1NC T Effects

A.      Interpretation: the affirmative must substantially democracy assistance to one of the countries specified in the resolution.

B.      Violation: the aff establishes an International Counter Narcotics and Law Enforcement program with the intent of promoting democracy but based solely on its effects. This is not in and itself is democracy. They even said it’s “by any means necessary” in cross, meaning that they don’t even commit intellectually to democray assistance but the EFFECT of the plan.

C.      Standards.  Effects topicality is bad because

a.      Limits: it explodes the limits of the topic, allowing the affirmative to make advantages off of action not listed in the resolution.  This should be negative ground for Counterplans

b.      Predictability: the negative cannot possibly predict the advantages claimed off of visas not listed in the resolution.  This kills education because we lose knowledge about the topic area, and are unprepared to debate untopical advantages. Make them produce a specific card that demonstrates how “democracy assistance” as a term of art includes their plan – the burden is on them to demonstrate they’re topical.

IMPACT: Effects topicality removes all ability to debate and leads to decreased competition because no one wants to play a game where the rules are constantly broken. Effects topicality is completely unfair because it gives the aff enough room to explode the topic so long as they construct some tenuous link to “democracy.”

D.      Voter: Extra t is a voter for education and fairness.

1NC Queer Theory K

Western attempts to solve human rights are viewed as an emulation of oppressors.

Randall Peerenboom, 2003, Beyond Universalism and Relativism: The Evolving Debates about “Values in Asia”, Indiana International and Comparative Law Review

Another feature of the second … ideaology of their former repressors.

WESTERN VIEWS OF THE MIDDLE EAST HAVE TRIED TO APPLY THEIR PRIVELEGED VIEWS OF SEXUALITY TO THE REST OF THE WORLD.
 Joseph Massad, REORIENTING DESIRE:THE GAY INTERNATIONAL AND THE ARAB WORLD (Public Culture 14.2 (2002) 361-385)

One of the more compelling issues … as axiomatic by all of them.

The affirmative’s recreation of sexual identities are a rigid exclusion of those who deviate from those positions. They replicate oppression and lead to individual paralysis.

Butler 93

Judith, professor of literature and rhetoric at Berkeley, Bodies that Matter, pg. 116-117

But there remains the task … signifiers in and through each other.

The modern nation state is defined by what it opposes and excludes, it uses difference to enshrine a collective national identity.  Our conception of state hood is heteronormative.

Gaard, educator, writer, scholar and activist working at the intersections of literature, feminism, and environmental justice, 97 (Greta, ‘Toward A Queer Ecofeminism’, Hypatia. Volume: 12. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 1997. Page Number: 114.LRP)

In her study of race and gender … colonization regularly includes rape. 

Heterosexism creates the parameters of all hierarchical relations. It necessitates, naturalizes, and stabilizes all other class oppression.

Bersani 96

Leo, Professor at Berkeley, the Material Queer, pg. 231

We have become far more … is a necessary social structure.

The ultimate impact of this normalization of heterosexuality is omnicide. The legal and cultural desire to suppress homosexuality and that which is not normal is a logic of extermination which makes apocalypse inevitable.

Segwick 90

Eve Kofosky, professor of English at Duke, Epistemology of the Closet

From at least the biblical story … opened and opened and opened? (127-138)

Alternative is an abandonment of rigid norms of sexuality. We focus on the primary root of exploitation and oppression rather than a mere symptom.

Ingraham 96

Chrys, professor of sociology at Sage Colleges, Queer Theory/Sociology

Evident in most conceptualizations of … than on one of the symptoms. (186-187)

Critiquing solves

Examining the aff’s silence on exclusion from social binaries is key to solving. It allows us to understand and challenge the ideology of the case.

Chrys Ingraham, 1996, prof. social @ Sage Colleges, Queer Theory/Sociology

Central to materialist-feminist analytic … production of exploitation and oppression. (174-175)

2NC Queer Theory K

Utilizing a methodology to accurately characterize problems is a prerequisite to taking action

Halperin 95

David M. Halperin, American theorist in the fields of gender studies, queer theory, critical theory, material culture and visual culture, "Sain Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography, " New York Oxford University Press, pg. 53-54, 1995, DES.

Keith Gandal has attempted to … or scientific knowledges, but with "lowranking knowledges."

1. AFF plan precludes the kritik. It creates an arbitrary relationship between power and sex where sex is immunized and can’t be included. This collapses sexuality into a biological category of sex, which is a false category that precludes criticism. Power structures must be reconceptualized and the aff cannot do that.

