EU CP 1NC

Text: The European Union should increase assistance to political opposition parties for Yemen to foster political reform.

The EU solves democracy promotion in the Arab world

Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf)
it is only...catalyst or teacher.

EU CP 2NC

Yemen is a priority partner for the EU and the EU is capable of delivering assistance.

EEAS 11, “Political & economic relations” from the Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Yemen, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/yemen/eu_yemen/political_and_economic_relation/index_en.htm
The European Union enjoys longstanding relations with Yemen
AND
international meeting held in London on 27 January 2010

EU’s new foundation solves consolidated approach

EFPD, 2008 (European Foundation for Democracy
AND
_press_release.pdf, SRM)
A new European foundation will "assist democracy
AND
the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD).

Zizek 1NC Shell

A. Link-the affirmative’s Capitalist order uses democratic multiculturalism utilizes violently imposed identities to establish human rights

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
Ontology, 1999, pg.  213-214
However, there is another tension, the
AND
based on the repression of previous local traditions.

B. Impact-Capital’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the enviroment.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4
While this book is philosophical in its basic
AND
Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

C. Alternative- vote negative use the affirmative’s empty Master-Signifier to place a demand on the state- this can be a rallying point for radical change

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university
AND
and Related Matters, 1996, pg. 142
Therein resides the fundamental enigma of the symbolic
AND
notion of what ‘our Nation’ means.54

Zizek K 1NR

Overview

The affirmative’s fantasy leads to objectification and violence-turning the case. The “reality” proposed by the affirmative team is a simple fantasy. Only the alternative has any hope of escaping the system and preventing Capital from destroying the world.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
Culture, 1991, pg. 4-5
The same may be said of the other
AND
bites into food, it changes to gold.

They say util good

Language has a dialectic relationship which mediates social relations of domination. Analysis of master rhetoric is key to understanding the interworkings of international order – we problematize their knowledge claims which means we’re a prereq to util.

Slavoj Zizek, researcher at the institute for
AND
Object of Ideology, 1989, pg. 212
Ernesto Laclau was quite right to remark that
AND
counter¬part is of course wealth as the embodiment,

AT: Perm

1. Only a full recognition of the flawed nature of politics can avoid capitalist totalitarianism – our particular struggle is key.

Slavoj Zizek, researcher at the institute for
AND
Ideology, 1989, pg. 4-5
Psychoanalytic ‘essentialism’ is paradoxical in so far
AND
of this basic antagonism, this basic impossibility.

3. Relying on hard reality only leads to an inability to attain primordial Freedom- the aff’s advocacy of their advantage impacts means they can’t solve

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university
AND
Matters, 1996, pg.  230-231
The emergence of human freedom can be accounted
AND
created universe regains the abyss of primordial Freedom.

5. The permutation perverts our complaint to legal obligation. It leads to surplus enjoyment and destruction

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
of Political Ontology, 1999, pg.  361
The specific feature of the ‘culture of
AND
obscene Other as the instrument of jouissance) .‘

Cap Impacts

2. Hegemonic Emancipation can solve for totalitarian beginnings by challenging its underlying assumptions

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
Popular Culture, 1991, pg  128-129

We come across the same phenomenon of the
AND
isolating the heinous kernel of its idiotic enjoyment.

4. The alt is a prerequiste to the plan  empty concepts can provide the filler for diverse political interests to operate-only by affirming this concept can change be created

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the
AND
Ontology, 1999, pg. 177-178
The struggle for ideologico-political hegemony is
AND
which should link them beyond all political differences.

Politics 1NC Shell

1. Will pass – GSP bill

Roll Call 9/7 (http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_24/taa-legislation-perched-to-take-center-stage-208501-1.html?pos=hmp)
Eager to shift their focus to the economy
AND
has made a pillar of its jobs messaging.

2. Political capital is key to skfta

Kim 7/6 (Sukhan, senior
AND
, 7.6.11, SWolff)
Four years after striking an initial deal with
AND
whether he can succeed in his audacious gamble.

3. Aid perceived as funding al-Qaeda

Analysis Intelligence 11 (“Yemen on the Brink: President Saleh, the Opposition and the AQAP”, 3/2, http://www.analysisintelligence.com/osint/yemen-on-the-brink-president-saleh-the-opposition-and-aqap/)

The central problem for Western governments is that
AND
activities than Mr. Saleh’s ruling GPC party. 

4. SKFTA key to US-South Korea alliance, regional stability, global free trade and heg

Washington Post 10 [Fred, Washington Post
AND
, accessed 6-30-11]
In a world of dangerously failed states and
AND
S., in that regard, are timeless."

5. Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, economic collapse and prolif

Hamel-Green 10 [Peter & Michael
AND
, accessed 7-1-11]
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation
AND
that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

Politics 2NC

Skfta Will Pass

Skfta will pass – Reid and Boehner agreed on TAA

The Hill 9/8 (http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/1005-trade/180361-free-trade-agreements-remain-in-the-mix)
President Obama is expected to call for,
AND
it was possible that something could go awry. 

Will pass – deal on TAA

Bloomberg 9/7 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/house-votes-to-renew-tariff-preferences-for-developing-nations.html)
House action on the Generalized System of Preferences
AND
Otherwise, we won’t do the trade bills.”

South Korea will ratify the bill when the US does

Hankyoreh 9/2 (Kim, http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/494595.html)

During a full meeting of the National Assembly’s
AND
future clashes or physical fighting over its introduction.”

Obama pushing the Free Trade Agreements now to spur job growth.

Barkley and Peterson, 9-02-2011
[Tom and Kristina, US Business Groups Optimistic About Trade Pacts, Nasdaq
http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201109010655dowjonesdjonline000352&title=us-business-groups-optimistic-about-trade-pacts]
President Barack Obama in recent weeks has been
AND
Assistance be voted on alongside the three pacts.

Obama has enough capital to get SKFTA done

Reuters, 11 Palmer and Cowan,
(Doug and Richard – Reuters, Boehner says Obama push needed to pass trade deals, 5/5/11, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/05/us-usa-trade-boehner-idUSTRE74453V20110505) AC
(Reuters) - The U.S
AND
it would soon be sent to Capitol Hill. 

A2: Winners win

Backlash when Obama tries to regain capital

Goldberg 10(Jonah, Syndicated Journalist, February 26, "A Hidden Cost of the Health-Care Summit", http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/195494/hidden-cost-health-care-summit/jonah-goldberg)jn
It seems that I wasn’t alone in finding
AND
-night jokes and basis of SNL parodies.

Takes a long time to rebuild capital

Schaller 9
Tom, five thirty eight, 8/18/09, Is Obama Spending his Political Capital, Wasting It ... or Wuz He Robbed? http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/08/is-obama-spending-his-political-capital.html
Obama is investing now with an eye toward
AND
rise back to pre-Summer '09 levels.

GOP not swayed by Obama’s polcap- means it’s irrelevant

Gvosdev 10(Nikolas, World Politics Review Columnist, November 19, "The Realist Prism: Hard Realities, Hard Choices for Obama", http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7096/the-realist-prism-hard-realities-hard-choices-for-obama)jn
It is very likely that come the end
AND
any sort of success for his administration. ... 

Wins don’t generate capital

Nicholas and Hook 10(Peter and Janet, Tribune Washington Bureau, July 30, "Obama the Velcro president", http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730)jn
Through two terms, Reagan eluded much of
AND
he could achieve and what government could accomplish.

Victories build opposition- wins create resentment for Obama

Purdum 10 (Todd, Award winning journalist  for the NYT, Vanity Fair Columnist, December 20, "Obama Is Suffering Because of His Achievements, Not Despite Them", http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/12/obama-is-suffering-because-of-his-achievements-not-despite-them.html)jn
With this weekend’s decisive Senate repeal of the
AND
sensibly and simply, to the American public.

assistance - bureaucracy

Rogin 11 (Josh, 4/6 “Lugar Holding Up State Department Funds for Tunisian Democracy” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/06/lugar_holding_up_state_department_funds_for_tunisian_democracy)
That leaves Lugar's office as the only one
AND
[State] Department should make that case."  

Lugar opposes DA – trades off with other programs

Rogin 11 (Josh, 4/6 “Lugar Holding Up State Department Funds for Tunisian Democracy” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/06/lugar_holding_up_state_department_funds_for_tunisian_democracy)
The State Department wants to shift resources toward
AND
ranking Republican Richard Lugar (R-IN).

Lugar is key to the agenda, especially Skfta

McLaughlin 11 (Seth, writer for Washington Diplomat, April 26, "Key foreign policy players try to master capitol hill," www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7829:key-foreign-policy-players-try-to-master-capitol-hill&catid=1473:may-2011&Itemid=471)
Richard Lugar, the ranking member of the
AND
Bush are also submitted to Congress for approval.

Egypt & Yemen link UQ

Fight coming now over maintaining current Egypt and Yemen funding levels

VOA News 8/16 (2011, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Foreign-Aid-Stirs-Debate-Amid-Egypts-Democratic-Hopes-127824353.html)
When the U.S. House of
AND
aid and a smaller amount for economic assistance. 

2NC Link Wall- Yemen

DA splits the GOP because of budget battles- their bipartisan link turn can’t overwhelm because the GOP will do whatever they can to block new spending

Traub 2/18/11 (James, “Slash and Burn” Foreign Policy Online 2/18/11)
The administration's commitment
AND
national security priority.    

Congress supports the old regime in Yemen

Karman 11 (Tawakkol, 6/8 Leader of the Yemen Democratic Youth Movement, “Yemen’s Unfinished Revolution” The New York Times)
This is because the United States and Saudi
AND
Yemen. This would be a grave mistake. 

GOP hates plan- funding

National Journal 7/27. “Debt Ceiling Vote Postponed; Obama's Battleground Blues” 7-27-2011 (
http://www.nationaljournal.com/n2k-top-10-debt-ceiling-vote-postponed-obama-s-battleground-blues-20110727 ) JCP
HOUSE LAWMAKERS TO LOOK AT HOMEGROWN TERRORISTS.
AND
review is expected to be released in 2012. 

Congress says no- terror condition

Warrick and Sheridan 7/27 (Joby and Mary Beth, “House subcommittee approves foreign-aid cuts”. Joby Warrick writes about the Middle East, diplomacy and national security for The Post’s National desk. Mary Beth Sheridan is a diplomatic correspondent for The Washington Post. 7-27-2011.
Legislation that would sharply cut U.S
AND
funding by about 11 percent from current levels.

AQAP

AQAP is now top priority for US counterterrorism efforts

NYT 7/26 (, Greg Miller, NYT, U.S. officials believe al-Qaeda on brink of collapse http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/al-qaeda-could-collapse-us-officials-say/2011/07/21/gIQAFu2pbI_story.html?wprss=rss_world, JOB)
Officials said that al -Qaeda’s offshoot in
AND
it can begin flying armed drones over Yemen. 

Turn – Democratic transitions strengthen terrorist organizations; Iraq and Lebanon prove

McFaul & Fukuyama 08 (The Washington Quarterly, “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?”, http://www.twq.com/08winter/docs/08winter_fukuyama.pdf)
In retrospect, this reading of the sources
AND
are hostile to the United States and Israel.

Turn - US involvement prods AQAP to attack

Raghavan 11. (Sudarsan Raghavan, Febreruary 2011, “Yemens Unrest Could Embolden Al-Qaeda or Sideline it Admid Democratic Hopes”)
SANAA, YEMEN - The populist uprising in
AND
secessionist movement in the south and immense poverty. 

Alt cause – AQAP is strong due to surgical strikes, not due to lack of stable democracy

Johnsen 10 (Gregory D., a former Fulbright fellow in Yemen, is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, “Ignoring Yemen at Our Peril,” Foreign Policy, October 31, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/31/ignoring_yemen_at_our_peril?page=0,1)
The United States, faced with a difficult
AND
that luck holding is not a safe bet. 

Obama won’t retaliate - he knows the costs

Crowley, Senior Editor the New Republic, 10 [Michael, January, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263]
The Los Angeles Times ran an important story
AND
that matter-would go through with it.

Nuclear terrorist threats are exaggerated

Gertz and Lake 10 (Bill and Eli, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/14/obama-says-terrorist-nuclear-risk-is-growing/?page=1, dw:4-14-2010, da: 7-6-2011, lido)
But Henry Sokolski, a member of the
AND
. giving up its weapons seems less risky.

No nuclear terrorism – requires too much equipment

Levi 7 (Michael, CFR Fellow for Science and Technology and , http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, dw: 4-17-2007, da: 7-6-2011, lido)
 A nuclear weapon requires highly enriched uranium
AND
groups might expect to benefit from nuclear terrorism.

Stability

Yemen receiving financial support for stability now

Lewis 11 (Alexandra, Alexandra Lewis is a doctoral student and a researcher working at thePost-War Reconstruction and Development Unit (PRDU) of the University of York, “Stabilizing Yemen”, http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/Stabilizing_Yemen) BAL
While Yemen is classed as a least developed
AND
where its ideological predecessor, democratization, failed.

Yemen on the road to stability – RTI assistance

RTI 10 (RTI International is an independent, nonprofit research institute that provides research and technical services to government and commercial clients worldwide, “Responsive Governance for a more stable Yemen” http://www.rti.org/newsletters/witw/2010aug-sep/index.cfm?starting_up=2) BAL
Citizens around the world expect their governments to
AND
, health, water, and economic growth.

Turn - Democracy promotion destabilizes regions

CRS 07 (Report for Congress: “Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of US Policy”, 12-6, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34296.pdf)
Another concern about democracy promotion is that it
AND
has weak democratic institutions or a weak military. 

Turn - US assistance predicated on security tank stability

Hill 08 (Ginny, Freelance journalist, Chatham House, “Yemen: Fear of Failure” January, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/108925)
 Future stability depends on political and economic
AND
assassination of suspected terrorists have provoked violent retaliation. 

Yemen distrustful of U.S; large-scale military presence will destabilize regime

Terrill 10 (W. Andrew, Research Professor of National Security Affairs, SSI, “The Conflicts in Yemen and U.S. National Security” Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB1040.pdf) TM
Yemen is also an especially distrustful and wary
AND
in U.S.-Yemeni secu¬rity relations.

JMP will coopt regime, preventing stable transition

Baroud 11 (Ramzy, Editor, “Yemen Continues to Inspire Amid Great Odds” Foreign Policy Journal, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/07/07/yemen-continues-to-inspire-amid-great-odds/) TM
In order for such thoughtful demands to be
AND
influential outside parties led by the United States.

Decentralization makes national reform useless

Boucek 2010
[Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs February 3, 2010 YEMEN ON THE BRINK: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0203_transcript_boucek_testimony.pdf]
Still, Yemen boasts a relatively resilient society
AND
make little difference to much of the population.

A Mideast war would not escalate or go nuclear

Elizabeth Stevens, September 19, 2002, http://infomanage.com/nonproliferation/najournal/israelinucs.html
Thus far, Israel has confronted continuous hostility
AND
that Israel does not need a nuclear arsenal.

Middle East war won’t escalate

Prof. Li Shaoxian, an expert in the Middle East and a senior researcher in the Institute of Contemporary International Relations, August 17, 2001, http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/17671.htm, accessed March 9, 2007
Although the situation in the Middle East is
AND
have neither the capablities or means for war.  

No war in the Middle East Obama administration sets the framework for direct negotiations

The Irish Times 8
[“Syrian President upbeat on sealing peace with Israel” 12/23 l/n]
DAMASCUS - Syrian president
AND
to be Iraq. - (Reuters)

Terrorism

Arab Spring dismissed widely held terrorist ideologies

Zarate and Gordon 11 ( Juan, Senior Adviser @ CSIS and the former Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism, and David, Program Manager and a Research Assistant with the CSIS Transnational Threats Project, The Battle for Reform with al-Qaeda, http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Zarate_Gordon.pdf, JOB)
Even the very nature of the protests discredited
AND
withering indictment of bin Laden’s far enemy strategy.

Turn - US democracy-assistance empowers terrorist organizations

McFaul & Fukuyama 08 (The Washington Quarterly, “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?”, http://www.twq.com/08winter/docs/08winter_fukuyama.pdf)
Some realists argue not from a world-
AND
spur the political transformation of the Middle East. 

Turn - US involvement causes terrorism

Cohn. 10 (Julie Cohn,  June 2010, “Islamic Radicalism in Yemen”, http://www.cfr.org/yemen/islamist-radicalism-yemen)
The United States: Beginning in late 2009
AND
education, and agricultural reform and other areas.

AQAP members directly oppose U.S., their sentiments won’t be solved by U.S. action

Raston 10 (Dina, Adding to the coverage of NPR's national security team, Dina Temple-Raston reports about counterterrorism at home and abroad for NPR News. Her reporting can be heard on NPR's newsmagazines. She joined NPR in March 2007 fresh from a two year sabbatical in which she completed two books, learned Arabic and received a Master's Degree from Columbia, “For Al-Qaida In Yemen, Targeting U.S. Is Personal”, http://www.npr.org/2010/11/18/131423965/for-yemen-terrorists-targeting-u-s-it-s-personal) BAL
While counterterrorism officials absorb Wednesday's mixed verdict in
AND
its members' negative and direct connections to America.

Democracy Promotion not highly effective

McFaul & Fukuyama 08 (The Washington Quarterly, “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?”, http://www.twq.com/08winter/docs/08winter_fukuyama.pdf)
A further problem with the sequencing strategy is
AND
The toolbox for democracy pro¬motion is more modest.

Terrorists won’t get nukes

Gertz and Lake 10 (Bill and Eli, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/14/obama-says-terrorist-nuclear-risk-is-growing/?page=1, dw:4-14-2010, da: 7-6-2011, lido)
However, Brian Jenkins, author of the
AND
Syria and instability in nuclear-armed Pakistan.

Nuclear Terrorist failure is very probable – technology and funding

Levi 7 (Michael, CFR Fellow for Science and Technology and , http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, dw: 4-17-2007, da: 7-6-2011, lido)
We should not, however, underestimate the
AND
quick to ignore small chances of terrorist failure.

A ton of technological hurdles must be jumped through before getting a nuclear weapon – low probability of impact

Sterngold 4 (James, Staff, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/18/MNGP9673BG1.DTL&ao=3, dw: 4-18-2004, da: 7-9-2011, lido)
 Michael May, a former director of
AND
to this possibility for years," May said.  

U.S. does not respond radically to terrorist attack

Bremmer 4 (Ian, President of Eurasia Group and Senior Fellow at the World Policy Institute, http://www.newstatesman.com/200409130005, AD: 7/7/10) jl
What would happen if there were a new
AND
support it enjoyed for the invasion of Afghanistan.

The U.S. will not retaliate with nuclear weapons—it makes no sense

SPRING 2001 (Baker, Research Fellow at Heritage Foundation, Heritage Backgrounder 1477, Sept 20, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1477.cfm)
Nuclear retaliation is not appropriate for every kind
AND
to be able to resort to defensive options.

T

1. Interpretation: resolution says democracy assistance
   2. Violation: plan says to provide “assistance”
   3. Abuse: they can shift out of democracy assistance in the 2AC which kills 1NC predictable strategy. Damage already done.
   4. It’s a voter.

EU CP 1NC (see above)

Text: The European Union should increase assistance to political opposition parties for Yemen to foster political reform.

Zizek K 1NC (see above)

Zizek in the Block

1. Language has a dialectic relationship which mediates social relations of domination. Analysis of capital’s master rhetoric is key to understanding the interworkings of international order.

Slavoj Zizek, researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana, The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989, pg. 212
Ernesto Laclau was quite right to remark that
AND
counter¬part is of course wealth as the embodiment,

Alternative Work

2. Hegemonic Emancipation can solve for totalitarian beginnings by challenging its underlying assumptions

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, 1991, pg  128-129
We come across the same phenomenon of the
AND
isolating the heinous kernel of its idiotic enjoyment.

