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Dartmouth Markovich-Robinson Aff

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  • Egypt Aff-Harvard

    • Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sample Team | Judge: Sample Judge

    • Contention One: Stability

       

      Egypt needs assistance for economic reform – governments have pledged support but it hasn’t arrived

      Jerusalem Post 9/13/11, lexis

      The latest package of aid … by Western and Arab governments.

       

      Corruption will cause cycles of instability in Egypt – reform is key

      Michael Schuman, American author and journalist who specializes in Asian economics, politics and history. He is currently the Asia business correspondent for TIME Magazine, based in Hong Kong, “Why the Arab Spring's success depends on jobs, not guns,” 8/22/11, http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/08/22/why-the-arab-spring%e2%80%99s-success-depends-on-jobs-not-guns/#ixzz1XVK2xUzZ

      But to make that optimistic … fail on its economic policies.

       

      Economics is the largest contributor to instability

      Michael Allen, Special Assistant for Government Relations and Public Affairs at the National Endowment for Democracy and former lecturing faculty of faculty of universities in London and Manchester, and Cranfield School of Management, “Deteriorating economy a greater threat than military to Egypt’s transition,” 9/16/11, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/09/deteriorating-economy-a-greater-threat-than-military-to-egypts-transition/

      “We hope the law … of democracy or political reform (19%).

       

      Economic crisis in Egypt produces a global double-dip recession

      Michael , M.A. in International Affairs from Columbia, has corresponded for Forbes, TIME, and WSJ, 2/2/20 (http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/02/02/does-the-turmoil-in-egypt-threaten-the-global-recovery/#ixzz1TT6k4O6d)

      At first glance, the upheaval … just such an unwelcome surprise.

       

      Economic collapse causes global nuclear war

      [Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2011.571015 Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Published in: journal Survival, Volume 53, Issue 2 April 2011 , pages 117 - 130 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year  Download PDF Download PDF (~357 KB)     View Related Articles  To cite this Article: Merlini, Cesare 'A Post-Secular World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130]

      Two neatly opposed scenarios for … absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

       

      Egyptian instability causes wildfire prolif throughout the Middle East

      Henry Sokolski, executive director of The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center and former Deputy for Nonproliferation Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2/8/11, “The New Republic: Revolts Stir Up Nuclear Sentiment,” The New Republic (also published by NPR), http://www.npr.org/2011/02/08/133588036/the-new-republic-revolts-could-fuel-nuclear-desires

      Even more dangerously, unlike Iraq, … a condition for securing U.S. nuclear cooperation.

       

      Egypt is the cornerstone of global nonproliferation

      Joe Cirincione, former director for non-proliferation at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, professor of foreign service at Georgetown, 2/13/11, “Egypt's Nuclear Dimension,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joe-cirincione/egypts-nuclear-dimension_b_822588.html

      As a free Egypt transforms itself, … ties with the United States.

       

      Middle Eastern prolif is uniquely destabilizing.

      Efraim Inbar, Ph.D., Professor in Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and Director of its Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 4-17-2008. [MESH, Iran and extended deterrence, http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2008/04/iran_and_extended_deterrence/]

      If Iran is allowed to … put Ahmedinejad in a positive light.

       

      Prolif causes extinction – small crises go nuclear.

      , executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, serves on the U.S. congressional Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, (Henry, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, Policy Review June & July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html)

      At a minimum, such developments will … their critics, would ever want. 

       

      Reform key to the Egyptian economy

      The Daily News Egypt 7/26/11, http://thedailynewsegypt.com/economy/egypt-must-foster-private-investment-report-suggests.html

      CAIRO: Egypt must focus on … operating in the formal sector.

       

      Assistance for reform spurs foreign investment and stabilizes Egypt

      The Daily News Egypt 7/26/11, http://thedailynewsegypt.com/economy/egypt-must-foster-private-investment-report-suggests.html

      Egyptians would also benefit from … a turbulent region,” the report said.

       

      Specifically, US assistance for customs reform is key to the Egyptian economy

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 2/4/11, “What the United States Can Do to Help a Post-Mubarak Egypt,” http://www.piie.com/realtime/?p=2003

      Whoever emerges on top of … and communications technology (ICT) sector.

