Alex Carlman & Sullivan McCormick

Plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funding for Egypt and allow all Egyptian political parties to receive access to MEPI programs.

Advantage 1: the Brotherhood

First, The Muslim Brotherhood will win the November election
Saikal, Australian National University political science professor, August 11, 2011:
[Sydney Morning Herald, [Amin], p. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/egypt-must-tough-it-out-on-the-often-rocky-road-to-revolution-20110810-1imnl.html, mrl]
“In Egypt, the balance of” and “dominance in Egyptian politics.”

Second, excluding the Muslim Brotherhood from participation in MEPI guarantees hostility against the US and Israel
Hamid, Brookings Institution, 2010:
[Democracy Journal, Winter, [Shadi, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/15/Hamid.pdf, jj]
“Meanwhile, the Middle East Partnership” and “when it will be too late.” 

Third, the US must engage the Brotherhood before they take power to ensure cooperation
Hamid, 2011
[Foreign Affairs, May/June, Vol. 90,  Iss. 3,  p. 40-47, “The Rise of the Islamists: How Islamists Will Change Politics, and Vice Versa” p. 40+proquest]
“ There is no question that” and “are already in power.”

Fourth, engagement ensures the Brotherhood doesn’t adopt anti-Israel or anti-American policies
Hamid, 2011:
[Foreign Affairs, May/June, Vol. 90,  Iss. 3,  p. 40-47, “The Rise of the Islamists: How Islamists Will Change Politics, and Vice Versa” p. 40+proquest]
“During the uprisings, the protesters” and  “it should, and could. “

Fifth, engagement reduces the risk of the Brotherhood providing support to Hamas and Hezbollah
Daily News Egypt, July 1, 2011, Analysis: US overtures to Egypt Islamists show pragmatism
“More official, and more” and “Political and Strategic Studies.’

The impact of an unengaged Brotherhood will be a Middle East war. A Brotherhood controlled Egypt will supply Hamas with weapons, causing war with Israel.
Byman, Brookings Institution, 2011:
[Wall Street Journal, February 4, [Daniel], p. http://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/02/04/egypt-2012-what-if-the-muslim-brotherhood-comes-to-power/]
“But the Brotherhood” and “spiral out of control.”

And this causes rapid escalation. Hamas will be emboldened with increased Egyptian support to attack Israel.
Rudin, Global Research in International Affairs Center Director, 2011:
[Jerusalem Post, March 27, Barry, p. http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=214073]
“With better weapons,” and “more eager to do so.”

This draws in the entire region and goes nuclear.
Oren, Shalem Center fellow, 2008,
[Washington Post, The Next Middle East War, Just a Rocket Away, March 2, Michael, p. B4]
“It begins with a” and “a single Qassam away.” 

Advantage 2: US Credibility 

First, U.S. credibility in the Middle East is plummeting now
Zogby, pollster, 2011,  “America in Trouble in the Middle East: Obama Understands, But GOP Gloats”, Huffington Post, 7-16,[James], p.  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-zogby/ameri ca-in-trouble-in-the_b_900649.html?ir=World)
“Well, the results” and “this year's survey.”

Second, increasing funding for the Middle East Partnership Initiative is key to reversing anti-Americanism among the Arab street
Dorsey, senior researcher at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute, 2011:
[“US Risks Missing Opportunity to Play Leading Role in Middle East Transition”, Al Arabiya News, 7-5,  [James], p. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/05/156264.html]
“The ascendancy of” and “promote democratic change.”

Third, excluding Islamic parties from democracy assistance is a major cause of Muslim resentment against the US—it is perceived as an attempt to destroy Islam
Kull, director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, 2011;
[Why Muslims are still mad at America, September 9, [Stephen], p. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/
“Trying to understand” and “undermine Islam itself.”

Fourth, engagement with the Muslim Brotherhood is vital to reclaiming support of the Arab Street and solving for the perception that the US always favors Israel over Arabs
Traub, New York Times Magazine contributing writer, 2008:
[The Freedom Agenda: Why America must spread Democracy (Just not the way George Bush did), James, p. 189]
“The United States does”from local turf.”

Anti-Americanism facilitates the recruitment and funding for terrorism
Kull, director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, 2011:
[Why Muslims are still mad at America, September 9, [Stephen], p.]
http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/
“On the ten-year” and “taking him out.”

Anti-Americanism increases the risk of WMD terrorism against the United States.
Leadership Group on U.S. Muslim Engagement, 2009, Changing Course: A New Direction for U.S. Relations with the Muslim World”, February, p. http://www.usmuslimengagement.org/storage/usme/documents/Changing_Course_Second_Printing.pdf
“Improving relations with” and “thousands or more. “

Zawahiri’s  goal is the acquisition of a nuclear bomb – risk of al Qaeda nuclear attack is high
Kanani, Editor of World Affairs Commentary, 2011:
Forbes, June 29,  [Rahim], p http://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2011/06/29/new-al-qaeda-chief-zawahiri-has-strong-nuclear-intent/
“We should be especially” and “detailed and deliberate”

Nuclear terrorist attack against the US will cause global nuclear war
Alyson, Centre for Strategic Studies, University of Wellington, 2010:
[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, July, [Robert], p. 584]
“Washington’s early response” and “a devastating response.”

