Plan Text - UMKC

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  The United States federal government should substantially increase its technical assistance for democratic governance for Libya.

  
  

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  Use the second box for cites formatted with wiki syntax or plain text, such as that exported from Verbatim 4.

  
  
  

Solvency - UMKC

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  Libya says yes.

  Rogin 11 (Josh, staff writer for Foreign Policy, “Libyan Ambassador: NTC will start transition now”, 10-20, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/10/20/libyan_ambassador_ntc_will_start_transition_now)

  Libya's National Transitional Council (NTC) will

  AND

  companies to participate in the reconstruction of Libya.

   

  Aid now, but not for governance

  Blanchard 12-8 (Christopher M. Blanchard 12-8, analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs at CRS, “Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy”, )

  Many Members of Congress welcomed the announcement of

  AND

  Libyans injured or displaced during the revolution.9

  
  
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Civil War Advantage - UMKC

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  The first advantage is Civil War

  NTC’s lack of credible commitment to democratization puts Libya on the brink of civil war

  POMED 1-19-12 (Libya’s Fighting Between Rivals Militias Goes On, http://pomed.org/blog/2012/01/libyas-fighting-between-rivals-militias-goes-on.html)

  Last week, 9 people were killed in

  AND

  it of a number of his longtime lieutenants.

  Democratic governance aid reduces the risk of civil war because it makes the NTC seem credibly committed to democratization.

  Savun and Tirone 11 (Burcu Savun is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh,  Daniel C. Tirone is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, “ Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science,” Volume 55, Issue 2, pages 233–246, April 2011)

  More generally, democratization increases the risk of

  AND

  about the new regime's ability to govern fairly.

   

  US technical assistance for democratic governance aid for Libya bolsters US leadership in Libya, pushes out negative influences and stops civil war.

  Engel 11 (11-2, Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, is a Beirut-based analyst who recently traveled across Libya, Libya's Post-Qadhafi Challenges, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, PolicyWatch #1866, )

  At this moment of flux, the United

  AND

  state over a democratic state with Islamic values.

   

  Libyan civil war spills over.

  Waddington 12-19-11 I'm currently pursuing a PhD through the University of Johannesburg. My thesis examines the role of resource scarcity, specifically water, in shaping normative approaches to contemporary and future warfare. I completed an MA at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, examining the potential role(s) of private military and security contractors in peacekeeping activities. I taught various business ethics related courses for the School of Management Studies at UKZN from 2005 to 2011,

   The National Transitional Council that currently governs

  AND

  to emulate AQIM and Al Shabaab.(14)

  MANPADS proliferation is a distinct probability

  Wilner 11 (Alex, Senior Researcher at ETH-Zurich and a Macdonald-Laurier Institute Fellow, “Halting al Qaeda’s African rebound”, Troy Media, 11-30-2011, http://www.troymedia.com/blog/2011/11/30/halting-al-qaeda%E2%80%99s-african-rebound-part-3/)

  For AQIM, Libya poses a unique opportunity

  AND

  blind” heat-seeking missiles with lasers.

  Libya civil war destabilizes the Sinai

  Tarnopolsky 11 Noga, Global Post, “Libya's missing weapons being smuggled into Gaza”, 10-8,

   Victoria Nuland, a spokesperson for the

  AND

  to about this right now,” he said.

  Nuclear war

  Zitun 11 9-5, staff writer, quoting Senior IDF officer

   IDF general: Likelihood of regional war

  AND

  possibility of weapons of mass destruction being used."

   

   

  Libya civil war destabilizes South Sudan

  Waddington 12-19-11 I'm currently pursuing a PhD through the University of Johannesburg. My thesis examines the role of resource scarcity, specifically water, in shaping normative approaches to contemporary and future warfare. I completed an MA at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, examining the potential role(s) of private military and security contractors in peacekeeping activities. I taught various business ethics related courses for the School of Management Studies at UKZN from 2005 to 2011,

  To date, reports have surfaced in the

  AND

  Ethiopian and Kenyan cross-border security efforts.

  Goes regional

  National Post 11 9-27,

  Africa’s longest-running civil war —

  AND

  international actors are not able to contain it.” 

  Nuclear war

  Glick 7 Caroline Glick, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, “Condi's African holiday”, December 11, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html

  The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and

  AND

  conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers.

   

   

  Libyan civil war spills over to Western Sahara through weapons to Polisario

  PR Newswire 11-10-11

  Dr. J. Peter Pham, director

  AND

  Niger, Mali, and especially Algeria. "

  Polisario violence spills over to jack the global phosphate supply

  Pearce 11 6-7, Fred Pearce is a freelance author and journalist based in the UK. He serves as environmental consultant for New Scientist magazine and is the author of numerous books, including When The Rivers Run Dry and With Speed and Violence. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360, Pearce has written about the environmental consequences of humankind’s addiction to chemical fertilizers and about how agribusiness threatens a critical African wildlife migration.

