Round Reports

• Tournament: Sample Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sample Team | Judge: Sample Judge
  
  

• Gonzaga R1 Neg v. UMKC

  1AC: Election monitors to Egypt, prevents MB rigging. 1 Israel conflict 2. Stability/Heg 3. Iran/Prolif

  1NC: EU CP/SP NB, Dem K, SKFTA, Case

  Block: EU, SKFTA, Case

  2NR: EU CP/SP NB, case

  Gonzaga R4 Neg v. Idaho State

  1AC: Fund opposition parties in Bahrain, Security bad

  1NC: T-elections, SKFTA, Bahrain Security CP, Dem K, Case

  Block: SKFTA, CP, Case

  2NR: SKFTA, CP, Case

  Gonzaga R6 Neg v. SCUF

  1AC: Radical Democracy Good, Heg Bad, Neolib Bad

  1NC: FW, Public PIC, Case

  Block: FW, PIC

  2NR: PIC

  Gonzaga Octos v. UNLV

  1AC: fund NGOs in Egypt

  1NC: Extra T, SKFTA, Dem K, Al Qaeda PIC, Case

  Block: SKFTA, Al Qaeda PIC, Case

  2NR: Al Qaeda PIC, Case

  
  
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Case - Gonzaga Octos vs UNLV

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• 1NC Legitimacy 2. US influence is in terminal decline Clemons, Director @ New America Foundation, 8-12 [Steve Clemons, Director of the American Strategy Program at the New America Foundation where he previously served as Executive Vice President, and the former director of the Japan Policy Research Institute, Washington editor at large for The Atlantic and editor in chief of Atlantic, “America Next: End of the World As We Knew It,” August 12th 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/america-next-end-of-the-world-as-we-knew-it/243503/] When the … statecraft revolutionary, new global deal-making that might restore the impression that America once again matters. 3. No impact to loss of credibility Fettweis, ’10 [Christopher J. Fettweis, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, 52:2, 59-82, March 25th 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396331003764603] The credibility imperative is a clear example, AND how small the issue or large the odds. 4. Turn – US democracy assistance causes backlash – damage to US influence is irreversible Kristen Chick – CSM - August 12, 2011 , Why Egypt is angry over $65 million in US democracy grants, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0812/Why-Egypt-is-angry-over-65-million-in-US-democracy-grants The Egyptian government’s hostile response to a US AND Aboulnaga was not available to comment this week.) 5. US pro-democracy policies aren’t credible NPR - August 12, 2011, U.S. Gropes For Coherent Policy In Egypt, http://www.npr.org/2011/08/12/139570718/u-s-gropes-for-coherent-policy-in-egypt RENEE MONTAGNE, host: And I'm Renee Montagne. The United States is having a hard time … , and protection of the flow of oil. 1NC Stability Impossible to develop civil society in Egypt – different political culture Friend, Foreign Policy Research Institute, ’11 (Theodore, July, “The Arab Uprisings Of 2011: Ibn Khaldûn Encounters Civil Society” http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201107.friend.arabuprisings.html) One of the most broadly informed American experts … society” to justify and advance their vision. Egypt won’t get modeled by other revolutions – different issues at stake Ottaway, Middle East at Carnegie, ’11 (Marina, June 22, “Egypt in Transition: The Current Economic Situation and the Role of International Assistance” Carnegie Endowment Transcript, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/72211_transcript_egypttransition.pdf) One is that of the influence in the AND dynamics. [00:46:46] I am not assured that success in Egypt AND is not really going to make the difference. Global economy is remarkabley resilient – integration solves war Zakaria Editor Newsweek ‘9 (Fareed-, Dec. 12, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/1; Jacob) One year ago, …And they know the price. 1NC MB F/L Islamist parties will win a majority – Westerners have misinterpreted public sentiment Paul Michaels - August 9, 2011, Director of Research and Media Relations for the Canadian Council for Israel and Jewish Advocacy (CIJA), According to Reports: Is liberal democracy in Egypt a pipe dream?, http://www.cicweb.ca/scene/2011/08/according-to-reports-is-liberal-democracy-in-egypt-a-pipe-dream/ There should, however, have been no AND a distinct minority and not well organized politically. MB won’t be hostile towards Israel – popular interests will demand a cold peace Marc Tracy - Aug 29, 2011, Israel and Egypt’s Deeper Ties, Tablet (edits Tablet Magazine’s daily blog, The Scroll. His book reviews have appeared in the New York Times Book Review, Slate, the Village Voice, and elsewhere.), http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/76378/israel-and-egypt%E2%80%99s-deeper-ties/ What happens when more radical groups, chiefly AND selfishness is the best Israel can hope for. Warming inevitable and there’s nothing you can do about it Solomon et al, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ‘09 (Susan- member of the US National Academy of Sciences, the European Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Sciences of France, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Chairman of the IPCC, February 10, “Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions” PNAS, Vol 106, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/01/28/0812721106.full.pdf) Over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations AND to the peak level of carbon dioxide reached. 1NC Solvency 1) The SCAF will crackdown on NGO’s the plan funds – creates insurmountable obstacle to solvency Democracy Digest 8/19 (Egypt’s military doing ‘exactly what Mubarak did’ to stifle democrats, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/08/egypts-military-doing-exactly-what-mubarak-did-to-stifle-democrats/) The US announced $65 million …to ensure state control of civil society, he believes. 2) Backlash against aid link turns the aff – foreign funding will be used as a weapon by Islamic movements to defeat secular parties Abdelbaky, Egyptian Journalist who specializes in democracy and human rights, 8/25 (The Crisis of External Funding of Egyptian Civil Society, http://fikraforum.org/2011/08/the-crisis-of-external-funding-of-egyptian-civil-society/) Domestically, the peril of crisis is that AND has received, to a much bewildered public. 4) Egypt says no - ministries have to approve foreign funding to NGO ICNL 9/6 (International Center for Not-for- AND /knowledge/ngolawmonitor/egypt.htm) On July 6, 2011, the Egyptian AND is punishable by up to six months imprisonment. 2NC Hegemony Defense There’s no correlation between hegemony and stability Fettweis, ’10 [Christopher J. Fettweis, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, 52:2, 59-82, March 25th 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396331003764603] One potential explanation for the growth of global AND world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated. 2NC Credibility Gone XT US can’t make credible threats – too many violated redlines Michael Rubin - resident scholar at AEI - February 08, 2011, New Middle East: Quo Vadis?, http://www.aei.org/speech/100204 As American policymaker maneuver in the new Middle AND will spark a war that neither side expects. Israel-Palestine conflict undermines US credibility in the region Hamid, Middle East at Brookings, ’10 (Shadi, Winter, “The Cairo Conundrum” http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/15/Hamid.pdf) All of this is compounded by the Israeli AND will find it easier to tackle other problems. 2NC Backlash – NGO’s Accepting US democracy assistance undermines groups’ credibility Ellen Lust - associate professor of political science at Yale – February 2, 2011, Enhancing Egypt’s democratic prospects: support the process, not the players, Democracy Digest, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/02/enhancing-egypt%E2%80%99s-democratic-prospects-support-the-process-not-the-players/ Egyptians already have a widespread perception that US AND nearly as quickly as it reaches their account. Aid-recipients are blacklisted OREN KESSLER - Jerusalem Post - 08/07/2011, Uproar in Egypt as US funnels aid to civil societies, http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=232829 A raucous debate is raging in Egypt over AND Organization for Human Rights told Adl- Ahram. 2NC No Modeling XT Egypt regional influence on a decline Cook, Middle East at CFR, ’10 (Steven, November 15, “Strategic Posture Review: Egypt” World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7052/strategic-posture-review-egypt) Notwithstanding the traditional view that Egypt is the AND the Hosni Mubarak period comes to an end. 2NC XT Econ Impact Defense No link between the economy and war – history proves Ferguson 6 (Ferguson, Niall. "The Next War of the World." Foreign Affairs 85.5 (Sept-Oct 2006): 61. Expanded Academic ASAP.) There are many unsatisfactory explanations for why the AND severe economic crises were not followed by wars. 2NC XT #1 – SCAF Crackdown The SCAF is going after unregistered NGO’s funded by the US Sharp, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, 8/23 (Egypt in Transition) As tensions rose during the summer between the AND their presence in the current charged political climate. SCAF crackdown blocks solvency Sharp, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, 8/23 (Egypt in Transition) Each year, a portion of USAID- AND projects and activities through delays and cancellations.17 2NC A2 Aff Say Yes Card – El-Din 3) Their evidence concludes that there will be a crackdown El-Din 8/5 (1AC cite) Abu Saeda AND he said. 2NC XT #5 – Cultural Resistance Competition between Islamist NGO’s and secular NGO’s ensures no solvency Abdalla, Research Assistant at Al Ahram Center, 08 (Researcher Assistant in the AL Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, Civil Society in Egypt: A Catalyst for Democratization?, http://www.icnl.org/knowledge/ijnl/vol10iss4/special_2.htm) A further problem is that Islamist NGOs in AND . Donors generally do not promote such cooperation. Empowering NGO’s fails in Egypt – no advancement of democratization Abdalla, Research Assistant at Al Ahram Center, 08 (Researcher Assistant in the AL Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, Civil Society in Egypt: A Catalyst for Democratization?, http://www.icnl.org/knowledge/ijnl/vol10iss4/special_2.htm) Within this framework, Arab NGOs have been AND a realistic chance of affecting this strategy.6

