1AC

1AC – Plan Text

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its rule of law democracy assistance for Egypt by increasing its positive deviance approach for female genital mutilation and cutting abandonment pilot programs to long-term and full-scale implementation.

Contention 1: FGM

Female Genital Mutilation-reduction programs have been identified as democracy assistance for years; but are piecemeal and inadequately funded.

Blatchfield, [et al] July 26, 2011 [Luisa, International Relations Specialist, Congressional Research Service, International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues; Rhoda Magesson, Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy, CRS, Tiaji Salaam-Blyther; Specialist in Global Health, Nina M. Serafino Specialist in International Security Affairs; AILA InfoNet Doc. No. 11081666. (Posted 08/16/11)]

U.S. policymakers have generally addressed

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enhance current efforts to combat violence against women.

Egypt has the highest rate of FGM in the world

Lucy Emmerson, July 27, 2011 [Promise of Arab Spring Failing to Deliver for Middle-Eastern Women; http://mideastposts.com/2011/07/27/promise-of-arab-spring-failing-to-deliver-for-middle-eastern-women/]

In Egypt, a general failure to uphold

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it is known to still be widely practiced.

USAID already has a pilot program in 24 communities in Egypt for FGM reduction and its proven to work.

McCloud and Aly, 2003 [Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]

Since 1998, CEPDA has been working to

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communities in Egypt through its first three phases.

Empirical examples go affirmative

McCloud and Aly, 2003 Promoting FGM Abandonment in Egypt: Introduction of Positive Deviance, 2003; CEDPA.org]

Over 73 percent of the families visited declared

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significant impact on people’s perceptions of the practice.

US has to do it – they’re modeled

Ignatief, Harvard’02, [Michael, Professor, Kennedy School] Is the Human Rights Era Ending?, February 5, http://www.alanalexandroff.com/ignatieffhr.pdf

Of course, just because the United States

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can be decisive in stopping human rights abuses.

Egypt says yes

US Fed News, December 26, 2006

Although there is a growing movement to reject

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Africa is not a museum," she added.

Contention 2: Patriarchy

FGM creates an unequal relationship between human and women - it’s a human rights violation and degrading torture

WHO, 8

World Health Organization, 2008 [Eliminating Female genital mutilation

An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO; ISBN 978 92 4 159644 2 (NLM classification: WP 660)]

The term ‘female genital mutilation’ (also

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to life when the procedure results in death.

FGM is the source of patriarchal control – women are believed into thinking that FGM is “natural” and questioning it will result in exclusion – causes a psychological trauma and the devaluation of life

Hosken 89 (Fran, editor of Women’s International Network—coined the term “female genital mutilation,” March, http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/hosken.html)

Female genital mutilation - the descriptive term for

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, such educational programs have not been tried.

This dehumanization outweighs every other impact – attempting to “calculate” or quantify this devalue makes extermination possible

Berube 1997 [David Berube, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side,” NanoTechnology Magazine, July 1997, p. 1-6]

While it may never be possible to quantify

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evil and dehumanization is evil’s most powerful weapon.

These human rights violations eventually cause extinction

HR Web 94 (Human Rights Web, “An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement”, 7-20, http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html)

The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of

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involved, but to preserve the human race.

FGM is the root of patriarchal exploitation – it’s what sustains male domination over women

Baron and Denmark, 2006

Erika M. Baron and Florence L. Denmark, 2006, “An Exploration of Female Genital Mutilation”, Psychology Department, Pace University, p. 346 , (http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/reprint/1087/1/339)

The societal framework in countries that practice FGM

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strengthened by the seemingly mandatory custom of FGM.

Patriarchal thinking justifies environmental destruction, nuclear proliferation and culminates in extinction

Warren and Cady, 94 (Karen and Duane, Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections, Hypatia, Vol. 9, No. 2, Spring, p4-20)

Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a

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connections in regional, national and global contexts.

Our affirmative is not about “getting rid” of patriarchy – but an ongoing struggle towards its demise by engaging the democratic sphere – social or economic analysis can’t explain the root cause

Dietz, 87

[Mary, Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University , Context is All: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship, Daedalus, Vol. 116, No. 4, Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power, Fall, 1987]

My basic point is a straightforward one:

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, is a feminist revitalization of this activity.

The aff is key – our focus on patriarchal violence can solve the root cause of warfare –giving priority to Flashpoints of violence creates a stop-gap which prevents engaging in productive politics

Zizek 2008 Slavoj Violence p 1-4

If there is a unifying thesis that runs

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a distance out of respect towards its victims.

