin/k/u/shoulder-to-shoulder-book-finaltext.pdf]

The United States ... it was painful. 

Coordination of Middle East democracy assistance is vital to retooling the alliance

Wittes and Youngs 9 [Tamara, deputy assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs at the U.S. Department of State, research fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institute, and Richard, director general of FRIDE, assistant professor at the University of Warwick, “Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy: Repairing the Breach,” January, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, no 18, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes.pdf

Tensions between the ... cautiously, be rebuilt.

Cooperation over democracy assistance is crucial to amending the alliance 

Melia, 9—Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, at the United States Department of State. Melia's portfolio includes Europe, South and Central Asia, and international labor rights. (Thomas, “Supporting Democracy Abroad: Transatlantic Cooperation at a Crossroads,” November 19th, 2009, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/transatlantic-topics/Articles/eu-us/forging-eu-us-partnership/us-eu_book_democracy_thomas_melia.pdf)

The United States ... democracy in the world?

Scenario 1: The Black Sea

US-EU democracy cooperation stabilizes the Black Sea region – It’s a conduit for instability throughout Eurasia 

Garber 08 - Deputy Assistant Secretary of State [Judy Garber, “Transatlantic Perspectives on Black Sea Region: U.S. seeks to promote cooperation among countries in the region,” Keynote Address at the Woodrow Wilson Center Conference, 10 June 2008, pg. http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/June/20080612162948eaifas0.3606836.html#ixzz1S5cj0Z00]

The Black Sea ... broader Middle East.

Escalation in the Black sea region causes extinction

Amineh 03 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University [Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam & Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) “Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region,” Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. http://www.clingendael.nl/ciep/events/20030619/20030619_amineh.pdf]

The increasing involvement ... crisis in Iraq.

*CEA = post-Soviet Central Eurasia 

Scenario 2: North Korea

Failure to change our stance towards Europe ensures they become a counterweight – accesses every impact, including North Korean nuclearization

Stivachtis 10 – Director of International Studies Program @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute  [Dr. Yannis. A. Stivachtis (Professor of Poli Sci @ Virginia Polytechnic Institute & Ph.D. in Politics & International Relations from Lancaster University), THE IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION,” The Research Institute for European and American Studies, 2010,  pg. http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/78.html]

There is no doubt ... share that vision.

North Korean nuclearization triggers multiple scenarios for nuclear war – first strikes, proliferation, and loose nukes 

Baltutis, 09 (Aaryn, writer for the San Antonio Examiner. “North Korea's Infinitesimal Threat” 7-22-09.  http://www.examiner.com/x-16803-San-Antonio-Political-Buzz-Examiner~y2009m7d22-North-Koreas-Infinitesimal-Threat)

Despite U.S. State ... now more precarious.

Korean war escalates to global nuclear war

Rich, 09 (Instructor of Economics, History and Political Science @ Delaware County Community College [Don Rich (M.A. from John Hopkin University’s School of Advanced International Studies (90)), “North Korean Roulette: The Danger of the Sarajevo,” FEBRUARY 27, 2009 4:03PM pg. http://open.salon.com/blog/don_rich/2009/02/27/north_korean_roulette_the_danger_of_the_sarajevo.])

The extensive and complex engagement of Four Great Powers, and that means in order of importance for the North, China, Japan, Russia, and of course the United States, ... traced to anyone.

Advantage 2: Tunisia Policy

Credibility in the Middle East is low now due to a lack coherent Tunisia policy.

Robison 11 (Gordon, Teaches Middle East Politics at the University of Vermont, Taught Islamic history at Emerson College, Will Obama walk the talk in Tunisia?, Special Column @ Gulf News, January 26th, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/will-obama-walk-the-talk-in-tunisia-1.752012)

America's political and ... the right thing.

Despite successful elections, serious governmental support is necessary to prevent polarization of the Tunisian people

Churchill, 11—an independent development consultant based in Tunisia. His blog, "A 21st Century Social Contract," offers a perspective on life in Tunis since the fall of President Zine el-Abedine Ben Ali (Erik, “Putting Tunisian Democracy to the Test,” October 17th, 2011, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/17/putting_tunisian_democracy_to_the_test)

This Sunday, Tunisians ... Ben Ali regime. 