  
  
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Case - Gonzaga Round 6 vs SF State

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• Od1NC Hegemony Failing to prevent a horrible outcome is just as bad as causing it – the aff is moral evasion Nielsen – philosophy prof, Calgary - 93 Kai Nielsen, Professor of Philosophy, University of Calgary, Absolutism and Its Consequentialist Critics, ed. Joram Graf Haber, 1993, p. 170-2 Forget the … make it right. Criticism of imperialism causes U.S. withdrawal which sparks arms races and nuclear conflict Rosen ‘3 (Stephen Peter-, Spring, The National Interest, “An Empire, If you Can Keep It”, Lexis) The other … more attractive. War short-circuits the transition to new forms of politics Linklater ‘89 (Andrew-, Beyond Realism and Marxism, P. 32; Jacob) These … community. Percpetion of weakness causes enemies to miscalc- they’ll be overly aggressive and the U.S. will crackdown harder than it would otherwise Heisbourg ‘00 (Francois-, Chairmen of the Geneva Center for Security Policy, fmr. Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies Winter (99-00), Survival, “American Hegemony? Perceptions of the US Abroad”, Vol. 41 #4; Jacob) The last perception … score. Hege inev- if the U.S. disarms another nation will fill the vacuum. Kristol and Kagan ‘00 (Robert-, Sr. assoc. @ the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, William-, Chairman of the Project for the New American century, editor and publisher of the Weekly Standard, Present Dangers, P. 12) It is worth pointing … into action Focus on security through deterrence is inherently reflexive- learning to understand our enemies helps us broaden our world view Lupovici 8 – Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto (Amir, “Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse,” http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf Since … avoiding violence. No root cause to war and dealing with security is the best way to address other injustices Goldstein, Int’l Rel Prof @ American U, in ‘1 (Joshua, , 2001, War and Gender, p. 412) First, peace activists face a dilemma in AND of war seems to be empirically inadequate."' The modern west is the least violent place and time in history—prefer our comparative studies to their knee-jerk lefitism. Their critique of modernity is back-asswards. Steven Pinker, Pyschology—Harvard, 2007 (“A History of Violence,” http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pinker07/pinker07_index.html) At one time, these facts were widely AND mass killing of civilians decreased by 90 percent. 1NC Neolib Don’t buy their bumper-sticker economics – neoliberal globalization is solving poverty Johan Norberg, et. Al. 2003, “In Defense of Global Capitalism”, Cato Institute. The world is said to have become increasingly AND exists concerning the state of the world.2 Neoliberalism can have a multitude of different outcomes – there’s no causal link between neoliberal policy and poverty James Ferguson, professor of cultural and social anthropology at Stanford University, 2007, “Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa”. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/african_studies_review/v050/50.2ferguson.html#bio The word neoliberal has become something of a AND can see the work that they are doing. No mindless intervention Mandelbaum 11 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy,” Jan 2011) MANDELBAUM: I think it is, Richard AND And that unit has come to an end. We solve the impacts to their turns by increasing the cost of war Griswold, Associate Director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the CATO Institute, ‘98 (Daniel, December 31, “Peace On Earth, Free Trade For Men,” CATO Institute Daily, http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-31-98.html) Advocates of free trade have long argued that AND When goods cannot cross borders, armies will." Globalization’s expansion of trade checks war, civil violence, and genocide Weede, Professor of Sociology at the University of Bonn, ‘4 (Erich, September 22, ‘The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace by Globalization” Independent Review, Vol 9 No 2, p 165) Earlier I referred to the wider concept of AND less civil war, and less interstate war.

  
  
