1NC
A. Democracy assistance is transfers acting directly on democratization
Lappin 10. Richard Lappin, Ph.D. candidate, Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, University of Leuven (Belgium); has participated in over a dozen democracy assistane missions for the UN, EU, OSCE, and Carter Center and has recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, Currentlym visiting Scholar at the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Belgrade, 2010 Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, Vol 4, Issue 1 What We Talk ABout When We Talk ABout Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation,
http://www.cejiss.org/issue/2010-volume-4-issue-1/lappin
Democracy assistance can … groups and political parties.
B. The plan violates – Negotiations are diplomacy, but not democracy assistance. At best it’s effects topical
Stahn 7 Andreas Stahn and Vera van Hüllen, Free University Berlin Tenth Biennial International Conference, May 17-19, 2007, Montreal, Canada Paper prepared for the European Union Studies Association (EUSA) “Different actors, different tools? Approaching EU and US democracy promotion in the Mediterranean and the Newly Independent States”
http://www.unc.edu/euce/eusa2007/papers/hullen-v-03e.pdf
Tools as a category are omnipresent … the different choices sketched.
C. The affirmative interpretation is bad for debate
Limits are necessary for negative preparation and clash. Including negotiations in democracy assistance assumes effects, and that in unlimiting
Burnell 2K Peter Burnell, prof of politics, Univ of Warwick UK 2000
Democracy Assistance: international cooperation for democratization, Peter Burnell ed p 11-12
In the largest sense then democracy … questions such as these.
D. This is a voter because T is necessary for debate (for clash etc to be possible)
1NC
Relations high – security agreements and not supporting democracy
Wall Street Journal 11 (By BILL SPINDLE and MARGARET COKER. “The New Cold War”
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704116404576262744106483816.html)
And recently the U.S. … the relationship with Riyadh.
Bahrain link – Shiite Sunni conflict
Nasr 8/27/11 (Vali Nasr is professor at Tufts University, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author of “The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future.”)
(NYT Opinion. “If the Arab Spring Turns Ugly” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-lurking-in-the-arab-spring.html?pagewanted=all)
In March, fearing a snowball … in defense of Bahrain.”
This change undermines the oil-for security arrangement and destroys relations
Financial Times 11 (6/16/2011, Anna Fifield)
(“Arab spring tests US-Saudi relationship” http://www.ft.com/ntl/cms/s/0/4082dc70-984d-11e0-ae45-00144feab49a.html#axzz1UIAMR876)
Still, Washington and … of Israel in 1948.
Weakening relations with Saudi Arabia are making Saudi Arabia consider nuclear weapons
The Guardian 03, 9/18/03. “Saudis consider nuclear bomb,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/18/nuclear.saudiarabia
[2nd wave card]
Until now, the assumption in … US nuclear umbrella.
Saudi nukes cause nuclear terrorism – instability makes militants
Sokolski 05 (Henry Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center.)
(“GETTING READY FOR A NUCLEAR-READY IRAN,” Strategic Studies Institute)
The possession of nuclear … with respect to Pakistan.
1NC
China bashing is coming via revaluation talk – congressional action inflames relations and guts the economy
Palmer 8-11
Doug Palmer, Aug 11, 2011 “Wider trade gap could propel China currency bill,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/11/us-china-usa-trade-idUSTRE77A5N220110811
Just before Congress … is another matter," he said.
The plan costs political capital
Stephens 11
Philip Stephens Associate Editor of the Financial Times May 19, 2011 “A choice of minefields for Obama” Financial Times, Lexis
The speeches - the latest … we have been here before.
Political capital is key to blocking pushes for currency revaluation
Palmer 9-2
Doug Palmer, Journalist, “Analysis: Obama's trade legacy in a crucible this fall,” Reuters, Sep 2, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/02/us-usa-obama-trade-idUSTRE7814CZ20110902
Democrats like House Minority … political capital to block it.
China bashing starts the mother of all trade wars undermining global growth
Carmosky 9-8
Janet Carmosky, Contributor 9/08/2011 “China Bashing Season Officially Kicks Off” Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/janetcarmosky/2011/09/08/china-bashing-season-officially-kicks-off/
In the past 24 hours both …) be worth it?
Chinese trade conflicts is the most likely scenario for military conflict.
