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Observation one: Inherency

1. The State Department has announced that Microsoft will provide computer software and training to NGOs in Tunisia, addition to $20 million dollars.
   Sherridan '11 (Mary Beth, Diplomatic correspondent for The Washington Post, “U.S. To give $20 million to help Tunisia's fledgling democracy”, The Washington Post, March 22. Accessed online 8/24/11 via http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-to-give-20-million-to-help-tunisias-fledgling-democracy/2011/03/22/AB3VpxEB_story.html)
   The State Department ... Middle Eastern countries.

2.  Microsoft has a strong base in Tunisia, and will continue to work with Tunisian civil society by providing computers, software, training, and other technical assistance. Unfortunately some Tunisians feel that this is a direct threat to the F/OSS community.

Randeree '11 (Bilal, Staff writer for Al Jazeera English, “Sharing the 'Arab Spring''”. July 5, 2011. Accessed online 8/24/11 via http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/07/20117555327580293.html)

Microsoft has a ...over the region."

Plan

Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should fund hacklabs in Tunisia in a significant way by providing them with technology and recycled computers to distribute to whomever they choose via normal means. Further speeches and cross-ex will clarify intent.

Observation two: Solvency

1. Free software is an alternative to corporate and proprietary software. Hacklabs are an attempt at breaking the capitalist chain by recycling discarded hardware to hack together usable systems while proprietary systems continually require better and faster hardware.

Obscura '5 (Verduna, “From free software to street activism & vice versa: an introduction.” Published May 2005. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://garlicviolence.org/txt/drkvg-fs2sa.html)

Such collectives have ... to take back!

2. Hacklabs are radical community spaces offering Internet access and training in programming, as well as serving as hubs for political organizing

Gordon '9 (Uri, “Anarchism and the Politics of Technology”. Originally published 10/24/09. Accessed online 9/17/11 via http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Uri_Gordon__Anarchism_and_the_Politics_of_Technology.html)

At the same... for political organizing (Barandiaran 2003).

3. Hacklabs are a way of fighting the digital devide by empowering those left-out by new technologies.
Obscura '5 (Verduna, “From free software to street activism & vice versa: an introduction.” Published May 2005. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://garlicviolence.org/txt/drkvg-fs2sa.html)

As computing becomes ... to enter otherwise...

4. Hacklabs can fill the gap between geek and activist cultures.

Obscura '5 (Verduna, “From free software to street activism & vice versa: an introduction.” Published May 2005. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://garlicviolence.org/txt/drkvg-fs2sa.html)

Internet is no ... software, among other.
5. Free software provides a libratory space for feminists as well as techno-anarchists.

Obscura '5 (Verduna, “From free software to street activism & vice versa: an introduction.” Published May 2005. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://garlicviolence.org/txt/drkvg-fs2sa.html)

However, not everything ... space for computerized girls.

6. Hackerspaces are inclusive of all, indifferent to social status and hold ideas and knowledge as primary values.

Brooke '11 (Heather, Reporter for the Guardian newspaper, “Inside the secret world of hackers.” Published 8/24/11. Accessed online 9/17/11 via http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/24/inside-secret-world-of-hackers)

Hackerspaces are the …  shut down networks.
Observation three: Advantages
Advantage one: Biopolitics

1. Free software is a creation of the multitude and the GPL provides a means of protecting users from domination by agents of proprietary software.
   Tirado et al. '07 (Francisco, Blanca Callen and Miquel Domenech, Universitat Autonoma de Barceolna, “Techno-activism and free software: Tools for the renovation of political activism.” International Journal of Feminist Technoscience. 7/11/07. Accessed online 8/31/11 via http://feministtechnoscience.se/articles/technoactivism-and-fs_feminist-technoscience.pdf)

As we have ... constant sum of forces. [17.]

2. Free software is a prime example of biopolitical production and makes democracy possible for the first time by banishing sovereignty and biopower from within it.

Lawson & Gehl in 11 (Sean and Robert W, “Convergence Security: Cyber-Surveillance and the Biopolitical Production of Security.” Presented at the Cyber-Surveillance in Everyday Life: An International Workshop. University of Toronto. 13-15 May. Accessed online 6/12/11 via http://www.seanlawson.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/LawsonGehl-Convergence_Security.pdf

Biopower, which Hardt …  it] from politics” (Hardt & Negri 2004, p. 339-340)

3. Biopolitical attitudes have been responsible for the most violent wars in human history—the impact is genocide, racism, and extinction.
Dean 01 [Mitchell , Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, (“Demonic Societies: Liberalism, biopolitics, and sovereignty.” Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, ed. Hanson and Stepputat, p. 55-58)]

Consider again the …  of the modern state (232).

4. Biopower renders life calculable, and allows for the government to have total control over all aspects of life, devaluing it.
Inda, 2002 (Johnathan Xavier, Department of Chicano Studies at University of California “Biopower, Reproduction, and the Migrant Woman’s Body”, 100-101)
“For a long time ,”...  a biopolitical state. 

5. Biopolitics leads directly to totalitarianism and the genocidal destruction of entire cultures. 

Milchman and Rosenberg 05, Professor of Political Science at Queens College of the City of New York & Professor of Philosophy at Queens College of the City of New York, 2005 (Alan & Alan, “Michel Foucault: Crises and Problemizations”, The Review of Politics, Volume 67, p. 342-343, CPG)

Foucault’s analysis of... of bio-politics. 