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SKFTA DA

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•  1NC - Gonzaga  Obama will submit FTAs to Congress this month - votes are there but Obama must work to ensure continued support and prevent anti-trade measures Palmer, 9/2 (Doug, 9/2/2011, Reuters News,” ANALYSIS-Obama's trade legacy in a crucible this fall,” Factiva) WASHINGTON, Sept 2 (Reuters) - AND fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.  No political support for the plan now - Congress will even fight to prevent budget reallocations Richter, 11 (4/12/2011, Paul LA Times, “Debt worries stymieing U.S. financial aid to help Arab nations in transition; U.S. lawmakers not only have shut the door on new spending to stabilize countries rocked by the so-called Arab Spring. They have resisted proposals to shift money from other foreign aid programs,” http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/12/world/la-fg-mideast-aid-20110413) The Obama administration's efforts to use foreign aid AND resistance from appropriators in Congress, aides say.  Obama’s capital is key McLarty & Cunningham, 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva) Much has been written about Bill Daley's AND the Democratic base, but it is essential.  SKFTA key to boost the alliance, prevent Korean conflict and solidify U.S. leadership Hubbard, 4/7 – Senior Director for Asia, McLarty Associates and Former Ambassador to South Korea (4/7/11, Thomas, Congressional Documents and Publications, “House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade Hearing - Brady Announces Third in a Series of Three Hearings on the Pending, Job-Creating Trade Agreements: South Korea Trade Agreement,” Factiva) The United States-South Korea Free Trade AND fundamental security and economic interests into the future.  And, Korean conflict will escalate to global nuclear war STRATFOR, 10 (5/26/10, “North Korea, South Korea: The Military Balance on the Peninsula,” http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20100526_north_korea_south_korea_military_balance_peninsula) Managing Escalation But no one, of course AND might be if the situation escalates much further. 2NC - Gonzaga  Korean conflict will quickly escalate to global nuclear use - that’s Stratfor. North Korean war triggers every impact – it destroys the ozone layer, global agriculture, the economy, and the global nonproliferation regime Hayes and Green, 10 - *Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute (Peter and Michael, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1/5, http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf) The consequences of failing to address the proliferation AND that warrants priority consideration from the international community.
  Global Agriculture Collapse Results in World War 3 Calvin ‘98 [William H. Calvin, Ph.D., is a professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine, affiliated with the Program on Climate Change, “The Greenhouse Connection” January, 1998 http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98jan/climate2.htm]  The population-crash scenario is surely the AND lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.  Ozone depletion shatters DNA – making survival impossible. Earth & Society ‘98 (A Project out of the University of Michigan  THE OZONE LAYER: IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF OZONE EDUCATION – http://www.umich.edu/gs265/society/ozone.htm)----  The ozone layer is essential for human life AND , as we know it, to exist.  Turns the case - smokes U.S. credibility across the board Palmer, 9/6 (Doug, 9/6/2011, Reuters, “U.S. trade deals face tricky path to approval,” Factiva)  Schwab, who was former President George W AND but in other international negotiations," Schwab said.  UQ 2NC  B. Will pass but it will be a tough battle Hooper, 9/10 (“Obama-backed trade pacts could be heavy lift for House GOP,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/180751-obama-backed-trade-pacts-could-be-heavy-lift-for-house-gop, JMP) House Republican leaders face a tough task of AND deputy whips have been sounding out lawmakers informally.  C. Vote counts – business groups have the data Reuters, 9/8 (“U.S. group says confident of trade deals approval,” 9/8/2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/08/us-usa-trade-deals-idUSTRE7874WE20110908, JMP) (Reuters) - A top AND key members of the House and the Senate. D. Obama pushing and process of ratification will begin quickly Dong-A Ilbo Daily, 9/10 (“Penny wise and pound foolish,” 9/10/2011, Factiva, JMP)  The U.S. Congress has begun AND however, including the passage of additional bills.  E. Job agenda – Obama pushing and businesses are confident it will pass Nasdaq, 9/1 (“US Business Groups Optimistic About Trade Pacts,” 9/1/2011, http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201109010655dowjonesdjonline000352&title=us-business-groups-optimistic-about-trade-pacts) WASHINGTON  U.S. business groups AND the window closed at all," he said.  F. GSP vote – will help break the logjam and spur passage Yonhap, 9/7 (Lee Chi-dong, 9/7/2011, Yonghap English News, “Senate leader urges Obama to submit FTA with Korea,” Factiva) In August, the Senate leaders of the AND TAA, opposed by Republicans, officials said.  PC High  He has enough PC to get KORUS passed – this just creates a brink (etc., etc.) Obama is still more popular than Republicans or Democrats in Congress CNN, 9/9 (John Avlon, 9/9/2011, CNN Wire, “Can Obama overcome D.C.'s partisan poison?” Factiva, JMP) The current atmosphere is so poisonous and polarized AND popular than either Republicans or Democrats in Congress.  Obama working to rebuild capital Daily Financial Post, 9/3 (“Obama requests joint session of Congress,” 9/3/2011, Factiva) WASHINGTON: US President Barack Obama Wednesday requested AND Obama in a letter to top congressional leaders.  2NC Link  No support for aid to Egypt in this political climate Karmi, 8/2 (Omar, 8/2/2011, The National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem,” http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/us-argues-over-foreign-aid-policy-along-with-its-debt-problem) In a speech in May, President Barack AND into modernity, democracy and rule of law."  2NC Generic Link Wall  Independently, the plan is a sacred cow - guarantees a backlash and there is no national constituency Patrick, 7/26 - Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program at CFR (7/26/2011, Stewart M., “How Does the Debt Debate Affect Foreign Aid?” Interviewed by Toni Johnson – Senior Staff Writer, http://www.cfr.org/foreign-aid/does-debt-debate-affect-foreign-aid/p25540) The U.S. debt ceiling and AND S. military installation or a defense contractor.  Bipartisan opposition to the plan - no pro-democracy constituency Hamid 11 (1/26, Director of research at the Brookings Doha Center and a fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, Tunisia, Egypt, Arab World Need Bold U.S. Support for Democracy, Not Mixed Messages, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0126_middle_east_hamid.aspx) Considering the amount of resources invested in the AND , neoconservatives are still influential within Republican ranks.  Last few months prove that the plan will be contentious - Republicans are demanding cuts and conditioned aid Karmi, 8/2 (Omar, 8/2/2011, The National, “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem,” http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/us-argues-over-foreign-aid-policy-along-with-its-debt-problem) WASHINGTON  With the same acrimony it has AND policy for support for democratic change in Egypt.  Massive opposition in Congress - foreign assistance has become a top target for Republicans Cadei, 11 (3/3/2011, Emily, Congress.org, “Democracy funding may be squeezed,” http://origin-www.congress.org/news/2011/03/03/democracy_funding_may_be_squeezed) Democrats in Congress have begun a push for AND , which is junior varsity-type activity.”  2NC A2 Winners Win  2. Fighting for passage of the plan FORCES a trades off with other agenda priorities Bernstein, political scientist who writes about American politics, 8/20 (Jonathan, 8/20/2011, “The power that a president does  and doesn't  have A president has less power than Obama's liberal critics think  but they also have more power than they realize,” http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/08/20/bernstein_presidential_power/index.html) Moreover, the positions of the president and AND use the various bargaining chips that are available.   3. Empirically denied – Healthcare proves. AND and he was unable to get anything else passed  4. Legislative success depletes capital – doesn’t increase it Purdum, 10 – Award winning journalist who spent 23 years with the NY Times (12/20/10, Todd S., Vanity Affair, “Obama Is Suffering Because of His Achievements, Not Despite Them,” http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/12/obama-is-suffering-because-of-his-achievements-not-despite-them.html) With this weekend’s decisive Senate repeal of the AND business as usual by both parties in Washington). 5. Obama’s Velcro – only blame will stick Nicholas and Hook, 10 (Peter Nicholas and Janet Hook, 7/30/10, LA Times, “Obama the Velcro president,” http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730) If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president AND but it hasn't translated into dinner table conversations."  6. Legislative style – Obama gets too involved too publically – he has to trade away too much Galston 10 (William, Senior Fellow for Governance Studies – Brookings Institution, “President Barack Obama’s First Two Years: Policy Accomplishments, Political Difficulties”, 11-4, http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2010/110 4_obama_galston.aspx) Rather than doing this, President Obama allowed AND stiff challenges in both Congress and the states.)  7. Capital is drained before it gets renewed Grist ’10 Grist, 7-28, 10, http://www.grist.org/article/2010-07-28-lessons-from-senate-climate-fail/ Lesson 2: Political capital is not necessarily AND help push climate legislation across the finish line.

  
  
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EU CP

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Democracy Assistance K

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•  1NC - Gonzaga  A. Their attempt to assist Arab democracy sows the seeds for a resurgence of neoliberal imperialism - a U.S. prescribed solution re-enforces imperial power relations and civil society assistance opens the door for economic exploitation which will leave the people worse off. Dixon ‘11 (Marion-, Sociology Cornell University, June, Review of African Political Economy, “An Arab spring”, Vol. 18 #128)  Monopoly of expertise The imperial discourse legalised processes of privatisation. The impact is global warfare- because this form of economic domination is the flipside of open military domination the ideology of the affirmative is always prepared to execute the latter when deemed necessary FOUCAULT 1976 – PROF PHILOSOPHY COLLEGE DE FRANCE POWER/KNOWLEDGE: SELECTED INTERVIEWS, ED. GORDON, PAGE 90-91 Then again, Only a final battle of that kind would put an end, once and for all, to the exercise of power as continual war.  C. Alternative- Reject the aff’s discursive positioning of the U.S. as the expert on democracy with the correct prescription for it in lieu of a democratic dialogue that seeks to work with the people in question to develop the democracy they desire. Our alt doesn’t forsake policy approaches, it engages in a process of dialogue that transforms and improves them. The aff forecloses this opportunity by placing the U.S. in the role of the teacher, using the language of “assistance”, and focusing on “liberal” methods of transformation. Kurki ‘10 (Milja, Aberystwyth University, International Studies Review, “Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy Promotion,” p. 380-381) However, another far more serious line of AND with the con- testation that currently exists.

  
  
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Bahrain Security CP

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•  1NC – Gonzaga 

   Text: The United States federal government should suspend all security assistance to Bahrain and condition its resumption on the Bahraini government meeting explicit human rights benchmarks, specifically the release of prisoners detained in connection with pro-democracy and anti-government protests unless there is evidence they may have been responsible for a recognizable criminal offense and on the initiation of a genuine political dialogue. 

   The counterplan solves - its signals unequivocal support for reform and U.S. leverage is empirically successful 

   ICG, 11 (7/28/2011, International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII): BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM,” http://www.crisisgroup.org//media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Bahrain/111%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20%20Bahrains%20Rocky%20Road%20to%20Reform.pdf, JMP) 

   In a 19 May … the Fifth Fleet. 

   The CP solves - the regime needs to take concrete steps to reform 

   ICG, 11 (7/28/2011, International Crisis Group, “POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII): BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM,” http://www.crisisgroup.org//media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Bahrain/111%20Popular%20Protest%20in%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Middle%20East%20VII%20%20Bahrains%20Rocky%20Road%20to%20Reform.pdf, JMP) 

   In the meantime … lines described above. 