  If you wanted to really mess with

  AND

  to mine the rock — or we starve.

   

  Loss of phosphorous access threatens food production.

  Cordell 11 (4-4. Dana, Tom Lindström, and Stuart White; is a Research Principal at the at the University of Technology Sydney where she undertakes and leads research projects on sustainable resource futures. She co-founded the ; is a theoretical ecologist, working as a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) at Linköping University in Sweden. Currently, he is currently a Visiting Fellow at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, at the University of New South Wales in Australia.; is Director of the at the University of Technology Sydney where he leads a team of researchers who create change towards sustainable futures through independent, project-based research. He co-founded the ; Peak phosphorus: the crunch time for humanity; http://www.thesustainabilityreview.org/2011/04/peak-phosphorus-the-crunch-time-for-humanity/; The Sustainability Review; April 4, 2011; Issue II, Research, Volume II; Accessed 10/23/11 3:31:08 PM - BEW)

  The element phosphorus underpns our ability to produce

  AND

  , Australia and the European Union more vulnerable.

   

   

   

  Food scarcity causes global war.

  Blas 8 [8-15, Javier, Commodities correspondent for the Financial Times, The National Interest, ]

  FOOD. MAN'S most-essential resource.

  AND

  and government-destroying conflict may become commonplace.

   

  Extinction

  Klare 6 (Peace and World Security Studies-Hampshire College, )

  "As famine, disease, and weather

  AND

  will escape involvement in these forms of conflict.

  
  
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Russia Advantage - UMKC

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  Russia is persuading the NTC to grant them energy contracts.

  Voice of Russia 12-28-11 (Russia gains acccess to Libya's oil, http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/12/28/63065937.html)

  Russian energy companies have resumed their work in

  AND

  of the Energy Development Foundation Sergei Pikin says.

  EU is too divided and idealist to counter Russia influence over energy resources.

  Helen 10 POLIS Journal Vol.4, Winter 2010 Postgraduate student in politics, university of Leeds

   Energy policy is also an integral part

  AND

  norms and values of the EU are universal.

   

   

   

  Russia’s gaining leverage over European energy – Libya’s key

  Blank 11 [Stephen Blank, Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, “Russia’s Anxieties About The Arab Revolution,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201107.blankrussiaarabspring.html]

  Second, Libya is important to Russia’s energy

  AND

  i.e. Libyan and Algerian fields.

  Russian control of post-war Libya ensures continued European dependence on Russian energy

  Kurtz 11 (Columnist-The National Review, 7/21, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/272296/obama-hands-libya-russia-stanley-kurtz)

  Why is Obama giving Libya to the Russians

  AND

  . freed of U.S. domination.

  Leading from behind on Libya causes an authoritarian counter-mobilization by Russia---triggers geopolitical jockeying and great-power war---only overt U.S. influence deters

  Grygiel 11 10-3, Jakub Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 3, 2011, “Great Powers and Democracy Promotion,” online:

  Alas, reality is different. Democratization does

  AND

  the potentially dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

   

   

  US leadership in Libyan key to secure preferential energy contracts

  Mardsen 11 10-30, Rachel Marsden is a columnist, political strategist and former Fox News host who writes regularly for major publications in the U.S. and abroad. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-30/news/bs-ed-marsden-libya-20111030_1_president-obama-military-action-libyan-mission

  Libyan oil: To the victor go the

  AND

  wartime leadership -- particularly when oil is at stake

  Libya key to European energy diversification—only US support can reduce Russian leverage

  McNamara 9 (Senior Policy Analyst in European Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, “Europe Should Reduce Dependence on Russian Energy,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/01/europe-should-reduce-dependence-on-russian-energy-and-develop-competitive-energy-markets)

  Energy expert Dieter Helm could have had this

  AND

  find itself literally left out in the cold.

   

  Energy monopoly breeds nationalism and militarism in Europe – escalates to nuclear war.

  Karlin 9 (10/23, Anatoly – San Francisco based independent writer, Sublime Strategic Report #10, p. http://www.sublimeoblivion.com/2009/10/23/ssr10-europe-black-continent/)

  In addition to the manifold soft power tools

  AND

  deterrence power of nuclear weapons will fall dramatically.

