1NC Threaten CP

Text: The United States federal government should inform Bahrain that it will suspend all security assistance to Bahrain unless Bahrain initiates a genuine political dialogue, meets explicit human rights benchmarks including the release of political prisoners, and initiates a democratic constitutional reform towards constitutional monarchy.

Conditioning security assistance to Bahrain on HR reforms benchmarks solves

International Crisis Group 11 [POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (VIII): BAHRAIN’S ROCKY ROAD TO REFORM, Middle East/North Africa Report N°111 – July 28, p. 23

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa.aspx]

As the previous, partially successful U.S. intervention on human rights

AND

options for basing the Fifth Fleet.

2NC Threaten CP

They’d obviously say yes – zero risk of base kickout

Colangelo-Bryan, Politico Columnist, 2011

[Joshua, 4/11, Politico, , http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52885.html]

The Obama administration must do all it can

AND

must have a say in their country's future.

Dependence on US security relationship means they'll say yes.

Al-Ahmed, Director-Institute for Gulf Affairs, 2011

[Ali Policy Brief: The Crisis in Bahrain, May, p. 19

http://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/59873023?access_key=key-1c62rrj008vha0ut6sj9]

It is important that the United States

AND

to compel real political reform.

Conditioning security assistance to Bahrain avoids the link

Francis, reporter based in Berlin and Washington, DC. In addition to repoting for the Fiscal Times, David is a correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor, Financial Times Deutschland, and Deutsche Welle, 2011

[David, The Financial Times, 3/16 2011, “Foreign Aid Dilemma: Dictators on our Dole,” http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2011/03/16/Foreign-Aid-Dilemma-Dictators-on-our-Dole.aspx#page1]

As violence rages in Libya

AND

to adopt reforms in this explosive region.

Conditioning military cooperation and assistance on Human rights is uncontroversial.

Admiral James G. Stavridis 2010 USN, http://www.ndu.edu/press/stavridis-ch5.html,

To help further develop this

AND

overseen by the U.S. Embassy in that country.

1NC Payroll Politics

1. Payroll tax cuts will pass now – both sides feel pressured to agree

Washington Post 12/27 (2011, “Will the payroll tax conference committee be ‘Supercommittee 2.0’?” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/will-the-payroll-tax-conference-committee-be-supercommittee-20/2011/12/27/gIQAHul3KP_blog.html)

Failure is not an option

AND

work out an eleventh-hour deal.

2. DA is controversial - trades of with popular programs, tea partiers hate spending, history of government waste. 

LA Times 11 (Los Angeles Times April 13, 2011 Wednesday Home Edition THE WORLD; Debt worries crimp aid for 'Arab Spring'; Congress has shut the door on new funds the administration says would shape change. BYLINE: Paul Richter, lexis) MV

US lawmakers not only have shut the door

AND

from their scholarship programs.

3. Obama has the upper hand on payroll tax cuts, but only if he doesn’t get tangled in partisan bickering over other legislation.

Washington Post 1/1 (2012, “Obama taking fight to Congress”, lexis, MV)

After taking his lumps

AND

Obama's domestic jobs agenda.

4. Payroll tax cuts are key to economic recovery

Weller 11 (Christian E. Weller is an Associate Professor at the Department of Public Policy and Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts, Boston, and a Senior Fellow at Center for American Progress., 9/12 http://www.npr.org/2011/09/12/140393524/new-republic-why-we-need-payroll-tax-cuts)

The centerpiece of the jobs plan

AND

long-lasting economic growth.

5. Economic decline causes nuclear war

O’Donnell 9 (Sean Squad Leader in the Marine Corps Reserve and is currently a graduate student at the University of Baltimore studying law and ethics, Examiner.com, Will this recession lead to World War III?, February 26, 2009, http://www.examiner.com/republican-in-baltimore/will-this-recession-lead-to-world-war-iii, MS)

One of the causes of World War I was

AND

history repeates itself.

2NC Payroll Politics

Wins don’t generate capital

Nicholas and Hook 10 (Peter and Janet, Tribune Washington Bureau, July 30, "Obama the Velcro president", http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730)jn

Through two terms, Reagan eluded much

AND

what government could accomplish.

Victories build opposition

Purdum 10 (Todd, Award winning journalist  for the NYT,Vanity Fair Columnist, December 20, "Obama Is Suffering Because of His Achievements, Not Despite Them", http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2010/12/obama-is-suffering-because-of-his-achievements-not-despite-them.html)jn

With this weekend's decisive

AND

to the American public.

Public support for democracy promotion is low

DeBartolo 8 (David M., Director of Dialogue Programs for the Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED). “Perceptions of US democracy Promoption Part Two: American Views” May 2008)

But starting in 2008

AND

See Figure 4.

Republicans pushing for large cuts in DA

Marshall and Arkedis 11 (Will and Jim, Feb 23, “Small spending cuts, big impact on America in the middle east,” http://progressivefix.com/small-spending-cuts%E2%80%99-big-impact-on-america-in-the-middle-east, Jim Arkedis is the director of PPI's National Security Project, Will, member of NED board)

Now is the winter of discontent

AND

over $1 billion a year.

GOP wants conditioning on aid

Kasperowicz 7/19 (Pete, Correspondent for thehill.com, "Foreign Affairs Committee seeks to condition security aid to Pakistan" 7/19/2011. http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/172325-foreign-affairs-committee-seeks-to-condition-security-aid-to-pakistan ) JCP

The House Foreign Affairs Committee

AND

granted to these countries.

Turns case - Economic strength key to hard and soft power

Scott 9 (David, Democratic Member Of The Us House Of Representatives, “Foreign Policy Implications Of U.S. Efforts To Address The International Financial Crisis: Tarp (Troubled Asset Relief Program), Talf (Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility) And The G-20 Plan;”, June 10, 2009, Federal News Service, Lexis) 

The United States has been

AND

real and perceived.

1NC Orientalism K

The mission of democracy assistance embodies the Orientalist logic that that both shatters the epistemological basis for the Aff, and propagates racist ideology

Strong 7

Edward Strong February 22, 2007http://edstrong.blogcity.com/orientalism_racist_attitudes_prejudice__oppression_towards_m.htm

Every anti-war activist is familiar

AND

subject to "our" rule.

These racist dichotomies grant states the power to exterminate – this is the root of all war

Mendieta 2

Eduardo Mendieta, 2002, “To Make Live and to Let Die – Foucault and Racism

This is where racism intervenes

AND

foes are biological in nature.

The alt is to vote negative

Our critique of the affirmative’s epistemological approach to the Middle East creates spaces for radical realignment.

Bilgin 2005 [Pinar, Professor IR @ Bilkent, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, p.58]

Emphasising the mutually interactive

AND

subject of research.

1NR Orientalism K

Orientalism is a knowledge system – this can’t be jettisoned because it was the core assumption underlying the construction of the aff

Prakash 95 Orientalism Now  Author(s): Gyan Prakash  Source: History and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1995), pp. 199-212  Published by: Blackwell Publishing for Wesleyan University  Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2505621  Accessed: 15/09/2009 16:05 

Said's Foucauldian conception of Orientalism as a discourse

AND

public men of affairs.

The permutation is an attempt to sever the aff’s methodology. Just because the affirmative’s future discourse may not link to the criticism, the plan and all of the assumptions of the 1AC are neocolonialist. Their move to sever method fails.

Said 85 (Edward, Prof. of English/Comparative Lit., Columbia U. Orientalism Reconsidered. Cultural Critic. Autumn 1985. p. 101)

But along with the greater capacity

AND

on the other.