   1NR CP 

   The CP sends the signal that its relationship with Bahrain is conditional - empowers human rights activists 

   ABNA.co, 8/3 (Ahlul Bayt News Agency, 8/3/2011, “Bahrain: If You’re a Pro-democracy Activist, Make Sure it’s in the Right Country,” http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&id=257394, JMP) 

   (Ahlul Bayt News Agency) … conditional, like in Malawi. 

   The counterplan solves - Bahrain values its military relationship with the U.S. 

   Stork, 11 - Deputy Director, Middle East & North Africa Division, Human Rights Watch (5/13/2011, Joe, “Human Rights in Bahrain,” Testimony prepared for the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, http://tlhrc.house.gov/docs/transcripts/2011-05-13_Bahrain/Stork_Bahrain_Testimony.pdf, JMP) 

   Recommendations Human Rights Watch … human rights violations. 

   U.S. arms transfers being used to crush democratic dissent in Bahrain 

   Ditz, 11 (2/18/2011, Jason, “The Arsenal Against Democracy: US Arms Fuel Bahraini Crackdown; US Made Tanks Roll in Streets of Bahrain,”http:news.antiwar.com/2011/02/18/the-arsenal-against-democracy-us-arms-fuel-bahraini-crackdown/, JMP) 

   A tiny nation … planning massive investigations? 

  
  
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Public/Private PIC

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•  CP - 1NC  Resolved: Abhik and I affirm politicizing spaces as a method for the creation of Radical Democracy.  The dichotomy between public/private is fundamentally problematic – renders gender violence invisible and makes brutal violence inevitable Rumna Chowdhury, J.D. University of Minnesota, 2002 (“Kadic v. Karadzic – Rape as a Crime Against Women as a Class,” 20 Laq & Ineq. J. 91) A. How the Dichotomy …. both lose trust in the people around them. Both face the possibility of pregnancy, of sexually transmitted diseases and infections, of nightmares, and terrifying body-memories. CP - 1NR  Emphasizing the public sphere excludes and de-politicizes women, reinforcing their confinement to private domestic life  Sadiki, 2004 (Larbi, Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter, “The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses,” p. 19-20)  Feminism and postmodernism… fur- ther in chapter 6.  Here is more evidence  Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 50-51)  One such attempt … speak for themselves’ (1988a: 292).  Also solves neolib better – the public/private distinction is critical to de-politicizing economic issues  Ranciere, 2006 (Jacques, Professor of Aesthetics at the University of Paris VIII, “Hatred of democracy,” p. 57-58, TH)  For. as soon … privatized public sphere. 

  
  
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Framework

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•  (Framework 1NC- Defend Democracy Assistance (Gonzaga R6)  Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com) should. The will to do something or AND shall go out if I feel like it. Resolved implies a policy Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used AND 6.8 , and 7.4)  Democracy assistance is the transfer of funds, expertise, or material to foster democracy Richard Lappin- Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies @ U of Leuven- 2009 (last cite), What We Talk About When We Talk About Democracy Assistance: The Problem of Definition in Post-Conflict Approaches to Democratisation, http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf Democracy assistance can be most accurately defined as AND society groups, media groups and political parties.  And, predictability is the internal link to solving the aff – Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf What happened in this particular case, as AND doing that for each of those key features.  And, Limits are an inevitable part of living in society, but learning to exercise creativity within limits celebrates life- constant attempts to un-limit ourselves create an unbearable burden and empties out the value to life Ramaekers 2001 Stefan, Teaching to lie and obey: Nietzsche and Education, Journal of Philosophy of Education 35.2 The nature … Nietzsche's writings.  A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy pros who know what they’re talking about McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ‘1 (David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/) Or we might take Foucault who, at AND for the so-called "managerial class."  Policy education solves the case better - Tying scholarly research to policy practice is necessary to combat the problematic viewpoints currently endemic to practices of democracy assistance Carothers, Vice President for Studies at Carnegie, 10 (October, Vice President for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion,” American Political Science Association – Comparative Democracy, Vol. 8, No. 3) Us and them: Another problematic pattern of AND and policy practice not just advisable but imperative.  They have functionally decided to write their own resolution instead of affirming the one we already have- even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 (in press) (Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @ Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally. But it is not enough for reasoning to be done in public to achieve good results…. Alternatively, a devil’s advocate could be introduced in the group to defend an alternative opinion (e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, & Ragan, 1986).  2NC FW  A2: Butler  Critique can only overcome power and produce change when articulated in the language of hegemony Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139) There are perhaps several other social movement campaigns AND state to quash them or deflect their claims.  A2: Serial Failure- Devil’s Advocate Solves  Group deliberations solve serial failure- but only when genuine debate can be had on two sides of an issue- your FW only allows people who have already agreed (_) is bad Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 (in press) (Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @ Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications Theoreticians of …. our account.   A2 Fairness  Only formal, pre-agreed rules can ensure openness and equal access—throwing away limits doesn’t mean debate becomes more egalitarian; it means those with the most power dominate the discussion- turns the aff Mari Boor Tonn, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Maryland, College Park, 05 “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430 Second, democratic … rights."35  Predictability 2NC  Without this pre-round consideration, debates have nowhere to begin- destroys the valuable process of thinking though another’s arguments Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003, When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf Certainly, ‘consideration’ necessarily comes temporally prior AND formal group deliberations of the more discursive sort.  Limits 2NC  B. Limits are essential for equitable relations in society– They assume that limits are some infinite capacity to do whatever you want- this radical liberalism turns into the domination of the weak by the strong and is the same logic as Bush exceptionalism and Tea Partiers- freedom should be bounded by the limits of responsibility within a community Anthony Burke- School of Politics and International Relations, The University of New South Wales- 2005, Freedom’s Freedom: American Enlightenment and Permanent War, Social Identities Vol. 11, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 315/343, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/256400_915549761_727339818.pdf Freedom can no longer be thought of as AND potentially destructive levels of politics and organisational power.  C. The taboo on anything that might be “limiting” creates paralysis –their criticism makes the perfect the enemy of the good. The best we can do is fashion reasonable a middle ground that fosters discussion. John O. Beahrs- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University- Dec., 1992, Paradoxical Effects in Political Systems, Political Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 755-769, jstor New taboos have emerged that reflect new societal AND data must be continually scrutinized toward its clarification.  Limits - A2: Agency / Identity  Humans define their identity through the limits between self and other- their aversion to constraint causes psychological overload John O. Beahrs- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University- Dec., 92, Paradoxical Effects in Political Systems, Political Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 755-769, jstor The ideal of unlimited expansion is a myth AND social identity-formation (Bloom, 1990).  Limits– Dogmatism I/L  Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost) John Dewey, … issue.  Education 2NC  Only a focus on the practical imperatives of the policy world can effectively reform democracy aid – their turn inward ensures the continued global weakness of the institutions of democracy Carothers, Vice President for Studies at Carnegie, 10 (October, Vice President for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion,” American Political Science Association – Comparative Democracy, Vol. 8, No. 3) In spite of this there is need and AND independence, and a host of other areas.  Groupthink 2NC  1. Turns the aff The best model of communication forces debaters to switch sides – staking out intellectual claims and refusing to suspend our beliefs means we talk past each other and never convince anyone outside our inner circle Haskell, Professor History Rice, 90 (Professor of History at Rice, “Objectivity is not neutrality: Rhetoric vs. practice in Peter Novick’s That noble dream,” History and Theory 29, no. 2: 129–157) Detachment functions in this manner not by draining AND between them, irrespective of their perceived merits.  2. Confirmation-bias Groupthink causes systemic policy failures- justifies militarism and conflict escalation to nuclear use Dr. Reginald Shareef- professor in the Political Science Department at Radford University- 2004, Defeating groupthink, http://www.roanoke.com/columnists/shareef/wb/8886 The 9/11 Commission found that " AND norm- - albeit with a fancier name.  And, refusal to voice alternative viewpoints causes the kind of groupthink that justifies genocide LINDA M. WOOLF and MICHAEL R. HULSIZER- Psychology profs, Webster University- 05, Psychosocial roots of genocide: risk, prevention, and intervention, Journal of Genocide Research (2005), 7(1), http://webster.edu/woolflm/WoolfHulsizerJGR05.pdfMarch, 101–128 In addition, very cohesive groups, like AND an agenda of ethnic cleansing—including genocide.