Advantage two: Anti-capitalism

1. Proprietary software embodies all that faults and mass inefficiencies of capitalism.

Vanheuverswyn '7 (Maarten, “The problem with the computer industry under capitalism – Free Software the answer?” Published 9/24/07. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://www.marxist.com/computer-industry-capitalism-free-software240907.htm)

Conversely, the closed … all of society.

2. Free software provides a refusal to be enslaved by either a political system or a computer system.

Obscura '5 (Verduna, “From free software to street activism & vice versa: an introduction.” Published May 2005. Accessed online 9/15/11 via http://garlicviolence.org/txt/drkvg-fs2sa.html)

From hackmeetings to …  computer-enforced control?

3. Free software eliminates the elaborate, centrally-administered market-controls capitalist society has constructed to force the information market through the intellectual property regime, and in so doing frees the market and allows information to assume their natural behaviors.

Hancock '6 (Terry, writer for Free Software Magazine, “Is free software “communist”? Maybe yes...” Copyright © 2006 Terry Hancock / Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)Originally published at www.FreeSoftwareMagazine.com.You must retain this notice if you reprint this article. Accessed online 9/16/11 via http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/node/1707#)

The essential, unbreakable ... the communist society.

4. The greatest challenge to capitalism is information technology and the handling of information property. Free software is like a virus inside capitalism that radically transforms the system from within.

Orsolic '4 (Danijel, free software movement advocate and enthusiast and the founder of libervis.com, a free software and open source community center.
This article is licensed under GNU Free Documentation License which means that you are free to copy and share it as long as you credit the original author and keep the license note. Accessed online 9/16/11 via http://www.libervis.com/article/free_software_movement_and_post_capitalistic_society)

Wether the present ... free information society.

5. Capitalism’s endless drive towards survival ends in multiple scenarios for extinction

Cook 6 (Deborah Cook, Professor of Philosophy, University of Windsor, “Staying Alive: Adorno and Habermas on Self-Preservation Under Late Capitalism.” http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08935690600748173) IG

Adorno and Habermas ... simply to a means (Adorno 1998d, 2723).

6. Capitalism is the root cause of environmental destruction and ensures its inevitable collapse
Internationalist Perspective ‘09 (“Capitalism, Technology and the Environment” http://internationalist-perspective.org/IP/ip-archive/ip_50_environment.html) IG

Capital’s relationship with ... also for humankind.

7. Capitalism is suppose to create a level playing field for all by using free market principles- but instead it just widens the gap between the rich and poor 

Mlinaric, 08- Writer for the Halfway house in South Africa (Ivan Brezovic Mlinaric, Business Day South Africa, “Capitalism has passed its sell-by date”, November 01, 2008, Lexis-Nexis)

Capitalism has passed ... and enjoyed equitably.

8. Poverty is the Equivalent to Thermonuclear War on the Poor Every Year

Gilligan 2k [James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, VIOLENCE: REFLECTIONS ON OURDEADLIEST EPIDEMIC, 2000, p 195-196.]

The 14 to 18 … throughout the world.

9. abstract ideas about emancipation are insufficient, real engagement requires action after criticism.
Bilgin, IR Professor at Bikent, ‘5 (“Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective” p 60-61)
Admittedly, providing a …  theory and practice

1. The State Department has announced that Microsoft will provide computer software and training to NGOs in Tunisia, addition to $20 million dollars.

Sherridan '11 (Mary Beth, Diplomatic correspondent for The Washington Post, “U.S. To give $20 million to help Tunisia's fledgling democracy”, The Washington Post, March 22. Accessed online 8/24/11 via

The State Department announced Tuesday that it will give $20 million to Tunisia to help build its new democracy, boosting to more than $170 million the total in assistance for Arab countries that recently overthrew authoritarian leaders...

The State Department also announced that Microsoft will provide computer software and training to nongovernmental groups in Tunisia as part of a public-private initiative that could spread to other Middle Eastern countries. 

2. Microsoft has a strong base in Tunisia, and will continue to work with Tunisian civil society. Unfortunately some Tunisians feel that this is a direct threat to the open source community.

Randeree '11 (Bilal, Staff writer for Al Jazeera English, “Sharing the 'Arab Spring''”. July 5, 2011. Accessed online 8/24/11 via

Microsoft has a strong base in the North African state. During a visit in March, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told Tunisians that the United States was "ready to assist in any way"...

We now have two songs that were created by artists from all over the region." 

Plan

Thus we offer the following plan: The United States Congress will provide one million dollars to the Freedom Box Foundation for the development of Freedom box Plug-in Servers to be distributed, upon completion, to the State of Tunisia. Further, Congress will provide funds and instruct US AID to distribute a significant number of laptops running Debian Gnu/Linux to Tunisia to be split evenly between the private sector and the Ministry of Education and Training. Further speeches and cross-examination will clarify intent. Any questions, please ask nicely.

Solvency

1. The freedom box is a low-power plug-server running free and open-source software that every internet user can install at home.  While the status quo revolutions may have been powered by three US corporation, Google, Facebook, and Twitter, Freedom Box provides an encrypted, secure, and free and open-source alternative.

Hogge '11 (Becky, Freelance writer and former executive director of the Open Rights Group. March 29, 2011. “The freedom cloud”. Accessed online 8/24/11 via

The Arab awakening that was inspired in the same week as Amazon wielded its own weapon is to some the next major realisation of the hacker-utopian ideal...