US backing of Tunisia specifically is essential to precipitate democracy. An emphasis on the economy will hinder political change  

Innocent, 11 – a foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute and blogs for The Skeptics at The National Interest (Malou, “Populist Discontent in Tunisia,” January 18th, 2011, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/populist-discontent-tunisia-omen-other-us-backed-regimes-the-4739)

Washington can take ... from bad to worse.

Recognition of the Islamic government is key to reverse perceptions of the US

Etzioni, 11— served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard, University of California at Berkeley and is a professor at The George Washington University (Amitai, “Tunisia: The First Arab Islamocracy,” October 26th, 2011, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/tunisia-the-first-arab-islamocracy-6084)

Tunisia, significantly the ... we hold dear.

Coordinated assistance is the decisive variable in ensuring a democratic Tunisia 

Hamid 11 [Shadi, Director of Research at the Brookings Doha Center, Fellow at Saban Center for Middle East Policy, former Director of Research at the Project on Middle East Democracy, former Hewlett Fellow at Standard University’s Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, “When Pro-Western Regimes Fall: What Should the U.S. Do?,” 1-13, http://www.democracyarsenal.org/2011/01/when-pro-western-regimes-fall-what-should-the-us-do-.html]

One month ago, ... the time to stand?

The EU neighborhood policy is key to ensure long term political reform in Tunisia

Dennison et al, 11—member of the European Council on Foreign Relations, which is the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in October 2007, its objective is to conduct research and promote informed debate across Europe on the development of coherent, effective and values-based European foreign policy (Susi, “After the Revolution: Europe and the Transition in Tunisia,” European Council on Foreign Relations, March 2011, ecfr.eu)

Supporting the development ... region this time. 

Scenario 1: Credibility

US credibility ensures the international order remains peaceful 

Hendrickson and Tucker, 4– * Robert J. Fox Distinguished Service Professor at Colorado College** Professor Emeritus of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University (David C. and Robert W., “The Sources of American Legitimacy,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.cfr.org/world/sources-american-legitimacy/p7473)

THE ROAD HOME 

There is no simple ... that conviction again. 

Relative power is declining and regaining legitimacy is the only way to ensure that the United States seamlessly enters a post-American world with leverage and power to ensure the stability of the system

Zakaria, 11 – Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University, & editor of Foreign Affairs magazine & Newsweek Internationa & professor of IR and political philosophy at Harvard and Columbia University (Fareed, “Post American World 2.0,” Published in 2011)

6. Legitimacy is power. ... world for so long. 

US will become uncooperative and desperate. Hegemonic wars will ensue.

Goldstein 07 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania [Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 & 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682]

Two closely related, ... to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

Power transition alone causes extinction

Nye 90 - Former assistant secretary of defense and president of Harvard's Kennedy school of government  (Joseph,  Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature Of American Power 1990, p. 16-17)

Some suggest that ... know it may end.

Scenario 2: Democracy

Tunisia provides a model of democracy for the rest of the Arab world

Allen 11 [Michael, Editor of Democracy Digest, “Tunisia: home-grown revolution needs foreign support,” 1-27, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/01/home-grown-revolution-needs-foreign-support-say-tunisians/]

The turbulence has ... manoeuvre the moderates.”

Democracy solves conflict – multiple ways

LAPPIN  09  PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Luc Reychler

Richard Lappin, What Democracy? Exploring the Absent Centre of Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance, Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, Issue 14, July 2009, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/JPCD_ExploringAbsentCentrePostConflictDemocracyAssistance.pdf

Security

The relationship between ...inhibits communal rebellion‖ 25 .

Assistance K (UK KK)

Permutation – do the plan and reject the politics of objectification.

Perm – commitment to specific reforms key to break away from teleological liberal-democratic paradigm.  

Thomas CAROTHERS VP for Studies @ Carnegie Endowment for Peace ‘2 “The End of the Transition Paradigm” Journal of Democracy 13 (1) p. 17-19

It is hard ... and the state. 

Critique of democracy justifies slavery and genocide on the basis of relativism.  Democracy is fundamental to emancipation.

Ronald INGLEHART Poli Sci @ Michigan AND Christian WELZEL Leuphana University Center for the Study of Democracy ‘5 Modernization, cultural change, and democracy p. 300

Democracy is not ... worth striving for. 