  
  
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Al Qaeda NGO PIC

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•  O1NC - CP  The United States Federal government ought to provide funding to nongovernmental organizations that aren’t registered and aren’t Al Qaeda operating in the country referenced in the United States Code Title 22, Chapter 49, Subchapter 1, Section 3403.  The plan funds Al Qaeda-  A. Its an NGO Strikwerda ‘8 (Carl-, Prof College of William and Mary, Book Review: Palgrave Advances in International History, Finney, Patrick, ed., http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/5.1/br_strikwerda.html)  Jeremi Suri makes a compelling argument that non AND the rise of human rights and environmental consciousness.  B. Al Qaeda probably isn’t registered Elbayar ‘5 (Kareem-, J.D. / M.A., International Affairs Candidate George Washington, Sept., The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, “NGO Laws in Selected Arab States”, Vol. 7 #4, http://www.icnl.org/knowledge/ ijnl/vol7iss4/special_1.htm)  Act 90-31 defines associations as “ AND generally left to operate without substantial government interference.  C. Al Qaeda operates in Egypt- that’s their Garvey evidence  And Al Qaeda is short on cash now Soufan ‘11 (Ali H.-, May 2, New York Times, “The End of the Jihadist Dream”, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/opinion/03Soufan.html)  But it won’t take … — and members.  Without new revenue, which the plan gives them, they wouldn’t be able to carry out major attacks Gandel ‘11 (Stephen-, May 2, “Will Osama's Death Bankrupt al-Qaeda?”, http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/05/02/will-osamas-death-bankrupt-al-qaeda/)  There is one way in which bin Laden's AND stop funding terrorism all together. Let's hope. 1NR - CP  Using a zero-noun means they grammatically have to remove all Lock, Associate professor in the Department of English and Communication, 1996 (Graham, “Grammar: An Introduction for second language teachers”, Cambridge University Press, google books) The form ZERO + plural count noun can AND where generic 2 Baggies are loosely cut pants.  Zero nouns are in contrast to specific groups – the CP is competitive Cowan, Associate Professor in the Division of English as an International Language and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008 (“The Teacher’s Grammar of English”, Cambridge University Press”, google books) Those instances in which count and noncount nouns AND indefinite articles before the noun breakfast particularizes it.  Reject normal means – PICs like the CP are the closest thing we can get to real world policymaking discussions – it outweighs. Also key to topic specific edu – they said that’s good on the K Josh Branson, CSIS and just graduated from Harvard Law, 2007 (“[eDebate] Reflections about debate and policymaking”, http://www.mail-archive.com/edebate@www.ndtceda.com/msg01593.html) Well, thats not the way it worked AND of people and causes the region to implode.  And Al Qaeda is short on cash now Soufan ‘11 (Ali H.-, May 2, New York Times, “The End of the Jihadist Dream”, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/opinion/03Soufan.html)  Without new revenue, which the plan gives them, they wouldn’t be able to carry out major attacks Gandel ‘11 (Stephen-, May 2, “Will Osama's Death Bankrupt al-Qaeda?”, http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/05/02/will-osamas-death-bankrupt-al-qaeda/)  Obviously we can’t cut off all of Al Qaeda’s funding- but limiting it reduces the risk of attacks Roth 9/11 Commission ‘4 (John-, Douglas Greenburg, Serena Wille, Staff Report to the 9-11 Commission “National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Monograph on Terrorist Financing”, http://permanent.access. gpo.gov/lps53198/911_TerrFin_Monograph.pdf) While a perfect end state—the AND of itself immunize us from future terrorist attacks.  Small amounts of money matter- terrorist attacks are cheap Roth 9/11 Commission ‘4 (John-, Douglas Greenburg, Serena Wille, Staff Report to the 9-11 Commission “National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States Monograph on Terrorist Financing”, http://permanent.access. gpo.gov/lps53198/911_TerrFin_Monograph.pdf)  The funding of terrorist operations involves relatively small AND large national banks and smaller regional banks. 46  Cutting off funding is key to prevent terrorist attacks Lormel Chief FBI Financial Crimes Section ‘1 (Dennis, , Oct 3, 2001 AND _03_01_se.htm) So while I wish none of us needed AND cutting off the financial lifeblood to these organizations.

  
  
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T - Elections

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• Elections 1NC

  A. Interpretation –

  Democracy assistance must be targeted towards electoral laws, presses and institutions

  IFES (International Foundation for Electoral Systems), 2011,

  Topic In Brief:

  Democracy assistance can … electoral laws, processes and institutions.

  B. Violation –

  C. Vote Neg

  Limits – Elections directly tie assistance to the core democratic process of contestation – other targets of aid only indirectly improve democracy by changing the political environment – there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy” by improving governance or helping a civil society group

  Thomas Carothers- sr. associate at Carnegie- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East,

  INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY

  The second identifiable U.S. … U.S. policy more accurately.

  2. Topic focus - Including every aff tangentially related to democratic institutions scatters the topic in too many directions – Elections should be the focal point to ground education about “democracy”

  Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers –profs, sociology and law, U Wisconsin - July 2009, American Society: How It Really Works,

  Elections are at the very … electoral system and how it works.

  
  
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Qatar CP

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• CP: The United States federal government should:
  - Instruct Qatar to increase support to strengthen capacity for Syrian political opposition groups.
  - Offer Syrian military officials and other high

  Doing the plan through Qatar prevents backlash and solves the case
  Mainen, 1AC Author, 7-25
  [Mathew, Saudi's Dangerous Role in Syria, Mainen Middle East Analysis, July 25, 2011, http://mainen.blogspot.com/2011/07/saudis-dangerous-role-in-syria.html]
  The United States cannot sit on the sidelines
  AND
  U.S. influence in the region.

  The U.S. has ties with Syrian intelligence which we can use to make the military defect
  Monajed, ’11
  [Ausama Monajed, Leading Syrian dissident and publisher of the daily Syrian Revolution News Roundup, “In Syria, an opening for the West to bring about Assad’s downfall,” June 26th 2011,http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/in-syria-an-opening-for-the-west-to-bring-about-assads-downfall/2011/06/24/AGz4hcmH_story.html]
  World governments seem unwilling … Defections would not be hard to achieve. 

  Solves sectarian violence and civil war
  Abrams, 1AC Author, ’11
  [Elliott Abrams, Senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Deputy national security adviser to President George W. Bush, “Preventing Civil War in Syria,” August 2nd 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903461104576462361144504864.html]
  American leadership can help avoid civil war.
  AND
  , to symbolize America's support for the opposition.

  
  
  