Landy 7
Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines, April 3, 2007, http://chinaredux.com/2007/04/03/protectionism-and-war/#comments,)
The greatest threat for the … and anti-satellite tests.
Extinction
Strait Times 2K
[“No one gains in war over Taiwan,” June 25 2000, L/N]
THE high-intensity scenario … above everything else.
1NC
The European Union should initiate an institutional dialogue between the government of Bahrain and the opposition, where it endorses, as a starting point for reform, the agenda presented by the crown prince and accepted by Al-Wifaq, and the European Union should provide support for human rights protections for the opposition
EU solves political dialogue.
Van Hüllen, 09 (Vera, research associate at the Center for European Integration at the Otto-Suhr Institute of Political Science of the Freie Universität Berlin, EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean Cooperation against All Odds?, KFG Working Paper Series, Paper No. 9. http://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/en/v/transformeurope/publications/working_paper/WP_09_November_van-Huellen1.pdf)ZDM
There is a clear regional trend … human rights subcommittee.
1NC
The threat of regional instability is not self-evident but seeped in a racist description of the world – this ideological approach causes genocide and unending war.
Batur 7 [Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Scociology @ Vassar, The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of the The Soiology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 441-443]
War and genocide are horrid… Iraq and New Orleans.
The alternative is to refuse to comply with the normalizing Orientalist relations the 1AC takes for granted. Only active criticism reveals the racism inherent in their pedagogy of revolutions.
Sheehi (Associate Professor and Arabic Program Director @ University of South Carolina) 11
(Stephen, The Social Relations of Islamophobia and the Role of The Academic, May 01 2011, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/TME1/1413/the-social-relations-of-islamophobia-and-the-role-)
These revolutions were one more … Empire both home and abroad.
5th Fleet
Musalem alt causes – need independent trials of protestors, freedom of press, election monitoring
Alternatives to Bahrain are sufficient for military presence and effectiveness
Koplovsky 2006,
Michael Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387
By establishing a network … the right time to succeed.
5th fleet is irrelevant
Jones 11,
Toby, Assistant professor of history at Rutgers University. Author of Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia and an editor at Middle East Report 6/10/11 The Atlantic “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-basedusfifth-fleet/240243/
It's time for the Fifth … good place to start.
5th fleet kills strategic flex and ensures reckless allied behavior
Jones 11,
Toby C. Jones is assistant professor of history at Rutgers University. He is author of Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia and an editor at Middle East Report 6/10/11 The Atlantic “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-basedusfifth-fleet/240243/
There are a number of … in the U.S. military.
Simply pushing for dialogue won’t solve, March proves.
Hilterman, 9/7
September 7, 2011 SNAPSHOT Pushing for Reform in Bahrain Washington's Leverage Over the Khalifa Regime Joost R. Hiltermann JOOST R. HILTERMANN is Deputy Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68246/joost-r-hiltermann/pushing-for-reform-in-bahrain
When demonstrations … " toward reform.
The US doesn’t have enough influence to stop the political change now that it has begun
Dunne ‘4
Michele Durocher Dunne a visiting scholar in the Democracy and Rule of Law, Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace “INTEGRATING DEMOCRACY PROMOTION INTO U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2004/10/01/integrating-democracy-promotion-into-u.s.-middle-east-policy/2ys
If the United States chooses … critical Arabic satellite media.
US has no influence in Bahrain – the Saudi’s will overwhelm any diplomacy
Al-Tamimi June 19, 2011 Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi intern for the Middle East Forum, student at Brasenose College, Oxford University “Bahrain: Can The U.S. Do Anything?” MM http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/bahrain_can_the_us_do_anything.html
But here is the catch: … Saudis and the GCC.
Too many conflicts for transition
Rahnema 11 (7-11, Saeed, Professor, political science, York University, “Why Did Democracy Fail in Bahrain?,” http://www.themarknews.com/articles/5967-why-did-democracy-fail-in-bahrain?page=2) atw
Nevertheless, when the … enormous global consequences.
Iran has already threatened to attack Fifth Fleet if they continue to interfere in Arab Spring
Press TV 11
Iranian news agency, 3/28, “Iran urges US to withdraw warships”, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167510.html,
A senior Iranian commander …," the general noted.