Together with Richard Stallman he is one of the founders of the free-software movement and one of the long-term custodians of free-software’s success. 

2. While social networking has changed the balance of political power, they also hold dangerous potential for repression due to their centralized nature. Freedom box provides numbers of individual encrypted servers which would be much more difficult for a government to find and crack-down on.

Dwyer '11 (Jim, Reporter, columnist and writer for the NY times, “Decentralizing the Internet So Big Brother Can’t Find You” Feb 15, 2011.  Accessed online 8/27/11 via

This month, Mr. Moglen, who now runs the Software Freedom Law Center, spoke to a convention of 2,000 free-software programmers in Brussels, urging them to get to work on the Freedom Box..

 By contrast, with tens of thousands of individual encrypted servers, there would be no one place where a repressive government could find out who was publishing or reading “subversive” material. 

3. With assistance from the USFG, as well as support already provided to the Freedom Box project version 1.0 could be ready less than a year.

Dwyer '11 (Jim, Reporter, columnist and writer for the NY times, “Decentralizing the Internet So Big Brother Can’t Find You” Feb 15, 2011.  Accessed online 8/27/11 via

In response to Mr. Moglen’s call for help, a group of developers working in a free operating system called Debian have started to organize Freedom Box software...

“Being connected works.”

4. The US needs to send a strong signal to Tunisia that that we are willing to help work towards democracy

Stiglitz '11 (Joseph, Professor of economics and Columbia and Noble Prize winner, “West must help Tunisia to nuture democracy) from the Financial Times online. Accessed online 9/3/11 via - http:www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e8dfb754-86c7-11e0-9d41-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1WvBJAchI)

Secondly, Tunisia is asking for market access...

. It can be of immense benefit to Tunisia, with little if any cost to us – and it sends a strong, much-needed signal that the US cannot only fight for democracy, but also work for it.

Advantage one: Biopolitics

1. Free software is a creation of the multitude and the GPL provides a means of protecting users from domination by agents of proprietary software.
   Tirado et al. '07 (Francisco, Blanca Callen and Miquel Domenech, Universitat Autonoma de Barceolna, “Techno-activism and free software: Tools for the renovation of political activism.” International Journal of Feminist Technoscience. 7/11/07. Accessed online 8/31/11 via

As we have mentioned above, the appearance of person computers transformed an initial situation of complete cooperation into one of absolute competition...

It protects it without limiting it, preserving its use rather than its ownership, guaranteeing its liberties rather than restricting them, and ensures its growth thanks to the circulation of knowledge, favouring contagion and the constant sum of forces. [17.] 

2. Open source software is a prime example of biopolitical production and makes democracy possible for the first time by banishing sovereignty and biopower from within it.

Lawson & Gehl in 11 (Sean and Robert W, “Convergence Security: Cyber-Surveillance and the Biopolitical Production of Security.” Presented at the Cyber-Surveillance in Everyday Life: An International Workshop. University of Toronto. 13-15 May. Accessed online 6/12/11 via

Biopower, which Hardt and Negri (p. 94) see as “above society, transcendent, as a sovereign authority [that] imposes its order,” is contrasted with “biopolitical production.”...

Biopolitical production, they argue, “tends itself to become political decision-making” and “makes democracy possible for the first time today” by “banish[ing] sovereignty [and biopower with it] from politics” (Hardt & Negri 2004, p. 339-340)

3. Microsoft colludes with the US Federal Government to provide them cryptographic access to the core of Windows operating system, allowing the possibilities of installing backdoors. Additionally, they provide software to law enforcement for surveillance as well as the the trashing of personal privacy.

RTC '09 (The Radical Technology Collective, “An Anarchist's Guide to Free Software” Accessed online 9/2/11 via

United States law prohibits the export of “strong cryptography” – this is mostly nominal, but software companies like Microsoft still need to abide by the law. Part of their compliance is the fact that cryptographic modules can only be loaded into the Windows NT crypto engine...
In reality, it is likely that if it doesn't exploit any specifically-designed backdoors in Windows, COFEE is likely to exploit any one of the myriad of holes in a windows system. 

4. Governmental use of proprietary software forces all employees to use it as well, which is a form of dictatorship
Ballard '11 (Mark, Computer Weekly, March 15. Accessed online 8/29/11 via
The influence of proprietary software has been felt in no greater measure than in the UK public sector, where just 18 companies control 80 per cent of IT contracts...

"A public agency should be doing things for the public interest, and maintaining control of its own computing is part of its responsibility to the public." 

5. Utilization of biopolitical control allows for the bloodiest and most violent regimes in history.
Foucault '78 (Michel, Post-modern guru and all around badass, “History of Sexuality, Volume 1.” Pg. 136)
Since the classical age the West has undergone a very profound transformation of these mechanisms of power...

If genocide is indeed the dream of modern powers, this is not because of a recent return of the ancient right to kill; it is because power is situated and exercised at the level of life, the species, the race, and the large-scale phenomena of population.

6. Disciplinary powers turn humans into machines who act as the political tells them too, this eliminates all freedom and justifies mass atrocities.
Clifford 2001 (Michael Clifford is a professor of philosophy at the Mississippi State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Vanderbilt University. "Political Genealogy After Foucault." Routledge Publications, 2001. pg. 48 DC)

The chief function of disciplinary power," says Foucault, "is to 'train.'" Even though the target of disciplinary power is the individual body, with a focus on the smallest gestures, its goal is to train the ndividual to become a productive, contributing unit of a larger force.