Israel DA

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• 1NC Israel DA Israel is pushing for an Iran strike but the US has successfully persuaded them to hold back Roshandel, Professor - Security Studies - ECU, 11 (June, Iran, Israel and the United States: Regime Security vs. Political Legitimacy, pg. 86) It is clear from this statement that the Israeli … is, in fact, disproportionate support for “Israel the state” and Israeli military action. The strong pro-Israeli lobby within the United States has dominated support for Israel’s war agenda, particularly its dealings with Iran. Israel is a status quo power – they oppose removal of Assad for fear that it will increase Iranian influence Byman – Professor Security Georgetown - 11 (Summer, Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, Washington Quarterly, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”) One of the most surprising… rocking this prosperous boat. The affirmatives indifference to Israeli concerns about the direction of the Arab Spring inflates fears that America will be unable to effectively stand up for Israel against Iran Koppel 11 (4/29, Former anchor and managing editor of Nightline, currently contributing analyst for BBC NPR, The Arab Spring and U.S. Policy: The View From Jerusalem, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704330404576291063679488964.html) The canary in the coal mine on such AND region, Washington's list also keeps getting shorter. Supporting opposition to Assad will be the triggering incident for an Israeli strike against Iranian nuclear facilities by creating profound questions about the US commitment to Israeli security Roshandel, Professor - Security Studies - ECU, 11 (June, Iran, Israel and the United States: Regime Security vs. Political Legitimacy, pg. 86) According to some … become more realistic. Israeli attack causes great power war and crushes the global economy Trabanco 09 (Independent researcher of geopoltical and military affairs, “The Middle Eastern Powder Keg Can Explode at Anytime,” globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=11762) In case of an Israeli and/or AND right in the middle of a powder keg. 2NC Impact Even an operationally successful attack will suck the U.S. into conflict, undermine muslim anti-terror cooperation, spur Iranian nuclearization, and crush peace-process Simon, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies at CFR, 09 (Steven, “Contingency Planning Memorandum No. 5 an Israeli Strike on Iran,” http://www.cfr.org/publication/20637/israeli_strike_on_iran.html?breadcrumb=%2Findex) At the same time, an Israeli attack AND reminiscent of tensions over the Iraq war. U/Q – No Iran Strike Now Israel focusing on covert actions – not strikes – in the status quo Fiore, Fellow – War Studies – Kings College, 11 (July, Israel and Iran’s Nuclear Weapon Programme: Roll Back or Containment?, IAI WORKING PAPERS) Preventing the Islamic Republic from becoming nuclear is AND confrontation that could lead to a wider war. Syria Link Israel sees continuation of Assad as necessary for peace along the Syrian border Koppel 11 (4/29, Former anchor and managing editor of Nightline, currently contributing analyst for BBC NPR, The Arab Spring and U.S. Policy: The View From Jerusalem, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704330404576291063679488964.html) With almost no … occupation of the Golan Heights. Despite public perception, private backchannels prove Israel is lobbying the US against intervention in Syria Abbas, Middle East affairs specialist, 8/18 (How to Topple Syria's Assad, www.huffingtonpost.com/faisal-abbas/how-to-topple-syrias-assa_b_930684.html) Some analysts already made the assumption that the AND occupied the Syrian Golan Heights in 1967. “ Arab Democracy Link Israel will strongly oppose any action which facilitates empowerment of public opinion in the Arab world Byman – Professor Security Georgetown - 11 (Summer, Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, Washington Quarterly, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”) In the past…mainstream of their societies.

  
  
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1nc vs Kansas KK (Hodgman-Pai) r2 Harvard

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• t elections

  A. Interpretation –

  Democracy assistance must be targeted towards elections

  IFES (International Foundation for Electoral Systems), 2011, http://www.ifes.org/Content/Topics/Democracy-Assistance.aspx 

   Topic In Brief: 

  Democracy assistance can be laws, processes and institutions. 

  B. Violation –

  C. Vote Neg

  1. Limits – Elections directly tie assistance to the core democratic process of contestation – other targets only indirectly improve democracy by changing the political environment – there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy”

  Thomas Carothers- sr. associate at Carnegie- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf 

  INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY The ….understand U.S. policy more accurately. 

  2. Topic focus - Including every aff tangentially related to democracy scatters the topic in too many directions – elections should be the focal point to ground education

  Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers –profs, sociology and law, U Wisconsin - July 2009, American Society: How It Really Works, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/ContemporaryAmericanSociety/Chapter%2017%20--%20Voting%20--%20FINAL.pdf 

  Elections are at the very core ….system and how it works. 

  kritik

  Democracy assistance is tied to an understanding of order as entailing Western liberal forms – this is the basis for coercive interventions

  Hobson 9 (Christopher Hobson, Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, Alternatives, “The Limits of Liberal-Democracy Promotion”, #34) 

  Key actors seeking to support ….prevented by unfavorable local conditions. 

  Their approach to democracy assistance attempts to prove Western Superiority over the Middle East by constructing Islam as anti-democratic and inherently threatening

  Teti, 7 (Andrea, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, “Confessions of a Dangerous Paradigm: Democratisation, Transitology and Orientalism”) 

  [The bio-politics of failure: Disciplining …..which it sought to undermine.50 

  This ontological commitment to ordering insecurity is the root cause of conflict, makes violence and serial policy failure inevitable

  Burke 7 (Anthony Burke, Int'l Studies @ U of New South Wales, “Ontologies of War,” in Theory & Event, Vol. 10, Iss. 2) 

  This essay develops a theory about the ….violent 'choices' will continue to be made. 

  Their credibility advantage is the clearest manifestation of this logic

  Noorani 5 (Yaseen, U of Arizona, Tuscon, "The Rhetoric of Security," in The New Centennial Review," Vol 5, No 1, Spring, pp. 13-41) 

  The U.S. government’s rhetoric of ….struggle experienced by every human being. 

  Vote negative to reject the affirmative’s security politics – effective decision-making should begin with how we constitute ourselves as ethical subjects

  Burke 2 (Anthony, Int'l Studies @ U of New South Wales, “Aporias of Security,” in Alternatives 27, p. 18-23) 

  Refusing Security It is perhaps easy ….its shimmering possibilities might be. 

  politics

  Obama is aggressively pushing his jobs agenda - smaller initiatives like the payroll tax reduction are likely to pass 

  Werner, 10/25 (Erica, AP, 10/25/2011, “For Obama, new focus on the piecemeal,” http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jBBAuCkwwz36b0l5ZSe63veDz47Q?docId=c480f4a9b7634e9f8e0fd60ddd74c5ef) 

  LOS ANGELES (AP) — The president who ran ….got to try to do everything he can." 

  Obama is key to passage

  Longbottom, 10/13 (Wil, 10/13/2011, “'I won't take no for an answer on jobs bill': Defiant Obama vows to continue despite Senate defeat,” html?ito=feeds-newsxml>&) 

  President Barack Obama has recorded a …back the bill, according to SBS. 

  Failure to extend the tax cut will jack the economy - it’s a top priority 

  Temple-West, 10/6 (Patrick, 10/6/2011, Reuters News, “Payroll tax cut needed to avoid recession: Zandi,” Factiva) 

  (Reuters) - Failure to extend a payroll ….then we need to act soon," Casey told Reuters. 

  Massive backlash to investigating US crimes

  Eley, 9 (Tom Eley, Global Research contributor, 4/27/2009, Obama, Democrats move to block torture investigation, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=13369) 

  In the face of mounting ….than through the Intelligence Committee.” 

  Broad statistical models prove – unmanaged economic declines lead to global conflict

  Royal, Director of cooperative threat reduction, ‘10 [Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215] 

  Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline ….economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

  counterplan

  Text: The United States federal government should provide necessary democracy assistance for a Commission for Knowledge and Acknowledgement in Egypt.

  TRC’s confessional model allows us to demonize the individual while ignoring the role of the collective – causes complicity, turns the case

  Muldoon 3 - Paul Muldoon, School of Political and Social Inquiry, Monash University, "Reconciliation and Political Legitimacy: The Old Australia and the New South Africa," Australian Journal of Politics and History: Volume 49, Number 2, 2003, pp. 182-196. 

   Even considered on its own ….cleansed through an expiatory sacrifice. 58 

  The CP is key to clarify the relationship between truth and reconciliation – their ambiguous commitment to truth-as-reconciliation is what makes abrogation of responsibility possible

  Eze 4 - Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze is associate professor of philosophy at DePaul University, "Transition and the Reasons of Memory," The South Atlantic Quarterly 103.4 (2004) 755-768. 

   

  Apartheid may be unforgivable … 

  in the strict sense of the word."14 

  We should affirm knowledge for its own sake– removing reconciliation from the process solves

  Ash 97 - Timothy Garton Ash, Professor of European Studies at Oxford University, "True Confessions," July 17, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1997/jul/17/true-confessions/ 

   The knowledge gained is not, of course, …can realistically hope to achieve. 

  Cred

  American credibility is in terminal decline – can’t influence other nations

  Clemons, Director @ New America Foundation, 8-12 

  [Steve Clemons, Director of the American Strategy Program at the New America Foundation where he previously served as Executive Vice President, and the former director of the Japan Policy Research Institute, Washington editor at large for The Atlantic and editor in chief of Atlantic, “America Next: End of the World As We Knew It,” August 12^th 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/america-next-end-of-the-world-as-we-knew-it/243503/] 

  When the Berlin Wall fell in the summer ….that America once again matters. 