Their characterization of “the Orient” as inherently unstable is a new link and reveals their flawed epistemology. Instability is a red herring – the West is typically to blame for instability anyway

Gusterson 99.Hugh Gusterson  Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 1. (Feb., 1999), pp. 111-143.  Stable URL:  http://links.jstor.or g/sici?sici=0886-7356%28199902%2914%3A1%3C111%3ANWATOI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 Cultural Anthropology is currently published by American Anthropological Association.

What must be noted

AND

punished and destroyed.

This is a new link. The aff’s desire to provide assistance is premised on the racist Orientalism that drives US interventionism in the Middle East

Marrouchi 1998 [Mustapha, Professor of postcolonial literature @LSU, “Counternarratives, Recoveries, Refusals,” boundary 2, vol. 25, no. 2,]

What must be noted immediately

AND

to be punished and destroyed.

The US hides Orientalism with seemingly benevolent action

Trafton 3 (Scott, George Mason University, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_quarterly/v056/56.2trafton.html, date accessed: 7/7/2010) AJK

Klein argues that

AND

(13-17).

The K outweighs the Aff - Our racist foreign policy has left the Arab world helpless and allows a war meant to re-organize the region of the Middle East.  This imperialist gaze makes extinction inevitable.

Said, Palestinian Activists and Former Professor at Columbia University, 1/17/2003

[Edward, “An Unacceptable Helplessness,” ZNet, p. o/l: http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=22&ItemID=2881]

In this entire panorama

AND

I hope someone is listening.

Solvency

Say No – radicals derail and constitutional monarchy is absolute red line

Ghezali, 11

[Rabah Ghezali, member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, and special to CNN, 9-13-2011, CNN, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/13/bahrain-at-the-heart-of-middle-east-tensions/]

Inside the regime

AND

are red lines.

Any concession to reformists would cause hardliner backlash and instability.

Gengler, 11

[Justin Gengler, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Michigan, “ A Parliament Without Opposition,” 8-13-11

http://bahrainipolitics.blogspot.com/2011/08/parliament-without-opposition.html]

The other question

AND

a heartening development.

Fifth Fleet

5^th Fleet is not key to power projection--kickout would spur a transition to sea basing that solves better

Koplovsky 6 (PhD-Naval War College, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA463412&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

Despite adamant arguments

AND

realize a flagship command posture.

5^th fleet won’t leave - their claims are based on rumors without reliable sources

Toumi 11 (7-22, Habib, MA  Mass Communications, University of Leicester, “US Navy dismisses reports it is moving out of Bahrain,” http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/us-navy-dismisses-reports-it-is-moving-out-of-bahrain-1.841519) at

The US Navy has denied

AND

little desire to move.

Fifth fleet makes conflicts worse – prevents US flexiblity in dealing with regional crises and emboldens allies

Jones 11 (Toby C. Jones - Toby C. Jones is assistant professor of history at Rutgers University. He is author of Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia and an editor at Middle East Report, June 10, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/06/time-to-disband-the-bahrain-based-us-fifth-fleet/240243/2/)

It is widely believed

AND

in the U.S. military.

U.S. Cred

Their author says that other countries trump Bahrain.

LeVine 11

[Mark LeVine. “Here we go again: Egypt to Bahrain”. Al Jazeera. February 18, 2011. <http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201121882356449949.html>]

In fact, Bahrain isn't

AND

frustrate real change.

Plan causes backlash and resentment – any U.S. involvement is perceived as imperialist intervention.

Carpenter 11 (Ted Galen, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, is the author of eight books on international affairs, including Smart Power: Toward a Prudent Foreign Policy for America, What Should U.S. Do about Egypt? Very Little, Cato Institute, February 11, 2011, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=12780, MCL)

Though the spectacular events in Caro

AND

during these turbulent days.

Use the button to Add an Entry.

Use the second box for cites formatted with wiki syntax or plain text, such as that exported from Verbatim 4.

1NC T - DA must be in target country

A. Interpretation

Democracy assistance must be in the target country

Toornstra, European Parliament Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy Director, 10

[Dick, “Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance”‖ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/oppd/Page_8/getting_acquainted_web.pdf, p.7-8, accessed 5-17-11, TP]

Democracy assistance - one of the tools

AND

in particular socio-economic assistance.

In the context of the resolution, “for” is a preposition that indicates the democracy assistance must go to people inside the target country

MacMillan Dictionary no date

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/for

For can be used

AND

died for their country.

B. Violation

The plan is not implemented inside Libya.

C. Reasons to Prefer

1.) Predictable Disad Ground

2.) Explodes aff ground.

D. Topicality is a Voting Issue for Fairness and Education

1NC Internet Freedom CP

Text: The United States should collaborate with India on Internet Freedom.

Collaboration on Internet Freedom initiatives solves US-India relations and is less controversial than democracy assistance.

Twining, Senior Fellow for Asia at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Fontaine, Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 2011

[Daniel and Richard, Each previously handled South Asia policy at the U.S. Department of State and served as a foreign policy adviser in the U.S. Senate, “The Ties that Bind? U.S.—Indian Values-based Cooperation,” The Washington Quarterly, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Spring 2011, 34:2, 200-201]

As open societies that benefit greatly

AND

more active, targeted forms of democracy promotion.

1NC Payroll Politics

See 1NC against Stanford GM

2NC Payroll Politics

Democracy assistance to MENA is extremely unpopular – creates the same acrimony as the debt limit debate

Karmi 11 (Omar Karmi ‘11 “US argues over foreign aid policy along with its debt problem” 8/2/11 http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/us-argues-over-foreign-aid-policy-along-with-its-debt-problem)

WASHINGTON// With the same acrimony

AND

in government in any way.

Public opposes Libyan assistance

LA Times 8/30 (2011, “Americans give resounding 'no' on financial aid to rebuild Libya,” http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/08/americans-say-no-no-no-to-financial-aid-to-rebuild-libya-.html)

Americans don't seem to agree on much

AND

minus three percentage points.

Massive bipartisan opposition to aid for Libya

Theo Emery ‘11 “Congress could resist additional aid to Libya” Boston Globe, 8/23/11 http://www.boston.com/Boston/politicalintelligence/2011/08/congress-could-resist-additional-aid-libya/DMmIHbENjJ0A6QBAednf0M/index.html

But starting in 2006

AND

stability within states.

Same DeBartolo 8 card used against Stanford GM.

Democrats oppose democracy promotion

Fukuyama and McFaul 8 (Francis, Prof of International Political Economy and Michael, Should Democracy be Promoted or Demoted” Washington Quarterly ) 

Not surprisingly, many in Washington

AND

stability within states.

Turns case - Economic collapse tanks democracy promotion.

Petrou 09 (Michael, PhD in History from Oxford, Maclean’s, March 9, Proquest)

History suggests the results

AND

time for world politics.

1NC Orientalism K

Same as one read against Stanford GM

1NR Orientalism K

All cards are the same except for the one below.

The alt solves their essentialism argument. The rejection of the affirmative’s framing of the Orient is critical to breaking down the history of the Orientalist system.

Chow, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, 1998

[Rey, Ethics after Idealism: Theory, Culture, Ethnicity, Reading,”]

The rejection of those modes of thinking

AND

that enunciate essentialism.

1NC UN Seat Advantage CP

The United States Federal government should support India’s seat on the security council. Doesn’t link to politics.

Times of India 10 (“Us should endorse India’s UNSC candidacy: McCain,” November 6, 2010)

The United States should fully back

AND

for us both," he observed.