Traditional understanding of warfare as great power conflict of nations over territory contributes to the invisibility of an ongoing systemic war against women

Ray 1997

Amy E. Ray, Law Clerk at U.S. Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit and JD at Florida State, “The Shame of It: Gender-Based Terrorism in the Former Yugoslavia and the Failure of International Human Rights Law to Comprehend the Injuries,” Pg. 46, Am. U.L. Rev. 793, February 1997]

The international community must recognize that violence against

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in the by-ways of daily life."

Contention 3: No Disads

Ignore short-term impact calc it’s based on a cognitive bias – long-term policy making as been empirically successful

Burrows (director of the Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program at N.Y.U.) 9

(William, Using Space to Protect Earth, The Survival Imperative: Using Space to Protect Earth By Lifeboat Foundation Scientific Advisory Board member William E. Burrows, http://lifeboat.com/ex/using.space.to.protect.earth)

They are looming. The litany of dangers

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have many more pressing concerns than saving civilization.

Causaul predictions of worst-case scenarios are biased and poor scholarship

Nancy Kanwisher 1989 (“Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 652-675) Kanwisher has been a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT for over a decade, having previously worked at UCLA and Harvard.

It might be argued that biases in the

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, the problem of psychological distortions would resurface.

THIRD, The judge should make an ethical decision about violence against women – this requires setting aside issues of political expediency -Patriarchy produces knowledge is such a way that you should question all of their truth claims

Enloe, Professor of Women’s Studies at Clark University, 2004 Cynthia, The Curious Feminist, page 4-7

Patriarchy - patriarchy is the structural and ideological

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on controlling women or drawing them into complicity.

T

2. We meet: USAID says development is democracy assistance

Carrothers, 2009

Whether USAID tilts ……tter.

4. Counter-interpretation: Democracy Assistance

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, rule of law, elections and governance.

McMahon 02, Dean’s Prof. Applied Politics at SUNY Binghamton

Edward R., Director, Center on Democratic Performance, “The Impact of U.S. Democracy and Governance Assistance in Africa: Benin Case Study.” acsd 5/23/11, Aug 29-Sept 1, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB068.pdf

U.S. Democracy Assistance Donor agencies

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a result of U.S. assistance.

5. The plan meets it – eradication

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only evidence specific to the plan so prefer it

Balz 97

Kilian, The Egyptian Supreme Administrative Court and

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pp 143-153

The judicial implementation of …. whose proponents argue is prescribed by Islam.

USAID specifically identifies FGM abandonment programs as a category of their Democracy and Governance Assistance program,

The USAID issue FGM Issue brief, February

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/fgm_issuebrief_2012.pdf]

USAID has supported projects in many countries….

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that will lead to FGM/C abandonment.

K

The plan’s implementation reduces imperialism and orientalism

Boston Globe, 2009 [“The

power of positive deviants A promising new tactic for changing communities from the inside”]

This initiative is an …….nd democracy, positive deviance is a powerful concept.

4/ Ignoring FGM based on fear of being racist is in itself racist

O’Neil 2011 [Mum on Middle East Misogyny, Investors Business Daily, March 29, 2011]

Why is the left refusing to ……feminists are complicit in it.

6/ EVEN IF FGM IS A CULTURAL

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– IT ALLOWS FOR OPPRESSION TO CONTINUE MUJUZI 7

Jamil Mujuzi, 2007 Ugandan doctoral intern and

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2007 “FEMALE CIRCUMCISION NOT A CULTURAL RIGHT”

I read with interest Kadokech's …….This cannot be called a right.

Ptix

Not going to pass now – GOP blocks

Wall Street Journal 3/20 [Export

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20th 2012. Accessed March 30th, 2012.]

WASHINGTON—Senate Republicans united …… votes needed to attach it.

No budget battle

McInerney 11
(Stephen, Executive Director

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The Middle East and North Africa …….civil society and its reversal is welcome.

Growth is unsustainable

Herman Daly, Professor of Ecological Economics at

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Mander and Goldsmith, pp. 192-193

Impossibility statements are the ….. self-contradictory as prose and unevocative as poetry.

Growth causes exocide and makes extinction inevitable

Science Daily, 10/18/10

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releases/2010/10/101018162156.htm

New analysis shows populations of tropical species are

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planets' productive capacity to meet our annual demands.