While for the most part only the prison was ultimately modeled on Bentham's design, the principle of constant surveillance would become intrinsic to most modern institutions. 

7. Loss of freedom outweighs all other impacts, freedom is the foundation of human existence.
Clifford 2001 (Michael Clifford is a professor of philosophy at the Mississippi State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Vanderbilt University. "Political Genealogy After Foucault." Routledge Publications, 2001. pg. 143 DC) 

However, this characterization of existentialism was more asserted than it was argued...

To the degree to which this freedom founds itself as a value, and is not based on some transcendental ground or source, I think that an ethics such as Beauvoir's is compatible with Foucault's project and could be effectively articulated onto it, provided that Beauvoir's emphasis on the individual is properly informed by a genealogical understanding of the individual's emergence and constitution. (143) 

Advantage two: De-stabilizing re-revolution.

1.While the excitement about a new democracy in Tunisia is palpable, without assistance from the US the revolutionary gains can be undone by frustrated youths. Without the plan, the risk of backsliding is quite real.
Stiglitz '11 (Joseph, Professor of economics and Columbia and Noble Prize winner, “West must help Tunisia to nuture democracy) from the Financial Times online. Accessed online 9/3/11 via - http:www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e8dfb754-86c7-11e0-9d41-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1WvBJAchI)
In his speech on the Middle East on Thursday last week, Barack Obama rightly put a spotlight on the immense economic difficulties facing Egypt and Tunisia. 

 In six months’ time, if the economy sinks further, forces arguing against liberal democracy will gain strength. The youth who led the revolutions may become angry again, and give up hope. 

2. Youth are more interested in finding employment than in political engagement. In order to keep youths interested in the revolution, the economic sector needs repair.
Khalaf '11 (Roula, Middle east editor for the Financial Times, “Tunisia: after the revolution”. Published May 6. Accessed online 9/6/11 via
From Kasserine to Hay Tadamum, few of the young people I came across could say which political party they would vote for in the elections, often expressing impatience instead with the slow pace of post-revolutionary change...

As politicians from both the empowered old parties and the emerging ones get down to the business of building a new state, they know it now rests on their shoulders to keep the hope of change alive for the disenchanted youth to whom they owe their own release from dictatorship. 

3. Without further action, dissent could start to rise again.
Alifarabia '11 (“17 point plan” Published April 27, accessed online 9/6/11 via
Structural issues with youth unemployment are many. "While there is a clear lack of employment opportunities for the youth, it also seems that there is a mismatch between the field of specialization chosen and the realities of the job market," notes the AfDP report. 

Thousands of Tunisian workers had returned from Libya (some estimates put the figure as high as 70,000), adding to the jobless total, and another 80,000 graduates would enter the job market this summer." 

4.    If the Tunisian revolution succeeds, it provides a model for other revolutions in the area. If it fails, it risks the rise of Islamists Extremists not just in Tunisia, but in the region as well.
Sebestyen '11 (Amanda, Pambazuka News, “Tunisia, another country” Published May 5. Accessed online 9/7/11 via  
Saida Garrachi, of Tunisia's main feminist organisation, the Association of Democratic Women, told us: 'We are inventing ourselves from moment to moment. Unexpectedly, this is "the first revolution of the 21st century"...
Its dedication to legality is amazing.

5. Non- Democratic Political Systems in the Middle East and North Africa lead to Terrorism, Destabilization, and Proliferation
Veit 03 [Raphael, When Good States Go Bad Source: AQ: Australian Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 2003), pp. 33-37, 40, .Accessed: 07/09/2011 20:38]
Outsider states tend to have radical, non-democratic political systems...

This strategic environment combined with unstable regional alliances increased perceived threats to American interests, leading to a greater number of outsiders being identi fied in the region.

6. Terrorism ends in Extinction
Sid Ahmed 04 (Mohamed, Al-Ahram Political Analyst, Éxtinction!,”

What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists?

Unlike a conventional war which ends when one side triumphs over another, this war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

7. Widespread Proliferation ends in Extinction
Utgoff 02, Victor A. Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses. In 1998–99, he established the Advanced Systems and Concepts Office, former senior member of the National Security Council Staff, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Survival, “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions”
 ‘If I don’t hit them back really hard, I am going to be driven from office, if not killed’.

In other words, the world needs at least one state, preferably several, willing and able to play the role of sheriff, or to be members of a sheriff’s posse, even in the face of nuclear threats.

8. Middle East strife escalates to nuclear conflict
Blank 01 Stephen Professor in the Strategic Studies Institute at the US Army War College, February 1, World and I
After seven or more years of America's best efforts, we now should see with whom we are dealing and the multiple fronts of the real Middle East war. 

 Israel and the United States should act together to make sure that they never get to make another similar choice.

9. Extinction
Hoffman 06, Ian, Staff Writer, December 12, 2006, “Nuclear Winter Looms, experts say”, MediaNews Group, Inc. and ANG Newspapers

SAN FRANCISCO  With superpower nuclear arsenals plummeting to a third of 1980s levels and slated to drop by another third, the nightmarish visions of nuclear winter offered by scientists during the Cold War have receded. 