   

   

  Energy monopoly destroys EU democracy promotion in Eurasia

  Baran 7 [Zenyo, senior fellow and director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C., “ EU Energy Security: Time to End Russian Leverage,” THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY AUTUMN 2007, ]

  Russia, the European Union’s primary oil and

  AND

  democracy both in Russia and in Russia’s neighbors.

  Ensures Central Asian instability

  Asmus 8 [Ronald, Executive Director of the Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, in Brussels. From 1997 to 2000, he served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, “ Europe's Eastern Promise; Rethinking NATO and EU Enlargement,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Jan/Feb 2008. Vol. 87, Iss. 1; pg. 95]

  The challenge of securing Europe's eastern border from

  AND

  autocratic, nationalist Russia is on the rise.

   

  Nuclear war

  Blank 2k [Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22]

  Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or

  AND

  proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

  Central Asia escalates – it’s geopolitically significant.

  Sahgal and Anand 10 Arun is a former Army officer who created the Office of Net Assessment in the Indian Joint Staff, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses and ‘Distinguished Fellow’ School of Geo-Politics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education,  Vinod, postgraduate in defence and strategic studies and is an alumnus of Defence Services Staff College and College of Defence Management, “Strategic Environment in Central Asia and India”,

  The geo-strategic salience of Central Asia

  AND

  outside powers to interfere in their internal affairs.

  
  
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Plan Text - Districts

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  The United States federal government should provide support for democratic governance in Libya

  
  
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Civil War - Districts

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  Lack of NTC transparency will escalate to civil war between militias

  Allen, 1/25

  (Editor-Dem Digest, Iraq 2004, Libya 2012?, http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2012/01/iraq-2004-libya-2012/)

   

  Libya’s transitional authorities are struggling to overcome the

  AND

  , according to civil society activist Mohamed Eljarh.

   

  Democratic governance aid reduces the risk of civil war because it makes the NTC seem credibly committed to democratization.

   

  Savun and Tirone 11 (Burcu Savun is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh,  Daniel C. Tirone is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, “ Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science,” Volume 55, Issue 2, pages 233–246, April 2011)

  More generally, democratization increases the risk of

  AND

  about the new regime's ability to govern fairly.

   

  US technical assistance for democratic governance aid for Libya bolsters US leadership in Libya, pushes out negative influences and stops civil war.

   

  Engel 11 (11-2, Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, is a Beirut-based analyst who recently traveled across Libya, Libya's Post-Qadhafi Challenges, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, PolicyWatch #1866, )

  At this moment of flux, the United

  AND

  with Islamic values.

   

  Technical assistance gives the NTC the means to disarm militias

  ICG 12-14, international crisis group – independent non-profit NGO, “holding libya together: security challenges after qadhafi”,

   

  In principle, there is little dispute among

  AND

  . It is time to get moving again.

   

  Global nuclear war – draws in China and Russia

  Lendman 11 (Stephen, Harvard BA and Wharton MBA, 7/6, “Libya - Flashpoint For World Conflict”, )

  Scott told Progressive Radio News Hour listeners that

  AND

  now than WW I seemed in early 1914.

  Libya civil war destabilizes the Sinai

  Tarnopolsky 11 Noga, Global Post, “Libya's missing weapons being smuggled into Gaza”, 10-8,

  Victoria Nuland, a spokesperson for the U

  AND

  to about this right now,” he said.

  Nuclear war

  Zitun 11 9-5, staff writer, quoting Senior IDF officer

   IDF general: Likelihood of regional war

  AND

  possibility of weapons of mass destruction being used."

  
  
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Qatar - Districts

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  US governance assistance trades off with Qatari influence

  Engel 11/2

  (Former Research Assistant-The Washington Institute & Beirut-based analyst who recently traveled across Libya, )

   

  Libya's challenges are immense, but Washington can

  AND

  Islamic state over a democratic state with Islamic values.

   

  Only US involvement can moderate excessive Qatari influence

  WSJ, 12/28

  (“MIA on the Shores of Tripoli”, )

   

  President Obama often criticizes the Bush Administration for

  AND

  S. involvement would be the better counterweight.

   

  Qatar influence emboldens Hamas.

   

  Rumley 8/7

  (Grant, Consultant in DC BA in International Relations and Arabic,  “Qatar Rising, Comment Middle East, http://commentmideast.com/2011/09/qatar-rising/)

   

  Yet for Qatar, this meant a chance

  AND

  forefront of many observers’ minds as Qatar rises.

   

  Emboldened Hamas leads to war with Israel

   

  Rubin 4/7

  (Barry, “Hamas is moving towards war with Israel” http://pjmedia.com/barryrubin/2011/04/07/schoolbus-attack-is-a-strategic/?print=1)

   

  Two events show us that an emboldened Hamas

  AND

  — demands for a ceasefire and criticism of Israel — would benefit Hamas.

