Contention 1: Patriarchy in Yemen

Transitional politics in Yemen create a unique opportunity for political inclusion of women. The only barrier is lack of resources.

Al-Sakkaf 1/23 Carving Out A Place For Yemeni Women Halima Gellman Nadia Al-Sakkaf Published:19-01-2012 Update: 23-01-2012 Issue No. 1583 http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=35112

Yemeni women still have a chance to make

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world with their role in the new Yemen.

NGOs and civil society groups could effectively change sexist laws, but lack resources.

Basha 5 (Amal Basha is a human rights activist and a trainer in the fields of gender, development, and human rights. She serves as chairperson of the Sisters Arab Forum for Human Rights (SAF) in Yemen, and is a regional coordinator for the Middle East and North Africa Region for the International Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC). She holds an MA in international development and gender and has extensive working experience with UNDP, UNIFEM, the EU, and the ICRC. October, 2005. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47387b712f.html/)

South Yemen first ratified the United Nations Convention

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order to avoid accusations of promoting western agendas.

There are a variety of impacts –

First, we must reject gender oppression at every turn – any compromise is a sellout

Gordon and Gordon 95  senior lecturer in the Department of Education at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Gordon, general director of the Foundation for Education, 1995

[Haim and Rivca, Sartre and Evil: Guidelines for a Struggle, p. 130)

Consider the widespread oppression of women. Every

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, exploit, debase, and degrade women.

Second, Violence

We need to investigate gendered identities because they are key to manifestations of violence and generating good knowledge.

Peterson 2k (V. Spike, Professor in the School of Government and Public Policy at Arizona State University with courtesy appointments in the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies Institute for LGBT Studies, Center for Latin American Studies and International Studies, “Rereading Public and Private: The Dichotomy that is Not One” SAIS Review, Volume 20, Number 2, Summer-Fall pp. 11-29, published by The Johns Hopkins University Press.)

Gender-sensitive accounts go beyond this by

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the question: Is militarism without masculinism possible?

Patriarchy eliminating matriarchy disrupts a balance and perpetuates war and risks the destruction of humanity

Werlhof 7 [Claudia von, Feminist philosopher, Toronto. “Women and the Gift Economy. A Radically Different World View is Possible,” in CAPITALIST PATRIARCHY AND THE NEGATION OF MATRIARCHY: THE STRUGGLE FOR A “DEEP” ALTERNATIVE 2007 (Inanna), pp. 139-153 http://emanzipationhumanum.de/downloads/capitalistpatriarchy.pdf ]

Patriarchal society as we know it, did

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nature and women has almost never been recognized.

Third, Feminist Epistemology

Traditional empiricism assumes that a selection of facts is complete – feminist empiricism acknowledges that we can’t know everything and that we need to be aware of our position as knowers.

Anderson 11, Elizabeth, "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/feminism-epistemology/>.

The Basic Pragmatic Strategy. The above reflections

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determination of belief (Anderson 1995b, 2004).

Questions of method come first – status quo empiricism constructs an image of the world that it equates with truth. This refactors women into sex objects.

MacKinnon 82 Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: An Agenda for Theory Author(s): Catharine A. MacKinnon Reviewed work(s): Source: Signs, Vol. 7, No. 3, Feminist Theory (Spring, 1982), pp. 515-544 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173853 . Accessed: 10/11/2011 16:57 University of Michigan (Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law, 1989–) York University (Professor of Law, 1988–1989) various universities (Visiting Professor, 1984–1988) University of Minnesota (Assistant Professor of Law, 1982–1984)

Through consciousness raising, women grasp the collective

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, an unreal thing with very real consequences.

Any empirical investigation of knowledge relies on arbitrarily selected background assumptions that come from social values – feminist empiricism fights conservatism in those assumptions which is critical to good truth claims.

Anderson 11, Elizabeth, "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/feminism-epistemology/>.

The core claim of value-neutrality,

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against permitting feminist values to shape scientific judgments.

Fourth, Biopower

Our advocacy makes power visible – our type of inquiry is essential for the progression of feminism

Basu 6 (Marina Basu, B. Sc, University of Calcutta, A Thesis, Biopolitics or the Legislation of Life: A Foucauldian Analysis, 2006)

And most importantly, as “power is

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in reformulating the problem as one of subjectivation.

Without these checks against biopower an unstoppable sovereign force can build universally destructive viruses, removing all power relations from our control.

Foucault 76 Michel Foucault, chair at the College de France and all-American hero, 1976. Society Must Be Defended, p 253-254.

We are, then, in a power

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, will put it beyond all human sovereignty.

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase support for Yemeni civil society organizations to increase women’s political participation and women’s rights. We reserve the right to clarify.

Contention 2: Solvency

Now is a key time for the US to support efforts of Yemeni women to fight for political participation and rights.