And Mueller is wrong in dismissing the risk of nuclear terrorism as a 1 in one million risk
Zimmerman, Dept of War Studies, King’s College, 2009, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Fall,  [Peter], p. 4-5
“Mueller chooses another set “ and “by a gruesome death.”

The plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funding for Egypt and allow all Egyptian political parties to receive access to MEPI programs.

Advantage 1: the Brotherhood

Muslim Brotherhood will win the November election
Saikal 11, Australian National University political science professor, August 11, 2011:
[Sydney Morning Herald, [Amin], p. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/egypt-must-tough-it-out-on-the-often-rocky-road-to-revolution-20110810-1imnl.html]
“In Egypt, the balance of” and “dominance in Egyptian politics.”

Excluding the Muslim Brotherhood from participation in MEPI guarantees hostility against the US and Israel
Hamid, Brookings Institution, 2010:
[Democracy Journal, Winter, [Shadi, http://www.democracyjournal.org/pdf/15/Hamid.pdf]
“Meanwhile, the Middle East” and “when it will be too late.”

Status quo attempts to engineer elections split the MB – causes radicalization that makes engagement impossible
Guseynov, Contributing Writer - Middle Eastern Affairs, 7-10-’11
(Enver, “Muslim Brotherhood, Israel and US Intervention in Egypt” http://www.suite101.com/content/muslim-brotherhood-israel-and-us-intervention-in-egypt-a378984#ixzz1VVTJXVDL)
“Not surprisingly, efforts are being” and “insecurity in the Middle East.”

Engagement reduces the risk of the Brotherhood providing support to Hamas and Hezbollah
Daily News Egypt 11, July 1, 2011, Analysis: US overtures to Egypt Islamists show pragmatism
“More official, and more regular,” and “Political and Strategic Studies.”

2 scenarios for escalation 1) Sinai troops
Egyptian troops are building along Israel border in Sinai, causes war
Glick 11 (Caroline, Center for Security Policy, is deputy managing editor of the Jerusalem Post “Our World: The perils of a remilitarized Sinai,” Jerusalem Post, 08/29/2011 http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=235908)
“The fact that they shot into” and “populist forces to foment war.”

Sinai’s uniquely destabilizing - goes nuclear
Zitun 11 (Yoav, Staff Writer – YNet, “IDF General: Likelihood of Regional War Growing”, YNet, 9-5, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4118220,00.html)
“Recent revolutions in the Arab” and “rather than only one," he said.”

2 – Suez Canal

Muslim Brotherhood will spark a war over controlling the Suez Canal—destroying the world economy
Sterne, Managing Partner Sterne and Co, 2011, Egypt's Second Suez Canal Crisis” January 30, [Paul], p. http://www.groundreport.com/World/Second-Suez-Crisis/2933579
“With the Muslim Brotherhood in” and “Egypt began will look tame.”

World economic collapse will roll back democracy and cause global wars
Tilford 8, former history professor at Grover City College, 2008:
[Critical Mass: Economic Leadership or Dictatorship October 6, Earl, p. http://www.visandvals.org/Critical_Mass_Economic_Leadership_or_Dictatorship.php?view_all=1]
“However, as a historian I know” and “devolve to that point very quickly.”

Advantage 2: US Credibility 

U.S. credibility in the Middle East is plummeting now
Zogby, 2011,  “America in Trouble in the Middle East: Obama Understands, But GOP Gloats”, Huffington Post, 7-16,[James], p.  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-zogby/ameri ca-in-trouble-in-the_b_900649.html?ir=World)
“Well, the results are in” and “ and “5% in this year's survey.”

Second, increasing funding for the Middle East Partnership Initiative is key to reversing anti-Americanism
Dorsey, senior researcher at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute, 2011:
[“US Risks Missing Opportunity to Play Leading Role in Middle East Transition”, Al Arabiya News, 7-5,  [James], p. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/05/156264.html]
“The ascendancy of Islamist groups” and “promote democratic change.”

Excluding Islamic parties from democracy assistance is a major cause of Muslim resentment against the US—it is perceived as an attempt to destroy Islam
Kull, director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, 2011;
[Why Muslims are still mad at America, September 9, [Stephen], p. http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/
“Trying to understand Muslims’ feelings” and “seeking to undermine Islam itself.”

Engagement with the Muslim Brotherhood is vital to reclaiming support of the Arab Street and solving for the perception that the US always favors Israel over Arabs
Traub 8, New York Times Magazine contributing writer:
[The Freedom Agenda: Why America must spread Democracy (Just not the way George Bush did), James, p. 189]
“The United States does not need” and “poke up from local turf.”

US policy in other areas like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Israel are all secondary concerns to US policy towards the Muslim Brotherhood
VOA News 9/1
(US Response to 9/11 Taints Muslim Image of America, Lexis)
““There's the bad America that” and “so far there has been no contact.”

Anti-Americanism facilitates the recruitment and funding for terrorism
Kull 2011: [Why Muslims are still mad at America, September 9, [Stephen], p.] http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/05/why-muslims-are-still-mad-at-america/
“On the ten-year anniversary” and “from taking him out.”