The effects are striking and last five times or longer than the cooling effects of the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent history, according to Rutgers' Robock.

Aff:EWU

Round # 7  Tournament: Shirley

vs:Vermont

Judge:Peterson

Plan Text

USFG should substantially increase democracy

1ac Advantages

Solvency for Orientalist notions of democracy

They don’t defend implementation of the Plan

2ac Offense

Orientalism solves for gender issues

1ar Strategy

above

2ar Strategy

above

Observation one: the status quo

Orientalism is based upon ontological and epistemological distinctions between “the Orient” and “the Occident”. It is the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, teaching it, settling it, and ruling over it. While after WWII Orientalism had been dominated by France and England, since then it has been dominated by America.

SAID 3 (Edward, Prof. of English/Comparative Lit., Columbia U., “Preface.” Orientalism. P 2-4, date accessed: 7/9/2010)

Related to this academic tradition... the large body of texts I call Orientalist.

Orientalist discourse and the construction of knowledge that the West is better able to represent the Orient then themselves perpetuates the notion that the Orient is populated with an uncivilized other who needs the US to solve their problems.

Marandi 09—head of dept. of North American studies, U Tehran (Seyed, Western Media Representations, Iran, and Orientalist Stereotypes, January 2009, http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/western-media-representations.pdf, AMiles) ellipses in orig

Orientalism describes the various schools of thought ... not to be on the side of the executioner.8

Current representations of Islamic states as antagonistic replicate historical Orientalist constructions of Islam

Mutman 93

[Under the Sign of Orientalism: The West vs. Islam Author(s): Mahmut Mutman Source: Cultural

Critique, No. 23 (Winter, 1992-1993), pp. 165-197 Published by: University of Minnesota Press Stable

URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1354194 Accessed: 28/07/2009 19:16 ]

With the development and consolidation of ... it was articulated in a nationalist rather than a religious-universalist direction.

Scenario one: Perpetual wars

Orientalism causes anti-Arab violence

McCarus 94 (Ernest Nasseph, “The development of Arab-American identity”, date accessed: 7/8/2010) AJK

Dr. Abraham deals with the vitally ... groups, and the federal government.

Orientalism can only see the world as a target for the U.S. intervention—this ensures perpetual global war

Rey Chow, the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities and Professor of Modern Culture & Media Studies at Brown University, 2006, The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, p. 40-42

A largely administrative enterprise, closely tied ... “the problem of the vanishing object.”

Scenario two: American Exceptionalism

The distinction between states that observe the ‘new rules’ of the global order, accepting U.S. quid pro quos and offers of engagement, and the ‘cancerous plague’ of non-compliant states authorizes continual war to eradicate those who don’t ‘choose’ to play by ‘our’ rules

David Campbell, Professor of Geography at the University of Durham, et. al., (Alison J. Williams, Post-Doctoral Research Associate in the International Boundaries Research Unit in the Department of Geography at Durham University; Luiza Bialasiewicz, Professor of Geography at Royal Halloway University, London; Stuart Elden, Professor of Geography at Durham; Alex Jeffrey, Professor of Geography, Politics & Sociology at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; Stephen Graham, Professor of Geography at Durham), 2007, Political Geography, Vol. 26, p. 413-414

‘‘Non-Integrating’’ areas are those which are... the geometries of the Pentagon’s New Map.

The production of knowledge as a rational, empiricist assemblage of facts and observations is a cold, detached scholarship and its assumption that the West can unproblematically observe and know the Rest. This Orientalist scholarship ensures policy failure and props up exceptionalist interventionism in the Middle East

Andrea Teti, Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Plymouth, 2007, “Bridging the Gap: IR, Middle East Studies and the Disciplinary Politics of the Area Studies Controversy,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 13, No. 1, p. 119-121

Mainstream Anglo-American IR theory shares ... because of qualitative or quantitative differences, appears to be ‘like no other’ (Valbjørn, 2004: 55).

Brutal foreign policies are justified in the name of American democratic values which legitimize colonial violence.

Schueller '09 (Malini Johar, professor of English at the University of Florida. “The Borders and Limits of American Studies: A Picture from Beirut” American Quarterly Dec 2009. Accessed online 8/18/11 via )

If "terror" is Palestinian or any group ... to Americans' perceptions of Palestinian resistance.30

Scenario three: Dehuminization

Orientalist policy is inherently dehumanizing

SAID 3 (Edward, Prof. of English/Comparative Lit., Columbia U., “Preface.” Orientalism. p. xxvii)

Reflection, debate, rational argument,... degenerate into jingoism and false patriotism.

Dehumanization is the root cause of violence and war

(This card is under erasure)

Katz 97 (Katheryn D. Katz, prof. of law - Albany Law School, 1997, Albany Law Journal

It is undeniable that throughout... justifying indifference to the poverty and misery of others.

Resisting epistemic structures is central to humanizing Arab peoples

Abraham '07 (Matthew, Associate Professor of Writing, Rhetoric, and Discourse at Depaul University “Introduction: Edward Said and the after: Toward a New Humanism”, Cultural Critique 67, Fall 2007. p.2-3 Accessed online 8/17/11 via  )

This special issue of Cultural Critique ... 300 million people in North Africa and West Asia.

Therefore, we are resolved that the United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.

Observation two solvency

Debates about democracy are important to resistance against Orientalism. Responding to local demands for democracy in context create a meaningful form of self-representation.