4. The alt is a prerequiste to the plan  empty concepts can provide the filler for diverse political interests to operate-only by affirming this concept can change be created

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 177-178
The struggle for ideologico-political hegemony is
AND
which should link them beyond all political differences.

Answers to Metaphysical innocence

2. We must use the basis of understanding the universe in terms of the real and the symbolic because they are the driving force behind human experience – policy conclusions that do not take this into account are doomed to fall into Capital’s continual trap.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg.  227-228
Is not this virtual state of an electron
AND
enable us to conceive it as ‘actual’.

Politics – SKFTA (see above for 1NC)

Obama Pushing

Obama pushing the Free Trade Agreements now to spur job growth.

Barkley and Peterson, 9-02-2011
[Tom and Kristina, US Business Groups Optimistic About Trade Pacts, Nasdaq
http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201109010655dowjonesdjonline000352&title=us-business-groups-optimistic-about-trade-pacts]
President Barack Obama in recent weeks has been
AND
Assistance be voted on alongside the three pacts.

Polcap K2 SKFTA

Obama’s capital is key

McLarty & Cunningham 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva)
 Much has been written about Bill Daley's
AND
the Democratic base, but it is essential.

AT Impact D

Any aggressive behavior would become global

Rozoff 11  (Rick, Free-lance columnist for various organizations like The Global Realm and Liberty News, 5 January 2011, “U.S. Builds Military Alliance With Japan, South Korea For War In The East Posted”, http://theglobalrealm.com/2011/01/05/u-s-builds-military-alliance-with-japan-south-korea-for-war-in-the-east/, Accessed 7.7.11, SWolff)
Last week Secretary of State Hillary Clinton summoned
AND
. And not only on the Korean Peninsula.

SKFTA key to Asian stability

Hill, 07 – Assistant Secretary for Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Christopher, 6/13. “The United States-South Korea FTA: The Foreign Policy Implications.” http://seoul.usembassy.gov/413_061407.html)
While the agreement achieves many of our economic
AND
that we’ve neglected this part of the world.

McCain

McCain opposes publicly funded democracy aid

Lubold 11  (Gordon, 5/20,  “John McCain: US Must Sustain Momentum for Arab Spring”) http://www.usip.org/publications/sen-john-mccain-us-must-sustain-momentum-arab-spring
In Libya, Sen. McCain would like
AND
help sustain their flagging economies, he said. 

Solvency

Locl councils abuse women

YWT Published: November 1, 2007 Yemeni Tribal Norms: Better To Kill A Woman Than To Beat Her
http://www.yourworldtoday.ca/2007/11/01/yemeni-tribal-norms-better-to-kill-a-woman-than-to-beat-her/
In Yemen’s rural areas, where 75 percent
AND
punishment for the same aggression against a man.

Women’s rights must be considered—women face unique forms of oppression and generic human rights are male-centered.

Jaggar 9 (Alison M., Professor of Philosophy and Women Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, “Abortion Rights and Gender Justice Worldwide: An Essay in Political Philosophy,” in Abortion: Three Perspectives, published January 2009)
At first sight, this slogan may be
AND
inspire a more inclusive understanding of human rights.

Turn – local councils support AQAP.

Raghavan 11. (Sudarsan Raghavan, Febreruary 2011, “Yemens Unrest Could Embolden Al-Qaeda or Sideline it Admid Democratic Hopes”)
After Pakistan and Afghanistan, nowhere is the
AND
secessionist movement in the south and immense poverty. 

Local councils are controlled by Al-Qadea

UPI, 11(4/28,Yemen: Secession drive becomes violent, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/04/28/Yemen-Secession-drive-becomes-violent/UPI-12361272477397/ )
"The longer southern frustration is allowed to
AND
threatens his regime but the West as well.

T

A. Interpretation – The aff has to take direct, active, positive measures to support or strengthen democratization in the target country through USfg action.

Huber, 08 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations
Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62,  March 2008, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”, p. 45-6, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/69109__790479070.pdf, accessed 6-3-11
What is Democracy Assistance? Similarly, the
AND
initiating democratization, supporting democratization or strengthening democracy.

B. Violation

The aff isn’t a direct, active, positive measure to improve democratization in Libya because embracing the notion of linguistic citizenship is not democracy assistance.

C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable ground
   2. Better limits on aff ground
   3. Superior resolutional context

4. Practitioners of Democracy Assistance support our interpretation AND this limited definition is key to make the research and education manageable

Burnell, Professor of Politics @ University of Warwick, England, 2000
[Peter, Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, p. 12-13]
All things considered, it follows that if
AND
9 per cent of development assistance in 1998.
D. Topicality is a Voting Issue for Fairness and Education

EU CP 1NC (see above)

Text: The European Union should embrace the notion of linguistic citizenship for Amazigh population in Libya.

SKFTA 1NC – See above

3. Libya assistance is controversial and will cost Obama capital– (specifically, Frank).
“Congress could resist additional aid to Libya” By Theo Emery, Globe Staff  () 08/23/2011 8:11 PM (RCM) http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/08/congress-could-resist-additional-aid-libya/DMmIHbENjJ0A6QBAednf0M/index.html
Senator John F. Kerry, the chairman
AND
we going to build in any one time?”

Zizek 1NC – see above

Discourse

Policy analysis should precede discourse – most effective way to challenge power

Jill Taft-Kaufman, Speech prof @ CMU, 1995, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, p pq
The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "
AND
agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Treating security as a speech act means there are an infinite number of security threats, making it impossible to solve. The word “security” is not itself harmful, only when used by actors in positions to make security choices, it doesn’t apply to us.

Williams 3 (Michael C., university of Whales, “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and
International Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4) CC
This stance allows the Copenhagen School to argue
AND
draw in attempting to securitize a given issue. 

Security discourse isn’t inherently bad—presenting it in debate allows the negative attributes to be avoided.

Williams 3 (Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics,” International Studies Quarterly, 47(4), AD: 7-10-9) BL
I have argued thus far that recognizing the
AND
of the most common criticisms leveled against it.  

Predictions are imperfect but inevitable and critical to preventing major war

Kagan & Kagan 2k (Donald & Frederick, American Enterprise, While America Sleeps, p. 5)
Predicting the future is a difficult and uncertain
AND
will be seen well before the threat materializes.

We have an ethical obligation to act – if the future is uncertain, we must do everything we can to intervene.

Kurasawa 4 (Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology @ York University of Toronto, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight,” http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa%20Articles/Constellations%20Article.pdf, AD: 7/11/09) jl
In addition, farsightedness has become a priority
AND
of the question that we need to tackle.

Realism must be used strategically because real-world actors rely on it

Guzzini 98 (Assistant Professor at Central European Univ., Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy, p. 235)
Third, this last chapter has argued that
AND
best way to tacitly and uncritically reproduce it.

Their refusal to defend the consequences of the plan replicates a totalitarian disregard for life – they sacrifice political responsibility on the altar of morality, which turns the case

Isaac 02 (James. H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Jeffrey C., Social Research, “Hannah Arendt on human rights and the limits of exposure, or why Noam Chomsky is wrong about the meaning of Kosovo,” Summer)
What does Arendt mean here? She does
AND
see Arendt, 1971: 50-54).

Realism is inevitable – states will always seek to maximize their power

Mearsheimer 01 (professor of political science at University of Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pg. 2)
The sad fact is that international politics has
AND
, the only great power in the system.

Groups go to war for materialistic gain

Thayer 2k (Bradley, political scientist and an associate professor in Missouri State University's Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, the MIT Press, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 2(Autumn 2000), pp. 124-151, "Bringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics”)
WARFARE AND FITNESS. For humans, there
AND
if population size is increasing faster than resources. 

Framing

Equating states and individual morally is a misappropriation of ethical analysis; while it may be possible for individuals to follow strict moral codes of conduct, states can only justify their decisions consequentially.

Tim Stelzig, Attorney Advisor in the Competition Policy Division of the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau, former associate with Arnold & Porter in Washington, D.C., JD from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, March 1998, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 901, p. 959
This observation forms the basis for a deep
AND
that it results in harm to fewer individuals. 

Governments are uniquely obligated to rely on consequentialism

Harries 5 (Visiting Fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy, a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Independent Studies in Sydney, Australia, and editor emeritus of The National Interest, a leading Washington-based foreign policy quarterly, 2005Owen, Orbis, p. 64 NB)
The same point, expressed in different terms
AND
giving preference to the former but to resign. 

We must evaluate the consequences of institutional implementation of plan; political accountability and deliberation require decision.

Gundersen 2k (Adolph G., Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 98-9)
Deliberation, however closely tied to action,
AND
individuals" to "the many as one."

You’re responsible for the plan’s consequences – if we win our impact, moral rules should be suspended

Shafer-Landau 97(Russ, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Ethics, Vol 104, No. 4)
Even Nozick, a staunch absolutist, allows
AND
the prohibition on intentionally killing innocents is absolute.

Realism occurs because it’s the only way to ensure security and it’s backed up by evolution

Thayer 04 (Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota [Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 75-76 adi)
The central issue here is what causes states
AND
for food, shelter, or other resources).

In the face of nuclear annihilation – an ethic of responsibility to future generations must come first – it’s the only ethical choice.

Krieger 7 (David, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, “Responsibility in an Era of Consequences,” May 17, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2007/05/17_krieger_Responsibility_In_An_Era.htm, AD: 6/30/09) jl
The inaugural meeting of the World Future Council
AND
for the elimination of these instruments of annihilation.” 

War is inevitable – only realist scenario planning can solve conflict

Walt 91 (Stephen Walt, University of Chicago, INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, 1991, p.229., MHSOLT1289)
A recurring theme of this essay has been
AND
policies cannot be evaluated and stopped in time. 

Threats aren’t arbitrary.  Can’t throw out security or wish away threatening postures—we have to develop strategies for coping with threat perceptions.

Knudsen 01 (Olaf F., Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360)
During the Cold War, peace research was
AND
find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

//


////


//Email me at vered352@gmail.com with questions about cites, etc.

USC

Round 2 vs. Stanford (Bahrain Advisory Support)

1NC: Payroll Tax Cuts, Threaten CP, Fem K

CP Text: The United States federal government should inform Bahrain that it will suspend all security assistance to Bahrain unless Bahrain initiates a genuine political dialogue, meets explicit human rights benchmarks including the release of political prisoners, and initiates a democratic constitutional reform towards constititional monarchy.

The United States federal government should offer necessary support and training for transparency and accountability of government institutions, including active public and government internal monitoring, for Tunisia on the condition that corruption prevention measures are established or in the process of being established, including: a free press, independent judiciary, a counter-corruption commission, an ombudsman, audit agencies, and guarantee these all have the legal authority and resources to monitor conduct and punish wrongdoing.  The United States federal government should provide technical assistance for the creation of these institutions.

2NR: Fem IR

Wake

Round 1 vs. Towson EM (Race Performance)

1NC: Critical T, Zizek, Lat Crit K
2NR: Zizek

Round 3 vs. Emory KH (Syrian Opposition Aid)

1NC: Payroll Tax Cuts, EU CP, Fem K
CP Text: The European Union should substantially increase support to strengthen capacity for Syrian political opposition groups.
2NR: Payroll Tax Cuts & Case

Round 6 vs. Oklahoma MT (Derrida Democracy to Come/Give Aid to Terrorists)

1NC: Payroll Tax Cuts, Zizek, Anti-Semitism CP
TEXT: The United States federal government should increase political party assistance for terrorists in Egypt that denounce anti-Semitism.
2NR: Anti-Semitism CP

ASU

Round 2 vs. CalPolySLO CY (Yemen Talk with Opposition)

1NC: T-Assistance is not Diplomacy, Saudi DA, Politics, Fem IR, Drone Strikes CP
Drone Strikes CP: Increases drone strikes and other military operations in Yemen (for a full CP text see the specific round)
2NR: T

Round 3 vs. UNLV CK (Egypt Unregistered NGOs)

1NC: Politics, Fem IR, EU CP
2NR: Politics & Case

Round 5 vs. UNLV JP (Egypt Unregistered NGOs)

1NC: Politics, Fem IR, EU CP
2NR: Politics & Case

Semis vs. Weber GO (Orientalism)

1NC: Critical T, Zizek, Topic PIC, Slaughterhouse K, Case Turns
Topic PIC: Vote negative to embrace our rhetorical criticism of the Orientalist meta-narrative
2NR: Case Turns

Emporia

Round 1 vs. KState EH (Ableism Aff)

1NC: Critical T, Zizek, Slaughterhouse K
2NR: Critical T

Round 4 vs. North Texas MM (Bahrain Internet Aff)

1NC: Zizek, Politics, Social Media K, End Aid CP
End Aid CP: The United States should abandon any support for Sunni regimes and should not pursue anti-Iran grand strategy. The US should not deploy shadow internet or other internet technology in any regime.

2NR: Politics, End Aid CP, Case

Round 6 vs. UTSA CM (Hip Hop Aff)

1NC: Framework, Zizek, Slaughterhouse K, Syria CP, Resolution CP
Syria CP: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen.
Resolution CP: We embrace their advocacy but refuse the resolution.
2NR: Resolution CP and Case Turns

UNLV

Round 2 vs. Los Rios CS (Indian NED in Egypt)

1NC: T-in the target country, Politics, Israel DA, Advantage CP, Fem IR
Advantage CP: The United States federal government should cooperate with India to launch a new global Internet freedom initiative.
2NR: Advantage CP, Israel DA

Round 3 vs. UNLV EN (Egypt Unregistered NGOs)

1NC: Fem IR, EU CP, Politics
2NR: EU CP, Politics

Round 6 vs. KcKcc GM (Egypt Non-violent NGOs)

1NC: Conditions CP, Politics, Israel DA, Zizek
Conditions CP: The United States federal government should offer political training for legally registered nonviolent parties in Egypt on the condition that it doesn’t support terrorism and that if elected it would support the peace treaty with Israel and work to destroy tunnels into Gaza.
2NR: Conditions CP, Politics

Round 7 vs. Fullerton AT (Civilized/Uncivilized Conceptions of Environment)

1NC: Critical T, Pessimism K, Zizek K, Slaughterhouse K
2NR: Slaughterhouse K

Doubles vs. Trinity MV (Rethink Democracy Assistance)

1NC: Critical T, Assistance PIC, Zizek K, Slaughterhouse K
Assistance PIC: Michelle and I advocate a rethinking of democracy.
2NR: Assistance PIC

Idaho State

Round 1 vs. Idaho State DJ (Bahrain Securitization)

1NC: Saudi DA, Framework, Zizek
2NR: Framework

Round 4 vs. Wyoming CJ (Muslim Brotherhood Aid)

1NC: EU CP, Politics, Israel DA, Conditions CP, Zizek
Conditions CP: The United States federal government should offer the Freedom and Justice Party of Egypt a substantial amount of assistance for political party development on the condition that it doesn’t support terrorism and that if elected it would support the peace treaty with Israel and work to destroy tunnels into Gaza.
2NR: Conditions CP, Politics

Round 5 vs. Weber GO (Orientalism Aff)

1NC: FX Topicality, Framework, Zizek, "Prerequisite" CP
Prereq CP: Vote negative to embrace our rhetorical criticism of the Orientalist meta-narrative.
2NR: "Prerequisite" CP

Semis vs. UNLV CK (Egypt Unregistered NGOs)

1NC: Politics, Zizek, EU CP
2NR: Politics & Case

Gonzaga

Round 1 vs. Texas BK (Yemen Opposition Aid)

1NC: EU CP, Zizek, Politics
2NR: Zizek

Round 4 vs. Gonzaga DH (Yemen Decentralization Assistance)

1NC: T-Assistance, EU CP, Zizek, Politics
2NR: EU CP, Politics

Round 5 vs. Oregon BG (Lingustic Citizenship)

1NC: T-Democracy Assistance, EU CP, Politics, Zizek
2NR: T

1NC EU CP

CP: The European Union should offer the Freedom and Justice Party of Egypt a substantial amount of assistance for political party development.

The EU can work with the Muslim Brotherhood

Kessler and Reuters 11 (Oren, Jersusalem Post middle east correspondent and the news company,

The European Union is amenable to holding talks

AND

. "It is important that everybody is given

the time to form political parties Êso when elections happen it is pluralistic," he said.

KORUS 1NC

1. KORUS will pass – tentative TAA agreement has been reached

Devaney 9/22 (Tim, national reporter who covers business and international trade for The Washington Times, 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/sep/22/senate-passes-worker-aid-bill-tied-to-delayed-trad/)

The Senate on Thursday took a big step

AND

said Sen. Orrin Hatch, Utah Republican.

2. Political capital is key to passage of Skfta

Kim 11 (Sukhan, senior partner at the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP in Washington, D.C., 30 June 2011, “[Viwepoint] Endgame for Korus”, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2938477)

Four years after striking an initial deal with

AND

whether he can succeed in his audacious gamble.

3. Republicans oppose aid to the Muslim Brotherhood

Jerusalem Post 11 (July 1st, “US to hold 'limited' contacts with Muslim Brotherhood. Secretary of State Clinton welcomes dialogue with 'all peaceful parties' ahead of Egypt's elections”, lexis)

Several members of Congress have already warned that

AND

in an interview with the Post this spring.

4. SKFTA key to US-South Korea alliance, regional stability, global free trade and heg

Washington Post 10 [Fred, Washington Post, 4-12-10, “Will the U.S. commit to free trade with South Korea?”, , accessed 6-30-11]

In a world of dangerously failed states and

AND

S., in that regard, are timeless."

5. Asian instability triggers massive impacts – nuclear escalation, climate chaos, economic collapse and prolif

Hamel-Green 10 [Peter & Michael, 1-5-10, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1-5-10, , accessed 7-1-11]

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation

AND

that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

2NC Korus

Will pass – Senate passed TAA

Reuters 9/22 (2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-usa-trade-congress-idUSTRE78L3LV20110922)

The Senate appeared set to approve on Thursday

AND

finish its work on the legislation on Thursday.

Will pass – Democrats are on board for compromise

AP 9/19 (2011, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/09/19/ worker_aid_program_key_to_passing_free_trade_deals/)

WASHINGTON—A half-century-old

AND

hurdle to considering the bill for developing countries.

Will pass – Bipartisan support for the FTA

Goudie 9/22 (Doug Goudie is director of international trade policy, National Association of Manufacturers, 2011, http://shopfloor.org/2011/09/senate-passes-gsp-and-taa-bill/22513)

Today’s vote by the U.S.

AND

be transmitted. They should be sent immediately.

1.    The Jobs bill is delayed – the FTAs will come first

ABC News 9/21 (http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/obamas-jobs-bill-pretty-well-jammed-in-the-senate/)

Almost two weeks after President Obama spoke on

AND

first item up after that is Chinese currency.

1.    The FTAs are the top agenda item on jobs – they’re the one thing Republicans and Democrats can agree on on

AP 9/22 (2011, http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/senate-passes-worker-aid-1186276.html)

U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk

AND

year and support tens of thousands of jobs.

Obama’s capital is key

McLarty & Cunningham 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND **Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva)

 Much has been written about Bill Daley's

AND

the Democratic base, but it is essential

Political capital is key to SKFTA passage – Dems & Tea Partiers

Knowledge@Wharton, 11 (Wharton Business School, UPenn, 1-12-11, “U.S.-South Korea Trade Pact: A Turning Point for American Exports?,” , accessed 7-1-11]

With Portman now in the Senate and other

AND

the China trade" as a key target.

McCain opposes the inclusion of the Muslim Brotherhood

Der Spiegel 11 (2/6/11, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,743819,00.html)

SPIEGEL: How optimistic are you that the

AND

it would be a mistake of historic proportions.

McCain is key to the agenda

CQ Weekly 8 (Rebecca Adams, 11/8/08 (“CQ Weekly Vantage Point: Farewell or a Future? McCain Still Has Role as Bipartisan Dealmaker,” LN)

A likelier scenario, observers say, is

AND

last years in the Senate reinforcing that image.”