Anti-Americanism increases the risk of WMD terrorism against the United States.
Leadership Group on U.S. Muslim Engagement, 2009, Changing Course: A New Direction for U.S. Relations with the Muslim World”, February, p. http://www.usmuslimengagement.org/storage/usme/documents/Changing_Course_Second_Printing.pdf
“Improving relations with Muslim” and “tens of thousands or more.”

Bioweapons cause extinction
Ochs 2, Chemical Weapons Working Group Member, 2
Richard [“Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html]
“Of all the weapons of mass” and “IS NOW POSSIBLE.”

Zawahiri’s goal is the acquisition of a nuclear bomb – risk of al Qaeda nuclear attack is high
Kanani, Editor of World Affairs Commentary, 2011:
Forbes, June 29,  [Rahim], p http://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2011/06/29/new-al-qaeda-chief-zawahiri-has-strong-nuclear-intent/
“We should be especially worried” and “short of detailed and deliberate.”

Nuclear terrorism will cause global nuclear war, leading to extinction.
Sid-Ahmed 4 Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Egyptian political analyst for the ‘Al-Ahram’ newspaper, 2004, Al-Ahram online, August 26, 2004, p. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm
“What would be the consequences” and “we will all be losers.”

Detonation of one crude bomb will reduce GDP by billions and cause a world financial collapse
PERRY 7, CO-DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COOPERATION, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, 2007, U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLICY, JULY 18, House Armed Services Committee Hearing H.A.S.C. No. 110–73, [William], p. 4
“But I believe the greatest danger” and “part of our government.”

And Mueller is wrong in dismissing the risk of nuclear terrorism as a 1 in one million risk
Zimmerman, Dept of War Studies, King’s College, 2009, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Fall,  [Peter], p. 4-5
“Mueller chooses another set” and “followed by a gruesome death.”

Contention 1: Inherency

US policy towards the Muslim Brotherhood remains the same despite so-called dialogue. The US refuses to increase democracy assistance to the Muslim Brotherhood

Brown, George Washington Professor, 2011, States News Service, August 9, What Does the US Want to Talk to the Brotherhood About? [Nathan], p. factiva

"In a confusing set of statements" and "social and political actor."

Plan: The Unites States Congress should substantially increase Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funding for Egypt and allow all Egyptian political parties access to MEPI programs.

The plan is an endorsement of non-violent pluralism – current U.S. democracy assistance conditions aid on opposition parties converting to Western notion of democratic values – by including the Muslim Brotherhood in U.S. democracy assistance the U.S. moves a away from a policy of forced regime change that promotes social engineering

Etzioni, university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, [Amitai “Toward a Nonviolent, Pluralistic Middle East”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Fall 2011, p. http://www.meforum.org/3050/nonviolent-pluralistic-middle-east]

“"Illiberal moderate" also pertains to several” and “ how should we determine which qualify?”

Through inclusion of the Muslim Brotherhood the plan allows questioning of methods but still allows liberal values to create space for local choices 

Youngs, University of Warwick Professor and FRIDE Director, 2011 [Richard “Misunderstanding the Maladies of Liberal Democracy Promotion”, Working Paper 106, January 2011, p. http://www.fride.org/publication/884/misunderstanding-the-maladies-of-liberal-democracy-promotion] SM

“Clearly, more debate about” and “descent into relativism?”

Pluralism alone is critical to addressing numerous global issues threatening survival

Wenman, Lecturer in Political Theory, University of Nottingham 2003

(Mark, “What is Politics? The Approach of Radical Pluralism,” Politics, V. 23, Iss. 1)

“I have shown that the approach” and “there is plenty to be done.”

US views the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt as antagonistic

Michael McFaul, Peter and Helen Bing Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and associate professor of political science at Stanford, Advancing Democracy Abroad: Why We Should and How We Can, 2010, p. 140

“Even the 2005 parliamentary elections” and “include recognition of Israel.”

The 1AC promotes a form of agonistic democracy promotion – which recognizes strengthens in liberal democracy, such as openness, but is critical of its universality

Johannes Jüde, School of Philosophy Munich, Paper prepared for the 3rd ECPR Graduate Conference held at the Dublin City University, “Agonistic Democracy – Agonistic Democracy Promotion?, 30 August – 1 September 2010, p. http://www.ecprnet.eu/databases/conferences/papers/632.pdf

“So both authors characterize politics” and “necessary as argued by Chopra and Hohe.57”

Agonism allows democracy to flourish without violence

Jonathan Murphy, Senior Lecturer in International Management at Cardiff Business School, ““Democracy? That’s so last year”: exploring the backlash against democracy promotion”, Paper presented to Critical Governance Studies conference, Warwick University, December 13 – 14 2010, p. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/projects/orthodoxies/papers/101213_muphy_j.pdf

“Moving beyond instrumental reasons” and “institutional framework of democracy.”