Serpe 11 Research Officer at the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). She conducts public opinion surveys and focus groups focused on issues related to democracy in the Middle East and North Africa and other regions of the world, 2011

[Lauren, March 8, 2011. www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/opinion/110307/gender-issues-should-be-yemen-reform]

WASHINGTON As people across the Middle East and

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Yemen and U.S. diplomacy efforts.

US assistance to civil society organizations is uniquely positioned to make a difference – we have an obligation to act that transcends their international CP or their imperialism K

Hoveyda 5 Ambassador Hoveyda, Middle East project director of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 2005 [Fereydoun, “Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East”, American Foreign Policy Interests No. 27,  http://ipac.kacst.edu.sa/eDoc/2006/157373_1.pdf, p. 18-20]

Direct Aid and Cultural Exchanges

One panelist expressed the belief that many opportunities

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of the United States would not be helpful.

And women’s action is key to detonate patriarchy

Sabbagh 5 former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), 2005

[Amal, “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://static0.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/Arab_World.pdf, p. 67]

‘The women’s movement…

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potential as the harbingers of a better future.

We need democracy assistance to support women’s participation in politics and women’s movements to build coalitions against discrimination.

Sabbagh 5 former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), 2005

[Amal, “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://static0.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/Arab_World.pdf, p. 65]

The non-democratic systems or nascent democracies

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country’s set of priorities, opportunities and challenges.

US democracy assistance to NGOs in Yemen is comparatively better than other actors – good working relations with NGOs that defy governments as well as good relations with even the most conservative Arabic groups.

Burke 10 “Assessing Democracy Assistance: Yemen” Edward Burke, May 2010, Researcher at FRIDE This report is FRIDE’s contribution to a project entitled ‘Assessing Democracy Assistance’ that is being carried out by the World Movement for Democracy. The project aims to gather views on how democracy support can be improved and its impact enhanced. Other case studies and a synthesis report can be found at www.fride.org. www.fride.org/download/IP_WMD_Yemen_ENG_jul10.pdf

Among NGOs, the US is regarded as

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civil society activists in Yemen than European donors.

Women’s movements in Yemen are unique – we don’t link to any of your imperialism or Western feminism arguments

Badran 98 (Gender & History ISSN 0953–5233 Margot Badran, ‘Unifying Women: Feminist Pasts and Presents in Yemen’ Gender & History, Vol.10 No.3 November 1998, pp. 498–518. © Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1998, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. Unifying Women: Feminist Pasts and Presents in Yemen MARGOT BADRAN)

The Republic of Yemen (ROY), which

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of the struggle to unify the new republic.

Debates about the implementation of policies and strategies to improve women’s participation in Yemeni politics offers a chance to examine our own political inequalities

Kennedy-Glans 6, the founder and executive director of Bridges Social Development, a Canadian registered charity providing capacity building in Yemen, [Donna Kennedy-Glans is “Gender Jihad: Enhancing Female Access in Politics”, Yemen Online, http://www.yemenonline.info/news-62.html]

The election outcomes – for both the ruling

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implement policies and implementation strategies that have impact.

Empowerment of women’s collective action is the best way to challenge the patriarchal status quo – nothing else works

Monshipouri 9, PhD, Professor of International Relations @ SFSU, 2009

[Mahmood, Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights, p. 71-72]

Strategies for promoting women's rights in the Muslim

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on distinct or profound differences among such groups.

2AC Irigiray

Islamic feminism is key to shaping the global feminist agenda

Monshipouri, PhD, Professor of International Relations @ SFSU, 2009

[Mahmood, Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights, p. 53]

Neither feminism nor women's rights movements are solely

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countered and social and legal reforms are advocated.

Perm: do both. Either their conception of sex is compatible with the affirmative, or it isn’t compatible with Islamic feminism, which means it can’t solve the aff.

Islamic feminism is key to shaping the global feminist agenda

Monshipouri, PhD, Professor of International Relations @ SFSU, 2009

[Mahmood, Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights, p. 53]

Neither feminism nor women's rights movements are solely

AND

countered and social and legal reforms are advocated.

Failure to advocate and DEBATE the consequences of policy acts designed to implement Irigaray’s theories guarantee the alt fails

Mookherjee 2005

[Monica, Equality in multiplicity: Reassessing Irigaray’s multicultural feminism, p. 317]

Ultimately, then, while Irigaray’s recent account

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, in the absence of such extensive change.

Their argument creates a static interpretation of identity by defining the body through biological sex. The conception of “Woman” is a historical idea and not natural fact and the negative reifies the labeling of a community through biological sex.

Butler, 1988

 (Judith, renowned Feminist author, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory”, 1988, http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/PoMoSeminar/Readings/BtlrPerfActs.pdf, 7/22/10, RL)

 When de Beauvoir claims that “woman

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of departure for a feminist description of gender?

The static categories of gender reify heteronormative politics because it doesn't take into account sexual differences within communities.

Butler, 1988 (Judith, renowned Feminist author, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory”, 1988, http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/PoMoSeminar/Readings/BtlrPerfActs.pdf, 7/22/10, RL)

In psychoanalytic terms, the relation between gender

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has yet to be theorized in its complexity.