1.    China would be drawn into a North Korean conflict

Shirk 7 (Susan Shirk, served as deputy assistant secretary for China at the U.S. State Department from 199 to 2000.CHINA: FRAGILE SUPERPOWER, 2007, p. 4)

China's neighbor and former ally, North Korea

AND

-to ­eyeball confrontation with the United States.

1.    Korean war would escalate, pulling in the the US and Japan

Chol 2 (Kim Myong, The Agreed Framework is Brain Dead, http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/0212A_Chol.html)

The second choice is for the Americans to

AND

reduced to a second-class nuclear power.

1NC Israel DA

US-Israeli relations are stable now due to security commitments, but Netanyahu is on the fence.

AFP 11 (Agence France Press, “US voices commitment to Israel in defense talks”, accessed online p. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5geTNCvh7ob5Fjg1JK3gIkxvubSWg?docId=CNG.257ca886195e82c183202f64ad9ed6e5.1071)

WASHINGTON — The United States on Thursday reiterated

AND

administration has sought progress in Middle East peace.

Israel is threatened by the Muslim brotherhood and the prospect of democratization – opposes US assistance
Byman 11 (Daniel Byman is a Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University andthe Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, Summer 2011 (Israel's Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring, Washington Quarterly, www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

Hamas’ history is rooted in the Muslim Brotherhood

AND

Gaza or another crisis again dominates the headlines.

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.

Byman 11

(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

These apocalyptic predictions and Israel’s doom-and

AND

regional transformation is peaceful and that democratization succeeds.

Stable US-Israel relations key to Middle East stability.

Kramer 6

(Dr. Martin, fellow at The Washington Institute and senior fellow at the Olin Institute @ Harvard, “The American Interest,” Fall 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=980)

My answer, to anticipate my conclusion, is this: United States support for Israel is not primarily the result of Holocaust guilt or shared democratic values; nor is it produced by the machinations of the “Israel Lobby.” American support for Israel -- indeed, the illusion of its unconditionality – underpins the pax Americana in the eastern Mediterranean. It has compelled Israel’s key Arab neighbors to reach peace with Israel and to enter the American orbit. The fact that there has not been a general Arab-Israeli war since 1973 is proof that this pax Americana, based on the United States-Israel alliance, has been a success. From a realist point of view, supporting Israel has been a low-cost way of keeping order in part of the Middle East, managed by the United States from offshore and without the commitment of any force. It is, simply, the ideal realist alliance. In contrast, the problems the United States faces in the Persian Gulf stem from the fact that it does not have an Israel equivalent there, and so it must massively deploy its own force at tremendous cost. Since no one in the Gulf is sure that the United States has the staying power to maintain such a presence over time, the Gulf keeps producing defiers of America, from Khomeini to Saddam to Bin Laden to Ahmadinejad. The United States has to counter them, not in the interests of Israel, but to keep the world’s great reserves of oil out of the grip of the West’s sworn enemies.

These wars escalate globally – culminate in extinction.

Moore 9

(Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, “Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/)

Israel is especially dangerous because its leaders and

AND

Only a worldwide disarmament movement can stop it.

1NC Conditions CP

CP: The United States federal government should offer the Freedom and Justice Party of Egypt a substantial amount of assistance for political party development on the condition that it doesn’t support terrorism and that if elected it would support the peace treaty with Israel and work to destroy tunnels into Gaza.

Republicans support conditions on aid to Egypt

Feteha 11  (Ahmed Monday 25 Jul 2011, writer for Ahram Online, Ahram Online is the English-language news web site published by Al-Ahram Establishment, Egypt’s largest news organization, and the publisher of the Middle East’s oldest newspaper, the daily Al-Ahram, in publication since 1875. ttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/17262/Business/Economy/US-Congress-mulls-tough-conditions-on-security-aid.aspx)

The US House of Representatives passed a bill

AND

, indicating the inclination of Congress’ lower house.

They would say yes – Solves perception of disengagement with Islamic groups

Byman 11 (Feb 4, Egypt 2012: What If the Muslim Brotherhood Comes to Power? Egypt, The Arab Spring and Middle East Unrest, Middle East, Foreign Policy, North Africa Daniel L. Byman, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy Wall Street Journal, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0204_egypt_protests_byman.aspx) MV

To encourage future moderation, the United States 

AND

encouraging them to adopt even more radical policies.

Multiculturalism Short 1NC

A. Link-the affirmative’s Capitalist order uses democratic multiculturalism utilizes violently imposed identities to establish human rights

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg.  213-214

However, there is another tension, the

AND

based on the repression of previous local traditions.

B. Impact-the Master Nation’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the environment.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4

While this book is philosophical in its basic

AND

Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

C. Alternative- vote negative use the affirmative’s empty Master-Signifier to place a demand on the state- this can be a rallying point for radical change

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg. 142

Therein resides the fundamental enigma of the symbolic

AND

notion of what ‘our Nation’ means.⁵⁴

1NC US Credibility FL

1. The Middle East mistrusts any US assistance – can’t improve credibility

Lappin 10 [Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade,Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 193 http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf]

Additionally, the consistent prioritisation of economic interests

AND

involved only a limited engagement in democracy promotion.

2. Foreign assistance isn’t key to soft power – causes rising expectations which generates more resentment

Adelman 11 (former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and arms control director in the Reagan Ronald's administration, now heads (with his wife) Movers & Shakespeares, which teaches executive leadership to corporations and NGOs,

Ken, “Go ahead, Congress, cut away at U.S. foreign aid”, April 18, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/18/not_so_smart_power?page=full,CMR)

Cutting the budgets of the State Department and

AND

engenders resentment, downing out any lingering gratitude.

3. Alt causes to anti-US backlash – Turkey, Pakistan, Libya, Iran – their author

Maginnis 8-17 [11, Robert, retired Army lieutenant colonel, a national security and foreign affairs analyst for radio and television, Human Events Online, “Muslim World More Anti-American Than Ever”, lexis]

Second, Turkey is on a glide path

AND

, and assume tougher political and military policies.

5. No internal link to a power vacuum – Their Rosen evidence indicts a total US troop withdrawal from the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. Plan doesn’t affect US military presence.

6. Heg doesn’t solve war and a power vacuum wouldn’t cause an arms race

Fettweis 10  Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College.

(Christopher J. “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59 – 82informaworld) CMR

One potential explanation for the growth of global

AND

world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated.

7. Biological agents can’t cause extinction

Gladwell 99 [Malcolm, The New Republic, Jul 17, “Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints,” p. 31-2]

Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity

AND

point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

8. Strong US heg in the Middle East is impossible

Miller 11  Summer 11 public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, served for two decades as an adviser to the U.S. secretary of state on Arab-Israeli negotiations,

Aaron David, “For America, An Arab Winter”, http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1967 CR

Finally, if the tumultuous changes in the

AND

cannot remake and from which it cannot retreat.

1NC MB FL

Both their Philpott and Guseynov evidence cites Coptic Christians as an alt cause to terror – the Muslim Brotherhood wants to politically – and sometimes physically – eliminate them. That makes terror inevitable.

1. The MB is like Ron Paul – they have dedicated base and get a lot of hype, but they won’t win

Fisher 11 (Mark, associate editor for the Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/07/chart-of-the-day-muslim-brotherhood-is-deeply-unpopular-in-egypt/242539/)

But does the Muslim Brotherhood actually have that

AND

in Egypt than it is on Fox News.

2. Legimitizing the MB allows it to take over - military checks it now

Phillips 11 (James Phillips, Senior Research Fellow for Middle Eastern Affairs, analyst for the Heritage Foundation, “Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Lurks as a Long-Term Threat to Freedom,” 2/8/11, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-lurks-as-a-long-term-threat-to-freedom)

To limit the Muslim Brotherhood’s ability to undermine

AND

a vital role as a bulwark against Islamism.

3. American appeasement towards groups like the Muslim Brotherhood encourages terrorist movements

Glick 9/9 (Caroline, an American-Israeli journalist and is the deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post. She is also the Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Washington, D.C.-based Center for Security Policy, in the Jersualem Post, “The war America fights,” lexis) MV

In the face of the rising political instability

AND

drying out their support structure at its roots.

Muslim Brotherhood will shut down the Suez Canal causing massive oil shocks

Hilliker 11 (Joel Hilliker, February 2, 2011, “Will the Muslim Brotherhood Close the Suez Canal?,” The Trumpet, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7928.6537.0.0)

Almost immediately after angry Egyptians took to the

AND

to Nasser’s provocation by combining forces to invade.

Suez closure causes US intervention and escalatory nuclear war

Nazemroaya 11 (Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), February, 13, 2011, “THE DIVISION OF EGYPT: THREATS OF US, ISRAELI, AND NATO MILITARY INTERVENTION?” http://www.setyoufreenews.com/2011/02/division-of-egypt-threats-of-us-israeli.html)

Recall the 1956 Invasion of Egypt? There

AND

global empire through militarism overseas and domestic militarization.

Even brief closure of the Suez Canal collapses the world economy

Brockmeyer 11 (Peter Brockmeyer, studied in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and the Economics Department at the London School of Economics, February 1, 2011, PolicyMic, “The Suez Canal: What Happens If Egypt Shuts It Down?,” http://www.policymic.com/beta/business-economy/suez-canal-what-happens-if-egypt-shuts-it-down)

In the midst of the unrest, the

AND

the longer route will impair supplies, too.

Oil shocks empirically collapse growth—Kill consumption and spike inflation

Roubini & Setser 4 (Nouriel Roubini, Professor of Business, Brad Setser, Research Associate, Global Economic Governance Programme, University College, Oxford, August 2004, online)

Oil prices shocks have a stagflationary effect on

AND

the invasion of Iraq is a good example.

Economic collapse causes nuclear war

Bearden 2k (Lt. Col Thomas E. Bearden, PhD, MS, BSCo-inventor - the 2002 Motionless Electromagnetic Generator - a replicated overunity EM generator Listed in Marquis' Who'sWho in America, 2004)

Just prior to the terrible collapse of the

AND

or some modified version of it, resulting.

Framework 1NC

Same as above

Framework 2NC

Spanos misconceptualizes the dialogic student-teacher relationship

Devyne 96 (John, NYU Ed School, Maximum Security: The Culture of Violence in Inner City Schools, p. 191)JFS

I argue that Spanos’ epistemology should be challenged

AND

Constructivism is splendid, but it has limits.

No offense – even though debate might be flawed, switch-side checks all offense

Muir 93 (Department of Communications at George Mason,  Star, “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 26(4), Gale Academic)JFS

Contemporary debate, even in the context of

AND

impressionable soul that we insist on their utility.

Roleplaying lets us learn about other’s opinions – this refines our strategy – Malcolm X proves

Branham 95 (Robert, Professor Rhetoric at Bates College, Argumentation and Advocacy, "`I Was Gone On Debating': Malcolm X's Prison Debates And Public Confrontations," Winter, vol. 31, no. 3, p.117)JFS

As Malcolm X sought new outlets for his

AND

each debate included four or five practice sessions.

Switch-side debate doesn't encourage relativism – it fosters tolerance without committing students to active moral irresponsibility

Muir 93 (Department of Communications at George Mason,  Star, “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 26(4), Gale Academic)JFS

A final indictment of values clarification education is

AND

validate their hypothetical value structure through immoral actions.

Framework doesn’t cause U.S. exceptionalism – It solves it

Stannard 6 (Matt, U of Wyoming, http://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.html.)

If it is indeed true that debate inevitably

AND

chance of being exposed to truly oppositional ideas.

CP 1NC

TEXT: Vote negative to embrace our rhetorical criticism of the Orientalist meta-narrative

There are no justifications for the topic that avoid Orientalism – all notions of democratic support from the US are based on imperialist liberal stereotypes and assumptions that can’t be undone by the aff

Hassan, Knowledge Officer at Hivos, where he coordinates Knowledge Programme Civil Society in West Asia, 3-11

Kawa, Rethinking Civil Activism in the Middle East, Policy Paper #1, www.hivos.net/content/download/46008/308396/file/PP1%20Hassan.pdf, pp. 9-10

In his working paper on civil society in

AND

threats and cultural factors (adapted from Junne 2009 and Diamond 2010).

The reference to the topic in their advocacy means they confine their criticism to the USFG – this makes the US a convenient scapegoat that allows the West off the hook; turns the case

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 17-18]

Parasitical, murderous, and sick, America

AND

the other colonial powers had called it quits.

CP 2NC

“Prerequisite” means you are going to carry out that function

Merriam Webster Online no date

Prerequisite

something that is necessary to an end or to the carrying out of a function

Particularly true in the context of a proposed course of action

Brainy Quote no date

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/pr/prerequisite206298.html

Prerequisite

Previously required; necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end; as, prerequisite conditions of success.

Something previously required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed.

“Prerequisite” necessarily means the “topical action” is to be done

The Free Dictionary.com no date

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/prerequisite

prerequisite

n / adj prerequisite [priəˈrekwizit]

(something that is) necessary for something else to be done or happen

“Prerequisite” means the “topical action” part of their advocacy IS implemented

The Free Dictionary.com no date

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/prerequisite

pre·req·ui·site  (pr-rkw-zt)

adj.

Required or necessary as a prior condition: Competence is prerequisite to promotion.

n.

Something that is prerequisite, as a course that is required prior to taking an advanced course.

Prerequisite means something will follow – that’s “topical action” according to their advocacy

Business Dictionary.com no date

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/prerequisite.html
 Prerequisite

Qualification required as a necessary condition for something to follow

Democracy has been hijacked by the Bush Administration to justify a suspension of civil liberties at home and pre-emptive war abroad.

Said, Palestinian Activists and Former Professor at Columbia University, 4/20/2003

[Edward, “Give Us Back Our Democracy,” ZNet, http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=3493&sectionID=22]

[In a speech in the Senate on

AND

the ones who must have our democracy back.

There should be NO Western action after the criticism – the whole point of Said’s argument is a fundamental challenge to Western authority.

Prakash 95 Orientalism Now  Author(s): Gyan Prakash  Source: History and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1995), pp. 199-212  Published by: Blackwell Publishing for Wesleyan University  Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2505621  Accessed: 15/09/2009 16:05 

Orientalism's lasting influence can be attributed to the

AND

, that has breathed sedition into its life. 

Their advocacy of the whole topic is an attempt to understand ‘the Orient’ through a new lens – this is just another link to the aff because it centers the West.

Sered, Rhodes Scholar in Postcolonial Studies at Emory, 1996

[Danielle, “Orientalism,” p. o/l: ]

Said calls into question the underlying assumptions that

AND

representation on the part of the 'Oriental.’

FX T 1NC

A. Interpretation – The aff should defend the topic. They should defend democracy assistance as it is now.

B. Violation – The aff attempts to reform democracy assistance rather than implementing it.

AND “Prerequisite” in the advocacy text means they are prior to the topic by definition

Brainy Quote no date

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/pr/prerequisite206298.html

Prerequisite

Previously required; necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end; as, prerequisite conditions of success.

Something previously required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed.

C. Reasons to Prefer

1. Allowing the aff to be prior to the topic creates an infinite number of affs

The literature is full of different ideas to re-fashion democracy assistance. On top of that, K affs that reform democracy assistance add a whole larger pile of affs.

2. Fundamentally changes the nature of link ground on the topic

If the aff can reform democracy assistance, negative link arguments concerning the problems with democracy assistance disappear as viable neg arguments. The contemporary literature about democracy assistance discusses costs and benefits based on how it currently operates. If the aff can make these changes, the literature available to be neg dries up.

3. Makes the topic bidirectional

Allowing reforms of democracy assistance grants the aff the ability to make democracy assistance more right wing (like intervention) or more left wing (like funding indigenous movements). Their solvency evidence proves our argument – they claim to open up alternate understandings and space for resistance with no direction attached whatsoever.

D. Topicality is a Voting Issue for Fairness and Education

Zizek 1NC

See above

Case

The 1AC describes all interaction with the Middle East as a product of US Imperialism – this belief replicates imperialism itself by positioning the West as the center of Evil

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 117-118]

A century ago, Rudyard Kipling wrote a

AND

source of all the horror in the world.

Their rejection of European intellectual domination does not create the possibility of understanding – difference is ineradicable. The attempt to eliminate difference requires the eradication of the Other. Instead, we should simply refuse to attempt to know the Other at all.

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 151-152]

It might seem that I have undertaken the

AND

human race to itself is an unrealizable dream.

Their advocacy of the topic after their criticism double turns the aff. While the aff claims to be a way to make the West create a new “non-Orientalist” relationship with the Middle East, they are really just a stronger allegiance with the core of the West.

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 143-144]

This little peninsula on the tip of Asia

AND

tried to destroy Europe as an antagonistic entity.

Embracing the aff desire to reject European knowledge is tantamount to embracing the end of everyone and the entire world.

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 146-147]

The foregoing teaches us this: that hatred

AND

negativity that envisions the end of the world.

Evil West presumes innocent Third World leaders, wipes clean their atrocities

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 133-135]

To excuse the atrocities of new nations by

AND

its peoples deserve"32 (Jean Rous).

Their criticism of European thought is built on a history rife with guilt that vacates all moral relationships

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 20-21]

In commitment to the Third World, what

AND

is its claim to total freedom from condemnation.

Their obsession with the Guilt of the West eliminates all value to life; culminates in self-destruction

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 63-66]

For the prophets of guilty conscience, the

AND

future of the West is self-destruction.

Their guilt denies all human agency to the Third World – they replicate the very imperialist obsession they critique

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 126-127]

Because they are former colonial peoples, the

AND

it has all the characteristics of colonialist thinking.

Zizek 1NC

see above

EU CP 1NC

see above

Politics 1NC

see above

Politics 2NC

Aid will be cut now – even maintaining current levels drains political capital

VOA News 8/8 (David Arnold, VOA News, 8-8-11, “US Debt Struggle Puts Middle East Aid Commitments in Question,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/US-Debt-Struggle-Puts-Middle-East-Aid-Commitments-in-Question-127258298.html)

When lawmakers in the U.S.

AND

East issue when the House bill was passed.

They don’t assume the current political climate - makes avoiding cuts more controversial

VOA News 8/16 (2011, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Foreign-Aid-Stirs-Debate-Amid-Egypts-Democratic-Hopes-127824353.html)

When the U.S. House of

AND

aid and a smaller amount for economic assistance.

Will pass – Senate passed TAA

Reuters 9/22 (2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/22/us-usa-trade-congress-idUSTRE78L3LV20110922)

The Senate appeared set to approve on Thursday

AND

finish its work on the legislation on Thursday.

Will pass – Democrats are on board for compromise

AP 9/19 (2011, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/09/19/ worker_aid_program_key_to_passing_free_trade_deals/)

WASHINGTON—A half-century-old

AND

hurdle to considering the bill for developing countries.

Will pass – Bipartisan support for the FTA

Goudie 9/22 (Doug Goudie is director of international trade policy, National Association of Manufacturers, 2011, http://shopfloor.org/2011/09/senate-passes-gsp-and-taa-bill/22513)

Today’s vote by the U.S.

AND

be transmitted. They should be sent immediately.

Obama has political capital – more voter support than GOP Congress on almost every issue

Politico 9/5

[Celinda Lake & Daniel Gotoff & Kristin Pondel, “Democratic Analysis: Jobs Plan Key”, <http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0911/62671.html>]

Currently, voters are statistically tied over to

AND

up for the middle class (+34 Obama).

1.    The Jobs bill is delayed – the FTAs will come first

ABC News 9/21 (http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/obamas-jobs-bill-pretty-well-jammed-in-the-senate/)

Almost two weeks after President Obama spoke on

AND

first item up after that is Chinese currency.

2.    The FTAs are the top agenda item on jobs – they’re the one thing Republicans and Democrats can agree on on

AP 9/22 (2011, http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/senate-passes-worker-aid-1186276.html)

U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk

AND

year and support tens of thousands of jobs.