       

      US assistance and leadership is key to successful reform

      Nader Habibi, professor of economics of the Middle East in Brandeis University's Crown Center for Middle East Studies, 4/18/11, “Structuring Economic Assistance for Egypt and Tunisia,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8549/structuring-economic-assistance-for-egypt-and-tunisia

      As Egypt and Tunisia move … chances for a successful democaratic transition.

       

      Contention Two: Economic Partnership

       

      Technical assistance to streamline customs regulations is key to US-Egyptian trade

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 1/10, “Reengaging Egypt: Options for US-Egypt Economic Relations,” http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/4396.html

      One important component of international … and improve their customs facilities.

       

      Assistance for transparency and customs reform is key to economic relations and paves the way to an FTA

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 1/10, “Reengaging Egypt: Options for US-Egypt Economic Relations,” http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/4396.html

      The United States has a strong … —and set out some suggestions.

       

      Assistance for reforms is key – otherwise an FTA will backfire

      Ahmed Galal, Managing Director of the Economic Research Forum, a regional research institution covering the Arab countries, PhD in economics, Boston U., and former World Bank economist, and Robert Lawrence, 5/05,   Anchoring Reform with a US-Egypt Free Trade Agreement, http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/3683.html

      It is clear from even … ; other times, it just hurts

       

      US/Egypt FTA solves Middle East war

      Ahmed Galal, Managing Director of the Economic Research Forum, a regional research institution covering the Arab countries, PhD in economics, Boston U., and former World Bank economist, and Robert Lawrence, 7/03, “Egypt-US and Morocco-US Free Trade Agreements,” Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, Working Paper No. 87, http://www.cgdev.org/doc/event%20docs/10.23.03%20GDN%20Conf/galal%20-%20Egypt-US%20and%20Morocco-US%20Free%20Trade%20Agreements.pdf

      The starting point is the … region may have followed suit.

       

      US/Egypt economic partnership can revive peace talks

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 1/10, “Reengaging Egypt: Options for US-Egypt Economic Relations,” http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/4396.html

      The success of any US … policy in the Middle East.

       

      Middle East conflict escalates and goes nuclear

      James A. Russell, senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East,” Institut Français des Relations Internationales, Spring 2009, http://www.analyst-network.com/articles/141/StrategicStabilityReconsideredProspectsforEscalationandNuclearWarintheMiddleEast.pdf

      Strategic stability in the region … risk for the entire world.

       

      US/Egypt economic partnership is key to broader economic and trade ties in the Middle East

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 1/10, “Reengaging Egypt: Options for US-Egypt Economic Relations,” http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/4396.html

      Revitalizing US-Egypt economic relations would … partnership in the MENA region.

       

      US/Middle East economic ties are key to preserve the petrodollar

      Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 8/21/07, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Arab World (Part II),” The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=6314

      Fifth, we Americans have a major … commodity markets would be profound.

       

      Petrodollar key to heg

      Robert Looney, economics professor, Naval Postgraduate School, March-April 07, “The Iranian Oil Bourse A Threat to Dollar Supremacy?” Challenge, http://faculty.nps.edu/relooney/Rel-Challenge-07.pdf

      In sum, proponents of the … the country’s military/economic power.

       

      Heg key to prevent nuclear war

      [Zalmay, was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. FEBRUARY 8, 2011 4:00 A.M. The Economy and National Security http://www.conservativesforamerica.com/national-review/the-economy-and-national-security]

       

      We face this domestic challenge … facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.

       

      Assistance for reform is key to solve climate change

      Jeffrey J. Schott, senior fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics, former professor at Georgetown and official at the Treasury Department, and Barbara Kotschwar, economics professor, Georgetown, 1/10, “Reengaging Egypt: Options for US-Egypt Economic Relations,” http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/4396.html

      The US-Egypt Strategic Economic Partnership … shared challenge of climate change.

       

      Failure to slow the rate of warming results in extinction- environmental collapse

      (John, Geologist at several federal agencies, Baltimore Sun, “Ticking time bomb”, 12-15, L/N)

      The Arctic Council's recent report … We have to act now.