Rendtorff-Smith 9

(Sarah Rendtorff-Smith, M.A. in International Relations from New York University, UNDP's

Poverty Group and the Development Research Institute, “DEMOCRACY AS THE CONCEPTUAL BATTLEFIELD OF EAST-WEST ENCOUNTERS: A DESTRUCTION OF THE ‘INCOMPATIBILITY CLAIM’ AND ISLAMIST DISCOURSE OF DEMOCRACY, Journal of Political Inquiry, )

It is important to recognize that ... broader quest for an autonomous and authentic Arab-Islamic identity.

Democracy assistance actively promotes local and tribal forms of representation. Rejection leads to relativism that collapses rights and prevents justice.

Youngs 11

(Richard Youngs is the Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor at the University of Warwick, “Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion”, FRIDE Working Paper #106, January)

A sixth point: the associated criticism ... delinked from the longer-term reform agenda.

U.S. exceptionalism and international aggression will end life on earth unless critical, scholarly work embraces a critique of imperial ways of knowing the globe – the 1ac is a crucial part of the political opposition to U.S. empire.

Ashley Dawson, Associate Professor of English at the City University of New York’s Graduate Center and the College of Staten Island, and Malini Johar Schueller, Professor of English at the University of Flordia, 2007, Exceptional State: Contemporary U.S. Culture and the New Imperialism, p. 20-21

To engage in the critique of contemporary ... indefinite detention, preemptive strikes, and perpetual warfare.

The 1ac is crucial, without it Orientalist policy re-creates the problems we try to solve

Little 2000 (Donald P., Scholar at the Institute of Islamic Studies in Canada, “Orientalism: A Reader”, p 124, date accessed: 7/7/2010) AJK

Professor A. L.Tibawi,a distinguished educator and scholar on subjects Islamic and Arab who has recently reached the end of his teaching career, is the first critic whom we shall consider/ through his article, 'English-Speaking Orien-talists: A Critique of their Approaches to Islam and Arab Nationalism.'6 It is Tibawi's complaint that almost all ... and has been, effected and has no need of alien guidance.

You must use the ballot to take an oppositional stance against Orientalism. This is a necessary step towards anything resembling solvency

Edward Said ‘3 New ‘Preface’ to Orientalism. Penguin Books Edition (2003) p. xvii

My idea in Orientalism is to use ... and elsewhere for so long.

Finally, The Recent Revolutions have opened the door for a Fundamental Rethinking of the Methodologies and Orientalist paradigms used to understand the Middle East. Now is Key

(This card is under erasure)

Jadaliyya 11 [Editors, Jul 17, 2011, Teaching the Middle East after the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions... Beyond Orientalism, Islamophobia and Neoliberalism, Paragraph 2-3, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/pedagogy/commentary/rlrlrxjxcloxexilul]

Given the timing of the conference in ... in the teaching of the Middle East.

1AC

Observation One is the Status Quo:

First, Orientalism is a discourse which represents the Other of the West as barbarous, backwards, and uncivilized.  Orientalism thus encloses the horizons of thought about the Other and legitimates imperialist violence.

Marandi 09—head of dept. of North American studies, U Tehran (Seyed, “Western Media Representations, Iran, and Orientalist Stereotypes,” January 2009, http://conflictsforum.org/ briefings/western-media-representations.pdf) ellipses in orig

Orientalism describes the ….of the executioner.8

Second is that in recent years, college debate has taken on many characteristics of the larger university setting. The selection of topics mirrors the gradual addition of ‘area studies’ programs to curriculums. Think back over several years of topics – Southeast Asia, Africa, so-called ‘rogue states’, Native America, China, illegal immigration, the Middle East take one and now the Middle East take two. Each year, the debate community picks an area to study just like a college adding Chinese studies or African studies classes – and in each case, knowledge is gathered from an analytical framework that investigates the world only as it relates to American interests. It is no coincidence that the way debate gathers knowledge mirrors the imperial practices of old whereby the globe was reduced to a standing reserve of resources to be extracted scientifically. Even the most critical and left-leaning discourses within the framework of area studies overlook this fundamentally colonial epistemology.

Harootunian and Miyoshi 2002 [H.D. Harootunian, chair of the East Asian Studies Department and Professor of History at NYU, and Masao Miyoshi, Professor of Japanese, English, and Comparative Literature at UC-San Diego, 2002, Learning Places: The Afterlives of Area Studies, p. 6-7]

These are different …. which originated elsewhere.

This results in three impacts:

First, the structure of Orientalism mirrors the ontological and epistemological features of the politics of war.  Global violence is driven by interlocking oppressions connected by an instrumental, hegemonic mode of thought which presumes the autonomy and detachment of the thinker.  This centrist view transforms all humans and nature into resources to be consumed, making violence a logical necessity. 

Burke 2007 [Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of New South Wales-Sydney, in Theory & Event 10.2]

This process Heidegger …. Will our thought?  

Second, against the backdrop of Orientalism, this kind of knowledge-production culminates in racism and genocide.

Batur 07 [Pinar, Professor of Sociology at Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in The Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin p. 446-447]

At the turn …. genocide, in Darfur.  

The strategic logic of Orientalism transforms the world into a target for American military intervention.

Chow 2006 [Rey Chow, the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities and Professor of Modern Culture & Media Studies at Brown University, 2006, The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, p. 40-42]

A largely administrative …. and its construction.” 