Solvency

U.S. exclusion of MB is a glaring contradiction in its promotion of true democracy – inclusion of MB signifies a radical break within the still lingering hypocritical rhetoric of the Bush Administration

Kadlec, MA candidate in International Affairs specializing in US foreign policy and democratizing states, 2009 [Amanda, “Democracy Promotion: The Case of the Muslim Brotherhood,” http://iar-gwu.org/node/55] SM

“Despite the difficulty of the task” and “democracy in the Middle East.”

The plan reflects Obama’s promise to support freedom over stability, funding through the MEPI helps support vibrant civil society groups and all forms of inclusion in Egypt

Dorsey, senior researcher at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute, 2011:

[“US Risks Missing Opportunity to Play Leading Role in Middle East Transition”, Al Arabiya News, 7-5,  [James], p. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/05/156264.html]

“The ascendancy of Islamist groups” and “promote democratic change.”

The status quo --

The Freedom and Justice Party – the Muslim Brotherhood’s party – is certain to become the newly elected government of Egypt

Sayigh, Carnegie Endowment, 2011, The Specter of “Protected Democracy” in Egypt, December 15, [Yezid], p. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/15/specter-of-protected-democracy-in-egypt/8aeo

“The stakes have only risen “ and “in the next parliament.”

The US is promoting only limited contact with Islamist parties in Egypt and it has no strategy for broader engagement

Rettig, November 29, 2011, US News & World Report, [Jessica], p. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/11/29/expected-win-by-egypts-islamists-poses-dilemma-for-us-policy

“Hamid agrees that there “ and “a vision for doing so."

And, the freedom and Justice Party favors engagement with the US but political opposition prevents

Talk Radio News Service, November 29, 2011,

p. http://www.talkradionews.com/news/2011/11/29/is-us-aid-to-post-election-egypt-at-risk.html

“Hussein says the” and “a significant obstacle.”

Plan: The Unites States Congress should substantially increase Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funding for Egypt and allow all Egyptian political parties access to MEPI programs.

The advantage --

U.S. exclusion of the Freedom & Justice Partyis a glaring contradiction in its promotion of true democracy – inclusion signifies a radical break within the still lingering hypocritical rhetoric of the Bush Administration

Kadlec, MA candidate in International Affairs specializing in US foreign policy and democratizing states, 2009 [Amanda, “Democracy Promotion: The Case of the Muslim Brotherhood,” SM

“Despite the difficulty of the task” and “democracy in the Middle East.”

The plan is an endorsement of non-violent pluralism – current U.S. democracy assistance conditions aid on opposition parties converting to Western notion of democratic values – by including the Freedom & Justice Party in U.S. democracy assistance the U.S. moves a away from a policy of forced regime change that promotes social engineering

Etzioni, university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, [Amitai “Toward a Nonviolent, Pluralistic Middle East”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Fall 2011, p.

“"Illiberal moderate" also pertains to several” and “ how should we determine which qualify?”

The 1AC promotes a form of agonistic democracy promotion – which recognizes strengthens in liberal democracy, such as openness, but is critical of its universality

Johannes Jüde, School of Philosophy Munich, Paper prepared for the 3rd ECPR Graduate Conference held at the Dublin City University, “Agonistic Democracy – Agonistic Democracy Promotion?, 30 August – 1 September 2010, p.

“So both authors characterize politics” and “necessary as argued by Chopra and Hohe.57”

Pluralism alone is critical to addressing numerous global issues threatening survival

Wenman, Lecturer in Political Theory, University of Nottingham 2003

(Mark, “What is Politics? The Approach of Radical Pluralism,” Politics, V. 23, Iss. 1)

“I have shown that the approach” and “there is plenty to be done.”

Agonism allows democracy to flourish without violence

Jonathan Murphy, Senior Lecturer in International Management at Cardiff Business School, ““Democracy? That’s so last year”: exploring the backlash against democracy promotion”, Paper presented to Critical Governance Studies conference, Warwick University, December 13 – 14 2010, p.

“Moving beyond instrumental reasons” and “institutional framework of democracy.”

Specifically, pluralistic engagement with the Freedom & Justice Party prevents conflict

Kiriakou, former senior investigator on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, December 12, 2011, Huffington Post, [John], p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-kiriakou/john-kerry-egypt_b_1143980.html

“So what's in “ and it for us? irst, “to not talk to them.”

The plan reflects Obama’s promise to support freedom over stability, funding through the MEPI helps support vibrant civil society groups and all forms of inclusion in Egypt

Dorsey, senior researcher at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute, 2011:

[“US Risks Missing Opportunity to Play Leading Role in Middle East Transition”, Al Arabiya News, 7-5,  [James], p.

“The ascendancy of Islamist groups” and “promote democratic change.”

Through inclusion of the Freedom & Justice Party the plan allows questioning of methods but still allows liberal values to create space for local choices 

Youngs, University of Warwick Professor and FRIDE Director, 2011 [Richard “Misunderstanding the Maladies of Liberal Democracy Promotion”, Working Paper 106, January 2011, p. SM

“Clearly, more debate about” and “descent into relativism?”

US failures in democracy are reasons to promote it – only democracy can correct mistakes – the alternative is stagnation and conflict

Rosa Brooks, law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, “Democracy Promotion: Done Right, A Progressive Cause”, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Issue 23, Winter 2012, p. http://www.democracyjournal.org/23/democracy-promotion-done-right-a-progressive-cause.php

“The events of the last year” and “go badly wrong forever.