       

      Warming is real and anthropogenic – thousands of independent studies prove.

      Stefan , Professor of University, Member of the German Advisory Council on Climate Change,

      (Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, ed. Ernesto Zedillo, Prof. IR @ Yale, p. 42-49)

      It is time to turn to statement B: human activities are altering the climate. This can be broken into two parts. The first is as follows: global climate is warming. This is by now a generally undisputed point (except by novelist Michael Crichton), so we deal with it only briefly. The two leading compilations of data measured with thermometers are shown in figure 3-3, that of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and that of the British Hadley Centre for Climate Change. Although they differ in the details, due to the inclusion of different data sets and use of different spatial averaging and quality control procedures, they both show a consistent picture, with a global mean warming of 0.8°C since the late nineteenth century.  Temperatures over the past ten years clearly were the warmest since measured records have been available. The year 1998 sticks out well above the longterm trend due to the occurrence of a major El Nino event that year (the last El Nino so far and one of the strongest on record). These events are examples of the largest natural climate variations on multiyear time scales and, by releasing heat from the ocean, generally cause positive anomalies in global mean temperature. It is remarkable that the year 2005 rivaled the heat of 1998 even though no El Nino event occurred that year. (A bizarre curiosity, perhaps worth mentioning, is that several prominent "climate skeptics" recently used the extreme year 1998 to claim in the media that global warming had ended. In Lindzen's words, "Indeed, the absence of any record breakers during the past seven years is statistical evidence that temperatures are not increasing.")33  In addition to the surface measurements, the more recent portion of the global warming trend (since 1979) is also documented by satellite data. It is not straightforward to derive a reliable surface temperature trend from satellites, as they measure radiation coming from throughout the atmosphere (not just near the surface), including the stratosphere, which has strongly cooled, and the records are not homogeneous' due to the short life span of individual satellites, the problem of orbital decay, observations at different times of day, and drifts in instrument calibration.' Current analyses of these satellite data show trends that are fully consistent with surface measurements and model simulations."  If no reliable temperature measurements existed, could we be sure that the climate is warming? The "canaries in the coal mine" of climate change (as glaciologist Lonnie Thompson puts it) ~are mountain glaciers. We know, both from old photographs and from the position of the terminal moraines heaped up by the flowing ice, that mountain glaciers have been in retreat all over the world during the past century. There are precious few exceptions, and they are associated with a strong increase in precipitation or local cooling.36 I have inspected examples of shrinking glaciers myself in field trips to Switzerland, Norway, and New Zealand. As glaciers respond sensitively to temperature changes, data on the extent of glaciers have been used to reconstruct a history of Northern Hemisphere temperature over the past four centuries (see figure 3-4). Cores drilled in tropical glaciers show signs of recent melting that is unprecedented at least throughout the Holocene-the past 10,000 years. Another powerful sign of warming, visible clearly from satellites, is the shrinking Arctic sea ice cover (figure 3-5), which has declined 20 percent since satellite observations began in 1979. While climate clearly became warmer in the twentieth century, much discussion particularly in the popular media has focused on the question of how "unusual" this warming is in a longer-term context. While this is an interesting question, it has often been mixed incorrectly with the question of causation. Scientifically, how unusual recent warming is-say, compared to the past millennium-in itself contains little information about its cause. Even a highly unusual warming could have a natural cause (for example, an exceptional increase in solar activity). And even a warming within the bounds of past natural variations could have a predominantly anthropogenic cause. I come to the question of causation shortly, after briefly visiting the evidence for past natural climate variations.  Records from the time before systematic temperature measurements were collected are based on "proxy data," coming from tree rings, ice cores, corals, and other sources. These proxy data are generally linked to local temperatures in some way, but they may be influenced by other parameters as well (for example, precipitation), they may have a seasonal bias (for example, the growth season for tree rings), and high-quality long records are difficult to obtain and therefore few in number and geographic coverage. Therefore, there is still substantial uncertainty in the evolution of past global or hemispheric temperatures. (Comparing only local or regional temperature; as in Europe, is of limited value for our purposes,' as regional variations can be much larger than global ones and can have many regional causes, unrelated to global-scale forcing and climate change.)  The first quantitative reconstruction for the Northern Hemisphere temperature of the past millennium, including an error estimation, was presented by Mann, Bradley, and Hughes and rightly highlighted in the 2001 IPCC report as one of the major new findings since its 1995 report; it is shown in figure 3_6.39 The analysis suggests that, despite the large error bars, twentieth-century warming is indeed highly unusual and probably was unprecedented during the past millennium. This result, presumably because of its symbolic power, has attracted much criticism, to some extent in scientific journals, but even more so in the popular media. The hockey stick-shaped curve became a symbol for the IPCC, .and criticizing this particular data analysis became an avenue for some to question the credibility of the IPCC.  