Case

SQUO solves – US and India collaborating now to provide assistance to emerging democracies.

Hindustan 11 (Chetan Chauhan, Hindustan Times, July 21, 2011, “India, US to take fair poll practices to W Asia, Africa)

World's biggest democracies

AND

another step in this direction.

Twining and Fontaine DO NOT say that democracy assistance solves relations –

They say a new ideology of VALUES-BASED COOPERATION solves and they advocate SIX DIFFERENT types of cooperation. In addition, they are calling for BROAD cooperation on MANY projects within EACH of these areas.

Twining and Fontaine 11 p. 198-199

Developing bilateral values-based action

AND

at least six elements:

Libya opposes foreign assistance

Menon 9-23 (Rajon, Lehigh U.,-IR, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-worst-yet-come-libya-5926)

To enumerate these problems

AND

have the right to choose.

NTC rejects foreign interference

Independent 9-16 (http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/patrick-cockburn-whatever-happens-a-strong-government-is-unlikely-2355539.html)

Members of the National Transitional Council

AND

steal Libya's only asset.

Water scarcity induces cooperation and will never prompt a war- 3 reasons.

Lomborg 1 (Bjorn, Professor of Statistics, University of Aarhus, The Skeptical Environmentalist, pp. 156-7)JFS

There is actually good reason

AND

substantial water issues.

1NC T - Elections

A. Interpretation - Democracy assistance must be targeted towards electoral laws, processes and institutions.

IFES ‘11

[International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Topic in Brief, 2011]

Democracy assistance can be defined

AND

law, processes and institutions.

B. Violation

The affirmative does not target their democracy assistance towards electoral laws, processes and institutions.

C. Reasons to Prefer

1. Limits

Elections directly tie assistance to the core democratic process of contestation – other targets of aid only indirectly improve democracy by changing the political environment – there are thousands of ways to “indirectly promote democracy” by improving governance or helping a civil society group.

Carothers, Senior Associate at Carnegie, ‘03

[Thomas, “Is Gradualism Possible? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East”, 2003, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace http://carnegieendowment.org/files/wp39.pdf] 

INDIRECTLY PROMOTING DEMOCRACY

AND

U.S. policy more accurately.

2. Topic Focus

Topic focus - Including every aff tangentially related to democratic institutions scatters the topic in too many directions – Elections should be the focal point to ground education about “democracy”.

Wright and Rogers ‘09

[Erik and Joel, “American Society: How It Really Works”, July 2009, New York: Norton] 

Elections are at the very core of democracy.

AND

electoral system and how it works.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education.

1NC Zupancic K

The Aff poses the question of ethics only insofar as it relates to the domain of politics. Tying ethical reorientation of ourselves with the reorientation of our collective political spheres takes precedent and in the process produces these ethics and our relationship with others merely as a background for political transformations. The Aff doesn’t ask how we can change ourselves but instead how we can change our institutions to change ourselves. This process produces mediated relationships that makes genuine ethical engagement impossible.

Zupancic 2K[Alenka, Research – Institute of philosophy – Ljubljana; Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan, March; P. 10-11]

In other words, one cannot

AND

desire as a priori.

The belief that our activism must inevitably, inexorably respond to the political conditions of our time through the leveraging of particular institutional appeals is precisely what nullifies our ethical potential. No matter the force of its opposition, the connection of transformation with an appeal to our institutions mediates our relationships in such a manner that ethical transformation outside this frame of mediation becomes impossible.

Hershock ‘99 [Peter, East-West Center Changing the way society changes”, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 6, 154]

I have argued at some length

AND

and 'being wronged'.

Our alternative text: reject the 1AC’s embrace of the political and embrace the ethical commitment of the 1AC in its immediacy. Suspending the wall that mediates our relationships constitutes the only genuine ethical act.

Santilli ‘3 [Paul Santilli, Siena College May 18^th-22 2003 www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf]

If we retain this original

AND

in the abyss of suffering.

2NC Zupancic K

Truth claims require a coherent theory of ethical fidelity – we must abandon the Political to uncover the objective truth.

Johnston ‘2 (Theory and Event, Confronting the New Sophists, 6:2 | © 2002 Adrian Johnston, Book Review of Jason Barker, Alian Badiou: A Critical Introduction (London: Pluto Press, 2002), Adrian Johnston recently received his Ph.D. in philosophy at SUNY Stony Brook. He is presently an interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University).

In his fourth chapter

AND

The subject is thereby the support of truth.

For the affirmative, the ethical and the political are inseparable. In essence, the political domain has become incomplete without ethical intervention and ethical intervention has become insufficient without political input. It is this logic, however, that is responsible for the genuine corruption of our ethics. Reading ethics through the lens of politics ignores ethical possibilities are all around us all the time. The affirmative builds a wall between these ethical possibilities, insisting that they are only possible when our political gestures are transformed.

Zizek ‘1 Slavoj Zizek, Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism, 2001 p. 160-163

The problem here is

AND

agency of symbolic regulations.

They garner nothing from the alt as it’s severance and it’s a voter.

The permutation is also an additional link. Any calls for political compromise are what Badiou calls a “betrayal of the event.” It is to fall back into the world and become an enemy of the truth. This is a root cause of oppression.

Santilli ‘3 (Siena College, Radical Evil, Subjection, and Alain Badiou’s Ethic of the Truth Event http://www.isud.org/papers/pdfs/Santilli.pdf#search=%22santilli%20badiou%22, World Congress of The International Society for Universal Dialogue, Pyrgos, Greece, May 18-22, 2003)

From this idea of truth

AND

whether it is political, artistic, religious or amatory. 

Their drive for gradualist ethics creates a world of ethical insiders and ethical outsiders – they only recreate the Other they attempt to alleviate. Only radical commitment toward ethics in their immediacy spark social change.

Franke 2K (Mark Franke, Instructor of International Studies at the University of Northern British Columbia, 2000. “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol 6(3): 307-333. JH)

As Thomas Keenan reasons

AND

may ever be entertained.

Their ethical stance is just camouflage for cultural domination. Only others who are already compatible with the dominant ideology will be embraced by their ethics.

McCarraher ‘1  (Eugene teaches humanities at Villanova University Review of Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil By Alain Badiou, http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/18/mccarraher2518.html)

While purporting to "respect difference"

AND

economic and military domination.

The notion of ‘obligation to the other’ must be abandoned – we are all different in an infinite number of ways, making their category useless

Badiou ‘98 (Alain, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, 25-26)

The truth is that

AND

neither more nor less.

We must recognize the ethical in the here and now, in its immediacy. Attempts to leverage institutions to address injustices necessarily delays our ethical confrontation with the Other. That’s a timeframe DA that links to their plan but not our alt – language proves.

Thurschwell ‘3 Thurschwell, 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 1193, 2003

I would not call this attitude

AND

political and political action.

1NC EU CP

Text: The European Union should substantially increase democracy assistance for Bahrain by enacting the recommendation of the Physicians for Human Rights

The EU is uniquely able to aid in Bahrain due to a void created by failed US policy.

E. A. Fakhr 2009 The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World IDEA international http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Fakhro_low_2.pdf

Having examined both the influence

AND

partner of the Arab world.

CP is key to European credibility

Carothers 11   (Thomas, Foreign Policy, 3-10, http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/10/think-again-arab-democracy/2ba#)

"Europe Has a Major Role to Play."

AND

will be the rub.