  No internal link – our diplomatic reputation is compartmentalized

  Brooks and Wohlforth 8 (Stephen G. Brooks, Prof. of Government at Dartmouth, William C. Wohlforth, Professor of Government and Chair of the Department of Government at Dartmouth, World Out of Balance, p.158-60) 

  According to the logic of …that is relevant to them.43 

  Perception of military capacity alone is sufficient

  Brooks 10 (Stephen Brooks, Assoc. Prof. of Gov't @ Dartmouth, B.A., Economics and Politics, UC Santa Cruz, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Political Science, Yale University, “Stephen Brooks on Hegemony,” July 21, lecture at the Dartmouth Debate Institute, http://www.planetdebate.com/blogs/view/1043) 

   Second and final point to remember ….choices, but the fact is that we do. 

  Supporting Middle Eastern democracy can’t build support for other initiatives

  Walter Russell Mead – Sr Fellow, CFR - August 22, 2011, W Gets A Third Term In The Middle East, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2011/08/22/w-gets-a-third-term-in-the-middle-east/ 

   The international consequences of the ….unfixed for the foreseeable future. 

  Stability

  Circumventing the SCAF causes backlash

  Fadel, 11 

   (7/30, WP Columnist, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/military-stokes-xenophobia-in-egypt/2011/07/28/gIQAFnGjjI_story.html) 

   CAIRO — Facing mounting challenges …being treated as suspect. 

  TRC causes them to flip and crack down – turns case

  Negus, 8/2 

   Steve Negus, journalist and commentator specialising in Egypt and Iraq, Former Iraq correspondent for the Financial Times between 2004 and 2008, and worked for the Institute of War and Peace Reporting in 2003 and 2004. He lived and worked in Egypt between 1993 and 2003, where he was editor of the Cairo Times, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68011/steve-negus/mubaraks-trial-and-errors?page=2 

   All this places Egypt's human rights ….I don't intend to abandon it now just to get revenge." 

  Specifically, SCAF will scapegoat Israel – eventually it will be forced to lashout – causes Egypt-israeli war

  Mudar Zahran – 9/9/11, Hudson NY, Egypt's Military Council Toying with Israel, http://www.hudson-ny.org/2410/egypt-military-council-israel 

  This fiasco served the military ….a million-man-protests for this cause.   

   

  
  
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Block cites vs Kansas KK (Hodgman Pai) r2 harvard

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• AT: Perm

  Burke – the idea we must tie critique to action sustains security as the end-point of politics. It dominates the debate, creates a blackmail we can never escape – the alternative situates us outside security, which makes refusal necessary – we open spaces for new ways of thinking and speaking. And, severs their method the 1ac made a particular epistemological commitment to IR which we’ve impact turned– voting issue because we can never generate offense.

  only a radical break allows us to break the stranglehold of security

  Neocleous 8 (Mark Neocleous, Prof. Professor of the Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics & History at Brunel University – West London, “Critique of Security,” p. 184-6) 

  The only way out of such a dilemma, …brave enough to return the gift.143 

  Stability Link

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    •  

  Turns every internal link – root cause 

  Kull, 9-5-’11 (Steven, Director of Program on International Policy Attitudes, “Why Muslims are still mad at America” 

  http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/) 

  On the ten-year anniversary of the …aspirations, they grow resolutely hostile. 

  Independent link to our Burke argument – democratic movements just become a tool we use toward regional military interests – it’s this fixation on strategic logic that renders all life calculable v

  Burke 7 (Anthony Burke, Int'l Studies @ U of New South Wales, “Ontologies of War,” in Theory & Event, Vol. 10, Iss. 2) *we don’t endorse the gendered language in this ev  

  Man's empire over creation  his discovery of …useful or obstinate matter. 

  2nc Fw

  Role of the ballot is to begin with the way we shape ourselves as ethical subjects – ontological and epistemological considerations are a prior question to the plan. It is possible to give democracy assistance without beginning with the fundamental premise that global security is the only thing at stake – politics is more than just the action or mechanism of the plan, it includes how those things are implicated by our particular ontological projects

  Kouros '99 (George, Yale Law Graduate, And Holds a B.A. in Philosophy from Emory. “Become What You Are,” p. 35-42) *we don’t endorse the gendered language in this ev 

   

  Unlike systems of ethics which …of life than the inauthentic self. 

  - only impact is that it moots the aff – not true, it’s reciprocal, they can read advantages based on their methodology, and doesn’t moot the 1ac, just means they have to defend the justifications for their policy, which is definitely not impossible. No new 1ar !s

  Ignoring method serial policy failure – means we access bigger i/l to education

  Burke 7 (Anthony Burke, Int'l Studies @ U of New South Wales, “Ontologies of War,” in Theory & Event, Vol. 10, Iss. 2) 

   This tells us much about the enduring …however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic. 

   = t-elections = 

  Mitchell uses democracy assistance as a new “term” to make democracy promotion look better, not as a distinct mechanism – reject their lack of precision – means they link more to the arbitrariness DA

  MITCHELL AND PHILLIPS, their authors, 2008- Ast. Prof @ Columbia’s School of International and Political Affairs and project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy- January LINCOLN A. and DAVID L., ENHANCING DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE, THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY and Institute of War and Peace Studites 

  Decades of successful democracy …catalyst for and supporter of change. 

   

  Precision between democracy assistance and promotion is key – they dramatically multiply the number of topic mechanisms

  Lappin, 10 (University of Leuven (Belgium) Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies PhD candidate, Richard, participant in democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE, and Carter Center, University of Belgrade political sciences visiting scholar, Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, Volume 4 Issue 1, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance: the problem of definition in post-conflict approaches to democratization” org/issue/2010-volume-4-issue-1/lappin>&, p.183-4) 

  By the end of the 1990s, the ….guarantees, or economic and trade benefits. 

   

  Aid for rule of law could be topical, but it must focus on elections (ex: legal framework, monitoring/oversight)

  ACE Electoral Knowledge Network- 2005 (last cite), Electoral Assistance, http://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/electoral-assistance 

  Electoral assistance can be defined as the legal, technical and logistic support provided to electoral laws, processes and institutions. It spans a broad spectrum – from the establishment …technical assistance to political parties. 

    

  Elections are predictable - It’s the core of democracy assistance

  Richard Lappin- PhD candidate, Catholic University - July 2009 

  (PhD candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven) What Democracy? Exploring the Absent Centre of Post-Conflict Democracy Assistance, Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, Issue 1, http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/dl/Issue%2014%20Article%203%20Final%20Version%201.pdf 

  Without any serious theoretical engagement …international activities are subsumed.”54 

    

  If election focus is bad, this should be neg ground – it’s a core controversy of the democracy assistance debate

  Thomas Carothers- sr. associate at Carnegie- June 2003, IS GRADUALISM POSSIBLE? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf 

   Within this growing domain of …issue of democratic political contestation. 

   = Cred = 

  The US doesn’t lack soft power – Obama just lacks the will to use it

  Mark P. Lagon - Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Organization Affairs – 10/18/11, Soft Power Under Obama, World Affairs, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?lng=en&id=133416&contextid734=133416&contextid735=133415&tabid=133415&dynrel=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4,0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233 

  One irony of the Obama presidency …something is seriously amiss. = Stability = 

  Empirically denied – no ME conflict has escalated

  Drum ‘7 

  (Kevin-, Political Blogger @ the Washington Monthly, Sept. 9, Washington Monthly, “The Chaos Hawks”, http://www. 

  washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2007_09/012029.php ) 

   Having admitted, however, …We'll hardly be absent from the region. 

  ME is stable – leaders are more likely to cooperate than fight

   Christopher J. Fettweis, Prof. of National Security Affairs @ Naval War College, ‘7 [Survival 49.4, “’On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” p. informaworld] 

   No matter what the outcome …Turkey not to attack its neighbour. 

   

  
  
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Ranciere K (R1 USC v. Emporia)

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• 1NC

  Our argument is that democracy is the political process of presupposing the equality of everyone in opposition to the hierarchies which structure our lives. The affirmative instead presupposes inequalities, in ways that are both politically and pedagogically dangerous.