Three important things have been overlooked in much of the media coverage. First, even if the scientific critics had been right, this would not have called into question the very cautious conclusion drawn by the IPCC from the reconstruction by Mann, Bradley, and Hughes: "New analyses of proxy data for the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the increase in temperature in the twentieth century is likely to have been the largest of any century during the past 1,000 years." This conclusion has since been supported further by every single one of close to a dozen new reconstructions (two of which are shown in figure 3-6).Second, by far the most serious scientific criticism raised against Mann, Hughes, and Bradley was simply based on a mistake. 40 The prominent paper of von Storch and others, which claimed (based on a model test) that the method of Mann, Bradley, and Hughes systematically underestimated variability, "was [itself] based on incorrect implementation of the reconstruction procedure."41 With correct implementation, climate field reconstruction procedures such as the one used by Mann, Bradley, and Hughes have been shown to perform well in similar model tests. Third, whether their reconstruction is accurate or not has no bearing on policy. If their analysis underestimated past natural climate variability, this would certainly not argue for a smaller climate sensitivity and thus a lesser concern about the consequences of our emissions. Some have argued that, in contrast, it would point to a larger climate sensitivity. While this is a valid point in principle, it does not apply in practice to the climate sensitivity estimates discussed herein or to the range given by IPCC, since these did not use the reconstruction of Mann, Hughes, and Bradley or any other proxy records of the past millennium. Media claims that "a pillar of the Kyoto Protocol" had been called into question were therefore misinformed. As an aside, the protocol was agreed in 1997, before the reconstruction in question even existed. The overheated public debate on this topic has, at least, helped to attract more researchers and funding to this area of paleoclimatology; its methodology has advanced significantly, and a number of new reconstructions have been presented in recent years. While the science has moved forward, the first seminal reconstruction by Mann, Hughes, and Bradley has held up remarkably well, with its main features reproduced by more recent work. Further progress probably will require substantial amounts of new proxy data, rather than further refinement of the statistical techniques pioneered by Mann, Hughes, and Bradley.Developing these data sets will require time and substantial effort.  It is time to address the final statement: most of the observed warming over the past fifty years is anthropogenic. A large number of studies exist that have taken different approaches to analyze this issue, which is generally called the "attribution problem." I do not discuss the exact share of the anthropogenic contribution (although this is an interesting question). By "most" I imply mean "more than 50 percent.” The first and crucial piece of evidence is, of course, that the magnitude of the warming is what is expected from the anthropogenic perturbation of the radiation balance, so anthropogenic forcing is able to explain all of the temperature rise. As discussed here, the rise in greenhouse gases alone corresponds to 2.6 W/tn2 of forcing. This by itself, after subtraction of the observed 0'.6 W/m2 of ocean heat uptake, would Cause 1.6°C of warming since preindustrial times for medium climate sensitivity (3"C). With a current "best guess'; aerosol forcing of 1 W/m2, the expected warming is O.8°c. The point here is not that it is possible to obtain the 'exact observed number-this is fortuitous because the amount of aerosol' forcing is still very' uncertain-but that the expected magnitude is roughly right. There can be little doubt that the anthropogenic forcing is large enough to explain most of the warming. Depending on aerosol forcing and climate sensitivity, it could explain a large fraction of the warming, or all of it, or even more warming than has been observed (leaving room for natural processes to counteract some of the warming).  The second important piece of evidence is clear: there is no viable alternative explanation. In the scientific literature, no serious alternative hypothesis has been proposed to explain the observed global warming. Other possible causes, such as solar activity, volcanic activity, cosmic rays, or orbital cycles, are well observed, but they do not show trends capable of explaining the observed warming. Since 1978, solar irradiance has been measured directly from satellites and shows the well-known eleven-year solar cycle, but no trend. There are various estimates of solar variability before this time, based on sunspot numbers, solar cycle length, the geomagnetic AA index, neutron monitor data, and, carbon-14 data. These indicate that solar activity probably increased somewhat up to 1940. While there is disagreement about the variation in previous centuries, different authors agree that solar activity did not significantly increase during the last sixty-five years. Therefore, this cannot explain the warming, and neither can any of the other factors mentioned. Models driven by natural factors only, leaving the anthropogenic forcing aside, show a cooling in the second half of the twentieth century (for an example, See figure 2-2, panel a, in chapter 2 of this volume). The trend in the sum of natural forcings is downward.The only way out would be either some as yet undiscovered unknown forcing or a warming trend that arises by chance from an unforced internal variability in the climate system. The latter cannot be completely ruled out, but has to be considered highly unlikely. No evidence in the observed record, proxy data, or current models suggest that such internal variability could cause a sustained trend of global warming of the observed magnitude. As discussed, twentieth century warming is unprecedented over