EU Soft Power is essential to solve climate change – It’s modeled globally

Richardson 2008, Smartening the EU's soft power, Hugh, Head of the Delegation of the European Commission to Japan, http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/home/speech_en_Speech%2005/2008.php

The 'EU-3' (France, Germany, U.K. & the EU itself)

AND

by the end of next year.

Unchecked warming cause’s extinction – positive feedbacks leads to disease, heat waves, drought, starvation, and the death of billions

Associated Press 2007, Climate Report Maps Out ‘Highway to Extinction’,http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17889856/

WASHINGTON - A key element of the second major report

AND

we can't be that stupid."

1NR EU CP

Perm doesn’t solve - The EU should work separately from the US – cooperation undermines solvency

Fakhro 9 (E.A., Master of Law Student in International Human Rights Law at Harvard Law School and LLM from Queen Mary College, University of London, recipient of several awards, including the Drapers Company Prize and the R.M. Goode Award, The European Union and Islam: Democracy Promotion in Bahrain and the Arab World, www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Fakhro_low_2.pdf) 

In the light of US hegemony

AND

lecture in Bahrain (Nelson, 2008).

American reputation for isolationism and regime change means EU solves

Wittes and Young 09 (January, Tamara Cofman, deputy assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs at the U.S. Department of State, Richard, director of the democratisation programme at the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) in Madrid, and lecturer at the University of Warwick, “Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy: Repairing the Breach,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes/01_middle_eastern_democracy_wittes.pdf, atw)

Another notable difference is 

AND

of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.

Can’t boost EU soft power - Independent EU action is crucial to develop EU credibility [and any possibility of future US-EU cooperation]

The Washington Quarterly, 2001 Summer, THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS; Vol. 24, No. 3; Pg. 163

If the United States needs to work

AND

multilateral world order.

EU soft power key to prevent terrorism

Nye, 4 – professor of international relations at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard (Joseph S., International Herald Tribune, “Tapping soft power : America needs a strong Europe,” 11-15-2004, www.iht.com/articles/2004/11/15/ednye_ed3_.php, JMP)

European soft power has an important role

AND

good cop-bad cop routine.

Terrorism risks extinction

Sid Ahmed 4 (Mohamed, Al-Ahram Political Analyst, Éxtinction!,” http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

What would be the consequences

AND

we will all be losers.

Impact Framing

Any ethical claim that is not meta-ethically justified should be rejected.

Sayre 7 (McCord, Morehead Alumni Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Philosophy, Writing for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 01/23/2007)

The range of issues, puzzles and questions

AND

may well disappear as well.

Metaethics justifies viewing survival first.  

Shermer 5 (Michael, Founder of The Skeptics Society and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic. Monthly columnist for Scientific American magazine, The Science of Good and Evil)

An Exegesis of Why and How We Are Moral

AND

exclusive domain of religion.

Consequentialism is necessary to preserve the value of life.

Kateb, 1992 (George, prof. of politics at Princeton, The Inner Ocean, pg. 12)

For the state to override-that is

AND

if they resist being sacrificed. 

The framework of calculation is inevitable- even absolutist frameworks cannot escape it.

mapel, 1990 (david, prof @ u of colorado, journal of politics, prudence and the plurality of value in international ethics, online: jstor)

Absolutism faces two difficulties

AND

(that is, "proportionality") requires.

1NC T - Democracy Assistance

A. Interpretation – The aff has to take direct, active, positive measures to support or strengthen democratization in the target country

Huber, 08 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of International Relations

Daniela, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, 43–62,  March 2008, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies”, p. 45-6, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/69109__790479070.pdf, accessed 6-3-11

The term democracy assistance is used in

AND

for carrot and stick.

B. Violation

The aff isn't a direct, active, positive measure to improve democratization in Yemen.

C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable ground

2. Better limits on aff ground

3. Superior resolutional context

4. Practitioners of Democracy Assistance support our interpretation AND this limited definition is key to make the research and education manageable

Burnell, Professor of Politics @ University of Warwick, England, 2000

[Peter, Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, p. 12-13]

All things considered, it follows that

AND

development assistance in 1998.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education.

1NC Payroll Tax

Same cards as above except for the cards below.

Payroll tax cuts will pass now

Politico 1/5 (House GOP weakened, divided By: Jake Sherman, January 5, 2012 05:10 PM EST, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=84121667-8B73-4B63-A533-240275C12192)

Cantor has the first part of 2012

AND

'where are the jobs?'"

Foreign aid unpopular as it causes Congressional backlash.

Traub 11 (James, “Slash and Burn” Foreign Policy Online 2/18/11) 

The administration's commitment to those

AND

is a national security priority.

Extension key to stop double dip

Guardian 12/28 (“Extending Obama's tax cuts should be new year's resolution for Republicans”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/economics-blog/2011/dec/28/obama-tax-cuts-new-year-resolution?newsfeed=true, DOA: 12-30-11, ldg)

However, research from the

AND

at the worst possible time.

2NC Payroll Tax

Foreign operations funding cut now

Posted by Ivy Mungcal on 19 December 2011 09:22:39 AM “US CONGRESS CUTS $8B IN FOREIGN AID” http://www.devex.com/en/blogs/development-assistance-under-obama/us-congress-pass-8b-in-foreign-aid-cuts

The U.S. Congress has passed a consolidated

AND

groups have hoped for.

Foreign involvement unpopular

Savage 11 (Luiza Ch, the Washington bureau chief for Maclean's magazine, the national weekly current affairs magazine of Canada, "End of US empire?" www2.macleans.ca/2011/07/25/end-of-the-empire/)

And the shift went beyond

AND

way to reduce the deficit.

Cuts will pass now – Republicans are afraid of Obama

Politico 1/5 (House GOP weakened, divided By: Jake Sherman, January 5, 2012 05:10 PM EST, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=84121667-8B73-4B63-A533-240275C12192)

House Republicans aren't looking

AND

through Congress before Christmas.

B. Disad Turns Case – Economic collapse is the root cause of terrorism

Bremmer 09 (Ian, - President of the Eurasia Group, senior fellow at the World Policy Institute, national fellow at the Hoover Institution , “The economic crisis may fuel more attacks like the one in Lahore on the Sri Lankan cricket team,” 3/4/09, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/03/04/the_global_recession_heightens_terrorist_risks)

But there's another reason why

AND

threatens to spill across borders.

1NC Orientalism K

Same as above.

1NR Orientalism K

Same Said 78 and Marrouchi 98 cards as above. The rest of the cards are new.

Turn: Military decision makers and Middle Eastern experts are Orientalist – that creates instability that hurts the United States

Kbiri 8 (Hamid, Major in the Royal Moroccan Air Force, http://www.scribd.com/doc/12070695/The-Influence-of-Orientalism-on-American-Perceptions-and-Policies-in-the-MiddleEast, date accessed: 7/9/2010) AJK

Orientalism as a scholarly tradition

AND

than on philological conjectures. 

Representations of Islamic terrorism are the modern manifestation of biological racism and justify imperial war

Saeed ‘7 Dr Amir Saeed  Senior Lecturer Programme Leader: BA (Hons) Media, Culture and Communication  @ U Sunderland “Media, Racism and Islamophobia:  The Representation of Islam and Muslims  in the Media” Sociology Compass 1/2 (2007): 443–462 EJS

West and the rest

AND

Orient them. (Donald 1992, 75).

Orientalist policy re-creates the problems we try to solve

Little 2000 (Donald P., Scholar at the Institute of Islamic Studies in Canada, “Orientalism: A Reader”, p 124, date accessed: 7/7/2010) AJK

Professor A. L. Tibawi, a distinguished educator

AND

has no need of alien guidance.