Fifth Fleet presence will encourage attack from Iran on fleet, leading to full-scale US-Iran war
Salla 07
PhD in Government from the University of Queensland, internationally recognized scholar in international politics, conflict resolution, US foreign policy, and exopolitics, held academic appointment in the School of International Service & the Center for Global Peace, Michael, http://americasherojourney.com/Article-New-Pearl-Harbour.htm,
The Bush administation has covered … to the Arabian sea.
Iraq
No risk of large-scale Middle East war – They want to maintain political stability.
Takeyh et al 07, Senior Fellow for ME Studies at Council on Foreign Relations, June 28, 2007 [“Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast,” http://www.cfr.org/publication/13702/why_the_iraq_war_wont_engulf_the_mideast.html)]
Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, … the entire Middle East.
No escalation - empirics.
Drum 7 [Kevin, staff writer for Washington Monthly, 9/9/07, Political Animal,http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2007_09/012029.php]
Having admitted, however, … No regional conflagration.
Saudi support guts credibility
Francesca Fiorentini, Editor of Left Turn Magazine, May 2011 (http://www.war-times.org/mir/2011/may-2011/english)
With respect to monarchy, … weapons from the U.S.
1. Single issues not key – perceptions change slowly.
Gray, International Politics at Reading, 11 [COLIN S. GRAY is Professor of International Poli- tics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England. He worked at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (London), and at Hudson Institute (Croton-on-Hudson, NY) before founding the Na- tional Institute for Public Policy, a defense-oriented think tank in the Washington, DC, area. Dr. Gray served for 5 years in the Reagan administration on the President’s General Advisory Committee on Arms SSI Monograph HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY Colin S. Gray April 2011]
The error lies in the search … from its past.
2. doesn’t solve- soft power is hard to use
Kroenig, Government at Georgetown, et al. 10 [Matthew, Department of Government, Georgetown University Melissa McAdam, Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley Steven Weber, Information School, University of California, Berkeley, Taking Soft Power Seriously, Comparative Strategy, Volume 29, Issue 5 November 2010 , pages 412 – 431]
Foreign policy actors have many … force, for example.
3. cooperation impossible- competing interests
Scoblete 9 [Gregory, associate editor at RealClearWorld, July 22, 2009 America's Last Stab at Global Leadership http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/07/22/americas_last_stab_at_global_leadership_96965.html]
The hope is that the … as the Red Army.
4. soft power is counterproductive- results in resentment and blowback
Gray, International Politics at Reading, 11 [COLIN S. GRAY is Professor of International Poli- tics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England. He worked at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (London), and at Hudson Institute (Croton-on-Hudson, NY) before founding the Na- tional Institute for Public Policy, a defense-oriented think tank in the Washington, DC, area. Dr. Gray served for 5 years in the Reagan administration on the President’s General Advisory Committee on Arms SSI Monograph HARD POWER AND SOFT POWER: THE UTILITY OF MILITARY FORCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY Colin S. Gray April 2011]
7. Soft power lends itself … replace military force.
5. Credibility doesn’t solve- decades of scholarship prove
Fettweis 10 [Christopher J., fifth year doctoral student in the University of Maryland's Department of Government and Politics. His primary interests include US foreign and national security policies. His dissertation, currently titled The Geopolitics of Energy and the Obsolescence of Major War, focuses on the relationship between oil and conflict. Mr. Fettweis has a BA in History from the University of Notre Dame, Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy, April 2010 Survival, 52:2, 59 - 82]
For individuals as well as … or large the odds.
6. aff is a drop in the bucket compared to current budget cuts
Nye 11 [JOSEPH S. NYE JR. | APRIL 12, 2011 The War on Soft Powerhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/12/the_war_on_soft_power]
Last week, U.S. President Barack … influence events abroad.
7. Doesn’t spill over in between issues.
Brooks and Wohlforth, Government at Dartmouth, 5 [Professors Government – Dartmouth, Perspectives on Politics 3:509-524]
Drawing on rational choice theory, … high cost of unilateralism.
No escalation.
Maloney 7 [Suzanne, Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, International Herald Tribune Why the Iraq War Won't Engulf the Mideast Iraq, Middle East, Islamic World, Civil War Ray Takeyh, Fellow Steven A. Cook, Fellow June 28, 2007 http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/maloney20070629.htm]
Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, … entire Middle East.