the past 1,000 years (or even 2,000 years, as the few longer reconstructions available now suggest), which does not 'support the idea of large internal fluctuations. Also, those past variations correlate well with past forcing (solar variability, volcanic activity) and thus appear to be largely forced rather than due to unforced internal variability." And indeed, it would be difficult for a large and sustained unforced variability to satisfy the fundamental physical law of energy conservation. Natural internal variability generally shifts heat around different parts of the climate system-for example, the large El Nino event of 1998, which warmed, the atmosphere by releasing heat stored in the ocean. This mechanism implies that the ocean heat content drops as the atmosphere warms. For past decades, as discussed, we observed the atmosphere warming and the ocean heat content increasing, which rules out heat release from the ocean as a cause of surface warming. The heat content of the whole climate system is increasing, and there is no plausible source of this heat other than the heat trapped by greenhouse gases. '  A completely different approach to attribution is to analyze the spatial patterns of climate change. This is done in so-called fingerprint studies, which associate particular patterns or "fingerprints" with different forcings. It is plausible that the pattern of a solar-forced climate change differs from the pattern of a change caused by greenhouse gases. For example, a characteristic of greenhouse gases is that heat is trapped closer to the Earth's surface and that, unlike solar variability, greenhouse gases tend to warm more in winter, and at night. Such studies have used different data sets and have been performed by different groups of researchers with different statistical methods. They consistently conclude that the observed spatial pattern of warming can only be explained by greenhouse gases.49 Overall, it has to be considered, highly likely' that the observed warming is indeed predominantly due to the human-caused increase in greenhouse gases. '  This paper discussed the evidence for the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and the effect of CO2 on climate, finding that this anthropogenic increase is proven beyond reasonable doubt and that a mass of evidence points to a CO2 effect on climate of 3C ± 1.59C global-warming for a doubling of concentration. (This is, the classic IPCC range; my personal assessment is that, in-the light of new studies since the IPCC Third Assessment Report, the uncertainty range can now be narrowed somewhat to 3°C ± 1.0C) This is based on consistent results from theory, models, and data analysis, and, even in the absence-of any computer models, the same result would still hold based on physics and on data from climate history alone. Considering the plethora of consistent evidence, the chance that these conclusions are wrong has to be considered minute.  If the preceding is accepted, then it follows logically and incontrovertibly that a further increase in CO2 concentration will lead to further warming. The magnitude of our emissions depends on human behavior, but the climatic response to various emissions scenarios can be computed from the information presented here. The result is the famous range of future global temperature scenarios shown in figure 3_6.50  Two additional steps are involved in these computations: the consideration of anthropogenic forcings other than CO2 (for example, other greenhouse gases and aerosols) and the computation of concentrations from the emissions. Other gases are not discussed here, although they are important to get quantitatively accurate results. CO2 is the largest and most important forcing. Concerning concentrations, the scenarios shown basically assume that ocean and biosphere take up a similar share of our emitted CO2 as in the past. This could turn out to be an optimistic assumption; some models indicate the possibility of a positive feedback, with the biosphere turning into a carbon source rather than a sink under growing climatic stress. It is clear that even in the more optimistic of the shown (non-mitigation) scenarios, global temperature would rise by 2-3°C above its preindustrial level by the end of this century. Even for a paleoclimatologist like myself, this is an extraordinarily high temperature, which is very likely unprecedented in at least the past 100,000 years. As far as the data show, we would have to go back about 3 million years, to the Pliocene, for comparable temperatures. The rate of this warming (which is important for the ability of ecosystems to cope) is also highly unusual and unprecedented probably for an even longer time. The last major global warming trend occurred when the last great Ice Age ended between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago: this was a warming of about 5°C over 5,000 years, that is, a rate of only 0.1 °C per century. 52  The expected magnitude and rate of planetary warming is highly likely to come with major risk and impacts in terms of sea level rise (Pliocene sea level was 25-35 meters higher than now due to smaller Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets), extreme events (for example, hurricane activity is expected to increase in a warmer climate), and ecosystem loss.   The second part of this paper examined the evidence for the current warming of the planet and discussed what is known about its causes. This part showed that global warming is already a measured and-well-established fact, not a theory. Many different lines of evidence consistently show that most of the observed warming of the past fifty years was caused by human activity. Above all, this warming is exactly what would be expected given the anthropogenic rise in greenhouse gases, and no viable alternative explanation for this warming has been proposed in the scientific literature.  Taken together., the very strong evidence accumulated from thousands of independent studies, has over the past decades convinced virtually every climatologist around the world (many of whom were initially quite skeptical, including myself) that anthropogenic global warming is a reality with which we need to deal.