The United States federal government should substantially increase its party development assistance for the Syrian National Council through the Turkish government.

Advantage One is Civil War

The Assad regime will eventually collapse – the only question is when, delaying US action solidifies the risk of civil war, US influence now creates the soft landing necessary for successful regime change 

Boot, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies, December 5, 2011 [Max, “Assad Must Go,” http://www.cfr.org/syria/assad-must-go/p26706] SM

{the realist case…otherwise lack}

We’ll isolate three scenarios

First, full blown civil war in Syria will enflame the entire region – instability will spillover inciting increased violence in other Middle Eastern countries that face sectarian divides

Yacoubian, senior program officer for the Middle East at the U.S. Institute of Peace, October 5, 2011 [Mona

http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/05/saving_syria_from_civil_war] SM

{As Syria's uprising … widespread chaos}

Second is Iran, Syria represents a golden opportunity to derail Iran’s regional hegemony – US acting in tandem with Turkey is critical to engineer this outcome – now is the key time

Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, November 28, 2011 [Alon, “Keystone Influence: Syria’s Arab Spring and The Race for Regional Hegemony,” - The Iranian] SM

{Conversely, Israel is the only regional … indirectly engineering such an outcome?}

An unchecked Iran will serve as a catalyst for nuclear war

Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, February 6, 2007 [Alon, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran’s Defiance,”

http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/] SM

{Feeling emboldened and unrestrained, … halting its nuclear program}

Third is CBWs, a Syrian civil war will allow terrorists to acquire CBWs and cause warring factions to use CBWs against their enemies

Elsner, Huffington Post, November 23, 2011, [Alan, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alan-elsner/syria-civil-war_b_1107502.html] JK

{As Syria teeters … of civilian casualties.}

Hezbullah will use CBWs to attack Israel

, . [Vol. 23, Issue. 12, p. proquest] JK

{Of greater concern … not ratified the CWC}

Syrian chemical weapons attack by Assad or terrorists will cause nuclear retaliation by Israel

Cordesman, Center for Strategic Studies Institute, 2006, [Anthony, “Arab-Israeli military forces in an era of asymmetric wars,” p. 370] JK

{Various experts have … prevent its recovery}

Israeli nuclear retaliation will cause global nuclear war and extinction

Morgan, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 2009, [Dennis Ray, Futures, December, p. 685] JK

{Israeli leaders and Zionist … ecosphere as well}

U.S. aid through Turkey is key to unifying the Syrian National Council and enabling them to oust Assad

Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, November 28, 2011 [Alon, “Assad's Iranian Shadow - Future of Iran-led "resistance block" in jeopardy,” - The Iranian] SM

{The United States and … could involve Iran and Israel}

Political organizational support for the SNC is key to lead to a transition of power devoid of civil war

Maalouf, oversaw programs on democracy promotion for Freedom House, & Torbey, international lawyer and PhD candidate, 15 yrs+ experience in Contemporary Middle East Studies, December 16, 2011 [Marwan and Khattar, “Breaking the Stalemate in Syria,” http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/POMED-Policy-Brief_Maalouf.pdf - POMED] SM

{The situation in Syria … ongoing bloodshed and humanitarian crisis}

And, US-Turkey collaboration is vital, given Turkey’s lack of expertise in party building

Ülgen, visiting scholar at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, December 2011, [Sinan, “From Inspiration to Aspiration – Turkey in the New Middle East,” Carnegie Foundation for International Peace – Carnegie Europe] SM

{The nature of political … of the Tunisian Islamists}

Advantage Two is U.S.-Turkey Relations

Although US-Turkey relations have improved, deeper engagement and cooperation is key to sustaining the long-term relationship

Kanat, Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA), December 25, 2011, [Kilic Bugra Sunday’s Zaman, http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=266628] JK

{With major changes … other geographical regions}

And, unilateralism by Turkey in its dealings with the Arab Spring will harm US-Turkey relations—joint democracy assistance is key to sustaining cooperation

Ülgen, visiting scholar at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, December 2011, [Sinan, “From Inspiration to Aspiration – Turkey in the New Middle East,” Carnegie Foundation for International Peace – Carnegie Europe] SM

{The transformation …lasting success story}

Relations solve Middle East stability, terrorism, oil conflicts, and free trade, Iraq, Russia, Oil dependence
 Menon, Monroe J. Rathbone prof of IR, Lehigh University Fellow, New America Foundation and Wimbush, Director, Center for Future Security Strategies, Hudson Institute, March 2007 [Rajan and S. Enders, Hudson Institute: “Is the United States Losing Turkey?” ] SM

{If Turkey, …Turkey’s other neighbors}

Central Asian oil conflicts leads to regional arms races that escalate into great power wars
 Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, 2008 [Michael, “The rise of the new energy world order,” ] SM

{A growing risk … control its global distribution}

Nuclear terrorist attack against the US will cause global nuclear war

Alyson, Centre for Strategic Studies, University of Wellington, 2010: [Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, July, [Robert], p. 584] SM