Oil Turn
Low Saudi relations causes oil shocks – destroys the economy and Obama reelection chances.
Haykel 11 Bernard Haykel is Professor of Near Eastern studies at Princeton University.)
(6/7/11. NPR Story Transcript. How The Arab Spring Affects Saudi Society. http://www.npr.org/2011/06/07/137036450/how-the-arab-spring-affects-saudi-society)
Now, as far as the United States … being re-elected.
Saudi perceived instability from US action causes oil shocks
Indyk 11 (The writer is vice president and director of the Brookings Institution’s foreign policy program and convener of the U.S.-Islamic World Forum, which meets in Washington next week.)
(Martin Indyk, Amid the Arab Spring, Obama’s dilemma over Saudi Arabia, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/amid-the-arab-spring-obamas-dilemma-over-saudi-arabia/2011/04/07/AFhILDxC_story.html)
This presents the Obama administration … already become U.S. policy.
Impact Calc
Relations key to engagement and Middle East Peace
Jubeir 09 (H.E. Adel A. Al Jubeir - Ambassador of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the United States. Mr. Al-Jubeir was Visiting Diplomatic Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations in New York, 1994-95. He has lectured at universities and academic institutions in the U.S. and appeared frequently in the media. In 2006, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas.)
(October 15, 2009. 18th Arab-U.S. Policymakers Conference - Washington, DC. http://www.susris.com/2009/11/04/jubier-roundtable/)
We speak to each other frankly, we consult … fast, or too long.
Impact – Middle East Peace
Saudi Arabia’s key – and relations get them on board
CFR 02 (May 02. CIAO Working Papers. Strengthening the U.S.-Saudi Relationship. http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/cfr03/index.html)
Saudi Arabia will be the key … in the outcome.
Impact – Iran
Containing/Countering Iran
World Tribune 10
(10/22/10 Centcom report on enhanced U.S.-Saudi relations cites threat of a nuclear-armed Iran.
http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/ss_military1045_10_22.asp
Centcom has been training, … preserving stability in the region."
UQ
Relations still strong – best measures prove
Zeigler 11 (Lucien Zeigler is interested in energy’s role in international commerce and geopolitics. He graduated from the University of Virginia’s Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics with a degree in Foreign Affairs. He is currently Research Director for the Saudi-U.S. Trade Group (SUSTG), a not-for-profit 501-c(6) trade group based in the Washington D.C. area.)
(5/21 “US-Saudi Relations: Still Strong” http://arabianomics.com/2011/05/21/for-us-saudi-relations-%E2%80%98political-divide%E2%80%99-widens-but-economic-security-cooperation-grows/)
Measuring the political/diplomatic … current disagreements might indicate.
Relations high - education
Zeigler 11 (Lucien Zeigler is interested in energy’s role in international commerce and geopolitics. He graduated from the University of Virginia’s Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics with a degree in Foreign Affairs. He is currently Research Director for the Saudi-U.S. Trade Group (SUSTG), a not-for-profit 501-c(6) trade group based in the Washington D.C. area.)
(3/18/11. Saudi-US Relationship Could Be Strengthened By Middle East Turmoil. http://arabianomics.com/2011/03/18/saudi-us-relationship-could-be-strengthened-by-middle-east-turmoil/)
Finally, the greatest tangible … of the United States.”
Relations high despite Bahrain – it improved the resiliency of the relationship
Zeigler 11 (Lucien Zeigler is interested in energy’s role in international commerce and geopolitics. He graduated from the University of Virginia’s Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics with a degree in Foreign Affairs. He is currently Research Director for the Saudi-U.S. Trade Group (SUSTG), a not-for-profit 501-c(6) trade group based in the Washington D.C. area.)
(3/18/11. Saudi-US Relationship Could Be Strengthened By Middle East Turmoil. http://arabianomics.com/2011/03/18/saudi-us-relationship-could-be-strengthened-by-middle-east-turmoil/)
However there is a massive … more than private profit.
Link
No implementation.