       

      Plan:

       

      THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD OFFER ASSISTANCE FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION REFORM FOR EGYPT, INCLUDING IN THE CUSTOMS SECTOR

       

      Contention Three: Solvency

       

      Egypt will say yes to transparency assistance

      Legatum Institute and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in association with the Atlantic Council, 7/11, “EGYPT’S DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION FIVE IMPORTANT MYTHS ABOUT THE ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE,” http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/21/egypt-s-democratic-transition-five-important-myths-about-economy-and-international-assistance/41ca#

      Continuation of certain reform programmes … in a short period of time.

       

      Democracy assistance is defined by rule of law, civil society, elections, and governance. Anti-corruption assistance falls under governance

      Edward McMahon, Director, Center on Democratic Performance Department of Political Science, Binghamton University, 8/29/02, “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study,” http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf

      U.S. Democracy Assistance Donor agencies … improve their institutions and processes.

       

      USAID anti-corruption assistance includes customs reform and tariffs

      Phyllis Dininio, anti-corruption specialist with the Center for Democracy and Governance, Ph.D. in political science from Yale, and Sahr John Kpundeh, consultant with experience in governance and anti-corruption issues, Ph.D. from Howard University, 2/99, “A HANDBOOK ON FIGHTING CORRUPTION,” Technical Publication Series, Center for Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research, U.S. Agency for International Development,

      For example, significant corruption in … some combination of these measures.


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10/26/11
0
  • Round Reports

    • Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:

    • Aff: Dartmouth MR
      Round #3  Tournament: Shirley
      vs: Texas LM
      Judge: Edmund Zagorin

       

       

      Plan Text

      THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD OFFER ASSISTANCE FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION REFORM FOR EGYPT, INCLUDING IN THE CUSTOMS SECTOR

       

      1ac Advantages

      Stability

      Economic Partnership

       

      2ac Offense

      Warming Discourse Good

      Political Action Good

      Aff Solves Systemic Violence

       

      1ar Strategy

      Same as above

       

      2ar Strategy
      Same as above



11/11/11
  • Bahrain Aff-Wake

    • Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge:

    • (assistant professor of history at Rutgers University)

      (Toby C., Time to Disband the Bahrain-Based U.S. Fifth Fleet, Jun 10 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/-2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-based-us-fifth-fleet/240243/1/?single_page=true)

       

      Over the last few months, as the regime's …, and vulnerability is at the heart of Saudi and Bahraini responses to events at home and abroad.