Thus, we rhetorically stand resolved:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen.

Oberservation Two is Solvency:

Dave has been personally affected by the democracy movements in the Middle East in a very real way.  While Occupy Wall Street has been going on since the middle of September, he took it upon himself to organize our university’s Occupy Colleges solidarity movement. He has personally been involved in staging walk-outs, solidarity protests, and teach-ins. We have talked about it a few times, and he has told me that if it wasn't for the research that he has done on this topic that he wouldn't have felt the need to do all the things that I just mentioned. It has affected me as well as I was inspired to help him recruit and organize the protests based off his initiatives.

Our role as intellectuals and knowledge-producers is of the utmost importance: empirically, reliance on experts and policymakers has produced atrocities.  If we hope for an end to violence, we must transform the way that we produce knowledge about the Orient.

Said 03—Frmr prof, English and Comp Lit, Columbia. PhD, Harvard (Edward, “A window on the world,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/aug/02/alqaida.highereducation)

I wish I ….disfigure human history.

The affirmative comes first.  Discursive hegemony is not coercive—it is constructed through everyday acts of representation and knowledge-production.  What we do here and now, in this room as members of the debate community, actively constructs the horizons of selfhood and otherness which sustain the structure of Orientalism. 

Goodwin-Smith 2011 [Ian, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy at the University of South Australia, “Resisting Foucault: the necessity of appropriation,” in Social Identities 16.5]

As an analysis ….of postcolonial thinking.

Rhetorical critique solves: interrogating the status quo’s mode of producing knowledge about the Middle East.  Western approaches to theory as a predictive science discount other, culturally specific ways to approach knowledge. The status quo takes the easiest way out, by assuming our mode of knowing is unproblematic and more people must be integrated into it. Instead, our goal is to re-center debate around the cultural production of research, fostering a reciprocal knowledge relationship that is inclusive of other, dissenting voices.

Appadurai 2001 [Senior Advisor for Global Initiatives at the New School in NYC, “Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination,” in Globalization, pg 15-17]

DEMOCRACY, GLOBALIZATION, AND PEDAGOGY We can return …. from principled internationalization.

The role of the ballot is a question of the value of the scholarship and knowledge produced by the debaters.  Knowledge-production is key: the most seemingly obvious ‘knowledge’ is often only one possible interpretation of utterly contingent historical events, so you should strongly err aff on the framework.  Only a high degree of skepticism about knowledge and discourse can arrest failed policy models and imperial adventurism.

Lori Crowe, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at York University, 2007, “The “Fuzzy Dream”: Discourse, Historical myths, and Militarized (in)Security - Interrogating dangerous myths of Afghanistan and the ‘West,’” p.5-9

Wallerstein has asserted ….in the future.

The aff comes before policymaking.  Policy framework restricts practice and agency to only those issues that fit on the official agendas of policymakers – the history of security politics in the Middle East proves that this restrictive definition of the political is responsible for the marginalization of entire populations and results in a cycle of policy failure. Our affirmative is necessary to broaden conceptions of security and agency.

Pinar Bilgin, Professor of International Relations at Bilkent University, Ankara, 2005, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, p. 49-51

The positions of …. notion of 'objectivity'.

Orientalism comes first: try as we might, we cannot detach our scholarship from our social location as Orientalists.

Said 1978 [Edward, Orientalism (Penguin Books: 2003), p. 9-11]

Nevertheless the determining ….time of Homer.

//


////


//Through the course of this year, we have talked about many different issues which have personally effected us regarding the pro democracy movements. We talked about the synthesis of free software and democracy in Tunisia and we spent a few tournaments really interogating the resolution to see if it is truly Orientalist. While these are important issues to consider, one thing has troubled my partner in the course of his research. Taking a course on womyn and ethics at Eastern really got Dave thinking about some of the affirmative cases that we have heard this year. While there might be some academic value in training police in Egypt with the United States (we seem to be getting pretty good at crushing our protesters here at home, we are both pretty sure that Egypt's military is probably pretty interested in learning some new tricks for silencing dissent) or “helping out” in Bahrain so the Fifth Fleet has a cushy place to be post up, my partner wondered if there might be a non-militaristic possibility for the resolution this year. First

We define the “USFG” for this debate as ourselves. Even if we read a plan and the judge votes for us we all know that no law really gets passed. Rather, what we say and do in debates is what really happens, and as such is the best lens through which to analyze this round. Techniques of self-government allow individuals to resist power through the techniques with which we are goverened.

McNay '92 (Lois, Ph. D from Cambridge and professor at the University of Oxford, “Foucault and Feminism: Power, Gender and the Self.” p. 67-8)

Foucault attaches his notion of practices and the relationship to the other. (Foucault 1988b: 19).

As men we are in a unique position to offer solidarity. One cannot reserve solidarity for one's own gender, instead we can fight against patriarchy together.

Penny '11 (Laurie, Writer for the New Statesman, “Violence against women in Tahrir square” March 8, http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/03/women-world-violence-tahrir)

During the revolution, women weren't women ... we must not let anyone forget.

Observation 1 – Harms

Patriarchal power has brought acid rain, global warming, military states and countless cases of private suffering. The work of feminist womyn and profeminist men is to liberate everyone from these systems of oppression. Any ideology which does not address the structures of male domination of womyn is incomplete.