Judith Butler, 1990, prof. of comp lit and rhetoric @ Berkeley, Gender Trouble

In opposition to this false construction … mechanism of its own productivity. (95)

3. Incorporation fails. Perm relies on sexual based analysis. This bias forcibly ignores the criticism.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 1990, Newman Ivey White, Prof. of English @ Duke, Epistemology of the Closet

It may be, as well, that a damaging … gay/lesbian and antihomophobic inquiry.

5. Perm is a display of ignorance. Ignorance reflects the regime of ideology, heterosexism, that the affirmative upholds.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 1990, Newman Ivey White. Prof. of English @ Duke, Epistemology of the Closet

Rather than sacrifice the notion … circulatory paths at the same pace . 

6. Working within the system becomes politics of compromise that guarantee subjugation and violence to continue

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, 2000 (Scholar and terrorist, “Empire”, 2000, available online)

Now that the most radical conservative … camps, gulags, ghettos, and the like. 

Essentialism forces compulsive heterosexuality.

Harvard Law Review, June 1995, Patriarchy is such a drag: the strategic possibilities of a postmodern account of gender

Many commentators have argued that … and its consequences for women.

Queer politics destabilizes identity.

Judith Halberstan, 1996, assis. Prof of literature @ UC-San Diego, The New Lesbian Studies

Queerness refuses to be contained … within sexual self-definition. (259-260)

1NC Israel Relations DA

US-Isreali relations are stable now due to security commitments, but Netanyahu is on the fence.

AFP 7/28

(Agence France Press, “US voices commitment to Israel in defense talks”, accessed online p. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5geTNCvh7ob5Fjg1JK3gIkxvubSWg?docId=CNG.257ca886195e82c183202f64ad9ed6e5.1071)

WASHINGTON — The United States on … sought progress in Middle East peace.

US Israel relations are high now as evidenced by our partnership in stabilizing Egypt.

Reuters 9/9/11

(Reuters, “Israel says seeks US help in rebuilding Cairo Embassy”, accessed online http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7K932B20110909)

JERUSALEM, Sept 10 (Reuters) - Israel … the embassy from the demonstrators".

Israel US relations are strong now and the US holds diplomatic leverage over Israel. Voice of America 9/9/11

(US Urges Turkey, Israel to Ease Tensions, accessed online, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/US-Urges-Turkey-Israel-to-Ease-Tensions-129554603.html)

The United States is mounting a … action that could add to tensions.

History has established ideological barriers – Israel can never accept democratization of Arabic countries as anything *but* a threat to their security.

Waxman ‘11

(Dov, associate professor in political science at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York “Israel’s Demophobia”, Foreign Policy, Februrary 18, accessed online http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/18/israel_s_demophobia)

Israeli antipathy towards Arab democracy … now might well give them that chance.

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.

Byman ‘11

(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

These apocalyptic predictions and … and that democratization succeeds.

1NR Israel DA

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.

Byman ‘11

(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

These apocalyptic predictions and Israel’s … and that democratization succeeds.

Stable US-Israel relations key to Middle East stability.

Kramer ‘6

(Dr. Martin, fellow at The Washington Institute and senior fellow at the Olin Institute @ Harvard, “The American Interest,” Fall 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=980)

My answer, to anticipate my … grip of the West’s sworn enemies.

These wars escalate globally – culminate in extinction.

Moore ‘9

(Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, “Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/)

Israel is especially dangerous because … disarmament movement can stop it.

Specifically the reason US assistance to the Middle East is pro-Israel now – US is *avoiding* a neutral strategic stance.

Sharp ‘10

(Jeremy M., Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs @ FAS, “US Foreign Assistance to the Middle East:  Historical Background, Recent Trends, and the FY2011 Request”, June 15, FAS, p. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32260.pdf)

For policymakers, foreign assistance … that has continued to this day.

Democratization regimes scares Israel – new democratic rulers worse than SQUO in Yemen

Katz ‘11

(Yaakov, Jerusalem Post, “For all his faults, Assad is the devil we know”, 3/23, p. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID=213368&R=R1)

A new regime, led by a new … Hosni Mubarak did in Egypt.

Israel prefers Yemen over a possible Islamist state.

Muchnick ‘11

(Morgan, graduate of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. He previously served as professional staff to Senator Fred Thompson and as a volunteer for Senator Thompson’s presidential campaign. In addition, Mr. Muchnick served as chief speechwriter for Daniel Ayalon, former Israeli Ambassador to the United States, and as a policy analyst for various organizations on Capitol Hill. “The Devil We Know vs. The Devil We Don’t”, accessed online p. http://upsidepolitics.com/2011/02/02/the-devil-we-know-440/)

This is why I have come to the … comparison. Here is hoping we get neither.