       

      The US support for the Bahrani regime stifles the possibility of genuine, independent democracy. The US refusal to act is based on an imperial desire for power projection, an Orientalist fear of Iran and a geopolitical desire for “stability” over the freedom of the people

      Winegard 11

      (Ben, Understanding Bahrain: How Bahrain Shines a Light on Imperial Policies, http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/understanding-bahrain-how-bahrain-shines-a-light-on-us-imperial-policies/)

       

      US Interests in Bahrain  The US has … be no regime change or democracy in Bahrain. 

       

      "We are the people who will kill humiliation and assassinate misery. Don't you hear their cries? Don't you hear their screams?"

       

      Ayat Al-Qurmezi was arrested and imprisoned and tortured for speaking these lines. Her poetry speaks to the government of Bahrain and all those who support them. If we are to listen as Ayat Al-Qurmezi asks then we must refuse to let the power of the United States help maintain this injustice.

       

      We believe that United States federal government should stop supporting the undemocratic regime in Bahrain.

       

      Refusing to accept the United States’ hypocrisy over the Arab Spring is a necessary response that must happen at all levels and can open up new possibilities in our global relationship to others

      (Prof of Political Science @ UMass; Prof of Political Science @ Kent State; Prof of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges)

      (Jillian Schwedler, Joshua Stacher, and Stacey Philbrick Yadav, Three Powerfully Wrong--and Wrongly Powerful--American Narratives about the Arab Spring, Jun 10 2011, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1826/three-powerfully-wrong_and-wrongly-powerful_americ)

       

      When people accept the argument that … our support for what they have come to represent.

       

      And by connecting the repression and violence in Bahrain to the imperialism of the US basing policies we create an opening to produce of the many struggles that are necessary to resist global forms of oppression.

      (Independent researcher and Activist, Chapel Hill)

      (Steven, The Empire of Bases and the American Anti-War Movement, March 10th, 2010, http://dissidentvoice.org/2010/03/the-empire-of-bases-and-the-american-anti-war-movement/)

       

      When there is some prospect of … production of more and more arms and bases.

       

       

      As young scholars and researchers we must attack US policy on Bahrain. In this way we help make possible democracy, not only in Bahrain, but in this classroom

       (Professor of Education at Manchester Metropolitan University)

      (John, Wikileaks, Tahrir Square – their significance for re-thinking democracy, Manchester social movements conference, April, http://www.enquirylearning.net/ELU/politics/tahrirwikileaks.html)

       

      Thus there is a critical … organisation in every sphere of life that are the countervailing powers to Power.

       

      And despite threats of cooption, being able to forge ties with those in power is necessary to the success of anti-basing and anti-imperialist movements

       (Assistant Professor of Politics at the Catholic University of America)

      (Andrew, Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base ProtestsCambridge University Press, pg 196-7)

       

      In the previous section, 1 covered … a greater impact on basing policy outcomes.

       

       

      Opening up global issues like Bahrain to debate is crucial to the success of all movements – the questions of strategy and success are crucial

       (Professor of Education at Manchester Metropolitan University)

      (John, Wikileaks, Tahrir Square – their significance for re-thinking democracy, Manchester social movements conference, April, http://www.enquirylearning.net/ELU/politics/tahrirwikileaks.html)

       

      In his study of the … East is so important today.

       

       

      It may be easy to try to adopt absolutist or universal responses to the injustices that we have described yet it is that drive to reduce the unendingly complex that makes violent US orientalism possible

       (Assistant Professor of Sociology at the American University in Cairo) 

      (Agnes, Orientalising The Egyptian Uprising Take Two, 1 Jul 01 2011, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2016/orientalising-the-egyptian-uprising-take-two_a-res)

       

      This ontological and … which is essentially the same or inherently antithetical.




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