Case

Turn: Strikes increase AQAP recruitment - alienate the populace.

Gude and Sofer 11 [Center for American Progress, Ken and Ken, The Last Best Chance to Save Yemen, Center for American Progress, p. 6]

According to The New York Times

AND

for those we target.

Turn: Drone strikes generate resentment even when they don’t kill anybody.

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 68-70]

Unfortunately, anti-American sentiment in Yemen

AND

permission of the Yemeni government.

They won’t help you – Yemenis hate the US and think AQAP is legit

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 15-16]

Yemeni leaders, including the president, publicly mantain

AND

against al-Qaeda throughout the Islamic World. 

Can’t drain the swamp – assistance doesn’t work fast enough and can’t overcome overwhelming massive structural problems in Yemen

Cordesman 10 (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, Anthony, "The True Lessons of Yemen and Detroit: How the US Must Expand and Redefine International Cooperation in Fighting Terrorism," Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 25, csis.org/files/publication/100125_Terrorism-USRoleIntCoopRev.pdf, p. 5-6]

Yemen is a case in point.

AND

any practical combination of counter terrorism and aid. 

Aff can’t overcome anti-American sentiment in Yemen – this means NO NEW INTEL

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 67-68]

The government of Yemen has

AND

of the doubt in any confrontation.

Its whack-a-mole – Al Qaeda will just go somewhere else

Metz 10 [author on the Middle East, Steven, "Don't Mess With Yemen," The New Republic, November 4, http://www.tnr.com/blog/foreign-policy/78906/al-qaeda-yemen-foreign-policy]

The dilemma, needless to say

AND

something much worse to come.

Obama won’t retaliate --- he knows the costs

Crowley 10 [Senior Editor the New Republic, Michael, January, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263] 

The Los Angeles Time ran 

AND

would go through with it.

Nuclear Terrorist failure is very probable – technology and funding

Levi 7 (Michael, CFR Fellow for Science and Technology and , http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, dw: 4-17-2007, da: 7-6-2011, lido)

We should not, however, underestimate

AND

ignore small chances of terrorist failure.

Terrorism threats are exaggerated—there are institutional and professional reasons to inflate risk

MUELLER 2004 (John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center at Ohio State University, Regulation, Fall)

In addition, it should be pointed out

AND

have no such convenient refuge.

2NC Case Extensions

They can’t make a dent in AQAP unless they fix the fundamental problems in Yemen – and that’s not frickin likely

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 74-75]

The problems in Yemen defy easy answers

AND

manage problems rather than solve them.

A ton of technological hurdles must be jumped through before getting a nuclear weapon – low probability of impact

Sterngold 4 (James, Staff, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/04/18/MNGP9673BG1.DTL&ao=3, dw: 4-18-2004, da: 7-9-2011, lido)

Michael May, a former director

AND

this possibility for years," May said.

No nuclear terrorism – requires too much equipment

Levi 7 (Michael, CFR Fellow for Science and Technology and , http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, dw: 4-17-2007, da: 7-6-2011, lido)

A nuclear weapon requires

AND

benefit from nuclear terrorism.

Nuclear terrorist threats are exaggerated

Gertz and Lake 10 (Bill and Eli, Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/14/obama-says-terrorist-nuclear-risk-is-growing/?page=1, dw:4-14-2010, da: 7-6-2011, lido)

But Henry Sokolski

AND

its weapons seems less risky.

1NC Critical T

A.  INTERPRETATION.  The affirmative should have to defend a plan that endorses democracy assistance to Egypt, Bahrain, Libya, Syria, or Tunisia.

 “Should” primarily expresses a duty or obligation to act.  A policy action statement meets that duty, while speculation does not.

____American Heritage® Dictionary 96

Used to express obligation

AND

her a note.

Democracy Assistance means grant-aided support for local pro-democracy initiatives, even the broadest interpretations of what this means should not include indirect consequences if we want the topic to have any meaning

Burnell, Prof. of Politics @ University of Warwick, 2007

[Peter, “Does International Democracy Promotion Work?” German Development Institute, Discussion Paper, http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uholtz/lehrmaterial/begleit_burnell.pdf, p. 4-5]

All things considered, however, there is

AND

does direct democracy assistance work?

B.  VIOLATION.  The 1AC doesn’t affirm democracy assistance to the topic countries, instead they affirm a historical analysis of the resolution. 

C.  PREFER OUR INTERPRETATION

1. Preparation and education.

2. Ground

3. Clash

D.  IT’S A VOTER

You must hold them accountable for the resolution – the best way to access topic specific education and all education derived from the affirmative is by having a common starting point for discussion.

Shively, former Professor of Political Science, Texas A&M, 2000

[Ruth Lessl, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-183]

The requirements given thus far are

AND

in the act of argumentation.

1NC Time K

Time is a block that makes epistemic suffering meaningless

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, http://literature2.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/slaughterhouse-five.pdf, 1969)

The most important thing I learned

AND

which is "so it goes."

The Alternative is to reject the Affirmative.

Only by embracing the deterministic nature of events can we eliminate epistemic suffering

Vonnegut 69 (Kurt, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade, http://literature2.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/slaughterhouse-five.pdf, 1969)

Billy expected the Tralfamadorians to be baffled

AND

concentrate on the good ones.

2NC Time K

Free will is a myth produced by our consciousness only after our unconscious selves have determined the outcome predicated on genetic dispositions

Zyga 10 (Lisa Zyga, March 3, 2010, Phys Org, “Free will is an illusion, biologist says” http://www.physorg.com/news186830615.html)

In a recent study, Cashmore has argued

AND

Cashmore told PhysOrg.com.

Embracing genetic determinism fosters empathy and reduces violent modes of thought by eliminaiting the fallacy of “blame” and “fault”

Clark 10 February 24, 2010Tom Clark is the director of the Center for Naturalism. http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2010/02/freedom_from_free_will.html

Finally, seeing that we couldn't have done otherwise

AND

enlightenment of freedom from free will.

Since crime and immorality are a result of genetic dispositions and environmental factors, embracing determinism allows us to empathize with offenders and reduce transitional suffering

Clark 10 February 24, 2010Tom Clark is the director of the Center for Naturalism. http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2010/02/freedom_from_free_will.html

If we don't have contra-causal freedom, what are the implications?

AND

freedom from free will.

Conflation PIC

Rohit and I endorse the 1AC except for their overbroad criticism of democracy assistance. They think that democracy assistance cannot be separated from democracy promotion in the status quo. However, this is not true. Democracy assistance has been separated from democracy promotion and has positive effectives abroad. We agree that democracy assistance can be conflated with democracy promotion; however, their criticism throws out programs in the status quo that clearly fall under democracy assistance and have the support of local populations.

The Net Benefit:

Democracy assistance is key to women’s right’s movements – Programs like US assistance to YWU projects to stop child marriages would become a casualty in the wake of the aff.

USAID 9, YEMEN BASIC HEALTH SERVICES (BHS) PROJECT Mid-Term Evaluation September 2009 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Joy Riggs-Perla, Nahed Matta, and Nevine Hassanein through the Global Health Technical Assistance Project.

This is a new USAID activity

AND

intervention survey (see section V).

Child marriage leads to a laundry list of impacts.

By: Rati Bishnoi 11, Special Projects Intern at Women Deliver Celebrate Solutions: Community educators change perceptions of child marriage in Yemen May 31st, 2011 http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/celebrate-solutions-community-educators-change-perceptions-of-child-marriag/

Nearly one-half or 48% of girls in Yemen

AND

Now they see they can have both.