{Washington’s early … devastating response}

Turkey supports collaborative democracy assistance toward Syria—they will say yes to the plan

Ignatius, staff writer for the Washington Post, December 7, 2011 [David, “U.S. and Turkey Find a Relationship that Works,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/david-ignatius/2011/02/17/ABXXcOJ_page.html] SM

{They are unlikely .. chiefly at Iran. }

And, Syria is a key test case for US-Turkey cooperation

, Lehigh University professor of international relations, April 26, 2011, [Henri, Turkey and the Arab Spring, p. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/26/turkey-and-arab-spring/2s3

{And at the …  although certainly messy}

Collaborative democracy assistance will bolster US-Turkey relations

Kirisci, prof of PolySci @ Boğaziçi University, 2011, [Kemal, Insight Turkey, vol 13,  no. 2, [], p. 50 ] JK

{The craving for … a common strategy}

We begin with a song by indigenous poet Brian Childers.

“Trail of Tears”

http://opossumsal.homestead.com/Native/ttotears.html

I look to the long road behind

and

On the Trail of Tears.  

The question posed by the resolution is just another chapter in the foundational sin of American democracy – the dispossession of indigenous lands. From the standpoint of whitestream democracy, the Native person is antagonistic and antithetical to the very ideas of modernity.

Grande  2004 (Sandy, associate professor of education at Connecticut College, “Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought” 31-32)

 The United States is a nation defined by its original sin: the genocide of American Indians.

and

as the first and most virulent weapon of mass destruction.

Status quo social movements that purport to be in support of democracy take place on top of indigenous land and re-entrench a colonialist empire – it never occurs to us to ask for the consent of Natives.

 Freelander 11 (David, New York observer, “Native American Writer Reminds Occupy Wall Streeters Who The Real Occupiers Are” 10/10/11 )

 John Paul Montano, a Native American writer and activist...

and

I eagerly await your response, my friends.

Thus, my partner and I affirm indigenous land return as a first priority.

Tag changes

Ward Churchill 1996 (Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder, BA and MA in Communications from Sangamon State, From A Native Son pgs 85-90)

"The question which inevitably arises" and "Isn’t it time we all worked on attaining it?"

This impacts not just the survival of indigenous persons, but the possibility of life and ethical actions themselves.

 Churchill 96 American writer and political activist. Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado at Boulder, from “A Native Son”, p. 31 [Ward.]

  Plainly, all official polemics to the contrary notwithstanding, the agony induced by 500 years of European ...

and

the fate of Native North America signifies the fate of the planet.

The colonialism of early America is the root cause of wars today –they are extensions of genocidal carnage against native people

STREET, MARCH 11, 2004. AUTHOR, [Paul.][“THOSE WHO DENY THE CRIMES OF THE PAST REFLECTIONS ON AMERICAN RACIST ATROCITY DENIAL, 1776 2004, ]

It is especially important to appreciate the significance of the vicious ...

and

likely to repeat their offenses in the future as long as they retain the means and motive to do so.

Genocide is not a top-down administered atrocity but is instead culturally cultivated through grass-roots movements and representations. INDIVIDUAL complicity with genocidal movements is critical to their success. Failure to recognize the ground beneath our feet represents ongoing colonization is complicity.

Levene 2000. (Mark, 11.2.2000 U Warwick, Why is the Twentieth Century the Century of Genocide?)

 Second, even where genocidal states are totalitarian and heavily policed

and

their programs for a radical reshaping of society, were critical to these outcomes.

This investigation is critical to understanding democracy itself

Cornel West, Professor of Religion at Princeton, Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism , 2004, p. 13-4

If we are to grapple critically with the three antidemocratic dogmas 

and

opposing tendencies if we are to maintain our democratic energy.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its party development to Turkey for the Syrian National Council.

The fall of Assad is certain, the only question that remains is how the regime will fall, a unified opposition prevents an Egyptian style collapse that leaves the same authoritarian structures in place
Heydemann, political scientist specializing in the comparative politics and the political economy of the Middle East, with focus on Syria, January 31, 2012 [Steven, “A Credible Alternative,” The Majalla, http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/01/article55229113] PW
“Across Syria, indications are” and “their extraordinary sacrifice.”

First, a Syrian civil war will enflame the entire Middle East region - refugee crisis, Iran military influence in Syria, a massive  spike in oil prices,  and terrorist’s attacks on Israel will all be inevitable
Ullman, senior advisor at the Atlantic Council, “Foreign Policy Challenges That Will Keep People Awake at Night “, New Atlanticist, January 26, 2012, [Harlan, p. http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/foreign-policy-challenges-will-keep-people-awake-night] PW
“That said, and despite rumors” and “government in Tehran.”

An uncontrolled collapse will result in power vacuums allowing Hezbollah and terrorist organizations to obtain multiple different weapons from Syria’s arsenal, an attack on Israel would be certain
Kelly, CNN, February 8, 2012 [Suzanne “In Syria: Fears of terrorism out of chaos”, Security Clearance, , p. http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/08/in-syria-fears-of-terrorism-out-of-chaos/] PW
“As the international community” and “away from collapsing."”