Refusing democracy assistance is imperial autarky – people on the ground dislike US double-standards more than any political model

Richard YOUNGS Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor @ Warwick ’11 “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion” http://www.fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf p. 5-7

Third, central to ... incumbent autocratic regimes.

USAID Trade-Off - Pakistan (UK KK)

Alt causes – Pakistan’s screwed

Sheikh 08 (Nawal, 10/28, “Global financial recession and Pakistan,” The Nation http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Opinions/Columns/29-Oct-2008/Global-financial-recession-and-Pakistan/1)

It seems as ... here as well.

Younger generation, new diplomacy, and new responsibilities make Indo-Pak nuclear war impossible

CSM 8/1/11 (Talking is Good, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.thespec.com/opinion/editorial/article/570954--talking-is-good)

Exhibit A is ... Nations Security Council.

Recent budget negotiations mean that if something’s on the chopping block, it should’ve already been cut. 

Pincus, 10-1-11

[Walter, Washington Post, “State Dept. reeling from budget cuts,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/state-dept-reeling-from-budget-cuts/2011/09/29/gIQAm87ODL_story.html]

The State Department ... to her agency.

US and EU partnership means the plan goes through MEPI

Amirah-Fernadez and Menedez 9 [Haizam, Seenior Analyst at the Mediterranean and Arab World Program at the Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies and Irene, Juan March Foundation, “Reform in Comparative Perspective: US and EU Strategies of Democracy Promotion in the MENA Region after 9/11,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, 325–338, December]

In terms of ... becoming increasingly ‘gradualist’.

Tunisia means the plan goes through MEPI

Sheridan 11 [Mary Beth, “U.S. to give $20 million to help Tunisia’s fledgling democracy,” 3-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html]

The State Department ... oversees the program.

MEPI’s not USAID 

Allen 9 [Michael, editor of Democracy Digest, “MEPI – empowering democratic actors, reflecting local needs,” 5-29, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2009/05/2567/]

The Middle East ... MEPI local grants.

Even if there is a tradeoff – it’d be from Yemen 

WORLD TRIBUNE 9 – 9 - 11

http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/af_tunisia1132_09_09.asp

The Pentagon proposal ... the official said. 

EU Funds the NED to do the plan (UK KK)

It doesn’t solve the perception internal link - not perceived as the US.

Sims 90 – Researcher for the Council on Hemispheric Affairs [Beth Sims, National Endowment for Democracy (NED): A Foreign Policy Branch Gone Awry, A Policy Report by the Council on Hemispheric Affairs and the Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center, 1990]

NED is a grant-making ... United States. Pg. 28 

Permutation – do the counterplan. It could be normal means.

Carothers 09 – Vice-president and Director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Program @ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Thomas Carothers, “REVITALIZING U.S. DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE: THE CHALLENGE OF USAID,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2009 12:15 P.M., pg. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/1029carnegie-carothers_final.pdf]

Now, just as ... Challenge Corporation and others.

Deep distrust for the NED – means it doesn’t solve 

Sussman 10 - Professor of Urban Studies and Communications at Portland State University [Gerald Sussman, Branding Democracy: US Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe, 2010]

As noted in ... against U.S. interference (Conry 1993). Pg. 81

Forum CP (MSU BC)

Permutation – do both. Solves the net benefit and EU defangs the cost. Plan is a prerequisite to effective dialogues.

Jones and Liberatore 10 [Erik and Angela, “Mapping the Future of the EU-US 

Partnership: Policy and Research Perspectives,” 1-25, http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/eu-us-conference-proceedings_en.pdf]

There is no single ... for action first.

CP is counterproductive – meetings are a waste of time and don’t contribute strategically 

Pawlak 11 [Patryk, Research Fellow at the EUISS, Ph.D in political science from the European University Institute of Florence, visiting scholar at the Center for Transatlantic Relations, the Center for International Relations, Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown University and the Centre for European Policy Studies, “Conclusion: Transatlantic integration and the practice of cooperation,” http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Transatlantic2011.pdf]

A quick look at ... towards the US.