  The 1^st link is Tunisia - It is not hard to call what is going on in the six countries of the resolution “a struggle for democracy” – those engaged in it do so themselves. Specifically in Tunisia, denouncing of the search for “western-style democracy” as a “ruse for imperial domination” ignores the complexity of the protestors’ struggles, which are partially motivated by the fact that formal freedoms do matter.

  Kacem, 2011 (Medhi Belhaj, studied under Badiou, leading young French philosopher, “A Tunisian Renaissance,” interview by Alexander Galloway, Jan 31, com/thesymptom/?page_id=1046>&) 

  What are your thoughts on the recent political 

  AND 

  keep our eyes on the twenty-first. 

  The 2^nd link is institutional focus – the aff’s role of the ballot to “plant the seeds of democracy” sees equality as an end goal, realized by assuming the position of a gardener responsible for making “the classroom” and “debate” sufficiently participatory. This positions others as passive recipients of equality, indicating how their young evidence double turns itself by recreating the distributive justice they say is debilitating for participation.

  May 8 (Todd, Prof. of Philosophy @ Clemson U., “The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière,” p.28-32) 

  Young argues that welfare capitalism “constructs citizens 

  AND 

  what they are entitled to receive from others. 

  Rather, we propose a conception of democracy as the blurring of these categories, the disruption of institutions, the activation of the agency of those engaged in a specific struggle against a dominant order which assigns everyone a role

  Ranciere, 2010 (Dissensus: on politics and aesthetics, p. 54) 

  Earlier I claimed that democracy cannot consist in 

  AND 

  and all qua vanishing condition of the political. 

  The 3^rd link is identity – the claim that it is our “obligation to confront our identities as students and teachers” reifies the dominant categorizations of the police order by giving its classifications credibility.

  May, 2008 (Todd, Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University, “The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière,” p.49-51) 

  In this way, democratic politics is a 

  AND 

  finds at the source of any democratic politics. 

  Thus, we propose that politics consists in a dis-identification with hierarchy and the roles it assigns. In the context of Tunisia, this can be actualized through a solidarity with *their* experience, rather than taking *our* experience as primary. Instead of viewing equality as an end-goal to be achieved for a specific group, this sees it as a presupposition of equality, a verification that everyone is already equal

  May 8 (Todd, Prof. of Philosophy @ Clemson U., “The Political Thought of Jacques Rancière,” p.55-56) 

  If strikes can be forms of democratic politics 

  AND 

  democratic action that undercuts the particular oppression itself. 

  Thus, the alternative: Vote negative as an act of dissensus with the 1AC

  Our criticism of the affirmative is enacted through the verification of equality – in the specific philosophical demonstrations we perform, democracy exists

  Ranciere, 2011 (“The thinking of dissensus: politics and aesthetics,” in “Reading Ranciere,” ed. Paul Bowman and Richard Stamp) 

  My first concern from the beginning has been 

  AND 

  and levels of discourse and spheres of experience. 

  2NC

  Equality must be verified and actualized – the ballot’s role is to recognize the equality already inscribed within the debate community

  Ranciere, 1995 (Jacques, Professor of Aeshetics at the University of Paris VIII, “On the shores of politics,” p. 49, TH)

  Of course, proving one is correct has

  AND

  forces whose actual effects need to be verified.

  We perform our method – which is the staging of philosophical disagreement. This is also a reason the perm can’t solve – disagreement is a dispute over what is given, the perm collapses this because within the permutation, there IS no disagreement.

  Ranciere, 2011 (p. 2-3 “The thinking of dissensus: politics and aesthetics,” in “Reading Ranciere,” ed. Paul Bowman and Richard Stamp)

  I started from philosophers who defined politics as

  AND

  economic and social necessity is put into question.

  The Tunisian revolution took the character of a rancieran dissensus

  Wall, 2011 (Sep 21, Illan Rua, Senior Lecturer in Law at Oxford Brookes, “The Dis-enclosure of Constituent Power: Tunisia, Agamben & Nancy,” http://www.criticallegalthinking.com/?p=4302)

  On the streets of Tunis, Sfax and

  AND

  of concrete life and sensible experience’.[5]

  Problems with US democracy does not mean that we should turn inward – a focus on changes in US foreign policy towards Arab Spring countries benefits the struggle back home and is necessary for a larger global struggle against oppression

  Naiman, Policy Director at Just Foreign Policy, 11 (10/17, Palestine, Farming, U.S. Aid, and the Arab Spring: A Conversation with Rami Zurayk, www.dailykos.com/story/2011/10/17/1027238/-Palestine,-Farming,-US-Aid,-and-the-Arab-Spring:-A-Conversation-with-Rami-Zurayk)

  No doubt at this historical moment many people

  AND

  small increase in its probability deserves serious attention.

  Learning about the Arab Spring enhances understanding of democratic failure in the US

  Wilson, Board Chair of the Buddhist Peace Fellowship, 11 (Why should engaged Buddhists get involved?, bpf.org/what-buddhists-are-saying/occupy-and-arab-spring)

  Some mainstream commentators have begun to describe the

  AND

  money in politics has badly undermined our democracy.

  And, any risk of a link means reject the perm – equality is an axiom, treating it as a goal replicates their harms

  Barbour ‘10 (Charles, Department of Sociology @ U. of Alberta, “Militants of Truth, Communities of Equality: Badiou and the ignorant schoolmaster,” Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 42, No. 2)

  While his work is often polemical, in

  AND

  never be practiced if it is axiomatically denied.

  Inclusion of the aff is additive logic of the police order – preserve the specific moment of the 1NCs dissensus

  Biesta, 10 (Gert, @ the Stirling Institute of Education, “A New Logic of Emancipation: The Methodology of Jacques Ranciere,” Educational Theory, 60.1)

  Subjectification — and this is the second point

  AND

  other speaking being. (PHP, 30)

  The perm collapses the alt – their identity politics destroys the in-between space from which politics can arise

  Chambers, 2005 (Samuel, teaches political theory at the University of Wales Swansea, “The politics of Literarity,” Theory & Event 8:3)

  The differences among "immigrant," "worker

  AND

  /apolitical can be settled from the start.

  The alternative solves all of their framework offense – ranciere’s political project undermines the policing assumptions of framework

  Corocoran, 10 (Steven, “Editor’s Intro” in Jacques Ranciere’s  “Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics”)

  The second major front of Ranciere's strategy concerns

  AND

  speech of those who argue demonstrate their equality.

  
  
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Co-existence K

• Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
  
  

• Cartesian subjectivity is founded on the myth of autonomy and self-sufficiency. However, existence is always co-existence, and being is always being-with – we are fundamentally defined by our relationship with others.

  Odysseos 07 (Louiza, Senior Lecturer in Internation Relations at the University of Sussex, “The Subject of Coexistence: Otherness in International Relations,” pp. 58-59)

  Specifically, Heidegger’s account of Being-in

  AND

  , be seen in the structures of existence.

  Democracy assistance views USAID as a sovereign individual, standing outside and above Egypt, which is invoked as a distinct geographical unit – this metaphysical stance produces serial policy failure

  Mitchell, 02 (Timothy, Director of Political Science @ NYU, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, and Modernity, p. 232-234)

  There is a second consequence of the way

  AND

  itself as an integral aspect of the problem.

  Reliance on sovereign individuality is a precursor to war – the aff’s peace can only ever be temporary, as it is premised on a continual war against those deemed outsiders

  Norris ‘2K (Jean-Luc Nancy and the Myth of the Common Andrew Norris Constellations Volume 7, No 2, 2000.)

  Nancy, however, is deeply suspicious of

  AND

  Milosevic seek to put community “to work.”

  The alternative: Vote negative to reject engaging U.S. policy in terms of national identity in lieu of working to change collective belonging

  This is key to effective policymaking

  Schwedler et. al 11 (Jillian Schwedler teaches political science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst Josh Stacher is an assistant professor of political science at Kent State University  Stacey Philbrick Yadav is the coordinator of the Middle Eastern Studies program and Assistant Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges Jadaliyya June 10 http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1826/three-powerfully-wrong_and-wrongly-powerful_americ) 9/4/11

  We can expect that Islamists are likely to

  AND

  support for what they have come to represent.

  
  
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