Syrian chemical weapons attack by Assad or terrorists will cause nuclear retaliation by Israel
Cordesman, Center for Strategic Studies Institute, 2006, [Anthony, “Arab-Israeli military forces in an era of asymmetric wars,” p. 370] JK
“Various experts have postulated” and “ prevent its recovery.”

Israeli nuclear retaliation will cause global nuclear war and extinction
Morgan, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 2009, [Dennis Ray, Futures, December, p. 685] JK
“Israeli leaders and Zionist” and “fragile ecosphere as well.”

Second is Iran, Syria represents a golden opportunity to derail Iran’s regional hegemony – Turkish influence in Syria is key prevent a post-Assad Syria aligned with Iran
Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, November 28, 2011 [Alon, “Keystone Influence: Syria’s Arab Spring and The Race for Regional Hegemony,” http://www.iranian.com/main/2011/nov/assads-iranian-shadow- The Iranian] SM
“Conversely, Israel is the only” and “engineering such an outcome?”

Preventing a p
ost-Assad Syria aligned with Iran is key, the only way to end Iran’s nuclear ambitions is to completely boot Iran out of Syria
Halevy, former Israeli national security adviser and ambassador, February 7, 2012 [ Efraim “Iran’s Achilles’ Heel”, New York Times, February 7, 2012, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/opinion/to-weaken-iran-start-with-syria.html?_r=3&src=tp] PW
“THE public debate in” and “luxury of ignoring it.”

A nuclear Iran would completely destabilize the Middle East, changing the entire decision calculus of the region, rapid proliferation would be inevitable
Haass, President @ Council on Foreign Relations, January 26, 2012  [Richard, “Answering Iran,” http://www.cfr.org/iran/answering-iran/p27197] SM
“We know quite a bit” and “nightmare as there is.”

An unchecked Iran will serve as a catalyst for nuclear war
Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, February 6, 2007 [Alon, “Realpolitik: Ending Iran’s Defiance,”
http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/] SM
“Feeling emboldened and unrestrained,” and “not halting its nuclear program.”

U.S. aid through Turkey is key to unifying the Syrian National Council and enabling them to oust Assad
Ben-Meir, prof of IR @ NYU, November 28, 2011 [Alon, “Assad's Iranian Shadow - Future of Iran-led "resistance block" in jeopardy,” http://www.iranian.com/main/2011/nov/assads-iranian-shadow- The Iranian]
“The United States and” and “could involve Iran and Israel.”

Political organizational support for the SNC is key to lead to a transition of power devoid of civil war
Maalouf, oversaw programs on democracy promotion for Freedom House, & Torbey, international lawyer and PhD candidate, 15 yrs+ experience in Contemporary Middle East Studies, December 16, 2011 [Marwan and Khattar, “Breaking the Stalemate in Syria,” http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/POMED-Policy-Brief_Maalouf.pdf - POMED] SM
“The situation in Syria has reached” and “bloodshed and humanitarian crisis.”

And, US-Turkey collaboration is vital, given Turkey’s lack of expertise in party building
Ülgen, visiting scholar at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, December 2011, [Sinan, “From Inspiration to Aspiration – Turkey in the New Middle East,” Carnegie Foundation for International Peace – Carnegie Europe] SM
“The nature of political change” and “that of the Tunisian Islamists.”
 

US-Turkish Relations Advantage 

US-Turkish relations have stabilized, but events concerning Syria threaten to strain overall ties, cooperating on a mutual solution is key
Wilson, Director of the Patriciu Eurasia Center at the Atlantic Council and American ambassador to Turkey in 2005-08, February 8, 2012 [Ambassador Ross “Turkey-US Relations: Dark Clouds on the Horizon”, , p. http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/turkey-us-relations-dark-clouds-horizon] PW
“Turkish Foreign Minister” and “US-Turkish relations.”

And, unilateralism by Turkey in its dealings with the Arab Spring will harm US-Turkey relations—joint democracy assistance is key to sustaining cooperation
Ülgen, visiting scholar at Carnegie Europe in Brussels, December 2011, [Sinan, “From Inspiration to Aspiration – Turkey in the New Middle East,” Carnegie Foundation for International Peace – Carnegie Europe] SM
“The transformation of Turkey” and “lasting success story.”

Relations solve Middle East stability, terrorism, oil conflicts, and free trade, Iraq, Russia Oil dependence
Menon, Monroe J. Rathbone prof of IR, Lehigh University Fellow, New America Foundation and Wimbush, Director, Center for Future Security Strategies, Hudson Institute, March 2007 [Rajan and S. Enders, Hudson Institute: “Is the United States Losing Turkey?” http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/Turkey%20PDF.pdf] SM
“If Turkey, a key” and “Turkey’s other neighbors.”
 

Central Asian oil conflicts leads to regional arms races that escalate into great power wars
Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, 2008 [Michael, “The rise of the new energy world order,” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/JD17Dj04.html] SM
“A growing risk of conflict” and “its global distribution.”

Nuclear terrorist attack against the US will cause global nuclear war
Alyson, Centre for Strategic Studies, University of Wellington, 2010: [Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, July, [Robert], p. 584] SM
“Washington’s early response” and “with a devastating response.”
 