And women’s action is key to detonate patriarchy

Sabbagh, former Secretary General of the Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), 2005

[Amal, “The Arab States: Enhancing Women’s Political Participation” Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://static0.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/Arab_World.pdf, p. 67]

'The women's movement...is the detonator

AND

harbingers of a better future.

Case

Role playing in Academia is key to political agency and democracy

Larson, Associate Professor of Political Science at Dickinson College, ‘04

(“Stephanie Greco, ‘We the People': Diversifying Role Playing in Undergraduate American Politics Courses”

 American Political Science Association, PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Apr., 2004), pg. 303, JKY)

Students are not asked to be 

AND

enacting these solutions.

Their politics is bad because it reduces the struggle to a language contest in an academic forum – ONLY by engaging democracy can we extend beyond the classroom and into areas where we can introduce real change

Bush, Associate Professor and Chair, Anthropology & Sociology @ Adelphi University, 2011

[Melanie, Everyday Forms of Whiteness: Understanding Race in a “Post-Racial” World, p. 235]

The call for deepening the curricular emphasis

AND

variety of public spaces. (Giroux 1999)

In-round activism threatens elite takeover and destruction of debate as a neutral training ground for the real world- Policy debate is best for real world change – Turns the aff

Coverstone ’95 (Alan, debate coach, 1995, An Inward Glance, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Coverstone1995China.htm)

Mitchell's argument underestimates the nature

AND

what they believe and why they believe it.

Policy debate is key to producing independent perspectives –this preserves education and prevents blanket subjection- Your criticism is dependent on traditional policy debate to exist.

joyner, 1999 (christopher, prof of intl law @ georgetown u, 5 ILSA J Int'l & Comp L 377, TEACHING INTERNATIONAL LAW, lexis)

Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool

AND

problems that are ambiguous, ill-defined and unfamiliar. 

By embracing a historical analysis of interrogating the resolution, the affirmative is destroying switch-side debate. Their criticism is of democracy instead of an advocacy of the topic. However, switch-side is good to break down us-them binaries.

English et. al. led work on this DAWG essay, while the co-authors each contributed substantially in areas of conceptual design, research, and writing. 2007. (Eric, Stephen Llano ,Assistant Professor; Director of Debate Department of Rhetoric, Communication and Theater,  Gordon R. Mitchell, is Associate Professor of Communication at the  University of Pittsburgh Catherine E. Morrison Debate coach at Pittsburgh. John Rief, a graduate student in the Department of  Communication at the University of Pittsburgh Carly Woods She has been a debate coach and is in her fifth year as a graduate student at the PhD level.  5/16/2007. Pittsburgh University.  http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/EnglishDAWG.pdf Accessed 6/29/09, TAZ)

Given the switch-side norm of academic debate

AND

polar categories find debate so threatening.

Switch side is also essential to promoting value tolerance and fairness in the world.

Muir 1993 (Star A. PHILOSOPHY AND RHETORIC, "A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate," v26, n4, p.288)

Switch-side debate is not simply a matter

AND

into living and impressionable soul that we insist on their utility.

1NC Drones CP

TEXT: The US should increase light footprint drone strikes and SOF operations in Yemen against AQAP, implement a deliberate information campaign, and deploy a dedicated information campaign consistent with counterinsurgency doctrine signaling to Yemeni tribes that removal of AQAP members from their territories will bring an end to U.S. engagements.

The US should also offer a more robust training program for Yemen's security services, concentrating on both its conventional forces and counterterrorism units. In particular, U.S. trainers should be embedded with Yemeni units deployed in the provinces. The State Department, United States Agency for International Development, and the U.S. military should extend the tours of selected personnel at the U.S. embassy in Sana'a and develop a "Yemen Hands" program modeled after the “Afghan Hands” program.

Increased Drones and SOF missions are the ONLY way to solve Yemeni terrorism

Cilluffo and Watts 11 [1AC author] [Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm, p. 5-6]

Light-footprint drone and special operations force (SOF) missions

AND

the immediate terrorist threat of AQAP.

New training efforts combined with human terrain mapping solves their networking and alienation internal links

Green 11 [Soref Fellow at the Washington Institute, Daniel, "The al-Qaeda Crescent in Yemen," The Washington Institute, June 22, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3374]

Much like AQAP, the U.S. approach must be decentralized

AND

it may be planning on the United States.

2NC Drones CP

The CP is the only way to prevent an inevitable attack by AQAP – and it prevents future global terrorist attacks

Cilluffo and Watts 11 [1AC author] [Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm, p. 6-7]

Increased use of drone and SOF strike missions is

AND

prevent an inevitable attack from AQAP.

Our informational campaigns solve increased intel needs and reduce alienation

Cilluffo and Watts 11 [1AC author] [Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm, p. 6]

Successfully implementing a drone and SOF approach

AND

will bring an end to U.S. engagements.

Congress wants drone strikes

Entous and Gorman 10 [By ADAM ENTOUS And SIOBHAN GORMAN AUGUST 25, 2010

“U.S. Weighs Expanded Strikes in Yemen” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704125604575450162714867720.html]

"They are moving people in who understand the U.S."

AND

angering Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh.

1NC Payroll Tax

Same as in round vs Yemen Drone Strikes AC except for the link.

Republicans are trying to clamp down on unconditioned aid to Yemen.

FoxNews.com 7/20 ("Foreign Aid Bill Would Make Pakistan, Other Nations Pass New Tests to Receive U.S. Funds" July 20, 2011.http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/07/20/foreign-aid-bill-would-make-pakistan-other-nations-pass-new-tests-to-receive-us/  ) JCP

A house panel is considering a bill

AND 

restricts civil assistance until certain conditions are met.

2NC Payroll Tax

Congress supports the old regime in Yemen

Karman 11 (Tawakkol, 6/8 Leader of the Yemen Democratic Youth Movement, “Yemen’s Unfinished Revolution” The New York Times)

This is because the United States and Saudi Arabia

AND

This would be a grave mistake. 

Disad Turns Case – Economic collapse is the root cause of terrorism

Bremmer 09 (Ian, - President of the Eurasia Group, senior fellow at the World Policy Institute, national fellow at the Hoover Institution , “The economic crisis may fuel more attacks like the one in Lahore on the Sri Lankan cricket team,” 3/4/09, http://eurasia.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/03/04/the_global_recession_heightens_terrorist_risks)

But there's another reason why

AND

terrorism threatens to spill across borders.

1NC Orientalism K

Same as above.

1NR Orientalism K

All the cards have been used before except the ones below.

Their claims about truthful descriptions are false, the Orientalist will always claim to know what the Orient needs wants and should have but most importantly that it is incapable of representing itself.

Said, Palestinian Activist and Former Professor at Columbia University, 1978

[Edward, Orientalism, p. 20-1]

My principal methodological device for studying

AND

as Marx wrote in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.

Depictions of Islam by Western experts are inaccurate and violent

Saeed ‘7 Dr Amir Saeed  Senior Lecturer Programme Leader: BA (Hons) Media, Culture and Communication  @ U Sunderland “Media, Racism and Islamophobia:  The Representation of Islam and Muslims  in the Media” Sociology Compass 1/2 (2007): 443–462 EJS

There is a complexity of reasons why

AND

these publications suggest that Islam is the root of terrorism.

Ethnocentrism leads to inaccurate intelligence about other states.