  That escalates

  Nawash 9

  (Kamal Nawash, Founder of the Free Muslim Coalition Against Terrorism, Fmr White House Representative to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1/15/2009 (http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=3501)

   

  Israel/Palestine Conflict May Lead to Nuclear

  AND

  answer is YES but time is running out.

   

  Doesn’t need to draw in great powers – Israel alone has enough to cause extinction.

   

  Casey ’6

  Mingus Casey, Scoop News, 10-9-6 “On the History of Nuclear Arms, the Arms trade, and one very small very vulnerable very beautiful planet” online

   

  The ecological effects of nuclear testing are massive

  AND

  animal and sea life will probably die out.

  
  
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Energy Contracts - Districts

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  Russia’s gaining leverage over European energy – Libya’s key

  Blank 11 [Stephen Blank, Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, “Russia’s Anxieties About The Arab Revolution,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201107.blankrussiaarabspring.html]

  Second, Libya is important to Russia’s energy

  AND

  i.e. Libyan and Algerian fields.

  Russian control of post-war Libya ensures continued European dependence on Russian energy

  Kurtz 11 (Columnist-The National Review, 7/21, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/272296/obama-hands-libya-russia-stanley-kurtz)

  Why is Obama giving Libya to the Russians

  AND

  N. freed of U.S. do

  US leadership in Libyan key to secure preferential energy contracts

  Mardsen 11 10-30, Rachel Marsden is a columnist, political strategist and former Fox News host who writes regularly for major publications in the U.S. and abroad. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-10-30/news/bs-ed-marsden-libya-20111030_1_president-obama-military-action-libyan-mission

  Libyan oil: To the victor go the

  AND

  wartime leadership -- particularly when oil is at stake

   

  Leading from behind on Libya causes an authoritarian counter-mobilization by Russia---triggers geopolitical jockeying and great-power war---only overt U.S. influence deters

  Grygiel 11 10-3, Jakub Senior Fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis and the George H.W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 3, 2011, “Great Powers and Democracy Promotion,” online:

  Alas, reality is different. Democratization does

  AND

  the potentially dangerous geopolitical consequences of their actions.

   

   

   

  Energy monopoly breeds nationalism and militarism in Europe – escalates to nuclear war.

  Karlin 9 (10/23, Anatoly – San Francisco based independent writer, Sublime Strategic Report #10, p. http://www.sublimeoblivion.com/2009/10/23/ssr10-europe-black-continent/)

  In addition to the manifold soft power tools

  AND

  deterrence power of nuclear weapons will fall dramatically.

  Aid now, but not for governance

  Christopher M. Blanchard 12-8, analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs at CRS, “Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy”,

   

  Many Members of Congress welcomed the announcement of

  AND

  Libyans injured or displaced during the revolution.9

  
  
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new Aff Round 5 Districts

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• In 1831 Alexis de Tocqueville traveled to the U.S. to study its prison system. De Tocqueville was also intrigued with American democracy. Tocqueville interviewed hundreds, including Charles Carroll -- the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. He recorded his thoughts and observations on America's social and political institutions, and reported on the structure of government and the judicial system. Democracy in America, the book that resulted from his journey, set the stage for discussions about democracy that are still being carried on today.  
  
  The history of democracy is a preservation of gratuitous violence because American democracy is White democracy. It is not a coincidence that the Declaration of Independence was written on the back drop of one of the most brutal denials of human liberty and dignity this world has ever seen. Slavery created the very possibility for American democracy. The concept of the “white nation” bracketed off the Black Body from relevance giving a cause for white racialized interventionist messianism. White racialized identity hidden beneath white nationalism of representative democracy is the condition of possibility for US interventionism. The cultural paranoia and consensus building based off of this paranoia of whiteness is what fuels our messianism in other countries, AND our location as debaters from Texas, debating IN Texas about democracy requires the approach we present
  Martinot 2003 [Steve, lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs, “The Cultural Roots of Interventionism in the US,” Social Justice Vol. 30, No. 1 (2003), pp. 19-20] soap
  
  American nationalism took a slightly different …well as a violently enforced allegiance to it.
  
  And American democracy has been a construct for white aristocrats to steal and plunder since even before 1776-De Tocqueville noted how the land was plundered and its first tenants were unfairly evicted
  
  Janara '02 (Assc. Pf. Poli Sci @ Univ. British Columbia)
  Laura Democracy growing up: authority, autonomy, and passion in Tocqueville's Democracy in America p.109
  As we saw in chapter 2…against England for her abuses.27
  
  Carlos Montezuma, a self identified Apache, attested to the horror of white domination of indigenous peoples when he argued in 1914 that
  [*The Quarterly journal of the Society of American Indians, Volume 2, 1914, p. 294]
  We must free ourselves…. responsibilities are unknown.
  