CP is worse– adds bureaucracy without increasing effectiveness

Ries 9 [Charles, Director of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy; Senior Fellow, “U.S.-EU Responses to Globalization – Working Papers Organizing a More Strategic U.S.-EU Partnership,” 12-16, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/bin/u/h/us-eu_book_organizing_charles_ries.pdf]

1. The U.S.-EU relationship ... better the discussion. 

T- It's Democracy Assistance (UK KK)

Its refers to the decision to support democracy only – the design and implementation can be by other groups

Huber 8

[Daniela, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies,” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62, March, p. 45-6, Informaworld]

Method looks at ... an international partner.

Support to political parties is democracy assistance

Mitchell & Phillips, 2008

[Lincoln A., associate research scholar at Columbia University's Harriman Institute, David L., director of the Program on Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding at. American University, THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies – Colombia University, The Atlantic Institute of the United States, “ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE,” January, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/Enhancing%20Democracy%20Assistance.pdf]

A toolbox of ... and service delivery.

T- Its/For (MSU BC)

Its refers to the decision to support democracy only – the design and implementation can be by other groups

Huber 8

[Daniela, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies,” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62, March, p. 45-6, Informaworld]

Method looks at ... an international partner.

for means groups currently working for democracy on the ground within a given country 

Lappin, 2010

[Richard, PhD candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium, has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, Carter Center, visiting scholar at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade under the JoinEU-SEE program, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation,” http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf]

Democracy assistance can ... and political parties.

The United States federal government should provide political party support in accordance with the European Union’s Tunisia neighborhood action plan.

Advantage 1: Strategic Cooperation

The current US-EU partnership is not strategic – that makes cooperation useless

Hamilton and Burwell 10 [Daniel S, Executive Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations; Executive Director of the American Consortium on EU Studies; Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation Research Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, and Frances, Vice President, Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Atlantic Council, former executive director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, "The Setting: The United States and Europe in a G20 World," Chapter 1, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/bin/k/u/shoulder-to-shoulder-book-finaltext.pdf]

The United States ... it was painful. 

Cooperation over the Arab Spring creates a framework for effective cooperation on the Durban climate rounds

Castello-Catchot 11

[Carles Castello-Catchot, assistant director of the Atlantic Council’s Strategic Foresight Project, “A Transatlantic Weakness to Avoid”, New Atlanticist Policy and Analysis Blog at Atlantic Council, 9-19-2011, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/transatlantic-weakness-avoid]

The transatlantic community ... to shape, and win.

US-EU cooperation at Durban key to solve climate change

Hanley 11

[Charles J. Hanley, “EU hopes for climate roadmap, with US on the road”, Associated Press (reprinted at Taiwan News), 9-22-2011, http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1713899]

Europe would renew ... nations would do.

The effects of climate change are scientifically verified and will be catastrophic if no action is taken

Holdren 09 - Assistant to the President of the United States for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy [John P. Holdren (Former Professor of Environmental Policy and Director of the Program on Science, Technology, and Public Policy @ Harvard University & Former Professor of Environmental Science and Policy in Harvard's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and Director of the Woods Hole Research Center) "Climate-Change Skeptics Revisited." Paper, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, August 5, 2008 pg. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18472/climatechange_skeptics_revisited.html]

Appreciation for this ... place their bets.

A refusal to engage politically will further rollbacks of environmental protection by the right – this risks extinction.  The plan’s focus on reformism is a necessary first step towards more systemic criticism

Wapner 08 - Associate Professor and Director of the Global Environmental Politics Program in the School of International Service at American University (Paul, Global Environmental Politics, February, “The Importance of Critical Environmental Studies in the New Environmentalism,” Project Muse)

To many readers, ... structural political transformation.

Focus on climate change is the only way to convince people to take political action

BAZERMAN   06 Jesse Isidor Straus Professor of Business Administration at Harvard

[Max H. Bazerman, “Climate Change as Predictable Surprise,” Climate Change (July 2006): 1-15]

5. Conclusions

Climate change, due ... of climate policy.

Management of nature is inevitable – attempts to end our influence over nature cause massive ecological destruction

Lewis 92 Professor of Geography at George Washington University

[Martin “Green Delusions”] 

Radical environmentalism presents ... already industrialized society.

Advantage 2: Intervention

Despite successful elections, serious governmental support is necessary to prevent polarization of the Tunisian people

Churchill, 11—an independent development consultant based in Tunisia. His blog, "A 21st Century Social Contract," offers a perspective on life in Tunis since the fall of President Zine el-Abedine Ben Ali (Erik, “Putting Tunisian Democracy to the Test,” October 17th, 2011, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/17/putting_tunisian_democracy_to_the_test)

This Sunday, Tunisians ... Ben Ali regime. 