Obama’s capital is key

McLarty & Cunningham 11 – *chief of staff to Clinton in 1993-94 and helped bring Bill Daley into the White House to lead the 1993 Nafta ratification effort, AND **Mr. Cunningham was an aide to President Clinton and to then-Sen. Joseph Biden (1/24/11, Thomas "Mack" McLarty III and Nelson W. Cunningham, “Obama's Free Trade Opportunity,” Factiva)

 Much has been written about Bill Daley's

AND

the Democratic base, but it is essential.

Political capital is key to SKFTA passage – Dems & Tea Partiers

Knowledge@Wharton, 11 (Wharton Business School, UPenn, 1-12-11, “U.S.-South Korea Trade Pact: A Turning Point for American Exports?,” , accessed 7-1-11]

With Portman now in the Senate and other

AND

the China trade" as a key target.

1.    Backlash when Obama tries to regain capital

Goldberg 10 (Jonah, Syndicated Journalist, February 26, "A Hidden Cost of the Health-Care Summit", http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/195494/hidden-cost-health-care-summit/jonah-goldberg)jn

It seems that I wasn’t alone in finding

AND

-night jokes and basis of SNL parodies.

2.    Takes a long time to rebuild capital

Schaller 9 (Tom, five thirty eight, 8/18/09, Is Obama Spending his Political Capital, Wasting It ... or Wuz He Robbed? http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/2009/08/is-obama-spending-his-political-capital.html)

Obama is investing now with an eye toward

AND

rise back to pre-Summer '09 levels.

3.     Wins don’t generate capital

Nicholas and Hook 10(Peter and Janet, Tribune Washington Bureau, July 30, "Obama the Velcro president", http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730)jn

Through two terms, Reagan eluded much of

AND

he could achieve and what government could accomplish.

A. Lugar supercharges the link - New DA trades off with funding for programs he likes

Rogin 11 (Josh, 4/6 “Lugar Holding Up State Department Funds for Tunisian Democracy” http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/06/lugar_holding_up_state_department_funds_for_tunisian_democracy)

The State Department wants to shift resources toward

AND

ranking Republican Richard Lugar (R-IN).

B. Lugar is key to Korus

McLaughlin 11 (Seth, writer for Washington Diplomat, April 26, "Key foreign policy players try to master capitol hill," www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7829:key-foreign-policy-players-try-to-master-capitol-hill&catid=1473:may-2011&Itemid=471)

Richard Lugar, the ranking member of the

AND

Bush are also submitted to Congress for approval.

Case 1NR

The Egyptian military will crush independent NGO’s if U.S. funds them; turns Aff

Reyes 11 Che Reyes “AMID ITS REFUSAL OF US AID, EGYPT ACCEPTS FUNDS FROM WORLD BANK” DEVex News

In response to an invitation from the U

AND

left his post Thursday, Aug. 11.

U.S. has already lost leadership in Middle East over Palestine

Seale 9/20 New geopolitical map of the Middle East is being drawn Patrick Seale, Agence Global, September 20, 2011,

America’s most grievous mistake, however — the

AND

diplomacy. Will Europe take up the challenge?

History proves American leadership is unsustainable.

Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University) 2007 “American Empire: A Debate” p 63

States are ever-vigilant when it comes

AND

have striven to dominate the international political system.

Leadership doesn’t solve conflict

Hachigan and Sutphen 2008

(Nina and Monica, Stanford Center for International Security, The Next American Century, p. 168-9)

 In practice, the strategy of primacy

AND

then question why China is modernizing its military.

Bribes won’t work; as long as the US backs Israel over Palestine, democracy cred can’t be rebuilt.

Arab News, 5-20-11

[Eurasia Review News & Analysis, Arab News is Saudi Arabia's first English-language newspaper. It was founded in 1975 by Hisham and Mohammed Ali Hafiz. Today, it is one of 29 publications produced by Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC), a subsidiary of Saudi Research & Marketing Group (SRMG).

http://www.eurasiareview.com/obamas-fine-words-fall-flat-oped-20052011/

Obama thinks that he can rebuild trust in

AND

it more than we do.

Must Cut funding to Middle East Militaries to solve the leadership advantage

McInerney ‘10

[Stephen, Director of Advocacy for the Project on Middle East Democracy, ―The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011,‖ http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/fy11-budget-analysis-final.pdf]

Support for democracy goes far beyond funding levels

AND

power spending in the region must be reconsidered.

Continued relations with authoritarian regimes means DA can’t improve US leadership

Lappin, Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, 10

[Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 193 http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf]

Additionally, the consistent prioritisation of economic interests

AND

in democracy promotion.

Contradictions, inconsistency, and growing public opposition make US leadership ineffective

Miller, Summer 11 public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, served for two decades as an adviser to the U.S. secretary of state on Arab-Israeli negotiations, Aaron David, “For America, An Arab Winter”, http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1967, CMR

During most of the time it has been

AND

well prove to be more an Arab Winter.

Diplomacy that contradicts the purpose of DA wipes out all of the “signal” benefits to DA

United Nations, 5/9/11

p. http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2011/110509_UNDEF.doc.htm

Better integration between democracy assistance and diplomatic efforts

AND

in freedom and civil rights around the world.

Economic Constraints and Politics Kills U.S. Leadership Role

Layne 09 Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University.

Christopher, International Security, Volume 34, Number 1, Summer 2009, pp. 147-172 (Review), The Waning of U.S. Hegemony—Myth or Reality? A Review Essay

In particular, Global Trends predicts that over

AND

the world’s leader are reassessed by American voters”

1NC T

A. Interpretation

Democracy assistance must be in the target country

Toornstra, European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director, 10

[Dick, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance”‖ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf, p.7-8, accessed 5-17-11, TP]

Democracy assistance – one of the tools of

AND

democratisation, in particular socio-economic assistance.

B. Violation

The plan is aid to a non-Egyptian NGO

C. Reasons to prefer

Explodes aff ground

If the affirmative can train governments, CSOs, or NGOs “off-site”, it expands the available advantages. This is particularly true if they can include governments of 3^rd countries as the “off-site” recipient of aid.

D. Topicality is a Voting Issue for Fairness and Education

1NC Politics

1. Supercommitte will reach deal – pressures will force compromise

AP 10/10 (2011, http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/ 10/deficit_supercommittee_struggl.html)

To be sure, the supercommittee still has

AND

, but we have to get to one.”

2. Foreign aid causes GOP backlash to negotiations – trades off with defense spending

Rogin 11 (Josh, staff reporter for Foreign Policy, 8/9/11, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/09/can_kerry_save_the_state_department_on_the_supercommittee)

The State Department, meanwhile, is preparing

AND

State Department he one day hopes to lead.

3. Defense cuts triggered by the committee would kill heg, global security and the economy

McKeon 10/14 (2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB10001424052970203914304576628882195814642.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

What principles should guide the congressional super committee

AND

, not on the protector of our prosperity.

4. The impact is global nuclear war

Thayer 6 [Bradley A., Prof of Defense and Strategic Studies @ Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy.,” National Interest; Nov/Dec2006 Issue 86, p32-37]

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been

AND

for advancing the interests of the United States. 

2NC Politics

Will reach deal – Begich and other Republicans willing to compromise

Bradner 9/1 (Tim, 2011, Alaska Journal of Commerce, http://www.alaskajournal.com/Alaska-Journal-of-Commerce/September-2011/Begich-optimistic-congressional-super-committee-will-reach-agreement/)

Alaska U.S. Sen. Mark

AND

,” in the tax code, Begich said.

Israel INC

US-Israeli relations are stable now due to security commitments, but Netanyahu is on the fence.

AFP 7/28

(Agence France Press, “US voices commitment to Israel in defense talks”, accessed online p. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5geTNCvh7ob5Fjg1JK3gIkxvubSWg?docId=CNG.257ca886195e82c183202f64ad9ed6e5.1071)

WASHINGTON — The United States on Thursday reiterated

AND

administration has sought progress in Middle East peace.

History has established ideological barriers – Israel can never accept democratization of Arabic countries as anything *but* a threat to their security.

Waxman 11

(Dov, associate professor in political science at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York “Israel’s Demophobia”, Foreign Policy, Februrary 18, accessed online http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/18/israel_s_demophobia)

Israeli antipathy towards Arab democracy is not just

AND

Egypt now might well give them that chance.

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.

Byman 11

(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)

These apocalyptic predictions and Israel’s doom-and

AND

regional transformation is peaceful and that democratization succeeds.

Stable US-Israel relations key to Middle East stability.

Kramer 6

(Dr. Martin, fellow at The Washington Institute and senior fellow at the Olin Institute @ Harvard, “The American Interest,” Fall 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=980)

My answer, to anticipate my conclusion,

AND

of the grip of the West’s sworn enemies.

These wars escalate globally – culminate in extinction.

Moore 9

(Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, “Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/)

Israel is especially dangerous because its leaders and

AND

Only a worldwide disarmament movement can stop it.

2NC Israel DA

Relations high – security assistanceMiller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)

In his fiscal year 2011 budget submission to

AND

Israel's regional strategic security in a turbulent area.

Relations high - Gates

Miller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)

At a time such as now — when

AND

, to the mutual benefit of both nations".

Relations high – science collaboration

Miller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)

Israeli research technology has also produced solutions to

AND

, demonstrates the collaboration between these two countries.

Democratic transition rolls back Camp David accords – angers Israel

Newsweek 11 “Egypt Boils Over” July 24, 2011

Egyptians' antipathy toward Israel was palpable. Only

AND

the landmark peace agreement between Egypt and Israel.

Democracy will hurt Eyptian relations with Israel

Aaron 11 (David, senior fellow at the RAND Corporation specializing in the Middle East and former White House Deputy National Security Adviser, “Is the Arab World Changing for the Better?”, RAND Commentary, accessed online p. http://www.rand.org/commentary/2011/05/03/CQGR.html)

One can hope the turmoil is a good

AND

. But celebrations are not yet in order.

US assistance is pro-Israel now

Sharp 10 (Jeremy M., Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs @ FAS, “US Foreign Assistance to the Middle East:  Historical Background, Recent Trends, and the FY2011 Request”, June 15, FAS, p. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32260.pdf)

For policymakers, foreign assistance plays a key

AND

a trend that has continued to this day.

CP

TEXT: The United States federal government should cooperate with India to launch a new global Internet freedom initiative.

Collaboration on Internet Freedom initiatives solves US-India relations and is less controversial than democracy assistance

Twining, Senior Fellow for Asia at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Fontaine, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 2011

[Daniel and Richard, Each previously handled South Asia policy at the U.S. Department of State and served as a foreign policy adviser in the U.S. Senate, “The Ties that Bind? U.S.—Indian Values-based Cooperation,” The Washington Quarterly, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Spring 2011, 34:2, 200-201]

Internet Freedom

As open societies that benefit greatly from unfettered

AND

more active, targeted forms of democracy promotion.

Fem 1NC Shell

The 1AC’s frame of IR Policy is inherently masculine- the plan cannot be separated from the patriarchy embedded in foreign policy.

Tickner 2001 J. Anne, prof  of IR @ USC Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era pg 52, DJ

Does the fact that states' national-security

AND

, theories cannot be separated from political practice.

The alternative is to reject the masculine IR logic of the affirmative in favor of a feminist perspective. Rejection of a framework that normalizes masculine warfare is critical to adopt epistemologies centered on a feminist ethic of peace

Cohn and Ruddick 3 (Carol, Researcher and Teacher at Harvard Medical Signs, and Sara, author, A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/cohnruddick.pdf) PJ

Both in philosophy and in “western”

AND

their frame, and about the frame itself.

1NC Case FL

No warming – data from satellites, balloons and past records prove

Singer 0 (S. Fred, Professor emeritus of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia and the founder and president of The Science & Environmental Policy Project, June 18, ) LL

1. There is no Appreciable Climate Warming

AND

20th century is the warmest in 1000 years.

 No warming – warming is an alarmist approach based off exaggerated data

Lewis 7 (Institute of Economic Affairs, Mar 6, ) LL

The government claim that global warming is more

AND

through increased government intervention and world energy planning.

IPCC is a politicized institution

Marshall 7 (Andrew, Center for Research on Globalization, Mar 15, ) LL

Claude Allegre, a leading French scientist,

AND

frost, are relegated to the business pages”.

Effects of warming are exaggerated

Fuller 10 (Thomas, SF Environmental Policy Examiner, Mar 3, ) LL

Temperatures have risen 0.7 degrees Celsius

AND

Is Not Likely To Be As Desperate As We

Relative to the ability of humans to adapt, climate change is slow

Tennekes 8 (Hendrick, former director of research at The Netherlands' Royal National Meteorological Institute, Jul 15, ) LL

“Fortunately, the time rate of climate

AND

may cause some cooling in the foreseeable future.

17,000 scientists agree – warming is not a concern and climate models not accurate

Singer 0 (S. Fred, Professor emeritus of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia and the founder and president of The Science & Environmental Policy Project, June 18, ) LL

We hold a skeptical view on the climate

AND

and have no place in a scientific debate.

Several sources indicate that global warming is a solar-system wide phenomenon

Marshall 7 (Andrew, Center for Research on Globalization, Mar 15, ) LL

First off, it is very important to

AND

that is resulting in our current climate change.

Warming is a natural phenomenon

Gary 7 (William, Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Oct 28, ) LL

The role of anthropogenic CO2 as a causal

AND

) to periods of global warming and cooling.

1. International Law doesn’t prevent states from using force.

Arend, 03.

[Anthony Clark, professor in the Department of Government and the School of Foreign Service, an adjunct professor of law, and a director of the Institute for International Law and Politics at Georgetown, “International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force,” The Washington Quarterly, 26:2 pp. 89-103]

When the UN Charter was adopted as a

AND

in violation of the basic UN Charter paradigm. 

2. iLaw is violated all the time.

A. The death penalty.

Cole, 98.

[David, prof of constitutional law at GeorgetownUniversity, April 28, The U.S. Plays by it's own rules; as a nation, We view international law in wholly instrumental terms, p. 1]

On April 14.the United States openly

AND

, in areas far beyond the death penalty.

B. Other countries – Turkish invasion of Iraq.

BBC Monitoring, 07.

[“Russian MPs condemn Turkish invasion of northern Iraq,” Oct. 24, BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, ProQuest]

Moscow, 24 October: Deputies of the

AND

the State Duma, Vladimir Zhirinovskiy, said.

C. American unilateralism – makes other countries skeptical of new U.S. foreign policies.

Drezner, 07.

[Daniel W., Associate Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007, Vol. 86, Iss. 2, pg. 14, “The New New World Order,” ProQuest]

This unheralded effort is well intentioned and well

AND

and China in the concert of great powers.

3. No impact – U.S. doesn’t have to approve – it’ll become customary international law, making the effects universal.

4. ILaw doesn’t change state behavior

Aread, 99.

[Anthony Clark, Legal Rules and International Society, p. 4]

In a 1990 essay on recent works on

AND

political and economic factors that really affect behavior.

Alt Cause- There are human rights abuses everywhere from refuses refugees to the war on terror

Heale 10 (Jack, July , the Director of the Human Rights Action Center  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jack-healey/renewing-the-american-foc_b_641499.html accessed 7/9) CM

Much like the flowers in the Peter,

AND

enhanced interrogation methods in the war on terror.  

1.  The U.S. Navy won’t be matched.

Daniel, 2002.

[Donald C.F., Globalization and Maritime Power, Editor – Sam J. Tangredi, Ch. 27, ]

The United States will possess the world’s premier

AND

should move significantly down the road toward achievement.

2. The U.S. will maintain naval dominance for decades because of carriers.

Daly, 07.

[John C K, consultant and adjunct scholar at the Middle East Institute, “US Naval Power Wanes,” 27/08, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?id=18038]

The most important maritime lesson that the US

AND

Sao Paulo; and Thailand - HTMS ChakriNareubet.

3. U.S. allies are building up their navies too, including carriers – no impact to losing naval supremacy.

Daly, 07.

[John C K, consultant and adjunct scholar at the Middle East Institute, “US Naval Power Wanes,” 27/08, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?id=18038]

The silver lining in this dark cloud for

AND

amphibious assault vessel and a VSTOL aircraft carrier.

India and Pakistan want to cooperate – they’re having talks

AP 10 (Associated Press, 2/25/10, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=india-pakistan-hold-first-talks-in-15-months-2010-02-25) GAT

India and Pakistan held wide-ranging discussions

AND

the people of our region," she said.

Obama is gently putting pressure on them to reduce tensions

Reuters 4/29 (4/29/10, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N2998082.htm) GAT

President Barack Obama sees reducing tensions between India

AND

the parties that we can," he said.

Pakistan admits they will not start a nuclear war

Kristensen 9 (Hans  M., “Strategic Security Blog, http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2009/01/chinapaper.php, AD: 7/1/09)  GAT

Actually, most other nuclear weapons states don’t

AND

rejected a no-first-use policy.

1.  New confidence building measures solve.

AP of Pakistan, 07.

[“Pak-India talks on CBMs are aimed at reaching resolution of Kashmir issue,” Oct. 17, http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18689&Itemid=2]

NEW DELHI, Oct 17 APP: Pak

AND

on ballistic missiles and reduction of nuclear risk.

2. Relations are at an all time high.

The Hindu, 07.

[Nirupama Subramanian, “Ties with India have never been so good: Pakistan,” Oct. 23, http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/23/stories/2007102354001000.htm]

ISLAMABAD: The Pakistan Foreign Ministry says the

AND

said at the weekly briefing here on Monday.

3. The risk of nuclear war is low – dialogue and U.S. involvement can prevent war.

Ahmed, 03.

[Samina, “Avoiding an India-Pakistan Nuclear Confrontation,” March, Pugwash Conference, ]

From December 2001 until July 2002,Indian

AND

dialogue is the first step towards crisis deescalation.

4.  No war – it didn’t happen when tensions were at their highest point –deterrence prevents it.

Ahmed, 03.

[Samina, “Avoiding an India-Pakistan Nuclear Confrontation,” March, Pugwash Conference, ]

There was near unanimity among participants that tensions

AND

first use over no-first use postures.

Indo-Pak

Nuclear deterrence and ideological barriers prevent conflict

Malik 3 (Mohan, “The stability of nuclear deterrence in South Asia: the Clash Between State and Antistate Actors,” Asian Affairs: An American Review September 22, 2003) GAT

The presence of nuclear weapons certainly makes states

AND

secure transport of sensitive items. (27)  

Indo-Pak conflict doesn’t go nuclear except in incredibly unlikely scenarios that they can’t defend

Markey 10 (Daniel, writer for Council on Foreign Relations, “Terrorism and Indo-Pakistani Esclation”) GAT

A military exchange

AND

it authorizes a first strike.

Even if nuclear weapons are involved, India-Pakistan war doesn’t escalate beyond that region

Dyer 2 (Gwynne, “Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir,” Hamilton Spectator, May 24, 2002) GAT

For those who do not live in the

AND

grave harm to the wider world from fallout. 

Even if deterrence fails and a conventional conflict breaks out, Kargil proves that nuclear warfare isn’t an option

Chandrasekharan 99 (Dr. S., writer for South Asia Analysis, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/\papers\paper71.html) GAT

If a fundamental tenet of proliferation optimism is

AND

the ink on the Lahore Declaration was dry.

No risk of escalation

Quinlan 5 (Michael Conflict Writer, Vol. 47, Iss. 3; pg 103. ProQuest) jl

Since the 1999 Kargil conflict and the 2002

AND

, have global responsibilities in the non-proliferation

India and Pakistan will prevent accidental nuclear launches

Goncharov 8 (Pyotr, Russian News and Information Agency, http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080125/97772224.html, AD: 7/10/10) jl

A Muslim state with nuclear weapons and extremists

AND

the development of reliable nuclear arms control systems.