  The glossing over of America’s racialized history is essential to the formation of US democracy assistance. Before we can discuss whether American democracy is good or bad in the abstract we must understand whether or not democracy should exist. The current narrative of democracy assistance is one that takes an ahistorical starting point that glosses over past impurities – what is needed are a radical historization of democracy
  Hobson ‘9
  [Christopher Hobson, a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth University, UK, “Beyond the End of History: The Need for a `Radical Historicisation' of Democracy in International Relations”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2009, http://mil.sagepub.com/] soap
  
  It has been argued that the contingency and …political ascendancy of this unique and rare form of rule.
  
   
  Sam and I acknowledge the privilege we possess as straight white guys from Texas. Just some of our unearned privilege includes parents that support us, scholarships for college, and American citizenship no one really questions.
  
  But, Edward Said argues that our role as intellectuals obligates us to speak out against injustices domestically, and within the larger international community. We must breakdown structures of oppression regardless of our affiliation or identity category, and we must criticize acts of oppression wherever they occur
  Said ‘94
  Edward Representations of the intellectual p. xi-xiv
  
  
   One task of the intellectual is … worshiped and looked to for unwavering guidance.
  
  
  THE US PRISON REGIME REMAINS CENTRAL TO AMERICAN WORLD ORDERING THAT USES MATERIAL AND DISCURSIVE REPRESSION TO PAVE THE WAY FOR WHITE SUPRMACY,  NEOLIBERALISM AND AMERICAN STYLE DEMOCRACY-IT IS THE CAUSE OF AMERICAN GLOBALITY AND ENSURES DOMINATION, GENOCIDE, WAR, RACISM, AND BIOPOLITICAL CONTROL
  Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
  Kritika Kultura “AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  TO BAGONG DIWA”
   Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   
  In this meditation I am concerned with … warfare, and global white supremacy.  
  
  
  Our stand against prisons is a call for a broader movement connecting a kritik of racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism and other forms of oppression. Moreover, it is possible to create a system that provides actual alternatives to imprisonment and domination.  Therefore this presentation represents the affirmation of an interrogation of, and position against the American prison system and all social relations that support its permanence
  
  Social Justice Movements '06
  http://socialjustice.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/index.php/Abolish_Prisons
  Given that over two million people are … a clear goal of prison abolition.
  
  Our advocacy should thus be understood as part of an intellectual struggle against the racialized practices that justify colonialism, imperialism, and fascism, and hence allow for the existence of the prison system. A failure to confront contemporary displays of the state’s history of sovereign domination threatens the entire world.
  
  NIKHIL SINGH 2006,
  Professor of History at the University of Washington,
  South Atlantic Quarterly “The Afterlife of fascism”
  
  The philosopher Giorgio Agamben has most …has today placed the entire world in danger.
  
  
   
  
  
  Our focus on a kritik of the white supremacist prison system allows an understanding of the ways in which difference is produced and regulated across the entire reach of the united states. This is key to ending the practices that manage and enslave people of color all over the world
  
  Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
  Kritika Kultura “AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  TO BAGONG DIWA”  Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   
  
  Variable, overlapping, and mutually constituting white …constitute the common sense that is organic to its ordering.
  
  While an outright rejection of whiteness might make us feel good about ourselves, we must instead seek to transform whiteness into an anti-racist category—it is in that spirit that we offer this analysis
  Shannon Sullivan.Penn State University Charles S. Peirce Society. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. Buffalo: 2008. Vol. 44, Iss. 2; pg. 236, 27 pgs
  It is commonly acknowledged today, at least in academic circles, …not be effective in practice.
  
  
  
  THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT IS TO ENDORSE A DESIRABLE INTELLECTUAL STRATEGY FOR CHALLENGING DOMINANT HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POWER.
  
  The affirmative should win the debate if our intellectual critique is found superior to the SQ or the negative’s competitive alternative. The negative should win if the SQ or a competitive alternative is superior to our intellectual critique.
  
  INTELLECTUAL RESISTANCE IS KEY TO UNWORKING THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF TRUTH AND POWER THAT ENSURE DOMINATION.
  Roger Alan DEACON. 2003. Political Science Researcher w/a Doctorate from U of Natal – Durban. Fabricating Foucault: Rationalising the Management of Individuals. P 272-5
  To problematize the Enlightenment is to …individual human subjects.
  
  

  
  
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