Political infighting will reverse Tunisia’s democratic trajectory and increase military control

Sayigh, 11-1-2011.

(Yezid Sayigh is a senior associate at the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut. “Armies and Civilians in the Arab Spring.” 

<http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2011/Nov-01/152732-armies-and-civilians-in-the-arab-spring.ashx#axzz1d3Kdf2Zt>)

But how easily ... certainly limited democracy.

Western support is critical to prevent a slide toward “light” authoritarianism 

Abaza, 2011.

(Khairi Abaza is a senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a non-partisan policy institute that aims to promote democracy. 1-24-2011. “As Tunisia's army quells chaos, will it hinder democracy?”

<http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/01/21/abaza.tunisia.military/index.html>

The fear and chaos ...l of the country.

Democratic backsliding destabilizes the country and causes a violent escalation

Paciello 11  Research associate at Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome and lecturer in Economic and Political Geography of Development at La Sapienza University of Rome 

Maria Cristina Paciello, Tunisia:  Changes and Challenges of Political Transition, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 3/May 2011 

 4. Possible scenarios for ... not yet clear. 

Tunisian leaders have asked for US assistance

WSJ, 2011.

(Joe Lieberman. “The Arab Spring’s First Democratic Election.” <http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204346104576637291577418566.html>)

Second, the U.S. should redouble its engagement in Tunisia after the elections—especially with new assembly members, political parties, and the civil society and ... leaders are seeking.

Refusing assistance is an instance of US imperialism

Richard YOUNGS Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor @ Warwick ’11 “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion” http://www.fride.org/download/WP106_Liberal_Democracy2_jan11.pdf p. 5-7

Third, central to ... incumbent autocratic regimes. 

Tunisian democratic failure spills over – it’s the model

The Guardian, 10-21-2011.

(“Libya and Tunisia: Two Faces of the Arab Spring.” <http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/22/libya-tunisia-arab-spring-editorial?newsfeed=true>)

Two divergent paths ... the very start.

The US will respond to instability in the region with intervention - Libya set a precedent

Eland, 2011.

(Ivan Eland is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace & Liberty at The Independent Institute. Dr. Eland is a graduate of Iowa State University and received an M.B.A. in applied economics and Ph.D. in national security policy from George Washington University. He has been Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, and he spent 15 years working for Congress on national security issues, including stints as an investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Principal Defense Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office.  “Libyan Victory Portends Endless Intervention.” <http://www.eurasiareview.com/03112011-libya-victory-portends-endless-intervention-oped/>)

NATO’s “victory” in ... similar Western interventions.

Hands-off approaches to the Arab Spring devolve into Orientalist autarchy

Larbi SADIKI Politics @ Exeter ‘11

http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/2011531132934920499.html

Egypt and Tunisia ... incapacity to speak back. 

Virilio K (Rochester BD)

History provides no guidance – there is nothing to say that today’s experience of speed is fundamentally different from any other. Focusing on history risks making us dead and blind to present problems like the AFF.

Derrida ’84  (Jaques Derrida, Prof. of Humanities – UC Irvine, “No Apocalypse, Not Now,” Diacritics, Summer, JSTOR)

We are speaking of ... or intimidation.

Debate about potential catastrophes enables preventative action– spurs collective solutions to nuclear war and environmental threats 

Kurasawa, 04 Professor of Sociology at York University of Toronto [Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004]

In the twenty-first century, ... human rights violations). 

Even if the plan never happens, we should pretend that it does – key to actual change and empowerment

Innes and Booher ’99 (Judith, Director – Institute of Urban and Regional Development and Professor at UC Berkeley and David, Visiting Scholar at the Institute, Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter, Vol. 65, Iss. 1)

Our observation and ... sense empowers individuals.

Reps-focus fails. It ignores the underlying material structures that create the representations. Only the aff makes in-roads to altering the structures that create negative representations.

Taft-Kaufman, 95  (Jill, professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, at Central Michigan University, Southern Communication Journal, Spring, proquest)

The postmodern passwords ... that fuel them.