Kelly '94 (Petra Kelly was a grassroots activist, a leading figure in global peace and human rights campaigns and a cofounder of the German Green party. “Thinking Green!” Reprinted in “Ecofeminism: Women Culture Nature” ed. Karen Warren. Pg. 114)

We need to transform the pattern itself .... power that has to replace patriarchal power.

Observation 2 – Tunisia

Tunisian society has been expanding womyns rights since 1962. It shouldn't come as a surprise to learn that womyn have helped participate in the protests which would go on to topple the Government. Lina Ben Mhenni was likely the first to alert the world to Tunisian protests, and womyn flocked to rallies dressed in veils and jeans, young and old, but building a new society will require participation.

Morgan '11 (Robin, Award-winning poet, novelist, political theorist, feminist activist, journalist, editor, and best-selling author. “Women of the Arab Spring” Ms. Magazine Spring 2011. Accessed online 2/20/12 via http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2011/womenofthearabspring.asp)

Tunisia, where the ferment began ... for democracy and a secular society.”

While womyn were instrumental in organizing the protests in Tunisia, their interested haven't been considered since the revolutionary dust has settled.

Goulding '11 (Kristine, research analyst at the UN Research Institute for Social Development working on Gender and Development, “Tunisia: Women's winter of discontent.” October 25, 2011. Accessed online 2/20/12 via http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/kristine-goulding/tunisia-womens-winter-of-discontent)

As Ben Ali’s regime first teetered and ,,, candidates appointed to the transitional government.

Observation 3 – Egypt

Egypts revolutions were heavily effected by womyn, particularly Asmaa Mahfouz, who had a video go viral and lead to the popular revolution.

Morgan '11 (Robin, Award-winning poet, novelist, political theorist, feminist activist, journalist, editor, and best-selling author. “Women of the Arab Spring” Ms. Magazine Spring 2011. Accessed online 2/20/12 via http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2011/womenofthearabspring.asp)

The revolution Tunisia pioneered, Egypt ... never go back to square one.”

While womyn were at the forefront of the uprisings which started in Tunisia and then spread outward, there is a risk that they are being pushed out by Islamists

Bohn '12 (Lauren, Multimedia Journalist and Fullbright Scholar in Egypt, “Women and the Arab Uprising: 8 'Agents of change' to follow.” Feb 3 2012. Available online via http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/03/world/africa/women-arab-uprisings/index.html)

 Women have been at the forefront of ... the army from possible allegations of rape).

Womyn in Egypt have been badly let down by men in the political arena

Brown '12 (Widney, Senior Director of International Law and Policy at the International Secretariat of Amnesty International, “Opinion: Why men have let women down post Arab Spring” March 8 Available online via http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/08/world/meast/widney-brown-inside-middleeast/)

Women have been badly let down ... meeting even these minimum human rights commitments.

“Plan”

Thus Dave and I stand in solidarity with feminist civil society groups in Tunisia and Egypt.

Observation 4 - Solvency

Transnational solidarity is political in ways that charity is not, so when we encounter suffering we should

not just seek to alleviate it but also to change the conditions that give rise to it. It also serves as a foundation for our commitment to human rights.

Woods '12 (Kerry, Ph. D in moral and political philosophy and teaching fellow in political philosophy at the University of York, “Whither Sentiment? Compassion, Solidarity, and Disgust in

Cosmopolitan Thought

.” Journal of Social Philosophy, Spring 2012)

Solidarity is conventionally thought to be an ...constitutive of Gould’s notion of solidarity.

Civil society organizations stand for the interests of womyn, the poor, and other social groups. Such institutions offer womyn an opportunity to expand their political skills and provides access for feminists to gain political space.

Cornwall & Goetz 2k5 (Andrea and Anne Marie are Fellows at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, UK. Democratization, Vol.12, No.5, December 2005, pp.793)

The political logic that accompanied the ... feminist social actors to gain political space.

Encouraging a strong civil society in rhetoric and aid will help citizens help themselves.

Marcus '11 (Elizabeth, intern with the National Security team at the Center for American Progress, “Rape and the Arab Spring, The Dark Side of the Popular Uprisings in the Middle East” December 20. Available online via

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/12/arab_spring_women.html

The United States can assist women in ... to rewrite their countries’ social contract.

Feminist organizations have a key role to play in new democratic spaces. Less structured support given in solidarity could make a broader difference to the democratizing potential of these kinds of organizations.

Cornwall & Goetz 2k5 (Andrea and Anne Marie are Fellows at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, UK. Democratization, Vol.12, No.5, December 2005, pp.797)

Feminist organizations have a key role to play ... democratizing potential of these kinds of organizations.

If allowed to grow, the womyns movement can destroy patriarchal society from within

Sabbagh '5 (Amal Sabbag, former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Accessed online 1/21/12 via http://static1.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/Arab_World.pdf)

‘The women’s movement...is the detonator ... as the harbingers of a better future.

The revolutions are generating a powerful counter-narrative offers a window of opportunity for us to replace the traditional totalizing, essentializing, and excoticizing narrative about the region with a more humanistic, universal, and decentralized approaches. Allowing us to construct a decentralized narrative of world history.

Yucesoy 11 (Hayrettin, PhD, Associate Professor of History at Saint Louis University and author of Messianic Beliefs and Imperial Politics, “Revolutions and Teaching in the Middle East and Islam”, May 3)

One can argue that the revolutions in ... a decentralized narrative of world history.