Turkey supports collaborative democracy assistance toward Syria—they will say yes to the plan
Ignatius, staff writer for the Washington Post, December 7, 2011 [David, “U.S. and Turkey Find a Relationship that Works,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/david-ignatius/2011/02/17/ABXXcOJ_page.html] SM
“They are unlikely partners:” and “plan aimed chiefly at Iran.”

Status quo coordination with Turkey is just in infancy– plan shores up weakness in relationship, shields the US from backlash, and ends the Syrian civil war
Peker and Gaouette Feb. 10 (Emre and Nicole, Bloomberg, “US Supports Turkey playing a leading role on Syria Crisis” http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-10/u-s-supports-turkey-playing-a-leading-role-on-syria-crisis.html)
“The U.S. is supporting a leading” and  “powerful allies,” he said.”

In Syria, the death toll is rising daily as the Assad regime is cracking down harder on protesters. As the violence mounts, the opposition is turning more toward militarized solutions rather than peaceful, political ones. Even the US is weighing its options – including military ones. Only a peaceful solution led by the United States can help prevent the violence from escalating into a protracted sectarian civil war

Marc Lynch, Associate Professor of Political Science and the Director of the Institute for Middle East Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, “Pressure Not War: A Pragmatic and Principled Policy Towards Syria”, CNS Policy Brief, February 21, 2012, p. http://www.cnas.org/pressurenotwar

“The growing bloodbath in Syria poses” and “strategy through to the end.”

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide party development to the democratic opposition against Bashar Al-Assad.

Organizing the opposition is critical for the SNC to gain legitimacy for a political solution – a militarized solution ensures more deaths and destroys the chances of a future peaceful Syria

Steven Heydemann, senior advisor at the US Institute of Peace's Middle East Initiatives, “Managing militarization in Syria”, Foreign Policy, February 22, 2012, p. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/02/22/managing_militarization_in_syria

“The most prominent and most troubling” and “more than justify the risks.”

A militarized strategy, even if it gets Assad out of power, dooms a long term peaceful Syria

Karim Emile Bitar, senior fellow at the Institute for International and Strategic Relations in Paris, “The regime's prospects are better than two months ago but remain dim “, bitterlemons-international, Edition 4, Volume 10, January 26, 2012, p. http://www.bitterlemons-international.org/previous.php?opt=1&id=366#1491

“We have reached a situation where” and “meditate on these figures.”

Uniting the opposition is critical for diplomatic solutions that prevent the fragmentation of Syria into a civil war

Marc Lynch, Associate Professor of Political Science and the Director of the Institute for Middle East Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, “Pressure Not War: A Pragmatic and Principled Policy Towards Syria”, CNS Policy Brief, February 21, 2012, p. http://www.cnas.org/pressurenotwar

“Any discussion about the Syrian opposition” and “protracted civil war.”

Specifically, listen to the plea of Radwan Ziadeh, a Syrian activist who is asking for US assistance with the Syrian opposition

Radwan Ziadeh, spokesperson for the Syrian National Council and executive director of the Syrian Center for Political and Strategic Studies, “A Plea For U.S. Intervention From a Syrian Activist”, The New Republic, February 16, 2012, p. http://www.tnr.com/article/world/100778/syria-intervention-no-fly-zone-snc

“Let there be no doubt:” and “currently hangs in the balance.”

In the West, we are not innocent bystanders as thousands are slaughtered in Syria – US assistance can make a huge difference

Shadi Hamid, director of research at the Brookings Doha Center and a fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, The Atlantic, “Why We Have a Responsibility to Protect Syria “, January 26, 2012, p. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/why-we-have-a-responsibility-to-protect-syria/251908/

“As I argued in a recent” and “China certainly cannot.”

Our call for the government to act is critical to rally action even if we don’t have our hands on the levers of power

Thor Halvorssen, president of the New York-based Human Rights Foundation and founder and CEO of the Oslo Freedom Forum, “Stopping Genocide: The Responsibility to Protect “, Huffington Post, January 20, 2012, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thor-halvorssen/stopping-genocide-the-res_b_1217632.html

“Throughout history governments” and “consistently and with integrity.”

Criticisms of US intervention in Syria are the epitome of ivory tower elitism – rejecting US assistance allows thousands to die in Syria – only specific policy proposals to end the violence can solve

Nayereh Tohidi , Professor and former Chair at the Department of Gender & Women Studies, California State University, Northridge, Comments on Maysaloon’s post: “On Massad: The Failure of the Anti-Imperialist Intellectuals”, February 6, 2012, p. http://www.maysaloon.org/2012/02/on-massad-failure-of-anti-imperialist.html

“In general I appreciate the good” and “labeling among intellectuals.”

Rejecting Western help does not result in better conditions for the Syrian people – it simply tells Syrians to get slaughtered for the negative’s philosophical principles

Maysaloon, “On Massad: The Failure of the Anti-Imperialist Intellectuals”, February 6, 2012, p. http://www.maysaloon.org/2012/02/on-massad-failure-of-anti-imperialist.html

“I just read Massad's new post,” and “wherever they can find it.”