Montgomery & Mount 2006 (Alexander H. Montgomery, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Reed College & Adam J. Mount, “Misunderestimation: Explaining U.S. Failures to Predict Nuclear Weapons Programs” Nov. 2, 2006) http://people.reed.edu/~ahm/Projects/ProlifIntel/ProlifIntel.pdf

Ascher, in his treatise on economic forecasting tends

AND

established nuclear countries through the effect of espionage.

1NC Case

Can’t drain the swamp – assistance doesn’t work fast enough and can’t overcome overwhelming massive structural problems in Yemen

Cordesman 10 (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, Anthony, "The True Lessons of Yemen and Detroit: How the US Must Expand and Redefine International Cooperation in Fighting Terrorism," Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 25, csis.org/files/publication/100125_Terrorism-USRoleIntCoopRev.pdf, p. 5-6]

Yemen is a case in point

AND

practical combination of counter terrorism and aid.

Aff can’t overcome anti-American sentiment in Yemen – this means NO NEW INTEL

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 67-68]

The government of Yemen has often irritated

AND

benefit of the doubt in any confrontation.

It’s whack-a-mole – Al Qaeda will just go somewhere else

Metz 10 [author on the Middle East, Steven, "Don't Mess With Yemen," The New Republic, November 4, http://www.tnr.com/blog/foreign-policy/78906/al-qaeda-yemen-foreign-policy]

The dilemma, needless to say, hardly comes as news

AND

offers a preview of something much worse to come.

Their tribal engagement strategy won’t work and takes YEARS to develop.

Cilluffo and Watts 2011 [1AC author] [Frank J. Cilluffo is the director of the Homeland Security Policy Institute at The George Washington University and Clinton Watts is a principal consultant at PA Consulting Group and a Senior Fellow at the Homeland Security Policy Institute. He is a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI., Homeland Security Policy Institute, “Yemen & Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunity”, June 24, 2011, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm, p. 4-5] What are the options?

Yemen's current situation makes long-term diplomatic 

AND

we now consider one that has the most potential for success.

Obama won’t retaliate --- he knows the costs

Crowley 10 [Senior Editor the New Republic, Michael, January, “Obama and Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.tnr.com/node/72263] 

The Los Angeles Times ran an important story

AND

for that matter-would go through with it.

Nuclear Terrorist failure is very probable – technology and funding

Levi 7 (Michael, CFR Fellow for Science and Technology and , http://www.cfr.org/weapons-of-mass-destruction/likely-nuclear-terrorist-attack-united-states/p13097, dw: 4-17-2007, da: 7-6-2011, lido)

We should not, however, underestimate

AND

ignore small chances of terrorist failure.

Causing mass casulaties in counterproductive to their goals.

John Mueller, Professor of Political Science @ Ohio State University, 2006, Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct, p. lexis

One reason that al Qaeda and "al Qaeda types"

AND

rejection of al Qaeda's strategy and methods.

Terrorism threats are exaggerated—there are institutional and professional reasons to inflate risk

MUELLER 2004 (John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center at Ohio State University, Regulation, Fall)

In addition, it should be pointed out that

AND

have no such convenient refuge.

2NC Case Extensions

They can’t make a dent in AQAP unless they fix the fundamental problems in Yemen – and that’s not frickin likely

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 74-75]

The problems in Yemen defy easy answers

AND 

manage problems rather than solve them.

Yemen’s not improving any time soon and they don’t trust the US

Terrill 11 [Research Professor in National Security Affairs, Andrew, "The Conflicts in Yemen and US National Security," Defence Talk, February 15, Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.defencetalk.com/the-conflicts-in-yemen-and-us-national-security-32049/, p. 75-76]

The Yemeni political system is likely to remain unstable

AND

this report makes the following recommendations.

1NC Qatar CP

Text: The United States should fully fund and guide Qatar to provide political organization assistance for Syrian opposition groups.

CP solves your aff

Matthew Mainen in 2011, Institute for Gulf Affairs, “Saudi’s Dangerous Role in Syria,” MAINEN MIDDLE EAST ANALYSIS, 7—25—11, http://mainen.blogspot.com/2011/07/saudis-dangerous-role-in-syria.html

Under U.S. guidance, Qatar, which has played 

AND

and renewed U.S. influence in the region. 

1NC China DA

Relations tense now – conflicting policies could lead to potential conflict.

Shobert, Managing Director of Rubicon Strategy Group, 12-9

[Benjamin, “Sino-US relations at vulnerable juncture”, Asian Times, 12-09-11

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/ML09Cb02.html]

China's government. They point, as the report notes

AND

conflict instead of cooperation in 2012 and beyond. 

China is watching the Middle East now – over-exerting US policy would terminally collapse cooperation

Paal 2011 – Douglas, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He previously served as vice chairman of JPMorgan Chase International (2006–2008), and as unofficial U.S. representative to Taiwan as director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2002–2006). He was on the National Security Council staffs of Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush between 1986 and 1993 as director of Asian Affairs, and then as senior director and special assistant to the President. (China Reacts to Middle East Unrest, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 28, 2011 http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/02/28/china-reacts-to-middle-east-unrest/6yy, MCL)

Beijing is very far from Tunis, Cairo, Manama and Tripoli

AND

could easily be tossed aside, with little prospect for an upside.

U.S.-Sino relations solves economic decline and is a prereq to solving every impact – creates the foundation for global interests

Cohen 2009 (William S., Center for Strategic and International Studies Counselor and Trustee

 , “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf)

The evolution of Sino-U.S. relations over the next months

AND

in the midst of the current global financial crisis. 

Global economic recovery key to prevent nuclear World War III

O'Donnell 9

[Sean, 2-26-2009, The Baltimore Republican Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War III?," http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III]

Could the current economic crisis, affecting this country

AND

However sometimes history repeats itself. 

2NC China DA

Syria key – China fears any overt action against Assad.

Walsh, Pentagon/DC correspondent, ‘11

[Eddie, The Diplomat, http://the-diplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2011/08/18/pressure-grows-on-assad/]

In the broader international community, analysts believe

AND

fallout from the Arab Spring - especially Libya.

China thinks they’re winning the Arab Spring influence battle, but the plan risks an economic and political freakout.

Yuan 12-20-11

[Dr. Jingdong Yuan is an associate professor and acting director of the Center for International Security Studies at the University of Sydney, “The Arab Spring and China's Evolving Middle East Policy,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10992/the-arab-spring-and-chinas-evolving-middle-east-policy] 

The "Arab Spring" that started early in 2011

AND

appear ambivalent or, worse, take the wrong stand.

China is watching US responses to the Middle East intently – impacts their global strategy

Aronson 2011 – Geoffrey, Director of Research and Publications at the Foundation for Middle East Peace and editor of the Foundation's report on Israeli Settlement Activities in the Occupied Territories. (How the Arab Spring presages a shifting world order, Foreign Policy, May 17 http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/17/how_the_arab_spring_presages_a_shifting_world_order, MCL)

China is not alone in watching Washington's extraordinary

AND

such challenges is itself a measure of the problem.

Chinese government still fears spread of Arab Spring – conviction of rights activist proves.

Wong 12-23

[Gillian, “No 'Arab Spring' in Beijing, As China Sentences Rights Activist to 9 Years in Jail”, CNS News, 12-23-11

http://cnsnews.com/news/article/no-arab-spring-beijing-china-sentences-rights-activist-9-years-jail]

BEIJING (AP) - A Chinese court sentenced a veteran activist Friday

AND

Chinese government's nerves are still jittery, " Wang said. 