The US is pushing human rights now Clinton China speech proves

Heale 10 (Jack, July , the Director of the Human Rights Action Center  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jack-healey/renewing-the-american-foc_b_641499.html accessed 7/9) CM

Somehow, the pretense that the United States

AND

kept. Deeds are needed, not rhetoric. 

Alt cause predator drones are a violation of human rights

Callam 10 (Andrew, 2/21,  writer for the International Law Review, International Law review (XIX)  http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/144 accessed 7/9) CM

It is also unclear whether the CIA’s Predator

AND

greater scrutiny regarding its compliance with international law.

Human rights do not exist

Hamilton 04 ( Charles, 4-14, speaker and writer on human rights, speaker @ the Midwest Political Science Conference, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Midwest Political Science Association<http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p82840_index.html>

Human rights do not exist. Human rights

AND

have to be founded on an alternative basis.

Fem IR 1NC

Classical democratic theory ignores feminism – we account for the effects of social movements on the public sphere and military regimes

Waylen 94 (Women and Democratization: Conceptualizing Gender Relations in Transition Politics Author(s): Georgina Waylen Source: World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Apr., 1994), pp. 327-354 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2950685 . Accessed: 31/05/2011 22:26)

First, the narrow concentration by analysts such

AND

democratization does not necessarily entail any wider changes.

Feminist resistance to masculine IR is essential for sustained peace – without the alternative, the patriarchal drive for war ensures a spiraling continuum of armed conflict

Cockburn 10, Cynthia Department of Sociology, The City University London, UK b Centre for the Study of Women and

Gender, University of Warwick, UK (2010) 'Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War', International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12: 2, 139 — 157

To summarize the argument made above – looking

AND

explicitly resisting the exploitation of masculinity for war.

The alternative is to reject the masculine IR logic of the affirmative in favor of a feminist perspective. Rejection of a framework that normalizes masculine warfare is critical to adopt epistemologies centered on a feminist ethic of peace

Cohn and Ruddick 3 (Carol, Researcher and Teacher at Harvard Medical Signs, and Sara, author, A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/cohnruddick.pdf) PJ

Both in philosophy and in “western”

AND

their frame, and about the frame itself.

Fem IR 1NR

We can’t merely add women to the affirmative’s theoretical framework- feminist scholarship requires reframing our theory of international relations. The lens of the aff and the lens of the K contradict.

Ackerly and True 6, Feminist Methodologies or International Relations, edited by Brooke A. Ackerly: Assistnat Professor in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, Maria Stern: Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Peace and Development Research, Goteborg University, and Jacqui True: Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at the Univeristy of Auskland, New Zealand, 2006, Cambridge University Press p.245-6 in the same epistemological…international relations

In the same epistemological vein, feminist scholarship

AND

conceptualize international relations (Crenshaw 1989; 2000).

The “add-and-stir” method of incorporating women into IR fails. It’s not about adding women, it’s about changing the entire frame of IR.

Warren & Cady 94 Karen & Duane, “Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections”, Hypatia Volume: 9. Issue: 2, pp 1, DJ

What do feminism and peace have to do

AND

feminist scholarship informs mainstream philosophical discussions of peace.

Working within the realm of the state only makes it more possible to maintain current oppressive systems because the bases of all law and the idea of the state exclude women by putting them in a separate sphere of being.

Charlesworth, Chinkin, and Wright, 91 (Christine Chinkin - Professor of International Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Shelley Wright - Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne Law School, Hilary Charlesworth, 1991, “Feminist Approaches to International Law,” American Journal of International Law, http://www.heinonline.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/HOL/Page?page=613&handle=hein.journals/ajil85&collection=journals#633, CM)

States are held responsible for torture only when

AND

by the state to achieve national goals.9

Even if you don’t buy that the alt will solve, we must reject the global, transcendental claims about masculinity before we can open our minds to correct forms of knowledge and correct, non-biased ideals.

Anderson 9 [Prof of women’s studies &philosophy at Michigan, “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science,” AW] (PAGE 80)

In reading the project of feminist epistemology along

AND

can productively transform the field of theoretical knowledge.

Your ballot is key: we must each chose to self-endorse the idea of feminist epistemologies to promote checks and balances on masculine ideologies.

Anderson 9 [Prof of women’s studies &philosophy at Michigan, “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science,” AW] (PAGE 54)

These are all empirical questions. By framing

AND

-formation mechanisms and enabling the reliable ones.

EU CP 1NC

The European Union ought to provide technical support for transparent democratic governance in Libya.

EU can provide DA to MENA countries

E. A. Fakhro, 2009, (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, "The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World," http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Fakhro_low_2.pdf)

Having examined both the influence of Islamist actors

AND

term ally and partner of the Arab world.

2NC EU CP

The EU should take the lead in Libya

Serwer 11 (Daniel [Daniel Serwer is a professorial lecturer and senior fellow at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the Middle East Institute. He blogs at

www.peacefare.net and tweets at @DanielSerwer.] Council on Foreign Relations “Post-Qaddafi Instability in Libya” CONTINGENCY PLANNING MEMORANDUM NO. 12  August 2011. 

Should the Qaddafi regime fall, uncertainty over

AND

initial stages after Muammar al-Qaddafi falls.

The EU is comparatively more effective than the US at democracy promotion - Arab perception

Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf, SRM)

Finally, the Arab world desperately needs a

AND

Islamic traditions of tolerance, diversity and justice.

First of all, Germany AND France oppose Eurobonds – second, the current plan being pursued will work better than Eurobonds. Third, Eurobonds will come after European integration anyway.

“Analysis: France, Germany set out next stage of EU integration” By Mike Peacock

LONDON | Tue Aug 16, 2011 2:33pm EDT http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/16/us-eurozone-analysis-idUSTRE77F5KN20110816

The joint initiative by French President Nicolas Sarkozy

AND

their constitutions would be obligatory, not optional.

And, the EU Is onboard with a new plan PROPOSED by Germany and France that will fix the financial issue.

BRUSSELS | Tue Aug 16, 2011 4:21pm EDT EU executive welcomes French, German policy push. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/16/eurozone-francogerman-eu-idUSB5E7HN00520110816

The European Union executive said on Tuesday that

AND

sector makes a fairer contribution to public accounts."

Politics 1NC

1. Supercommitte will reach deal – pressures will force compromise

AP 10/10 (2011, http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/ 10/deficit_supercommittee_struggl.html)

To be sure, the supercommittee still has

AND

, but we have to get to one.”

2. Foreign aid causes GOP backlash to negotiations – trades off with defense spending

Rogin 11 (Josh, staff reporter for Foreign Policy, 8/9/11, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/09/can_kerry_save_the_state_department_on_the_supercommittee)

The State Department, meanwhile, is preparing

AND

State Department he one day hopes to lead.

3. Defense cuts triggered by the committee would kill heg, global security and the economy

McKeon 10/14 (2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB10001424052970203914304576628882195814642.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

What principles should guide the congressional super committee

AND

, not on the protector of our prosperity.

4. The impact is global nuclear war

Thayer 6 [Bradley A., Prof of Defense and Strategic Studies @ Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy.,” National Interest; Nov/Dec2006 Issue 86, p32-37]

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been

AND

for advancing the interests of the United States. 

Politics 2NC

Aid will be cut now

VOA News 8/8 (David Arnold, VOA News, 8-8-11, “US Debt Struggle Puts Middle East Aid Commitments in Question,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/US-Debt-Struggle-Puts-Middle-East-Aid-Commitments-in-Question-127258298.html)

When lawmakers in the U.S.

AND

East issue when the House bill was passed.

They don’t assume the current political climate - makes avoiding cuts more controversial

VOA News 8/16 (2011, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Foreign-Aid-Stirs-Debate-Amid-Egypts-Democratic-Hopes-127824353.html)

When the U.S. House of

AND

aid and a smaller amount for economic assistance.

Investors are on the verge of panic, and need the Super Committee to agree to a measure to calm them

IBT 11 [International Business Times, ”U.S. Debt Deal: Could Super Committee Help Calm Markets with Deficit Reduction?”, August 11, 2011, http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/196337/20110811/super-committee-supercommittee-congress-budget-deficit-national-debt-dow-markets-djia.htm]

Institutional investors fear that the U.S

AND

trillion in additional deficit reduction over 10 years.

Instability 1NC

Libya going to stabilize – squo solving

RIA Novosti 8/8/2011 (“Opposition makes plan for ‘post-Gaddafi’ Libya” The Libyan Youth Movement, August 8, 2011.  http://feb17.info/news/opposition-makes-plan-for-post-gaddafi-libya/)

The Libyan opposition has developed a plan to

AND

use of the existing state and government structures.”

Libya won’t implode – Too many resources

Bloomberg 8/24/11 (Alaa Shahine and Vivian Salama [reporters for Bloomberg] “Oil-Rich Libyans Won’t Need Foreign Financial Backing in Post-Qaddafi Era” August 24, 2011.  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-23/oil-rich-libyans-won-t-need-financial-aid-in-post-qaddafi-era.html

Airstrikes and logistical support from forces helped reverse the tide in , stopping the advance of Qaddafi’s troops on rebel strongholds and allowing the opposition to score military victories that culminated in a sweep into Tripoli this week.

As the rebels hunt Qaddafi and his remaining

AND

after popular revolts ousted their leaders this year.

“We don’t need loans,” former Libyan Central Bank Governor Farhat Bengdara, who broke with Qaddafi’s regime in February, said in an interview in Dubai. “Libya has huge financial resources and oil reserves. What it needs is the cooperation of the international community to lift the freeze on Libya’s assets aboard.”

TNC doesn’t need US assistance

Democracy Now ’11 (“NATO Commander: Troops Could Enter Libya” March 30, 2011. http://www.democracynow.org/2011/3/30/headlines)

As President Obama refused to rule out U

AND

for liberation–we will liberate our country."

Libya must stabilize itself – ANY US involvement leads to “Iraq-like” disaster.

Benson 11 (David “Libya at a Turning Point” Chicago Project On Security and Terrorism [CPOST] August 24, 2011. http://cpost.uchicago.edu/blog/2011/08/24/libya-at-a-turning-point/)

Already with regards to Libya, we see

AND

risk upsetting whatever stable balance may be achieved.

Status quo stabilizing Libya - Canada

Clark 11 (Campbell [writer for The Globe and Mail] “Canada will stick with Libya mission until it’s done, Harper says” The Globe and Mail, September 2, 2011. )

Canada is boosting its support for Libya’s interim

AND

to a request on Thursday for updated figures.

Oil 1NC

High oil prices key to the Russian economy

Andrew E. Kramer 11, New York Times, “Russia Cashes In on Oil Supply Anxiety”, March 8, http://www.cnbc.com/id/41963140/Russia_Cashes_In_on_Oil_Supply_Anxiety

Whatever the eventual outcome of the Arab world’s

AND

less vulnerable to an outbreak of social unrest.

Global nuclear conflict

David, Prof Poli Sci – Johns Hopkins University, ‘99
 (Steven, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)

At no time since the civil war of

AND

chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

Squo solving now – Oil companies back in Libya

Pasadena-Star News 9/5/11 (“Business briefs: Foreign oil companies back in Libya” Pasadena-Star News August 5, 2011. http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/business/ci_18829519)

At least five foreign oil and gas companies

AND

a halt during this year's insurgency against Gadhafi.

Oil flow stabilizing now - IOCs

Oil and Gas Eurasia ’11 (“NTC Says IOCs Return to Libya” September 7, 2011. )

Officials from Libya’s National Transitional Council (NTC

AND

also aid in restoring production from offshore fields.

Oil Peak inevitable

Foster 09

[John Bellamy Foster m o n t h l y r e v i e w / j u l y - a u g u s 2009Peak Oil and Energy Imperialism]

Publicly of course the peak oil problem has

AND

market says, Let’s fuel the cars.”31

Oil won’t return for 3 years

Pfeifer 11 (Sylvia, Energy editor for the Financial Times, 6/16, “IEA forecasts slow recovery for Libyan oil”, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1a5e6a8a-97eb-11e0-85e9-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Vg1Fw0zZ)

’s oil production faces a “long haul

AND

foreign operators, may need to be renegotiated.

Libyan oil recovery doesn’t impact the market – slow market response

National Journal 8-22, ("Could We See a ‘Libya Stimulus’?" 2011, www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/could-we-see-a-libya-stimulus20110822)

In other words, an oil shock fueled

AND

clue in which direction it’s going to be.”

Oil shocks don’t cause economic collapse – empirically denied

Taylor, CATO senior fellow, and Van Doren, senior fellow and expert in the regulation of housing, land, energy, the environment, transportation, and labor, 2007

[Jerry Taylor & Peter Van Doren, “Be Not Afraid,” CATO Institute, September 28, ]

During the last week of September, 2003

AND

is, for the most part, incorrect.

Speculation is an alternate cause to change in oil prices - comparison with gold prices proves

[Mohsin S. Kahn, senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, “The 2008 Oil Price “Bubble”, August 2009, <http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb09-19.pdf>]

Another way to get a sense of speculative

AND

environment of extreme banking and financial system uncertainty.

The economy can withstand oil shocks - market adaptations solve

Gholz and Press 7 (Eugene and Daryl G., University of Texas public affairs assistant prof. and Dartmouth government associate professor "Energy Alarmism: The Myths That Make Americans Worry about Oil”, 4-5, ) atw

In the five major oil supply shocks caused

AND

refiners, and major consumers to smooth risks.

Oil shocks don’t cause war

Klare 8 (Michael, Five Colleges professor of Peace and World Security Studies “The Impending Oil Shock: An Exchange”, Survival (00396338); Aug/Sep2008, Vol. 50 Issue 4, p61-82, 22p, ebsco) atw

Today, we are better equipped to deal

AND

, sudden losses in fuel on several occasions.

Changes in demand and production make oil price swings and financial burdens inevitable

Roberts 4 (Paul Roberts, energy expert and writer for Harpers,2004, The End of Oil, pg. 99)

For as the international oil companies had learned

AND

of adjustment by pushing it onto the other.

1NC Conditions CP
CP: The United States federal government should offer political training for legally registered nonviolent parties in Egypt on the condition that it doesn’t support terrorism and that if elected it would support the peace treaty with Israel and work to destroy tunnels into Gaza.
Republicans support conditions on aid to Egypt
Feteha 11  (Ahmed Monday 25 Jul 2011, writer for Ahram Online, Ahram Online is the English-language news web site published by Al-Ahram Establishment, Egypt’s largest news organization, and the publisher of the Middle East’s oldest newspaper, the daily Al-Ahram, in publication since 1875. ttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/17262/Business/Economy/US-Congress-mulls-tough-conditions-on-security-aid.aspx)

The US House of Representatives passed a bill
AND
, indicating the inclination of Congress’ lower house.

They would say yes – Solves perception of disengagement with Islamic groups
Byman 11 (Feb 4, Egypt 2012: What If the Muslim Brotherhood Comes to Power? Egypt, The Arab Spring and Middle East Unrest, Middle East, Foreign Policy, North Africa Daniel L. Byman, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy Wall Street Journal, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0204_egypt_protests_byman.aspx) MV

To encourage future moderation, the United States
AND
adopt even more radical policies.

1NC Politics
1. Supercommitte will reach deal – pressures will force compromise
AP 10/10 (2011, http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/ 10/deficit_supercommittee_struggl.html)

To be sure, the supercommittee still has
AND
, but we have to get to one.”

2. Foreign aid causes GOP backlash to negotiations – trades off with defense spending
Rogin 11 (Josh, staff reporter for Foreign Policy, 8/9/11, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/09/can_kerry_save_the_state_department_on_the_supercommittee)

The State Department, meanwhile, is preparing
AND
he one day hopes to lead.

3. Defense cuts triggered by the committee would kill heg, global security and the economy
McKeon 10/14 (2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB10001424052970203914304576628882195814642.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

What principles should guide the congressional super committee
AND
protector of our prosperity.

4. The impact is global nuclear war
Thayer 6 [Bradley A., Prof of Defense and Strategic Studies @ Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy.,” National Interest; Nov/Dec2006 Issue 86, p32-37]

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, peace and stability have been
AND
for advancing the interests of the United States.  

Israel INC
US-Israeli relations are stable now due to security commitments, but Netanyahu is on the fence.
AFP 7/28
(Agence France Press, “US voices commitment to Israel in defense talks”, accessed online p. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5geTNCvh7ob5Fjg1JK3gIkxvubSWg?docId=CNG.257ca886195e82c183202f64ad9ed6e5.1071)
WASHINGTON — The United States on Thursday reiterated
AND
administration has sought progress in Middle East peace.

History has established ideological barriers – Israel can never accept democratization of Arabic countries as anything *but* a threat to their security.
Waxman 11
(Dov, associate professor in political science at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York “Israel’s Demophobia”, Foreign Policy, Februrary 18, accessed online http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/02/18/israel_s_demophobia)
Israeli antipathy towards Arab democracy is not just
AND
Egypt now might well give them that chance.

That independently implicates and threatens US-Israeli relations.
Byman 11
(Daniel, Prof. in Security Studies @ Georgetown, Research Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring”, Washington Quarterly, Summer, Volume 34, Issue 3, accessed online p. http://www.twq.com/11summer/docs/11summer_Byman.pdf)
These apocalyptic predictions and Israel’s doom-and
AND
regional transformation is peaceful and that democratization succeeds.

Stable US-Israel relations key to Middle East stability.
Kramer 6
(Dr. Martin, fellow at The Washington Institute and senior fellow at the Olin Institute @ Harvard, “The American Interest,” Fall 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=980)
My answer, to anticipate my conclusion,
AND
sworn enemies.

These wars escalate globally – culminate in extinction.
Moore 9
(Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, “Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/)
Israel is especially dangerous because its leaders and
AND
Only a worldwide disarmament movement can stop it.

Israel DA 2NC
Relations high – security assistance
Miller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)
In his fiscal year 2011 budget submission to
AND
Israel's regional strategic security in a turbulent area.

Relations high - Gates
Miller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)
At a time such as now — when
AND
, to the mutual benefit of both nations".

Relations high – science collaboration
Miller 11 (Elissa, Februrary, “The Strategic US-Israel relationship”, Tufts Daily, p. lexis)
Israeli research technology has also produced solutions to
AND
, demonstrates the collaboration between these two countries.

Democratic transition rolls back Camp David accords – angers Israel
Newsweek 11 “Egypt Boils Over” July 24, 2011 http://www.newsweek.com/2011/07/24/egypt-s-angry-electorate.html
Egyptians' antipathy toward Israel was palpable. Only
AND
the landmark peace agreement between Egypt and Israel.

Democracy will hurt Eyptian relations with Israel
Aaron 11 (David, senior fellow at the RAND Corporation specializing in the Middle East and former White House Deputy National Security Adviser, “Is the Arab World Changing for the Better?”, RAND Commentary, accessed online p. http://www.rand.org/commentary/2011/05/03/CQGR.html)
One can hope the turmoil is a good
AND
. But celebrations are not yet in order.

US assistance is pro-Israel now
Sharp 10 (Jeremy M., Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs @ FAS, “US Foreign Assistance to the Middle East:  Historical Background, Recent Trends, and the FY2011 Request”, June 15, FAS, p. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32260.pdf)
For policymakers, foreign assistance plays a key
AND
a trend that has continued to this day.

Two-state solution prolongs the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Nafaa 8  (Hassan, professor of political science at Cairo University, Weekly Al Ahram, 2-12-2008, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=8058)
After all, the concrete existence of a
AND
met today or even in the foreseeable future.


1NC EU CP
Text: The European Union should provide substantial political training for legally registered nonviolent parties in Egypt.

The EU solves democracy promotion in the Arab world
Abboud 2010 (Noufal Abboud was Project Coordinator at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) project on Democracy in the Arab Word, focusing on elections, political parties and women’s participation in politics in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.  He has a MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and a Licence en Droit (BA in Law) from University Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco; "Regenerating the State in the Arab World: The Role Of the European Union in Democracy Building"; http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abboud_low_1.pdf, SRM)

It is only with knowledge of the local
AND
play the role of either catalyst or teacher.