Focus on representations directly trades off with building effective strategy for dealing with security issues.

Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, ‘1 [Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 361]

Drawing on the ... it as ‘desecuritization’.  

Embracing insecurity is a strategy of the privileged.  Their alternatives presumes some degree of personal security necessary for the freedom to live life as you choose.

Ken BOOTH IR @ Aberystwyth ‘7  Theory of World Security p. 104-105

Perhaps the most ... the first place.

Fear inevitable – the aff isn’t an decrease, just a reallocation

Sandman & Lanard, 2003 

[Peter Ph.D. in Communication and Professor at Rutgers specializing in crisis communication; Jody, Psychiatrist, “Fear of Fear,” http://www.psandman.com/col/fear.htm]

Fearfulness is so ... to frighten them.

Repeated meta-analyses prove fear appeals motivate adaptive behavior.

Witte and Allen ’00  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education & Behavior, “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns”, 27:5, October, Sage Journals)

At least three ..., and behavior change.

Value is individual – a universal claim of no value destroys autonomy – turning the K

SCHWARTZ, HENDRY, & PREECE   04   Professional Metaphysician, Senior Lecturer, General Practicianer Professor, Academic Surgeon  [“Medical Ethics: A case based approach,” Lisa, Paul, and Robert]

Those who choose ... ends in themselves.

Representations of death and extinction are vital to challenging corporations and states that would have you believe otherwise—our deployment of these representations are vital to challenging the normalization of the apocalypse

McMurray, 96  (Andrew, Indiana University, Postmodern Culture, March,

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodern_culture/v006/6.3mcmurry.html)

This idea that the ...malignant global economy.

U.S. democracy assistance and leadership isn’t reducible to imperialism. The US has a multifaceted persona that the impact doesn’t account for – commitment to democracy has grown exponentially with the it’s role as a superpower.

Larbi SADIKI Politics @ Exeter ‘9 Rethinking Arab Democratization: Elections Without Democracy p. 160-163

No deconstruction of ... to the GMEI. 

Iraq/Afghanistan comparison is a red-herring – failures of coercive regime change prove we should do case by case evaluation. 

Laurence WHITEHEAD Politics Fellow @ Nuffield College ‘9 “Losing ‘the Force’? The ‘Dark Side’ of democratization after Iraq” Democratization 16 (2) p.  237-238

In this exploratory ... years to come. 

Reflexivity about the dangers of democracy assistance retains the emancipatory and utopian potential of their alternative. 

Jonas WOLFF Peace Research Inst. Frankfurt ‘8 “Three Tensions of External Democracy Promotion When a Universalist Script Clashes with Diverse Paths”  http://www.wiscnetwork.org/ljubljana2008/papers/WISC_2008-328.pdf p. 18-19

The result of this ... ambitions and means. 

Imperialism impacts are empirically denied. Democracy assistance transfers resources instead of extracting them and facilitates self-government instead of domination.

Roland PARIS Director of the Centre for International Policy Studies and Prf. @ Graduate School of Public and International Affairs @ Ottawa ’10 “Saving Liberal Peacebuilding” Review of Int’l Studies 36 p. 348-350

Although there are ... imperialism than others. 

Alterations of the democracy assistance process fail – there’s only a risk the aff solves by being actively responsive to local requests

Michele ACUTO Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy, School of Social Sciences, and Department of International

Relations @ Australian Nat’l ‘8 “Wilson Victorious? Understanding Democracy Promotion in the Midst of a "Backlash"” Alternatives 33 p. 465-467

Among the various ... translated into practice? 

even minimal democratic gains contain liberatory potential 

Jonas WOLFF Peace Research Inst. Frankfurt ‘8 “Three Tensions of External Democracy Promotion When a Universalist Script Clashes with Diverse Paths”  http://www.wiscnetwork.org/ljubljana2008/papers/WISC_2008-328.pdf p. 16

The specific hegemonic ... intrinsically revolutionary” (Guilhot 2005: 31).

Even if liberalism is inadequate – it would be a lot better than the status quo.  Liberalism isn’t the root cause of existing harms because conservativism, not liberalism is the dominant global ideology. 

Romand COLES Political Theory @ Duke ‘5 Beyond Gated Politics: Reflections for the Possibility of Democracy p. xxi

Political liberalism is ... theirs - be fruitful.