Turns case - China cooperation solves for international cooperation

Baker & Pollpeter, ‘04 - RAND Corporation [John C. Baker & Kevin L. Pollpeter, A Future for U.S.-China Space Cooperation?, RAND Co., http://www.rand.org/commentary/2004/12/13/SN.html, 12-13-04]

China could go a long way in addressing American concerns 

AND

collaborate with other countries to achieve common goals.

1NC Orientalism K

The mission of democracy assistance embodies the Orientalist logic that that both shatters the epistemological basis for the Aff, and propagates racist ideology

Strong 7

Edward Strong February 22, 2007http://edstrong.blogcity.com/orientalism_racist_attitudes_prejudice__oppression_towards_m.htm

Every anti-war activist is familiar with the

AND

they were separate from "us" and subject to "our rule.

These racist dichotomies grant states the power to exterminate – this is the root of all war

Mendieta 2

Eduardo Mendieta, 2002, “To Make Live and to Let Die – Foucault and Racism

This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously

AND

threat and foes are biological in nature.

The alt is to vote negative

Our critique of the affirmative’s epistemological approach to the Middle East creates spaces for radical realignment.

Bilgin 2005 [Pinar, Professor IR @ Bilkent, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, p.58]

Emphasising the mutually interactive relationship between intellectuals

AND

the subject of research (Wyn Jones 1999: 148-50).

1NR Orientalism K

The constructions of identity affect the way we implement policy.

Said, Palestinian Activist and Former Professor at Columbia University, 1978

[Edward, Orientalism, p. 331-2]

In the case of the Orient as a notion in currency

AND

and is therefore anything but mere academic woolgathering. 

You should reject their truth claims – institutional knowledge about the other is caught up in Orientalism

Hammerbeck April 20, 2003 David  Hammerbeck PHD in Theatre Literature, Philosophy and Criticism from UCLA “Voltaire's Mahomet, the Persistence of Cultural Memory and Pre-Modern Orientalism” AgorA: Online Graduate Humanities Journal.   (2.2). http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/agora/Articles.cfm@ArticleNo=154.html

Mahomet, as an example of Enlightenment strategies in theatre

AND

commonly founded on theatre and novels than in previous centuries.

Their claims about truthful descriptions are false, the Orientalist will always claim to know what the Orient needs wants and should have but most importantly that it is incapable of representing itself.

Said, Palestinian Activist and Former Professor at Columbia University, 1978

[Edward, Orientalism, p. 20-1]

My principal methodological devices for studying authority here

AND

Marx wrote in the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.

Orientalism is a knowledge system – this can’t be jettisoned because it was the core assumption underlying the construction of the aff

Prakash 95 Orientalism Now  Author(s): Gyan Prakash  Source: History and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1995), pp. 199-212  Published by: Blackwell Publishing for Wesleyan University  Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2505621  Accessed: 15/09/2009 16:05  

Said's Foucauldian conception of Orientalism as a discourse

AND

dicta of public men of affairs. 

The permutation is an attempt to sever the aff’s methodology. Just because the affirmative’s future discourse may not link to the criticism, the plan and all of the assumptions of the 1AC are neocolonialist. Their move to sever method fails.

Said 85 (Edward, Prof. of English/Comparative Lit., Columbia U. Orientalism Reconsidered. Cultural Critic. Autumn 1985. p. 101)

But along with the greater capacity for dealing with

AND

the non-European, peripheral world, on the other. 

Case - Turkey Advantage

Foreign assistance isn’t key to soft power – causes rising expectations which generates more resentment

Adelman 11 (former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and arms control director in the Reagan Ronald's administration, now heads (with his wife) Movers & Shakespeares, which teaches executive leadership to corporations and NGOs,

Ken, “Go ahead, Congress, cut away at U.S. foreign aid”, April 18, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/18/not_so_smart_power?page=full,CMR)

Cutting the budgets of the State Department 

AND

downing out any lingering gratitude. 

U.S. has already lost leadership in Middle East over Palestine

Seale 9/20 New geopolitical map of the Middle East is being drawn Patrick Seale, Agence Global, September 20, 2011, http://www.agenceglobal.com/Article.asp?Id=2644

America's most grievous mistake, however, the source of great harm

AND

Will Europe take up the challenge?

No world war three – no one will risk war and superpowers wouldn’t be drawn in.

Ferguson, 06.

[Niall, professor of history at Harvard, “NIALL FERGUSON; WWIII? No, but still deadly and dangerous” July 24, LA Times, LN]

Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah

AND

to meet the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev. 

Oil shocks don’t cause economic collapse

Taylor, CATO senior fellow, and Van Doren, senior fellow and expert in the regulation of housing, land, energy, the environment, transportation, and labor, 2007

[Jerry Taylor & Peter Van Doren, “Be Not Afraid,” CATO Institute, September 28, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8726]

During the last week of September, 2003, oil was selling

AND

hostage to oil markets is, for the most part, incorrect.

Case - LFB

Involving regional allies is crucial to overcome the credibility gap—it’s not leading from behind

POMED, 9/23

http://pomed.org/blog/2011/09/pomed-notes-axis-of-abuse-u-s-human-rights-policy-toward-iran-and-syria-part-ii.html/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+POMED_blog+%28Project+on+Middle+East+Democracy+Blog%29#.TrW0n2ChCsI

Finally, Jon Altermann posited that the U.S. must not

AND

than noisy condemnations that can be easily tuned out."

A stronger American role won’t overcome cred issues – leading from behind is key.

Lewis M. Simons, a Pulitzer Prize winner, is a member of the USA TODAY's Board of Contributors, “As Libya shows, U.S. can capably lead from behind,” 10/11/2011, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2011-10-11/libya-lead-behind-arab-spring/50733046/1

Let's weigh the benefits of deeper consideration

AND

gone by is now but one among equals.

Leading from behind sustains resources – key internal to prestige.

Cohen 11.

[Roger, op-ed columnist, “Leading from Behind” New York Times -- October 31] 

Leading from behind - a phrase first used by a  White House adviser

AND

consistent with the facts, as it was in Libya. 

Case - Solvency.

Squo solves the aff – US moving towards gradual support for opposition – aff rushes the process tanking Syrian stability, turns solvency.

Rogin 12-28.

[Josh, national security/foreign policy reporter,“Obama administration secretly preparing options for aiding the Syrian opposition” Foreign Policy -- http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/28/obama_administration_secretly_preparing_options_for_aiding_the_syrian_opposition]

But the administration does see the status quo

AND

than the risks of moving too slow."

2NC - Solvency

The status quo solves but rushed action turns solvency  - its perceived as meddling and delegitimizes the opposition

Rettig, 11-17

[Jessica, published by U.S. News & World Report. How U.S. Could Encourage Peace in Syria, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/11/17/how-us-could-encourage-peace-in-syria?PageNr=2]

Already, according to Grand, efforts are being made to deliver technology

AND

we're seen to be meddling. " he said.

2NC - LFB

Israel will not attack Iran – Arab Spring has changed their risk calculus.

Mozgovaya ‘11

[Natasha, 7-18, “Former State Department spokesman: Israel will not attack Iran anytime soon”, Haaretz

http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/former-state-department-spokesman-israel-will-not-attack-iran-anytime-soon-1.373921]

Former State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley said

AND

show restraint in the immediate term."

Leading from behind preserves US leadership

Gause, 12/21

[Pol Sci-Vermont, Don't Just Do Something, Stand There! http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/21/america_arab_spring_do_nothing?print=yes&hidecomments=yes&page=full]

Thus, the United States should approach regimes

AND

and just stand there in the Middle East.