Perm: essentialism is less effective in the long term, reinforces beliefs like sexism, and is harnessed for violent projects. We need to merge theory and action. AND no turns.

Kobayashi 94 (Audrey, Direct. Institute of Women’s Studies @ Queen’s, Gender, Place, & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1, 2, p. 225, JM)

It is important to resist the temptation of

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the power of generalizations to control their lives. 

Essentialist understandings of gender relations guarantee marginalization

Kobayashi 94

[Audrey, Direct. Institute of Women’s Studies @ Queen’s, Gender, Place, & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1, 2, p. 225]

Essentialism is an impediment to understanding those relations

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sufficient to match the contingency of social life.

Gender is a performance – we enact gendered codes that society uses to define our gender.

Butler, 1988 (Judith, renowned Feminist author, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory”, 1988, http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/PoMoSeminar/Readings/BtlrPerfActs.pdf, 7/22/10, RL)

Gender reality is performative which means, quite

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which the performative aspect of gender is concealed.

The negative presumes a stable identity of ‘woman’ that is actually fluid and constituted solely through discourse. They construct an image of female sex workers without critically analyzing the gendered subjects involved merely reproduces the conditions for subordination and domination of the feminine.

Butler 90. Prof. of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University. 1990  (Judith. Gender Trouble. p.1-2)

For the most part, feminist theory has

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women” will be clearly self-defeating.

The strict association of individuals as ‘being’ one sex, in opposition to another, locks in divisive gendered and sexual binaries

Butler. Prof. of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University. 90  (Judith. Gender Trouble. p.5)

For gender to “belong to philosophy”

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the restriction of gender within that binary pair.

Even if our tools are ideologically tainted we still need to take action to allow for new forms of politics. Perm solves best because it minimizes their impacts while still solving the aff by using our tools with knowledge of their limitations.

Kidner 2K1 [David, Senior lecturer in Pyschology @ Nottingham Trent, Nature and Pysche, p19]

Recognizing that the building blocks out of which

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to imagine them around many others as well.

Perm: do both. The alternative will reconceptualize our approach to the environment, so there is NO IMPACT to any links to the permutation. The net benefit to the perm is our entire 1AC.

Patriarchy justifies the idea of “raping the Earth” and is the root cause of their impacts.

Warren and Cady 96 (Karen, Professor @ Macalester U., and Duane, Professor @ Hamline, Bringing peace home: feminism, violence, and nature, 1996, p.12-13)

Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a

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in regional, national, and global contexts.

Ecological utopianism prevents us from forming practical coalitions and risks distopian extremes.

Lewis 92 – Professor, School of the Environment, Duke University – 1992 (Martin, GREEN DELSIONS, p. 250)

But for all of its attractions, utopia

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diminishing our chances of avoiding an ecological holocaust.      

Perm: do both.

Permutation solves best—understanding that nature has both intrinsic and instrumental value creates pragmatic conservation.

Minteer, 06. Ben A., Assistant Professor in the Human Dimensions of Biology Faculty in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University. “The Landscape of Reform: Civic Pragmatism and Environmental Thought in America,” p. 3, Google Books.

Although I describe it more fully in the

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enterprise and sustainable community development on the landscape.

Rejecting anthropocentrism outright destroys the most effective base for green politics

Barry, lecturer in the Department of Politics at Keele University, 1999

[John, Rethinking Green Politics, p. 57-58]

For example, by claiming part of nature

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and upon which green politics can base itself.

Rejection of anthropocentrism undermines pragmatic attempts at environmental protection and makes their impacts inevitable because they can’t gain any political traction.

Andrew Light, July 2002. Associate professor of philosophy and environmental policy, and director of the Center for Global Ethics at George Mason University. “Contemporary Environmental Ethics From Metaethics to Public Philosophy,” Metaphilosophy 33.4, Ebsco.

With this variety of views in the field

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effective philosophical contribution to debates in environmental policy.

We must constantly question the theoretical foundation of green ideology – including their K

Barry, lecturer in the Department of Politics at Keele University, 1999

[John, Rethinking Green Politics, p. 10]

This scepticism is however tempered with a humility

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more than chains and human oppression at stake.

Perm: do both

Solves best -- Pragmatic flexibility is key to protecting the environment.

Farber 99 – Professor of Law, University of Minnesota – 1999 (Daniel, ECO-PRAGMATISM, p. 198)

As we have seen, one of the

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may provide a higher level of environmental quality.  

Saving the environment requires effective political engagement—environmental philosophers must abandon abstract theorizing in order to build the public support

De-Shalit, 2000. Professor of Political Theory at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Associate Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Environment, Ethics, and Society, Mansfield College, Oxford University. “The Environment: Between Theory and Practice,” Avner p. 4-6, Questia.

However, it would be wrong, if

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environment; it should not replace political philosophy.