Zizek K 1NC
The affirmative’s Capitalist order uses democratic multiculturalism utilizes violently imposed identities to establish human rights
Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg.  213-214
However, there is another tension, the
AND
local traditions.

Like the Tunisian fruit seller, the alt is to run into the fire: our batshit insane attack against the multiculturalist fantasy gives us the space for free action. Only this allows us to authentically redefine our identity.

Zizek 2k [Slavoj, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, pg. 122-124 gjm. Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies. Ljublijana, Slovenia]


In film, a modest, not quite
AND
explicit symbolic texture of his or her identity.

1NR Zizek K

They say ROB is for or against the plan –The K is a lens through which to view the plan. We must use the basis of understanding the universe in terms of the real and the symbolic because they are the driving force behind human experience – policy conclusions that do not take this into account are doomed to fall into Capital’s continual trap.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder:

An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg.  227-228

Is not this virtual state of an electron
AND
enable us to conceive it as ‘actual’.
Their util args are irrelevant -- -Capital’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the enviroment. That outweighs and turns the aff.
Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4
While this book is philosophical in its basic
AND
Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

Their representations of the so-called “ecological catastrophe” and potential nuclear conflicts are simply the ideological result of the overlapping of aesthetics and commodification – the drive to secure ourselves from catastrophes that threaten to implode the entirety of symbolic space is merely a symptom of the symbolic space’s breakdown.

Slavoj Zizek, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, 2000, The Fragile Absolute, p. 39-40
And the task of historical materialist analysis here
AND
none other than a row of Coke bottles.

. Only a full recognition of the flawed nature of politics can avoid capitalist totalitarianism – our particular struggle is key.
Slavoj Zizek, researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana, The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989, pg. 4-5
Psychoanalytic ‘essentialism’ is paradoxical in so far
AND
of this basic antagonism, this basic impossibility.

Relying on hard reality only leads to an inability to attain primordial Freedom- the aff’s advocacy of their advantage impacts means they can’t solve
Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg.  230-231
The emergence of human freedom can be accounted
AND
created universe regains the abyss of primordial Freedom.


1NC Muslim Brotherhood FL
1. The MB is like Ron Paul – they have dedicated base and get a lot of hype, but they won’t win
Fisher 11 (Mark, associate editor for the Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/07/chart-of-the-day-muslim-brotherhood-is-deeply-unpopular-in-egypt/242539/)

But does the Muslim Brotherhood actually have that
AND
in Egypt than it is on Fox News.
2. Legimitizing the MB allows it to take over - military checks it now
Phillips 11 (James Phillips, Senior Research Fellow for Middle Eastern Affairs, analyst for the Heritage Foundation, “Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Lurks as a Long-Term Threat to Freedom,” 2/8/11, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-lurks-as-a-long-term-threat-to-freedom)

To limit the Muslim Brotherhood’s ability to undermine
AND
a vital role as a bulwark against Islamism.
3. American appeasement towards groups like the Muslim Brotherhood encourages terrorist movements
Glick 9/9 (Caroline, an American-Israeli journalist and is the deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post. She is also the Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Washington, D.C.-based Center for Security Policy, in the Jersualem Post, “The war America fights,” lexis) MV

In the face of the rising political instability
AND
drying out their support structure at its roots.
4. Terrorism risks extinction
Sid-Ahmed 4 (“Extinction!” Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, staff writer, Al-Ahram Issue 705, September 1, 2004, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history
AND
pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

1NR Muslim Brotherhood

No world war three – no one will risk war and superpowers wouldn’t be drawn in.

Ferguson, 06.
[Niall, professor of history at Harvard, “NIALL FERGUSON; WWIII? No, but still deadly and dangerous” July 24, LA Times, LN]
Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over
AND
to meet the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev.
War in the Middle East doesn’t result in world war three – religious affiliations prevent.

Simpson, 06.
[Dan, “WARS AROUND THE WORLD: THE BIG PICTURE; IT'S BAD, AND AMERICA IS NOT FARING WELL. BUT ARE WE REALLY HEADING INTO WORLD WAR III?” Pittsburg Post-Gazette, August 2, LN]
So,does Afghanistan plus Iraq plus Israel
AND
, appalling and frightening though they may be.

1NC US Credibility FL
1. The Middle East mistrusts any US assistance – can’t improve credibility
Lappin 10 [Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade,Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 193 http://www.cejiss.org/sites/default/files/8.pdf]

Additionally, the consistent prioritisation of economic interests
AND
involved only a limited engagement in democracy promotion.

2. Foreign assistance isn’t key to soft power – causes rising expectations which generates more resentment
Adelman 11 (former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and arms control director in the Reagan Ronald's administration, now heads (with his wife) Movers & Shakespeares, which teaches executive leadership to corporations and NGOs,
Ken, “Go ahead, Congress, cut away at U.S. foreign aid”, April 18, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/18/not_so_smart_power?page=full,CMR)

Cutting the budgets of the State Department and
AND
engenders resentment, downing out any lingering gratitude.

3. Alt causes to anti-US backlash – Turkey, Pakistan, Libya, Iran – their author
Maginnis 8-17 [11, Robert, retired Army lieutenant colonel, a national security and foreign affairs analyst for radio and television, Human Events Online, “Muslim World More Anti-American Than Ever”, lexis]

Second, Turkey is on a glide path
AND
assume tougher political and military policies.

Biological agents can’t cause extinction
Gladwell 99 [Malcolm, The New Republic, Jul 17, “Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints,” p. 31-2]

Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity
AND
point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.


Muslim Brotherhood will shut down the Suez Canal causing massive oil shocks
Hilliker 11 (Joel Hilliker, February 2, 2011, “Will the Muslim Brotherhood Close the Suez Canal?,” The Trumpet, http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=7928.6537.0.0)

Almost immediately after angry Egyptians took to the
AND
to Nasser’s provocation by combining forces to invade.

Suez closure causes US intervention and escalatory nuclear war
Nazemroaya 11 (Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), February, 13, 2011, “THE DIVISION OF EGYPT: THREATS OF US, ISRAELI, AND NATO MILITARY INTERVENTION?” http://www.setyoufreenews.com/2011/02/division-of-egypt-threats-of-us-israeli.html)

Recall the 1956 Invasion of Egypt? There
AND
global empire through militarism overseas and domestic militarization.
Even brief closure of the Suez Canal collapses the world economy
Brockmeyer 11 (Peter Brockmeyer, studied in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and the Economics Department at the London School of Economics, February 1, 2011, PolicyMic, “The Suez Canal: What Happens If Egypt Shuts It Down?,” http://www.policymic.com/beta/business-economy/suez-canal-what-happens-if-egypt-shuts-it-down)

In the midst of the unrest, the
AND
the longer route will impair supplies, too.

Oil shocks empirically collapse growth—Kill consumption and spike inflation
Roubini & Setser 4 (Nouriel Roubini, Professor of Business, Brad Setser, Research Associate, Global Economic Governance Programme, University College, Oxford, August 2004, online)

Oil prices shocks have a stagflationary effect on
AND
the invasion of Iraq is a good example.
Economic collapse causes nuclear war
Bearden 2k (Lt. Col Thomas E. Bearden, PhD, MS, BSCo-inventor - the 2002 Motionless Electromagnetic Generator - a replicated overunity EM generator Listed in Marquis' Who'sWho in America, 2004)

Just prior to the terrible collapse of the
AND
or some modified version of it, resulting.

1NC Critical T

INTERPRETATION.  The affirmative should have to defend a plan that endorses democracy assistance to Egypt, Bahrain, Libya, Syria, or Tunisia.

 “Should” primarily expresses a duty or obligation to act.  A policy action statement meets that duty, while speculation does not.

____American Heritage® Dictionary 96

 [1996, 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company, www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01]

should (shd)    v. aux. Past tense of shall.

           1.Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note.

Democracy Assistance means grant-aided support for local pro-democracy initiatives, even the broadest interpretations of what this means should not include indirect consequences if we want the topic to have any meaning

Burnell, Prof. of Politics @ University of Warwick, 2007

[Peter, “Does International Democracy Promotion Work?” German Development Institute, Discussion Paper, http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uholtz/lehrmaterial/begleit_burnell.pdf, p. 4-5]

All things considered, however, there is

AND

simpler question: does direct democracy assistance work?

You must hold them accountable for the resolution – the best way to access topic specific education and all education derived from the affirmative is by having a common starting point for discussion.

Shively, former Professor of Political Science, Texas A&M, 2000

[Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-183]

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative

AND

are simply implicit in the act of argumentation.

Pessimism K 1NC Shell

If the history of previous debates is any guide, Their aff will produce a form of ACADEMIC MCCARTHYISM. Fearing all Western influence creates AMMUNITION which assumes that ALL criticisms of the Middle East or support for democracy are imperialism.  This creates a reverse form of Orientalism that turns the West into a scapegoat and silences legitimate scholars

Teitelbaum & Litvak, 6 /Senior Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv University & Senior Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies/ /Joshua & Meir, “STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND EDWARD SAID: TAKING STOCK OF ORIENTALISM”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol 10 no. 10, March/

Another problem, noticed mostly by Said's Arab

AND

or an agent of American imperialism.[74]

The aff’s politicalization does violence to real-life policy formation.  Their criticism over-exaggerates a uniformity that is not present on the ground.  While only some democracy assistance is geared towards US interests, the filter of critical theory assumes that all democratization is the same.

Youngs 11 (Richard, Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor at the U of Warwick, FRIDE, Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion, Jan, N º 1 0 6)

There are many eloquent critiques that have added

AND

the renovations needed are more subtle in nature.

Democratization theory is under-going massive self-reflection.  The decision to throw it out as Western imposition is a worse form of imperialism at a critical time.

Youngs 11 (Richard, Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor at the U of Warwick, FRIDE, Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion, Jan, N º 1 0 6)

It is self-evident that liberal democracy

AND

‘liberal’ tenets – and thus contradicting themselves.

Your aff is a luxury that’s hostile to lived experience.  Criticizing the relevance of the law and political freedoms from afar is easy to do when you’re already protected by the law.  Many activists in Arab countries actually want the protection of the law. Their stereotyping of capitalism and statism is no different than Islamophobia

Kacem 11 M.B., French-Tunisian writer and philosopher. A Tunisian Renaissance. <http://www.lacan.com/thesymptom/?page_id=1046>

As a Tunisian, I was already tired

AND

now elsewhere, claim to see Islamism everywhere.

The alternative is to be open to future possibilities of democratization, to conclude that assisting and paying attention to other countries doesn’t have to mean imperialism. The alternative is a form of similarity that does not attempt to cordon off Arab populations as some radical other who is separate from Western culture.  Instead of assuming that Arab populations are just of bunch Western-democracy-sellouts and they can’t handle themselves when the West offers democracy, we should affirm Arab participation with Western democratization as a form of mimicry and similarity.

Supporting non-western mimicry is the best way to destabilize normalized knowledge and disciplinary power and is a strategy for combating colonialism.

Bilgin 8 /Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey/ /Pinar, “Thinking past 'Western' IR?”, Third World Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 1 February pp. 5 – 23/

For those who remain curious about the emergence

AND

forms—including a search for ‘similarity’.

Multiculturalism 1NC

A. They remain trapped in the ideological components of the Real of catastrophe – fascination with securing an insulated, artificial world against an abstract threatening presence ensures that their fixation on crisis is driven solely by jouissance.

Slavoj Zizek, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, 2002, Revolution at the Gates, p. 232-33

It is precisely now, when we are

AND

, even if they play themselves for real.

B. Impact-Capital’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the enviroment.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4

While this book is philosophical in its basic

AND

Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

Like the Tunisian fruit seller, the alt is to run into the fire: our batshit insane attack against the multiculturalist fantasy gives us the space for free action. Only this allows us to authentically redefine our identity.

Zizek 2k [Slavoj, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, pg. 122-124 gjm. Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies. Ljublijana, Slovenia]

In film, a modest, not quite

AND explicit symbolic texture of his or her identity.

Zizek 1NR

Relying on hard reality only leads to an inability to attain primordial Freedom- the aff’s advocacy of their advantage impacts means they can’t solve

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg.  230-231

The emergence of human freedom can be accounted

AND

created universe regains the abyss of primordial Freedom.

The permutation perverts our complaint to legal obligation. It leads to surplus enjoyment and destruction

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg.  361

The specific feature of the ‘culture of

AND

obscene Other as the instrument of jouissance) .~‘

The claims of ecological crisis necessitate a violent attempt to achieve our “true” relationship with nature

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, 1991, pg. 34-35

Is not the ultimate form of the answer

AND

to its rhythms, taking root in it.

2. The affirmative’s fantasy leads to objectification and violence-turning the case. The “reality” proposed by the affirmative team is a simple fantasy. Only the alternative has any hope of escaping the system and preventing Capital from destroying the world.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, 1991, pg. 4-5

The same may be said of the other

AND

bites into food, it changes to gold.

4. Fantasies are continually reproduced - the affirmative can only create more problems as the master rhetoric of capital is reproduced and even glorified by the affirmative’s benevolent calls to USfg action.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, 1991, pg. 8

Where exactly, in this futile circular movement

AND

the break is nonetheless well worth the trouble.

Slaughterhouse K 1NC

Time is a block that makes suffering meaningless

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

    'The most important thing I learned on

AND

, which is "so it goes."'

The alt is to reject the aff because it focuses on future impacts that are either inevitable or are impossible and instead to concentrate only on the good times

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

Billy expected the Tralfamadorians

AND

concentrate on the good ones.'

Slaughterhouse 2NC

Free-will doesn’t exist

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

'Where am I?' AND

any talk of free will.'

There is no time and no endpoint

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

Billy licked his lips, thought a while, inquired at last: 'Why me?

'That is a very Earthling question

AND

trapped in the amber of this moment. There is no why.'

1NC CASE

Prioritizing Epistemology/Ontology creates a vacuous and inaccurate conception of international relations

Owen 2 David Owen Professor of Social & Political Philosophy @ U Southampton “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2002 31: 653 Sage Journals Online MM

Pictures, Illusions and the Threat of Theoreticism

AND

, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Discursive analysis leads to political paralysis and fails to change the world.

Jarvis ‘00 (Darryl Jarvis is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of British Columbia, International relations and the challenge of postmodernism, p. 190

The simple and myopic assumption that social change

AND

perversely as the search for "thinking space."

Objective factors shape discourse and the discourse the alt reject could be replaced by an even more violent discourse

Mearsheimer 95 (John, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, 19(3), AD: 7-11-9)

It would be understandable if realists made such

AND

will not emerge as the new hegemonic discourse.

Their rejection of European intellectual domination does not create the possibility of understanding – difference is ineradicable. The attempt to eliminate difference requires the eradication of the Other.

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 151-152]

It might seem that I have undertaken the

AND

human race to itself is an unrealizable dream.

We have an obligation to advocate democracy at the University level to combat the very global instrumental ordering Orientalism criticizes

Giroux, Global TV Network chair professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department, 2009

[Henry, Democracy’s Nemesis: The Rise of the Corporate University, vol 9, no 5, October, p. 671-672]

Educators such as Hannah Arendt, John Dewey

AND

toward an engaged, thoughtful, global citizenry.

Turn: All policies are not the same—biopower within a democratic context is radically different than their fascism examples. Power is driven by the people, thus biopolitical concentrations are distributed, avoiding their impacts.

Dickinson 04 - Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley - 2004 (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48)

In the Weimar model, then, the

AND

was too heavily slanted toward inclusion and tolerance.

Their impact will still be prevented by localized resistance.

Dickinson 04 - Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley - 2004 (Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism,  Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48)

In the current literature, it seems that

AND

into practice at multiple levels throughout modern societies.

2NC Case

The tension between the ideal of democracy and the flaws of actual democracy drive improvements in democratic practice

Cintron, associate professor of English Studies and Latin American and Latino Studies, U of Illinois @ Chicago, 2010

[Ralph, Democracy and its Limitations, in The Public Work of Rhetoric, eds. Ackerman & Coogan, p. 105-106]

Readers at this point may reasonably

AND

of oligarchic-democracy comes into being.14

1NC Counter-advocacy

Michelle and I advocate a rethinking of democracy.

The net benefit is two-fold:

FIRST is topic specific education.

Lappin, Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, 10

[Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 188-189 ]

In defining democracy assistance, it is paramount

AND

instrument within a broader democracy promotion paradigm.

It closes any avenue to learn about whether or not democracy assistance is a good idea and come to understand its effects within the world.

Lappin, Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, 10

[Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 194 ]

This article has examined the emergence of democracy

AND

likelihood of formulating effective democratic means will remain improbable

SECOND, Democracy assistance is key to women’s right’s movements – Programs like US assistance to YWU projects to stop child marriages would become a casualty in the wake of the aff.

USAID 9, YEMEN BASIC HEALTH SERVICES (BHS) PROJECT Mid-Term Evaluation September 2009 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Joy Riggs-Perla, Nahed Matta, and Nevine Hassanein through the Global Health Technical Assistance Project.

This is a new USAID activity started in

AND

post-intervention survey (see section V).

Child marriage leads to a laundry list of impacts.

By: Rati Bishnoi 11, Special Projects Intern at Women Deliver Celebrate Solutions: Community educators change perceptions of child marriage in Yemen May 31st, 2011 http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/celebrate-solutions-community-educators-change-perceptions-of-child-marriag/

Nearly one-half or 48 percent of

AND

. Now they see they can have both.”

And women’s action is key to detonate patriarchy

Sabbagh, former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), 2005

[Amal, “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, , p. 67]

‘The women’s movement…

AND

potential as the harbingers of a better future.

1NC Critical T

See above round versus Fullerton

2NC Critical T

Switch-side debate doesn't encourage relativism – it fosters tolerance without committing students to active moral irresponsibility
Muir 93 (Department of Communications at George Mason,  Star, “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 26(4), Gale Academic)JFS
A final indictment of values clarification education is
AND
validate their hypothetical value structure through immoral actions.

Framework doesn’t cause U.S. exceptionalism – It solves it
Stannard 6 (Matt, U of Wyoming,
If it is indeed true that debate inevitably
AND
chance of being exposed to truly oppositional ideas.

Taking multiple perspectives simultaneously and strategically is key to policy debate – better than all of their theory arguments
Cox 81
 (J. Robert, Professor @ UNC Chapel Hill – Department of Communication Studies and the Curriculum in the Environment and Ecology, Ph.D. (1973), M.A. (1968) University of Pittsburgh, Department of Speech and Theatre Arts
B.A. (1967) University of Richmond (Phi Beta Kappa), fellow @ institute of arts and sciences, “Investigating Policy Argument as a Field”)

There is, nonetheless, considerable ambiguity in
AND
never fixed, and adapted to situations.” 29

Multiculturalism 1NC

See above round versus Fullerton

Multiculturalism 2NC

Only a full recognition of the flawed nature of politics can avoid capitalist totalitarianism – our particular struggle is key.
Slavoj Zizek, researcher at the institute for sociology at Ljubljana, The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989, pg. 4-5
Psychoanalytic ‘essentialism’ is paradoxical in so far
AND
of this basic antagonism, this basic impossibility.

Relying on hard reality only leads to an inability to attain primordial Freedom- the aff’s advocacy of their advantage impacts means they can’t solve
Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg.  230-231
The emergence of human freedom can be accounted
AND
created universe regains the abyss of primordial Freedom.

The permutation perverts our complaint to legal obligation. It leads to surplus enjoyment and destruction
Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg.  361
The specific feature of the ‘culture of
AND
the instrument of jouissance) .