Walt, IR at Harvard, 11 [Foreign policy on the cheap, May 31, 2011 from Stephen M. Walt by Stephen M. Walt http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/30/foreign_policy_on_the_cheap]
Juan Cole had a nice piece … how the Arab spring evolves.
Bahrain triggers the link – and it’s the key security interest for Saudi Arabia
NYT 11 (3/17/11 By HELENE COOPER and MARK LANDLER6 By HELENE COOPER and MARK LANDLER.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/18diplomacy.html)
“King Abdullah has … United States Navy’s Fifth Fleet.
Bahrain Regime Change Link
Haykel 11 (Bernard Haykel is Professor of Near Eastern studies at Princeton University.)
(8/18/11. Project Syndicate Op-Ed. Saudi Arabia vs. The Arab Spring http://www.nationofchange.org/saudi-arabia-vs-arab-spring-1313681032)
A massive government … whispers of mass protest
T
Including conflict resolution efforts is unlimiting
Lappin 10 Richard Lappin, Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the University of Leuven in Belgium. He has participated in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter Center
Jg.28, Vol.85, 2010 Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies “Post Conflic Democracy Assistance: A State of the Art
soc.kuleuven.be/web/files/9/51/Vol85.pdf
Beginning with imprecise … and social aid programmes.’ 174
EU CP
2) Perm kills EU credibility
Fakhro 9 (E.A. Master of Law Student in International Human Rights Law at Harvard Law School and LLM from Queen Mary College, University of London The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Fakhro_low_2.pdf
In the light of US … average Arab citizen.
3) That kills solvency.
Carothers 6 (Thomas, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Founder and Director of the Democracy and Rule of Law Program — a leading authority on democracy promotion and democratization worldwide, THE BACKLASH AGAINST DEMOCRACY PROMOTION, Foreign Affairs, Mar/Apr 2006, Vol. 85 Issue 2, p. 55-68)
Some autocratic governments …. work has changed. This will mean rethinking some of their methods.
5th Fleet Advantage
Dialogue doesn’t solve
Katzman, 7/7,
Kenneth, Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs for the Congressional Research Service, http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:5iXyY5XlS2kJ:fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/169020.pdf+reform+security+us+policy+bahrain+july+7,+2011&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjX8RLvaOta2GB86xpi8azZAB1aggDYxvtb10lgR-fBDJbBhsejoVmbS6ug5WRHeyKz1B3aK-jcSLTU5HFnUkJlS9nVmH1ZoJdSoOD1qKywL8hOJU_PL5xlkxbHF9-VU8YSycdi&sig=AHIEtbQRwJdj7h0rGM-Dbdl_0jgMEfY5Fw
Some believe the … and other hardliners.
The time for dialogue has past
Toby C. Jones is assistant professor of history at Rutgers University. He is author of Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia and an editor at Middle East Report 6/10/11 The Atlantic “Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-basedusfifth-fleet/240243/
Whatever opening … in front of military tribunals. Thousands of others have been sacked from their jobs
U.S. has already pressured Bahrain and failed
Northam May 22, 2011 Jackie Northam is Foreign Affairs correspondent for NPR news. “Bahrain Crackdown Puts Pressure On U.S. Diplomacy” http://www.npr.org/2011/05/22/136507091/bahrain-crackdown-puts-pressure-on-u-s-diplomacy MM
While public … going to respond to," he says.
Bahrain base isn’t key- alternatives exist- kick out provides the motivation
Koplovsky 2006,
Michael Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387
Despite adamant arguments outlining …, and faster reaction.
Bahrain isn’t key – relocation solves
The Australian, 7/21
“US fleet may quit troubled Bahrain”, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/us-fleet-may-quit-troubled-bahrain/story-e6frg6so-1226098580227
THE US Navy is looking at … the Qatari capital say the port is being built to accommodate the domestic navy and "occasional visitors".
Motivation for a strategy shift exists- the US wont just give up forward presence
Koplovsky, 06
Michael Koplovsky, Deputy Chief of Mission @ U.S. Embassy Lusaka, Career Foreign Service Office, October 23, 2006, Precipitating the Inevitable: the Surprisingly Benign Impact of Losing Basing Rights in Bahrain, http://govwin.com/knowledge/ precipitating-inevitable-surprisingly-benign-impact/18387
Large, permanent, forward …and operational presence.26