Representation relies on the element that eludes representation requiring a shifting reference to object

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at university of Ljubljana, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters, 1996, pg. 79
To recapitulate: two things are worth bearing
AND
guaranteed by a reference to objet petit a.
‘

They say no roadmap kills the alt, but we can’t commit ourselves fully to the cause without breaking away from cap. We’re cornered in a room and we have to make the radical action – it’s try or die against capitalism. The affirmative’s fantasy leads to objectification and violence - turning the case. The “reality” proposed by the affirmative team is a simple fantasy. Only the alternative has any hope of escaping the system and preventing Capital from destroying the world.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture, 1991, pg. 4-5

The same may be said of the other
AND
bites into food, it changes to gold.

1NC Slaughterhouse K

See above round versus Fullerton

1NC CASE

Prioritizing Epistemology/Ontology creates a vacuous and inaccurate conception of international relations

Owen 2 David Owen Professor of Social & Political Philosophy @ U Southampton “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2002 31: 653 Sage Journals Online MM

Pictures, Illusions and the Threat of Theoreticism

AND

, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Discursive analysis leads to political paralysis and fails to change the world.

Jarvis ‘00 (Darryl Jarvis is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of British Columbia, International relations and the challenge of postmodernism, p. 190

The simple and myopic assumption that social change

AND

perversely as the search for "thinking space."

Objective factors shape discourse and the discourse the alt reject could be replaced by an even more violent discourse

Mearsheimer 95 (John, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, 19(3), AD: 7-11-9)

It would be understandable if realists made such

AND

will not emerge as the new hegemonic discourse.

Their rejection of European intellectual domination does not create the possibility of understanding – difference is ineradicable. The attempt to eliminate difference requires the eradication of the Other.

Bruckner 1986

[Pascal, Tears of the White Man, p. 151-152]

It might seem that I have undertaken the

AND

human race to itself is an unrealizable dream.

We have an obligation to advocate democracy at the University level to combat the very global instrumental ordering Orientalism criticizes

Giroux, Global TV Network chair professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department, 2009

[Henry, Democracy’s Nemesis: The Rise of the Corporate University, vol 9, no 5, October, p. 671-672]

Educators such as Hannah Arendt, John Dewey

AND

toward an engaged, thoughtful, global citizenry.

West has been focused on the restoration not destruction of culture

David Pryce-Jones is a senior editor at National Review January 2008 Enough Said A review of Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism by Ibn Warraq On Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism by Ibn Warraq. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/enough-said-3743

More than that, intellectual curiosity on the

AND

monuments of India in his years as viceroy.

If the history of previous debates is any guide, Their aff will produce a form of ACADEMIC MCCARTHYISM. Fearing all Western influence creates AMMUNITION which assumes that ALL criticisms of the Middle East or support for democracy are imperialism.  This creates a reverse form of Orientalism that turns the West into a scapegoat and silences legitimate scholars

Teitelbaum & Litvak, 6 /Senior Fellow, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies, Tel Aviv University & Senior Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies/ /Joshua & Meir, “STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND EDWARD SAID: TAKING STOCK OF ORIENTALISM”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol 10 no. 10, March/

Another problem, noticed mostly by Said's Arab

AND

or an agent of American imperialism.[74]

The US isn’t characterized as an empire now, and it would be conceptually impossible to attempt to become one

Motyl 6 (Alexander J., Prof of Poli-Sci at Rutgers Univ, Foreign Affairs, “Empire Falls”, , p. 3) MAT

Not only is the United States not an

AND

The issues it purported to clarify will remain.

The US doesn’t fall under the definition of an empire, and it can’t be characterized as possessing an empire either

Motyl 6 (Alexander J., Prof of Poli-Sci at Rutgers Univ, Foreign Affairs, “Empire Falls”, , p. 2) MAT

So does the United States qualify? It

AND

scholars of empire -- would notice the difference.

Spanos’s theory has no real-world applcations.

Lewandowski, 94 - Associate Professor and Philosophy Program Coordinator at The University of Central Missouri – 1994 (Joseph D. Lewandowsi, Philosophy and Social Criticism, “Heidegger, literary theory and social criticism,” ed. David M. Rasmussen, P. 119)

Spanos rightly rejects the 'textuality' route in Heidegger

AND

oriented critical theory it can and should be.

The aff’s politicalization does violence to real-life policy formation.  Their criticism over-exaggerates a uniformity that is not present on the ground.  While only some democracy assistance is geared towards US interests, the filter of critical theory assumes that all democratization is the same.

Youngs 11 (Richard, Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor at the U of Warwick, FRIDE, Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion, Jan, N º 1 0 6)

There are many eloquent critiques that have added

AND

the renovations needed are more subtle in nature.

Democratization theory is under-going massive self-reflection.  The decision to throw it out as Western imposition is a worse form of imperialism at a critical time.

Youngs 11 (Richard, Director of FRIDE and Associate Professor at the U of Warwick, FRIDE, Misunderstanding the maladies of liberal democracy promotion, Jan, N º 1 0 6)

It is self-evident that liberal democracy

AND

‘liberal’ tenets – and thus contradicting themselves.

Generalizing the US as an empire is untrue; doing so would allow many others to be characterized similarly.

Motyl in 6 (Alexander J., Prof of Poli-Sci at Rutgers Univ, Foreign Affairs, “Empire Falls”, , p. 1) MAT

Matthew Connelly begins his contribution to the SSRC's

AND

draw lessons from their experiences with equal justification?

Saids critique is just factually incorrect- totalizing claims that essentialize the west turn back on themselves

A.J. Caschetta lecturer in the English department at the Rochester Institute of Technology Middle East Quarterly Winter 2009, pp. 77-79 Defending the West A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism http://www.meforum.org/2069/defending-the-west

It is now five years after the death

AND

an "essentialized" portrayal of the West.

Orientalism Inevitable – too deeply imbedded in western thought

Steven L. Rosen Faculty of Intercultural Communication Hiroshima Women's University Japan as Other:

Intercultural Communication, ISSN 1404-1634, 2000, November, issue 4.  Orientalism and Cultural Conflict

This paper argues that so-called Orientalism

AND

and projections." ( Said 1993:90)

Turn—Orientalism’s flawed account empowers militants and fundamentalists.

Warraq 07 (Ibn, Founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Study and senior research fellow at the Center for Inquiry, “Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said’s Orientalism” pg. 49-50)

For a number of years now, Islamologists

AND

account of classical Western Orientalism really is."72

1NC Critical T

INTERPRETATION.  The affirmative should have to defend a plan that endorses democracy assistance to Egypt, Bahrain, Libya, Syria, or Tunisia.

 “Should” primarily expresses a duty or obligation to act.  A policy action statement meets that duty, while speculation does not.

____American Heritage® Dictionary 96

 [1996, 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company, www.dictionary.com, accessed 4/2/01]

should (shd)    v. aux. Past tense of shall.

            1.Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note.

Democracy Assistance means grant-aided support for local pro-democracy initiatives, even the broadest interpretations of what this means should not include indirect consequences if we want the topic to have any meaning

Burnell, Prof. of Politics @ University of Warwick, 2007

[Peter, “Does International Democracy Promotion Work?” German Development Institute, Discussion Paper, http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uholtz/lehrmaterial/begleit_burnell.pdf, p. 4-5]

All things considered, however, there is

AND

public policy for things like managing the economy.

In view of the complexity of the issue

AND

question: does direct democracy assistance work?

You must hold them accountable for the resolution – the best way to access topic specific education and all education derived from the affirmative is by having a common starting point for discussion.

Shively, former Professor of Political Science, Texas A&M, 2000

[Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-183]

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative

AND

are simply implicit in the act of argumentation.

2NC Critical T

Using the debate space for social change creates backlash and fractures coalitions. The neg becomes a scapegoat for the movement

Atchison and Panetta 9 (Jarrod, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward, Ph.D. in Communication. “Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future”; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 28-9)JFS

The larger problem with locating the "debate

AND

tremendous effort by a great number of people.

EXCLUSION IS INEVITABLE – EFFECTIVE ACTIVISM REQUIRES A COMMITMENT TO ARGUMENTATIVE PRECISION. FEARS OF EXCLUSION MEAN THE AFF’S ACTIVISM FAILS AND CONSERVATIVE POLITICS WIN

Shively, former Professor of Political Science, Texas A&M, 2000

[Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 178-181]

The first point here is that the ambiguists

AND

reject civility and democracy.

Multiculturalism 1NC

Their resistance is like trying to satisfy your thirst by drinking Coke – thirst becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy because the nature of Coke is to make you thirsty. Likewise, their resistance is a self-fulfilling prophecy that only traps them in a never-ending loop because the nature of debate is to engender resistance without substantially changing things.

Slavoj Zizek, Professor of Sociology at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana University, 2000, The Fragile Absolute, p. 22-23

The unexpected result of this feature is not

AND

in effect merely an envelope of a void.

B. Impact-Capital’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the enviroment.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4

While this book is philosophical in its basic

AND

Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

Like the Tunisian fruit seller, the alt is to run into the fire: our batshit insane attack against the multiculturalist fantasy gives us the space for free action. Only this allows us to authentically redefine our identity.

Zizek 2k [Slavoj, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, pg. 122-124 gjm. Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies. Ljublijana, Slovenia]

In film, a modest, not quite

AND

explicit symbolic texture of his or her identity.

1NC Slaughterhouse K

Time is a block that makes suffering meaningless

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

    'The most important thing I learned on

AND

, which is "so it goes."'

The alt is to reject the aff because it focuses on future impacts that are either inevitable or are impossible and instead to concentrate only on the good times

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

Billy expected the Tralfamadorians to be baffled and

AND

, and concentrate on the good ones.'

1NC Payroll Tax Cuts

1. Payroll Tax cuts will pass

Brayton 10/20 (http://coloradoindependent.com/103477/extension-of-unemployment-benefits-is-likely-to-pass)

David Espo of the Associated Press says that

AND

million Americans will lose those benefits by February.

2 DA is unpopular – trades off with popular programs, tea partiers hate spending, history of government waste

LA Times 11 (Los Angeles Times April 13, 2011 Wednesday Home Edition THE WORLD; Debt worries crimp aid for 'Arab Spring'; Congress has shut the door on new funds the administration says would shape change. BYLINE: Paul Richter, lexis) MV

U.S. lawmakers not only have

AND

should not be shifted from their scholarship programs.

3. Obama’s political capital is key passing payroll tax cuts and unemployment insurance

Philladelphia Inquirer 9/8 (9-8-2011, “POINT: Don't expect miracles on job growth

Some steps could help, but don't expect miracles” http://articles.philly.com/2011-09-08/news/30130709_1_jobs-plan-american-economy-rare-tax/2)

Republicans and the president should be able to

AND

offshore, and dare Republicans to defend them.

4. Payroll tax cuts are key to economic recovery

Weller 9/12 (Christian E. Weller is an Associate Professor at the Department of Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts, Boston, and a Senior Fellow at Center for American Progress., http://www.npr.org/2011/09/12/140393524/new-republic-why-we-need-payroll-tax-cuts)

The centerpiece of the jobs plan unveiled by

AND

but sustainable and long-lasting economic growth.

5. Economic collapse leads to nuclear war

Mead 92 (Walter Russell Mead, Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, World Policy Institute, 1992)

Hundreds of millions – billions – of people

AND

than Germany and Japan did in the 30s.

2NC Tax Cuts

Threats aren’t arbitrary.  Can’t throw out security or wish away threatening postures—we have to develop strategies for coping with threat perceptions.

Knudsen 1 (Olaf F., Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360)

During the Cold War, peace research was

AND

find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

Predictions Good Predictions are imperfect but inevitable and critical to preventing major war

Kagan & Kagan 2k (Donald & Frederick, American Enterprise, While America Sleeps, p. 5)

Predicting the AND

the threat materializes.

Preventing widespread death through the aff takes precedence to ontological questioning

Davidson 89 (Arnold I. Davidson, coeditor of Critical Inquiry, Assoc Prof of Philosophy, U of Chicago, Critical Inquiry, Winter 1989. p.426)

I understand Levinas’ work to suggest another path

AND

and it is here that questioning must stop.

It’s impossible to determine an answer to being – ontological questioning results in an infinite regress and total political paralysis

Levinas & Nemo 85 (Emmanuel Levinas, professor of philosophy, and Philippe Nemo, professor of new philosophy, Ethics and Infinity, 1985, pg. 6-7)

Are we not in need of still more

AND

escape itself, to escape being and essence.

Tax Cuts will pass

AP 10/19 (2011, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2011/10/19/AP-Yes-parts-of-the-jobs-bill-will-pass.aspx)

Congress will almost certainly approve the parts of

AND

increases and higher federal spending on the other.

1NC Advantage CP

TEXT: The United States should abandon any support for Sunni regimes and should not pursue anti-Iran grand strategy. The US should not deploy shadow internet or other internet technology in any regime.

CP Solves the aff: Contention 1 establishes that the problem is US strategy in Syria and Libya is all part of a grand strategy against Iran. That’s their Glanz and Markoff evidence and their Hughes evidence.

Net Benefit: The internet is bad for oppositions and regime change. – that’ll be our social media K and the case debate.

2NC Counterplan

CP solves their ethical claim – you should prefer less harm when we solve the case

John Finnis, deontologist, teaches jurisprudence and constitutional Law. He has been Professor of Law & Legal Philosophy since 1989,1980, Natural Law and Natural Rights, pg. 111-2

The sixth requirement has obvious connections with the

AND

maximize the satisfaction of those preferences or wants.

Internet K

Their faith in internet training and access means we never examine the root of the problem – US support for dictatorships worldwide. This turns the case.

Morozov 11, Schwarz Fellow @ New America Foundation

[Evgeny, “America’s Internet Freedom Agenda,” New Perspectives Quarterly, vol 28, no 6, Spring, p. 63]

And yet the

AND

deeply cynical realpolitik foundations of US foreign policy.

The alternative is to reject internet-centrism – Only by doing so can we avoid the increases in repression that will inevitably result from the aff’s hubris

Morozov 11 (Evgeny Morozov, Schwartz Fellow @ New America, “The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom” PublicAffairs, 2011, p. xvi-xvii)

While most utopians are Internet-centrists,

AND

us to play with the latest fancy gadgets.

1NR K

No matter how liberatory technology can be, repressive governments still control everything – your social media revolution will be crushed in short order by the state

De Vaney and Gance 2000

[Ann and Stephen, Technology and Resistance: digital communications and new coalitions around the world, Ed. De Vaney, Gance, Ma, p. 2-3]

The proliferation of digital communications and the growing

AND

the major flow of information around the world.

oppressive or not.

Multiculturalism K

Democracy positions governments as able to ignore the people – non-elected governments are more responsive without this excuse. The tie between democracy and capitalism is thus despotic – it is inherently incapable of controlling wild capitalism.

Slavoj Zizek 2011, Living in the End Times. “The most dangerous philosopher in the West” and professor at the European Graduate School.

On the other hand, no matter how

AND

more threatening to the dominant global order of things

B. Impact-Capital’s destructive cycle will lead to the end of humanity as global capital begins to try to create an international supercommunity – the uber-capitalist force will destroy the enviroment.

Slavoj Zizek, professor of philosophy at the university of Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, 1999, pg. 4

While this book is philosophical in its basic

AND

Not guilty!’ for the Cartesian subject.

Like the Tunisian fruit seller, the alt is to run into the fire: our batshit insane attack against the multiculturalist fantasy gives us the space for free action. Only this allows us to authentically redefine our identity.

Zizek 2k [Slavoj, Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, pg. 122-124 gjm. Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies. Ljublijana, Slovenia]

In film, a modest, not quite

AND

explicit symbolic texture of his or her identity.

Solvency 1NC

Aff increases hypocrisy – Your authors don’t even advocate the aff – the result of the plan is that the US supports Bahrain at the same time that it deploys shadow internet to undermine Bahrain.

Glanz and Markoff, NYT Staff, 2011

[James and John, U.S. Underwrites Internet Detour Around Censors, June 12, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/world/12internet.html?pagewanted=all]

That distinction is difficult to maintain, said

AND

to undermine them.

They aren’t radical democracy, they are the opposite. Their representation of technology as a mechanism to overthrow authoritarian regimes hollows out all meaning of democracy.

De Vaney 2000

[Ann, Technology and Resistance: digital communications and new coalitions around the world, Ed. De Vaney, Gance, Ma, p. 15-16]

Democracy as a modern sign is diffuse and

AND

some newspaper editorials were censored by that government.

There’s no ethical value to the aff – all their claims to ethics are voided by the reality that the US will continue to fund the police forces that will crack down on

Morozov, Schwarz Fellow @ New America Foundation, 2011

[Evgeny, “America’s Internet Freedom Agenda,” New Perspectives Quarterly, vol 28, no 6, Spring, p. 63]

And yet the toughest unacknowledged challenge to the

AND

cynical realpolitik foundations of US foreign policy.

We should assume the worst – dictators manipulate technology to suppress people

Sutter, CNN, 2011

[John, “When social media ‘hinders’ revolution”, CNNTech, August 31, http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/08/31/social.media.stop.revolution/index.html]

Evgeny Morozov, a visiting

AND

better off assuming the Internet will strengthen dictators."

The aff pacifies protestors – Lack of communication methods encourages physical presence and protests.

Hassanpour, grad student in politics at Yale, 2011

[Navid, “Media Disruption Exacerbates Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence from Mubarak’s Natural Experiment, p. 3-4]

The debate on the role of the media

AND

of events can grow to unanticipated dimensions.2

They’ll say that the growth of technology is inevitable – but if we’re right that internet dissemination undermines the opposition’s ability to challenge the regime in Bahrain, then we should delay any dissemination of that tech as long as possible.

They build exclusive democracy – A revolution on the founded on technology will exclude many from the newly emerging democracy

De Vaney and Gance 2000

[Ann and Stephen, Technology and Resistance: digital communications and new coalitions around the world, Ed. De Vaney, Gance, Ma, p. 4-5]

Whose voices are heard? The Internet,

AND

of initial efforts, of fledgling democratic strategies.

Egypt proves we’re right

Hassanpour, grad student in politics at Yale, 2011

[Navid, “Media Disruption Exacerbates Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence from Mubarak’s Natural Experiment, p. 2]

Following three days of unrest and to counter

AND

opportunity to put such a hypothesis to test.

US aid literally threatens the lives of those working on the internet fringe

MacKinnon, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, 2011

[Rebecca, ‘Internet Freed’ in the Age of Assange, Foreign Policy, February 17,

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/17/internet_freedom_in_the_age_of_assange?page=0,2]

Clinton defended her department's more holistic approach in her speech, arguing that there is no "silver bullet" for Internet freedom. Because the threats to a free and open online public discourse are "increasingly complex," she said that the United States should support "a portfolio of technologies, tools, and training" to aid activists across the world.

It is also true, however, that

AND

by nasty regimes of acting as foreign agents.

Failure to pressure Bahrain for reforms means their Shiites will turn to Iran

International Crisis Group 2011

[POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII): BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM, Middle East/North Africa Report N°111 – July 28, p. 23

]

The U.S. is unlikely to

AND

opposite of what Washington purportedly wishes to accomplish.

Facebook anonymity rules undermine social media protests

Howard, associate professor of communication at the U of Washington, and Hussain, doctoral student in comm at UW, 2011

[Philip and Muzammil, “The Role of Digital Media,” Journal of Democracy, vol 22, no 3, July, p. 46]

In times of political crisis, technology firms

AND

anonymity, but no such feature currently exists.

Digital media alone can’t produce change – situation must be ripe for change first

Howard, associate professor of communication at the U of Washington, and Hussain, doctoral student in comm at UW, 2011

[Philip and Muzammil, “The Role of Digital Media,” Journal of Democracy, vol 22, no 3, July, p. 46]

It is a mistake to build a theory

AND

must together make or break a political uprising.

Framework 1NC

Debate requires that the affirmative present a predictable plan of action and defends that their policy should be adopted by the United States federal government.

The USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters

Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing – 2000

Use of a colon before a list or

AND

clause after the colon with a capital letter.

 “Resolved” expresses intent to implement the plan

American Heritage Dictionary 2000

www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=resolved

To find a solution to; solve … To bring to a usually successful conclusion

 “Should” denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary – 2000 [www.dictionary.com]

Used to express probability or expectation

 “The USFG” is the government in Washington D.C.

Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 [http://encarta.msn.com]

“The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC.”

And, our definition excludes action by smaller political groups or individuals.

Black’s Law Dictionary Seventh Edition Ed. Bryan A. Garner (chief) 1999

Federal government 1. A national government that

AND

the right to participate in national political matters.

Without predictable ground debate becomes meaningless and produces political strategy that is wedded to violence and fails to achieve productive change.

Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas A&M, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 182-3

The point may seem trite, as surely

AND

are simply implicit in the act of argumentation.

Topical Education – By manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform. Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism

Martin Lewis, Assistant Professor at George Washington, 1992 Green Delusions p. 258

A majority of those born between 1960 and

AND

immorality, and constitutional refinements become inconvenient niceties.

Limits – there are limitless contexts or avenues through which they could purport to advocate the plan. Our interpretation limits debate to promote politically relevant dialogue and structured communication.

Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40

Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory

AND

the moral vision of the non-theorist.

1NR Framework

Taking multiple perspectives simultaneously and strategically is key to debate.

Cox 81

 (J. Robert, Professor @ UNC Chapel Hill – Department of Communication Studies and the Curriculum in the Environment and Ecology, Ph.D. (1973), M.A. (1968) University of Pittsburgh, Department of Speech and Theatre Arts

B.A. (1967) University of Richmond (Phi Beta Kappa), fellow @ institute of arts and sciences, “Investigating Policy Argument as a Field”)

There is, nonetheless, considerable ambiguity in

AND

never fixed, and adapted to situations.” 29

Switch-sided debate is by its nature more suited to political deliberation than intellectual interrogation

*gender modified

Mary Dietz, Professor of Polisci at Minnesota, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 117-8

Against this Vaclavian politics of truth, Ash

AND

Ash 1995, 36, italics mine). *

No Turns - Education among students in this fashion can create new and radical political understandings

Adolf G. Gundersen, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas A&M, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 112-3

A new via media will also encourage a

AND

so far off as we might think. &

Ground – The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 Lesser Evils p. 20-1

As for moral perfectionism, this would be

AND

one right might lead us to betray another.

They can only win on what their policy option does.

Narahiku Inoue (Ph.D Kyushu Univ.) 2000 debate – a process of inquiry and advocacy http://www.rc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/%7Einouen/debate-text.html

Debate considers two choices but discussion may consider

AND

two choices: adopting or rejecting the proposal.

Their interpretation lets them shield their aff from interrogative criticism by refusing to furnish it with a defense of practical application

Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas A&M, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 186-7

In response to these arguments, the ambiguists

AND

to present their reasons for this alternative vision.

Underlimiting debate is unethical because they ruin the ability to debate in a fashion that can effectuate political change

Mary Dietz, Professor of Polisci at Minnesota, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 131-2

If another of the imperatives of the political

AND

the citizen—to "live" them.

 (         ) This argument provides a-priori reasons to vote negative. You must use your ballot to ratify constraints on discourse to preserve a politically-enabling discussion

Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas A&M, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 179

To put this point another way, it

AND

and firm support that we can give them.

The deliberative implications of their advocacy are a prior question – pre-conditions of agreement are necessary for your decision to have any political value

Adolf G. Gundersen, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas A&M, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 104-5

Indirect political engagement is perhaps the single most

AND

are to an important extent the same question.

1NC Syria PIC

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen.

Not interfering with Syria is the only logical option—Syria’s opposition must have more time to unite organically to avoid a catastrophic civil war and power vacuum when Assad inevitably collapses

Landis, director of the Center for Middle East Studies and associate professor at the University of Oklahoma, 8-10-11

[Joshua, “Syrians must win the revolution on their own”, Islam Daily, p. ] acs

Washington would be wiser to allow Syria to

AND

struggle on our own.".

Multiculturalism 1NC

Same as above – see Bahrain Internet round

1NC Resolution PIC

We embrace their advocacy but refuse the resolution.

The first net benefit is Orientalism: The aff mission to bring order and democracy is the very Orientalist logic that is the root of intervention and destruction throughout the history of the Middle East

SAID 3 (Edward, Prof. of English/Comparative Lit., Columbia U., “Preface.” Orientalism. p. xx-xxi. )

So from the very same directorate of paid

AND

brought by the latest mission civ-ilizatrice.

Two impacts – (1) there is no epistemological basis for the aff – they’ve functionally made ZERO claims in the 1AC and (2) the aff propogates oppressive racist ideology

Strong 7

Edward Strong February 22, 2007http://edstrong.blogcity.com/orientalism_racist_attitudes_prejudice__oppression_towards_m.htm

Every anti-war activist is familiar with

AND

” and subject to “our” rule.

These racist dichotomies grant states the power to exterminate – this is the root of all war

Mendieta 2

Eduardo Mendieta, 2002, “To Make Live and to Let Die – Foucault and Racism

This is where racism intervenes, not from

AND

these threat and foes are biological in nature.

The 2^nd net benefit is biopower There is very little difference between democratic and totalitarian states – the difference lies within the State’s ability to conceal its violent biopolitical nature and legitimize atrocity in the name of life preservation.

Agamben 98 (Giorgio, philosopher and professor of aesthetics at University of Verona Italy, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, 1998, p. 121-121)

The contiguity between mass democracy and totalitarian states

AND

fascism in Europe also have their roots here.

AND, that puts us on the edge of extinction.

Bernauer 90 (James, Professor of Philosophy, Boston College, Michel Foucault’s Force of Flight, 1990, p. 141-142)

This capacity of power to conceal itself cannot

AND

has tightened around each of our own necks.

2NC Resolution PIC

Policy analysis should precede discourse – most effective way to challenge power

Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, Speech prof @ CMU, , Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "

AND

agencies, and the budgets that fuel them.

We must evaluate the consequences of institutional implementation of plan; political accountability and deliberation require decision.

Gundersen 2k (Adolph G., Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 98-9)

Deliberation, however closely tied to action,

AND

individuals" to "the many as one."

Their refusal to defend the consequences of the plan replicates a totalitarian disregard for life – they sacrifice political responsibility on the altar of morality, which turns the case

Isaac 2 (James. H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Jeffrey C., Social Research, “Hannah Arendt on human rights and the limits of exposure, or why Noam Chomsky is wrong about the meaning of Kosovo,” Summer)

What does Arendt mean here? She does

AND

see Arendt, 1971: 50-54).

1NC Slaughterhouse K

Time is a block that makes suffering meaningless

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

    'The most important thing

AND

, which is "so it goes."'

The alt is to let the good times roll – the aff focuses on future impacts that are either inevitable or are impossible and instead to concentrate only on the good times

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, , 1969)

Billy expected the Tralfamadorians to be baffled and

AND

, and concentrate on the good ones.'

1NC Case

Democracy rhetoric will be coopted – equating democracy with social equality is particularly dangerous

Rai, assistant professor at U of Washington, 2010

[Candace, Power, Publics, and the Rhetorical Uses of Democracy, in The Public Work of Rhetoric, eds. Ackerman & Coogan, p. 39-40]

In this essay, I argue that rhetorics

AND

strictly from a god's-eye view.

Fall of communism proves the aff’s democracy rhetoric is empty – it will be used to justify the old forms of power that the Arab Spring supposedly toppled.

Cintron, associate professor of English Studies and Latin American and Latino Studies, U of Illinois @ Chicago, 2010

[Ralph, Democracy and its Limitations, in The Public Work of Rhetoric, eds. Ackerman & Coogan, p. 107-108]

OUR POST-BERLIN WALL MOMENT

At the beginning of this essay I suggested

AND

were tethered to very little.

Material resource demands and cooption by the elite mean the realization of your democratic ideals is impossible

Cintron, associate professor of English Studies and Latin American and Latino Studies, U of Illinois @ Chicago, 2010

[Ralph, Democracy and its Limitations, in The Public Work of Rhetoric, eds. Ackerman & Coogan, p. 106-107]

Let me at this juncture speculate about the

AND

others in the infinite game of inclusion/exclusion.

More democracy won’t fix the fundamental tensions

Rai, assistant professor at U of Washington, 2010

[Candace, Power, Publics, and the Rhetorical Uses of Democracy, in The Public Work of Rhetoric, eds. Ackerman & Coogan, p. 43-44]

However, tensions within democratic society are not

AND

stakeholders might discover through more refined dialectical practice.

Topicality 1NC

Interpretation - Assistance is a sub-set of Democracy Promotion, a description of any form of action designed to support democracy in a country. Democracy assistance is only one form of promotion, a form that involves providing funds or direct assistance for democracy.

Azpuru, Finkel, Perez-Linan, and Seligson, Vandy, Pitt, Pitt, Vandy, ‘08

(“What has the United States Been Doing?” Journal of Democracy Volume 19, Number 2, April 2008 pp. 150-159)

In the post–Cold War era,

AND

12 (August 2005): 439–60.

A lack of precision undermines the ability to rigorously test whether or not democracy assistance is a good idea – it destroys the educational value of the topic.

Lappin, Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Belgrade, 10

[Richard, participant in over a dozen democracy assistance missions with the UN, EU, OSCE and Carter center, and recently completed assignments in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and Romania, PhD Candidate at the Centre for Peace Research and Strategic Studies, “What we talk about when we talk about democracy assistance,” Central European Journal ISS, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 194 ]

This article has examined the emergence of democracy

AND

of formulating effective democratic means will remain improbable.

Saudi DA 1NC

US-Saudi relations high now – nuclear cooperation

AFP 11 (“US, Saudi Arabia to discuss nuclear cooperation”, AFP – Jul 30, 2011, lexis)

The United States plans talks with Saudi Arabia

AND

of moving forward on a nuclear cooperation agreement."

Pushing democracy assistance will collapse US-Saudi relations

Tarpley 11 (Press TV interview with Webster Griffin Tarpley, author, journalist and lecturer from Washington, June 18, "Saudi Arabia alarmed by US intentions" http://www.presstv.com/detail/189582.html, SRM)

Webster Griffin Tarpley: Well, I think

AND

of those are means to destabilize the kingdom.

Relations decline over the Arab Spring will drive the Saudis to proliferate

Guzansky 11 (Yoel Guzansky is a research fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University. He joined INSS after serving at Israel's National Security Council; "TEHRAN TESTS SAUDIS' NERVE ON NUKES", LEXIS, SRM)

UNTIL recently it appeared that US security guarantees

AND

a cost of more than $US300 billion.

Saudi prolif leads to fast regional prolif

Center for Contemporary Conflict 4  (“Conference on WMD Proliferation in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/si/si_3_8/si_3_8_ruj01.pdf)

James Russell from the Naval Postgraduate School presented

AND

means to ensure U.S. engagement?

Rapid prolif causes pre-emptive nuclear war

Heurlin 5 (Jean Monnet Professor of European Security and Integration at the Department of Political Science of the University of Copenhagen, and Sten Rynning, "Missile defence", p 162-3)

Arms control and non-proliferation regimes have

AND

addition to the cost-enhancing MD project.

1NC Payroll Tax Cuts

1. Payroll Tax cuts will pass

Brayton 10/20 (http://coloradoindependent.com/103477/extension-of-unemployment-benefits-is-likely-to-pass)

David Espo of the Associated Press says that

AND

million Americans will lose those benefits by February.

Spending on democracy assistance is a tough fight for Obama – causes Republican backlash

VOA News 8/8 (David Arnold, VOA News, 8-8-11, “US Debt Struggle Puts Middle East Aid Commitments in Question,” http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/US-Debt-Struggle-Puts-Middle-East-Aid-Commitments-in-Question-127258298.html)

When lawmakers in the U.S.

AND

East issue when the House bill was passed.

3. Obama’s political capital is key passing payroll tax cuts and unemployment insurance

Philladelphia Inquirer 9/8 (9-8-2011, “POINT: Don't expect miracles on job growth

Some steps could help, but don't expect miracles” http://articles.philly.com/2011-09-08/news/30130709_1_jobs-plan-american-economy-rare-tax/2)

Republicans and the president should be able to

AND

offshore, and dare Republicans to defend them.

4. Payroll tax cuts are key to economic recovery

Weller 9/12 (Christian E. Weller is an Associate Professor at the Department of Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts, Boston, and a Senior Fellow at Center for American Progress., http://www.npr.org/2011/09/12/140393524/new-republic-why-we-need-payroll-tax-cuts)

The centerpiece of the jobs plan unveiled by

AND

but sustainable and long-lasting economic growth.

5. Economic collapse leads to nuclear war

Mead 92 (Walter Russell Mead, Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, World Policy Institute, 1992)

Hundreds of millions – billions – of people

AND

than Germany and Japan did in the 30s.

2NC Politics

Turns case - economic collapse tanks democracy

Petrou 9 [Michael, PhD in History from Oxford, Maclean’s, March 9, Proquest]

History suggests the results will be damaging.

AND

That was a terrible time for world politics."

Congress supports the old regime in Yemen

Karman 11 (Tawakkol, 6/8 Leader of the Yemen Democratic Youth Movement, “Yemen’s Unfinished Revolution” The New York Times)

This is because the United States and Saudi

AND

.888 This would be a grave mistake.

They don’t assume the current political climate - makes avoiding cuts more controversial

VOA News 8/16 (2011, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Foreign-Aid-Stirs-Debate-Amid-Egypts-Democratic-Hopes-127824353.html)

When the U.S. House of

AND

aid and a smaller amount for economic assistance.

DA is unpopular – trades off with popular programs, tea partiers hate spending, history of government waste

LA Times 11 (Los Angeles Times April 13, 2011 Wednesday Home Edition THE WORLD; Debt worries crimp aid for 'Arab Spring'; Congress has shut the door on new funds the administration says would shape change. BYLINE: Paul Richter, lexis) MV

U.S. lawmakers not only have

AND

should not be shifted from their scholarship programs.

Payroll tax cuts are key to reduce unemployment and sustain economic recovery

Arslan 10/19 (Kristie Arslan President and CEO of the National Association for the Self-Employed (NASE), 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kristie-arslan/payroll-tax-small-business_b_1018405.html)

I think we can all agree that the

AND

and do not have to go it alone!

Fem IR 1NC

The 1AC’s frame of IR Policy is inherently masculine- the plan cannot be separated from the patriarchy embedded in foreign policy.

Tickner 2001 J. Anne, prof  of IR @ USC Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era pg 52, DJ

Does the fact that states' national-security

AND

, theories cannot be separated from political practice.

Feminist resistance to masculine IR is essential for sustained peace – without the alternative, the patriarchal drive for war ensures a spiraling continuum of armed conflict

Cockburn 10, Cynthia Department of Sociology, The City University London, UK b Centre for the Study of Women and

Gender, University of Warwick, UK (2010) 'Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War', International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12: 2, 139 — 157

To summarize the argument made above – looking

AND

explicitly resisting the exploitation of masculinity for war.

The alternative is to reject the masculine IR logic of the affirmative in favor of a feminist perspective. Rejection of a framework that normalizes masculine warfare is critical to adopt epistemologies centered on a feminist ethic of peace

Cohn and Ruddick 3 (Carol, Researcher and Teacher at Harvard Medical Signs, and Sara, author, A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weapons of Mass Destruction, http://www.genderandsecurity.umb.edu/cohnruddick.pdf) PJ

Both in philosophy and in “western”

AND

their frame, and about the frame itself.

1NC Drone Strikes CP

TEXT: The US should increase light footprint drone strikes and SOF operations in Yemen against AQAP, implement a deliberate information campaign, and deploy a dedicated information campaign consistent with counterinsurgency doctrine signaling to Yemeni tribes that removal of AQAP members from their territories will bring an end to U.S. engagements. The US should also offer a more robust training program for Yemen's security services, concentrating on both its conventional forces and counterterrorism units. In particular, U.S. trainers should be embedded with Yemeni units deployed in the provinces. The State Department, United States Agency for International Development, and the U.S. military should extend the tours of selected personnel at the U.S. embassy in Sana'a and develop a "Yemen Hands" program modeled after the “Afghan Hands” program.

Increased Drones and SOF missions are the ONLY way to solve Yemeni terrorism

Cilluffo and Watts 2011 [1AC author]

[Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, , p. 5-6]

Light-footprint drone and special operations force

AND

unencumbered by the immediate terrorist threat of AQAP.

Our informational campaigns solve increased intel needs and reduce alienation

Cilluffo and Watts 2011 [1AC author]

[Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, , p. 6]

Successfully implementing a drone and SOF approach in

AND

an end to U.S. engagements.

New training efforts combined with human terrain mapping solves their networking and alienation internal links

Green, Soref Fellow at the Washington Institute, 2011

[Daniel, "The al-Qaeda Crescent in Yemen," The Washington Institute, June 22, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3374]

Much like AQAP, the U.S

AND

it may be planning on the United States.

2NC CP

Lack of governance makes US drone strikes particularly effective – the permutation is bad because it undermines US flexibility

Cilluffo and Watts 2011 [1AC author]

 [Frank J. Cilluffo is the

AND , p. 4]

Saleh’s removal presents the U.S.

AND

government politics and trapped in Yemen’s dual insurgencies.

Small units of elite troops are highly effective against AQAP

Terrill, Research Professor in National Security Affairs, 2011

[Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, , p. 76-77]

2. The United States needs to continue

AND

above an “Operation Scorched Earth” mentality.

1NC Solvency

Yemen’s going to dry up – qat, corruption, and a falling water table ensures terror and instability.

Posted by Krista Mahr Tuesday, December 14, 2010 at 5:40 am

 What If Yemen Is the First Country to Run Out of Water?

Experts cited by CNN say Yemen could be

AND

find recruits in disgruntled communities very happy indeed.

New regime won’t solve Yemen instability

Ruhe, a senior policy analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, 2011

[Jonathan, The Horror of a post-Saleh Yemen, June 9

]

Though he is likely on his way out

AND

citizens never see a dime from their government.

Yemeni regime change will trigger an all-out civil war, causing a Saudi Arabia-Iran proxy war and energy shipping lanes will be shut down

Ruhe, a senior policy analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, 2011

[Jonathan, The Horror of a post-Saleh Yemen, June 9

]

The struggle for the regime’s future has shifted

AND

The United States had best prepare itself.

No chance of a smooth transition in Yemen

Ruhe, a senior policy analyst at the Bipartisan Policy Center, 2011

[Jonathan, The Horror of a post-Saleh Yemen, June 9

]

It is hard to imagine

AND

exploit differences among the opposition to defeat them.

1NR Solvency

Yemen oil collapse means no political reforms can succeed

Choucair-Vizoso, as an associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Project and served as deputy editor of Carnegie's e-monthly, the Arab Reform Bulletin, 2008

[Julia, Movement in Lieu of Change, in Beyond the Façade, Political Reform in the Arab World, eds. Ottaway & Choucair-Vizoso, p. 252]

The precariousness of Yemen's economic situation cannot be

AND

priority for the government for quite some time.

Decentralization makes national reform useless

Boucek 2010

[Dr. Christopher, Associate, Middle East Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Written Testimony U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs February 3, 2010 YEMEN ON THE BRINK: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY, ]

Still, Yemen boasts a relatively resilient society

AND

make little difference to much of the population.

Tribes block political openings and reforms

Phillips, Ph.D. from the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, Australian National University, and lecturer at the Centre for International Security Studies at The University of Sydney, 2008

[Sarah, Yemen: The Centrality of Process, in Beyond the Façade, Political Reform in the Arab World, eds. Ottaway & Choucair-Vizoso, p. 253-254]

Desire for Tribal Autonomy

One frequently cited prerequisite to democratization is that